Regents Review

Day 3Unit 5: Photosynthesis and Respiration

Unit 6: Cell Reproduction

44.Chlorophyll molecules in chloroplasts capture light energy from the sun to power the process of photosynthesisa. Photosynthesis converts inorganic molecules (CO2 and

Light Energy) into organic molecules (Glucose)b. Chlorophyll is a green pigment because it reflects green

light waves and absorbs all other types of light

45.Carbon Dioxide gas is consumed in photosynthesis, while oxygen gas is a waste product produced in photosynthesisa. Plants use Carbon Dioxide from animals and animals

use oxygen from plantsb. Both animals and plants can use the glucose created

during photosynthesis as a food source, which is converted to ATP during cell respiration

46.Glucose is the first stable product of photosynthesis and serves as a food source within cellsa. Plants are considered autotrophs because they

produce glucose (sugar)b. Animals are considered heterotrophs because they get

their food from other sources

47.Stomates maintain homeostasis in leaves by regulating gas exchange and water loss in plantsa. Stomates are openings on the lower surface of a plant

leafb. Guard cells control the opening and closing of each

stomata

48.Cellular respiration is the process of forming ATP from glucose within cellsa. Occurs in the Mitochondriab. Glucose is broken down, using oxygen, to form 36 ATP,

the energy source for the cell

c. If oxygen is NOT present, the cell will go through fermentation, which only generates 2 ATP per molecule of glucosei. Fermentation in animal cells creates lactic acid and in plant

cells creates alcohol

d. Aerobic respiration (36 ATP) is more efficient than anaerobic respiration (2 ATP)

49.Carbon Dioxide is the waste gas produced in cellular respirationa. Oxygen is used and carbon dioxide is released b. Plants can then recycle this excess CO2 waste during

photosynthesis

50.All organisms carry on respiration to breakdown glucose and produce ATP energy a. Plants carry out both respiration and photosynthesisb. Animals carry out only respiration

51.Asexual Reproduction is a form of reproduction that requires only one parent and the offspring are genetically identical to the parenta. In single celled organisms is used for reproduction =

offspring are identicalb. In multicellular organisms is for growth and repair of

damaged cells

52.Cell division is a form of reproduction that occurs in stagesa. Interphase (G1, S, & G2) is the resting stage, the cell

grows, and DNA is replicatedb. Mitosis is the division of the nucleus into two identical

nucleic. Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm, creating

two new cells

53.Mitosis involves a diploid (2n) cell dividing into two identical daughter cellsa. Stages of mitosis = Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase,

Telophaseb. Two new cells are genetically identical c. Ex. If Parent has 8 chromosomes, each offspring will

have 8 chromosomesd. Used to repair damaged tissues in multicellular

organisms

54.Cancer involves body cells that divide uncontrollably by mitosis

55.Sexual Reproduction is a form of reproduction that requires two parents (sperm and egg) and creates offspring that are similar but NEVER the same as the parents

56. Meiosis is the process of producing 4 haploid (n) cells from one diploid (2n) cell, each cell contains ½ of the genetic information of the original cell

a. Human males produce 4 haploid sperm cellsb. Human females produce one haploid egg and three

polar bodiesc. Four new cells are genetically similar to the parent d. Ex. If Parents body cell has 8 chromosomes, each

gamete will have 4 chromosomes

57.Meiosis is one of the factors responsible for producing variation among the gametes produced by an organisma. Crossing-over – chromosomes switch pieces of DNA

with each otherb. Independent Assortment - chromosomes

independently line up during cell division and then separate into different gametes

58.Fertilization – sex cells combine (sperm and egg) to create a zygote which has ½ of the genetics information from the mom and ½ of the information from the dad.

59.New individuals of an existing species are produced through the process of reproductiona. Only members of the same species can successfully

reproduce

60.DNA mutations and chromosomal abnormalities may be passed on to the next generation if they are located in cells that produce gametes (sperm & eggs)a. May lead to the formation of new genes in a speciesb. Most mutations are harmfulc. Some are beneficial and will lead to the formation of a

new species as the changes build up over thousands of years