Regents Biology 2006-2007

Circulatory System

Regents Biology

To circulate substances throughout the body.

These organs function to supply cells and tissues with O2 and nutrients but also remove waste as well.

If cells do not receive O2 or nutrients, waste accumulate, cell will DIE!!!

CardiologyCardiology – is the study of the heart and the diseases associated with it

Functions of the Circulatory System

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1.Blood2.Heart3.Blood Vessels

Anatomy of the Circulatory System

Regents Biology 2006-2007

Circulatory SystemBlood

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Blood is a connective tissue whose cells are suspended in liquid called plasma.

WHY!!!!

The study of blood, blood-forming, and the disorders of blood is known as hematology

What is Blood?

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1. Transport - O2, hormones, nutrients, and CO2 throughout the body

2. Defense – against infections, bacteria, viruses, blood clotting, and antibodies

3. Regulation (homeostasis) – 1. Body temperature

2. Salts and plasma proteins

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Function of Blood

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How much blood does an average human have? About 5 liters.

varies with body size changes in fluid concentration changes in electrolyte concentration amount of adipose tissue (fat)

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Blood Volume

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Blood & blood cells Blood is a tissue of fluid & cells

plasma (55% of volume) fluid dissolved salts, sugars, proteins, and more

cells (45% of volume) red blood cells (RBC)

transport O2 in hemoglobin

white blood cells (WBC) defense & immunity

platelets blood clotting

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Blood Compostion

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Blood Cell production ribs, vertebrae, breastbone & pelvis

Stem cells “parent” cells

in bone marrow

differentiate into many different types of cells

white bloodcells

red bloodcells

white blood cells

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Types of Blood Cells1. Red Blood Cells

2. White Blood Cells

3. Platelets

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Red blood cells Small round cells

produced in bone marrow lose nuclei & mitochondria

more space for hemoglobin iron-containing protein that transports O2

last 3-4 months (120 days) filtered out by liver ~3 million RBC destroyed each second

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Hemoglobin Protein which carries O2

O2O2

O2

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Red blood cell production 5-6 million RBC in tiny drop of human

blood 5 liters of blood in body = 25 trillion RBC

produce ~3 million RBC every second in bone marrow to replace cells lost

each RBC 250,000 molecules hemoglobin

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Blood clottingfibrin protein fibersbuild clot

emergency repair of circulatory system

plateletsseal the hole

chemicalemergencysignals

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• leukocytes

• protect against disease

• granulocytes• neutrophils• eosinophils• basophils

• agranulocytes• lymphocytes• monocytes

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White Blood Cells

Two Types of WBC

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Neutrophils

•first to arrive at infections

•elevated in bacterial infections

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Basophils

• deep blue granules is basic stain• release histamine• release heparin

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Eosinophils

•elevated in worm infestations and allergic reactions

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Monocytes

• largest blood cell•elevated in typhoid fever, malaria, tuberculosis

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Lymphocytes

• T cells• important in immunity• produce antibodies• decreased T Cells in AIDS

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• thrombocytes•helps control blood loss from broken vessels• are produced at a rate of 2 billion per day• no nucleus and only last 10 days

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Blood Platlets

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• a clear, yellow liquid, composed of proteins, nutrients, gases, electrolytes, and many more substances

• 55% of blood – 92% water• Functions as solvent, in transport, temperature regulation, and serves as sites of metabolic reactions

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Blood Plasma

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There are antigens present on the cell membrane surface of our RBC’s. AntigenAntigen – a protein that stimulates the immune

system to produce anti-bodies. AntibodyAntibody - A protein substance produced in the

blood or tissues in response to a specific antigen, such as a bacterium or a toxin

Our plasma contains these antibodies that are against the antigens

If the RBC’s antigen and the plasma antibody are the same, the serious condition of hemolysis (bursting) of Rbc ‘s will occur.

Blood Typing

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Inherited trait Determined by the antigens of a person’s

RBC’s

4 Types4 Types1.1. Type AType A – antigen A on rbc

2.2. Type BType B – antigen B on the rbc

3.3. Type ABType AB – both anitgen A and B on rbc

4.4. Type OType O – neither A or B antigen on rbc

ABO Blood Typing

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Shortly after birth, our bodies develop antibodies against the RBC antigens

Antibodies formed includeAntibodies formed includeo Person with Type APerson with Type A – develop Anti B

antibodieso Person with Type BPerson with Type B – develop Anti A

antibodieso Person with Type ABPerson with Type AB – do not develop A or B

antibodieso Person with Type OPerson with Type O – develop both Anti – A

and B antibodies.

ABO Blood Typing

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ABO Blood Group

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Blood Typing Lab!

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Blood TransfusionBlood Transfusion – is the transfer of blood from one individual into the blood of another.

In order for transfusions to be done safely, it is necessary for the blood to be typed to prevent agglutination. AgglutinationAgglutination – clumping of red blood

cells

Blood Typing and Transfusions

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Agglutination

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BLOOD TYPE A B AB O

Antigen on rbc’s A B A and B neither A or B

Antibodies in plasma

B A neither A or B

both A and B

Compatible donors A, O B, O AB, A, B, O O

Incompatible donors

B, AB A, AB NONE A, B, AB

Regents Biology 2006-2007

Circulatory SystemThe Heart

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• posterior to sternum• medial to lungs• anterior to vertebral column• base lies beneath 2nd rib• apex at 5th intercostal space• lies upon diaphragm

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Location of the Heart

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Pumps blood to all the blood vessels; to all the cells of the body.

Is covered by a protective sac called pericardium.

The heart is divided into right and left sides by the interventricular septum.

Each side consists of an atria and ventricle.

Structure and Function of the Heart

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Supplies in fuel (sugars)

digestive system oxygen

respiratory system

Waste out CO2

respiratory system

Need to pick up & deliver the supplies & wastes around the body circulatory system

Feeding the Need for Energy

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Circulatory system Made up of 3 parts

organ heart

tissues & cells blood

red blood cells blood vessels

(vascular system)arteriesveinscapillaries

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Circulatory systems All animals have:

muscular pump = heart tubes = blood vessels circulatory fluid = “blood”

open closed

hemolymph blood

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Vertebrate Heart 4-Chambered heart

atria (atrium) thin wall collection chamber receive blood

ventricles thick wall pump pump blood out

rightatrium

leftatrium

rightventricle

leftventricle

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AV

SL

AV

Heart valves 4 valves in the heart

flaps of connective tissue prevent backflow

Atrioventricular (AV) valve between atrium & ventricle keeps blood from flowing back

into atria when ventricles pump “lub”

Semilunar valves between ventricle & arteries prevent backflow from arteries into

ventricles “dub”

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• fibrous rings to which the heart valves are attached

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Valves of the Heart

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AV

SL

AV

Lub-dub, lub-dub Heart sounds

closing of valves “Lub”

force blood against closed AV valves

“Dub” force of blood against

semilunar valves

Heart murmur leaking valve causes hissing sound blood squirts backward through valve

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Cardiac cycle 1 complete sequence of pumping

heart contracts & pumpsheart relaxes & chambers fill contraction phase

systole ventricles pumps blood out

relaxation phase diastole atria refill with blood

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Electrical signals

allows atria to empty completely before ventricles contract

stimulates ventricles to contract from bottom to top, driving

blood into arteries

heart pumping controlled by electrical impulses signal also transmitted to skin = EKG

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• recording of electrical changes that occur in the myocardium• used to assess heart’s ability to conduct impulses

P wave – atria’s contractQRS wave – ventricle's contractT wave – ventricular repolarization (recharge)

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Electrocardiogram

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Electrocardiogram

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Electrocardiogram

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A prolonged QRS complex may result from damage to the A-V bundle fibers

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Electrocardiogram

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1.Normal Sinus

2.Ventricular Tachycardia (V-Tach)

3.Ventricular Fibrillation (V-fib)

4.Asystole

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Rhythms of the Heart

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pump (peak pressure)_________________fill (minimum pressure)

Cardiac CycleHow is this reflected in blood pressure measurements?

chambers fill

ventriclesfill

ventriclespump

systolic________diastolic

110________80

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Measurement of blood pressure

hypertension =(high blood pressure)

if systolic > 150or

if diastolic > 90

Regents Biology 2006-2007

Any Questions??

Regents Biology 2006-2007

Circulatory SystemBlood Vessels

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Blood vesselsarteries

arterioles

capillaries

venules

veins

artery

arteriolesvenules

veins

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Arteries: Built for their job Arteries

blood flows away from heart thicker walls

provide strength for high pressure pumping of blood

elastic & stretchable maintains blood

pressure even when heart relaxes

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Major arteries

pulmonaryartery

pulmonaryartery =to lungs

aorta carotid = to headto brain & left arm to right arm

coronary arteries

to body

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Veins: Built for their job Veins

blood returns back to heart thinner-walled

blood travels back to heart at low speed & pressure

why low pressure? far from heart

blood flows because muscles contract when we move squeeze blood through veins

valves in large veins in larger veins one-way valves

allow blood to flow only toward heart

Open valve

Blood flowstoward heart

Closed valve

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Major Veins

pulmonaryvein =

from lung

superiorvena cava = from upper body

pulmonaryvein = from lung

inferiorvena cava = from lower body

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Structure-function relationship Capillaries

very thin walls allows exchange of

materials across capillary

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Controlling blood flow to tissues Capillary function

exchange between blood & tissues O2, CO2, H2O, food, waste

blood flow in capillaries controlled by pre-capillary sphincter valves

pre-capillary sphincters open pre-capillary sphincters closed

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Capillary Beds Blood flow

at any given time, only 5-10% of body’s capillaries have blood flowing through them supply varies as blood is needed after a meal, blood supply to

digestive tract increases during strenuous exercise, blood

is diverted from digestive tract to skeletal muscles

capillaries in brain, heart, kidneys & liver usually filled to capacity

Why?

Regents Biology

Circulation of Blood 2 part system

Circulation to lungs blood gets O2 from lungs brings O2-rich blood back

to heart Circulation to body

pumps O2-rich blood to body

picks up nutrients from digestive system

brings CO2 & cell wastes from body to heart

heart

lungs

body

Circulationto lungs

Circulationto body

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Vertebrate circulatory system

heart

lungs

body

2 part system

arteryto body

arteryto lungs

vein from lungsto heart

vein from bodyto heart

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Stops along the way… Lungs

pick up O2 / clean out CO2

Small Intestines pick up nutrients from

digested food

Large Intestines pick up water from

digested food

Liver clean out worn out

blood cells

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More stops along the way… Kidneys

filters out wastes (urea)

excess salts, sugars & water

Bone picks up new red

blood cells Spleen

picks up new white blood cells

Regents Biology 2006-2007

Any Questions??

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Cardiovascular disease Atherosclerosis & Arteriosclerosis

deposits inside arteries (plaques) develop in inner wall of the arteries,

narrowing their channel increase blood pressure increase risk of heart attack, stroke, kidney damage

normal artery hardening of arteries

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Cardiovascular health Genetic effects Diet

diet rich in animal fat increases risk of CV disease

Exercise & lifestyle smoking & lack of

exercise increases risk of CV disease

bypass surgery

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Cardiovascular health (U.S. 2001)

Heart Disease 696,947

Cancer 557,271

Stroke 162,672

Chronic lower respiratory diseases 124,816

Accidents (unintentional injuries) 106,742

Diabetes 73,249

Influenza/Pneumonia 65,681

Alzheimer's disease 58,866

Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome & nephrosis

40,974

Septicemia 33,865

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Heart DiseaseHeart disease death rates 1996-2002Adults ages 35 and older

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Women & Heart Disease

Heart disease is 3rd leading cause of death among women aged 25–44 years & 2nd leading cause of death among women aged 45–64 years.

Risk factorsSmokingLack of exerciseHigh fat dietOverweight

Death rates for heart disease per 100,000 women, 2002

Regents Biology 2006-2007

Any Questions??

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Lymphatic system Parallel circulatory system

transports WBC defending against infection

collects interstitial fluid & returns to blood maintains volume & protein

concentration of blood drains into circulatory system

near junction of vena cava & right atrium

transports fats from digestive system to circulatory system

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Lymph System

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Thermoregulation

Vasoconstriction Vasodilation

Vasodilation & vasoconstriction adjusts blood flow evaporative cooling

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Counter Current Exchange

Cold blood

Warm blood

Capillarybed

Veins

Veins

5˚Ctemperature

of environment

36˚C core body

temperature

Artery

blood from arteries warms blood in veins

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Coronary arteries

bypass surgery

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Simpler organismsWhen your body is only 2-cell layers thick, you can get supplies in and waste out just through diffusion

all cells within easy reach of fluid

HydraJellyfish