Regents Biology

Carbohydrates

Regents Biology

CarbohydratesWhich foods contain carbohydrates?

Regents Biology 2009-2010

Carbohydrates

OH

OH

H

H

HO

CH2OH

HH

H

OH

O

Energy SourceWhy are carbohydrates important?

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Carbohydrates include sugars and starches.

Glucose

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Carbohydrates are molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

GlucoseC6H12O6

Ratio of 1 : 2 : 1C1 H2 O1

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Carbohydrates

Function: Quick energy Energy storage Structure and Support

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Carbohydrates

Function: Quick energy ---

glucose

Simple carbohydrates (glucose)

are the primary source of chemical energy for cells.

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Carbohydrates

starch

Complex carbohydrates store energystarch & glycogen

Function:

energy storage ---

glycogen

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Carbohydrates

Function:

Complex carbohydrates provide structure and support

--- cellulose & chitin

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Carbohydrates can exist as:

monosaccharides --- composed of one monomer---one sugar

disaccharides --- composed of two monomers (two monosaccharides)--- two sugars

polysaccharides --- composed many monomers (many monosaccharides)---many sugars

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SIMPLE SUGARS – name ends in ose

Monosaccharides &

Disaccharides

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Monosaccharides …one sugar

Many simple sugars: contain 5 or 6 carbon atoms arranged in a ring in a ratio of C1H2O1.

GalactoseC6H12O6

RiboseC5H10O5

FructoseC6H12O6

GlucoseC6H12O6

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The most common monosaccharides are: …..simple sugar…..one sugar

Glucose - main source of energy for cells.

Fructose - the sugar in fruits Galactose – sugar found in milk

Ribose- sugar in DNA and RNA

 

 

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Glucose - C6H12O6

Fructose - C6H12O6

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Disaccharides: composed of two monosaccharides --- two sugars

Sucrose (table sugar) – composed of glucose and fructose.

Lactose (sugar in milk) – composed of glucose and galactose.

 

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 Sucrose (table sugar)

Lactose (sugar in milk)glucose fructose

glucosegalactose

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Polysaccharides ---complex carbohydrate composed of many monosaccharides …many sugars

sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugarsugar

polysaccharide

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Polysaccharides ---

sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugarsugar

Function:(1) Energy Reserves(2) Structure and Support

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Polysaccharides - Energy Reserves

(1) Starch --- energy storage

in plant cellscomposed of long chains of glucose

(2) Glycogen --- energy storage in the liver and muscles of animals

composed of long chains of glucose

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Polysaccharides --- Structure & Support

(1)Cellulose --- the cell wall of plants straight long chains of glucose molecules.

(2) Chitin ---- the cell wall of fungi; the exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans.