Regents Biology

Protein Synthesis Making Proteins

Regents Biology

Review of DNA

You have 46 chromosomes.

All those chromosomes are made of DNA.

What is DNA?

Regents Biology

Review of DNA

DNA is a double helix.

Made up of 3 structures. Phosphate Sugar Nitrogen Bases

A, T, C, G

Regents Biology

Review of DNA

DNA IS THE CODE FOR LIFE! DNA is passed on from generation to

generation. MEIOSIS

DNA is copied when our bodies need to heal.

HOW DOES IT DO THIS?

Regents Biology

Bodies are made up of cells All cells run on a set of instructions

spelled out in DNA

Bodies Cells DNA

Regents Biology

How does DNA code for cells & bodies? how are cells and bodies made from the

instructions in DNA

DNA Cells Bodies

Regents Biology

DNA has the information to build proteins genes

DNA Proteins Cells Bodies

proteinscells

bodiesDNA gets all the glory,Proteins do all the work

Regents Biology

How do proteins do all the work Proteins

proteins run living organisms enzymes

control all chemical reactions in living organisms

structure all living organisms are built out of proteins

Regents Biology

cytoplasm

nucleus

Cell organization DNA

DNA is in the nucleus genes = instructions for making proteins

want to keep it there = protected “locked in the vault”

Regents Biology

Cell organization Proteins

chains of amino acids made by a “protein factory” in cytoplasm protein factory = ribosome

nucleus

cytoplasm

ribosome

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aaaa

aa

buildproteins

Regents Biology

Passing on DNA information Need to get DNA gene information

from nucleus to cytoplasm need a copy of DNA messenger RNA

nucleus

cytoplasm

ribosome

mRNA

buildproteins

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aaaa

aa

Regents Biology

mRNA

From nucleus to cytoplasm

DNA

transcription

nucleus cytoplasm

translation

trait

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aaaa

aa

protein

Regents Biology

DNA vs. RNADNA

deoxyribose sugar nitrogen bases

G, C, A, T T : A C : G

double stranded

RNA ribose sugar nitrogen bases

G, C, A, U U : A C : G

single stranded

Regents Biology

Transcription Transcription - Making mRNA from DNA DNA strand is the

template (pattern) match bases

U : A G : C

Enzyme RNA polymerase

Regents Biology

Matching bases of DNA & RNA Double stranded DNA unzips

A G GGGGGT T A C A C T T T T TC C C CA A

Regents Biology

Matching bases of DNA & RNA Double stranded DNA unzips

A G GGGGGT T A C A C T T T T TC C C CA A

Regents Biology

Matching bases of DNA & RNA Match RNA bases to DNA

bases on one of the DNA strands

U

A G GGGGGT T A C A C T T T T TC C C CA A

U

UU

U

U

G

G

A

A

A C CRNA

polymerase

C

C

C

C

C

G

G

G

G

A

A

A

AA

Regents Biology

Matching bases of DNA & RNA U instead of T is matched to A

TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGGDNA

AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCCmRNAaa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aaaa

aa

U C CCCCCA A U G U G A A A A AG G G GU Uribosome

Regents Biology

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aaaa

aa

protein

cytoplasm

nucleus

traitU C CCCCCA A U G U G A A A A AG G G GU U

ribosome

Because the RNA leaves to go outside the nucleus, we call it mRNA, or MESSENGER RNA

Regents Biology

How does mRNA code for proteins mRNA leaves nucleus mRNA goes to ribosomes in cytoplasm Proteins built from instructions on mRNA

aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa

How?

mRNA

U C CCCCCA A U G U G A A A A AG G G GU U

Regents Biology

How does mRNA code for proteins?

TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGGDNA

AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCCmRNA

Met Arg Val Asn Ala Cys Alaprotein

?

How can you code for 20 amino acids withonly 4 DNA bases (A,U,G,C)?

ribosome

aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa

Regents Biology

AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCCmRNA

mRNA codes for proteins in triplets

TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGGDNA

AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCCmRNA

Met Arg Val Asn Ala Cys Alaprotein

?

Codon = block of 3 mRNA bases

codon

ribosome

Regents Biology

There are only 20 amino acids

These amino acids code for ALL life!

strongest support for a common origin for all life

Code has duplicates several codons for

each amino acid mutation insurance!

The mRNA code

amino acid

protein –

made of 4 amino acids

Regents Biology

Start codon – code that starts the protein making

AUG methionine

Stop codons – code that ends protein making

UGA, UAA, UAG

The mRNA code

Regents Biology

How are the codons matched to amino acids?

Transfer RNA, or tRNA – brings the amino acid to the ribosome

On the amino acid is an anticodon Anti-codon – block of 3 tRNA bases

Regents Biology

How are the codons matched to amino acids?

TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGGDNA

AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCCmRNA

anti-codon

codon

tRNAUAC

MetGCA

ArgCAU

Val Anti-codon = block of 3 tRNA bases

aminoacid

Regents Biology

Translation Translation – when mRNA makes the protein

The working instructions mRNA The reader ribosome The transporter transfer RNA (tRNA)

mRNAU C CCCCCA A U G U G A A A A AG G G GU U

aaaa

aa

tRNA

GGU

aa

tRNA

U A C

aa

tRNA

GA C

tRNA

aa

A GU

ribosome

Regents Biology

aa

aa

aaaa

aa

aa

aa

mRNA

From gene to protein

DNA

transcription

nucleus cytoplasm

protein

translation

trait

U C CCCCCA A U G U G A A A A AG G G GU Uribosome

tRNA

aa

Regents Biology

protein

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aaaa

aa

aa

transcription

cytoplasm

nucleus

translation

trait

Regents Biology

From gene to protein

transcriptiontranscription

translationtranslation

proteinprotein

Regents Biology

http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP1302

Interactive

Regents Biology

http://www.learnerstv.com/animation/biology/Proteinsynthesis.swf

Interactive

Regents Biology 2009-2010

Whoops!See what happens when

your genes don’t work right!

Any Questions??