27
REFERENCES

REFERENCES - shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.inshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/27497/15/15_references.pdfWikipedia. The Free Encyclopaedia. ... Available from: . Accessed on 14

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

REFERENCES

207

REFERENCES

1. Ogsten A (1881). Report upon microorganisms in surgical diseases. Br Med J

1:369-375.

2. Rosenbach FJ (1884). Mikro-Organismen bei den Wund-Infektions-Krankenheiten

des Menschen. Wiebaden. J.F. Bergmann’s Verlag.

3. Lowy FD (1998). Staphylococcus aureus infections. N Engl J Med 339:520-532.

4. Boucher H, Miller LG, Razonable RR (2010). Serious infections caused by

methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis 51(S2):S183-S197.

5. Boucher HW, Corey GR (2008). Epidemiology of methicillin-resistant

staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis 46:S344-9.

6. David MZ, Daum RS (2010). Community-associated methicillin-resistant

Staphylococcus aureus: Epidemiology and clinical consequences of an emerging

epidemic. Clin Microbiol Rev 23(No. 3):616-687.

7. Chug TD (2007). Staphylococcus aureus: the modern Ghengis Khan. J Infect

Developing Countries 1(2):125-128.

8. Brooks GF, Carroll KC, Butel JS, and Morse SA. (2007). Jawetz, Melnick, &

Adelberg's Medical Microbiology, 24th edition, New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.

9. Juhasz-Kaszanyitzky E, Janosi S, Somogyi P, Dan A, Bloois L, Duijkeren E,

Wagenaar JA (2007) MRSA transmission between cows and humans. Emerg Infect

Dis 13:630-632.

10. Hardy KJ, Oppenheim BA, Gossain S, Gao F, Hawkey PM (2006). A study of the

relationship between environmental contamination with methicillin-resistant

208

Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and patients’ acquisition of MRSA. Infect Control

Hosp Epidemiol 27:127-132.

11. Scott E, Duty S, Callahan M (2008). A pilot study to isolate Staphylococcus aureus

and methicillin-resistant S. aureus from environmental surfaces in the home. Am J

Infect Control 36:458-460.

12. Tolba O, Loughrey A, Goldsmith CE, Millar BC, Rooney PJ, Moore JE (2007).

Survival of epidemic strains of nosocomial and community-acquired methicillin-

resistant Staphylococcus aureus on coins. Am J Infect Control 35:342-346.

13. Kumari DNP, Haji TC, Keep V, Hawkey PM, Duncanson V, Flower E (1998).

Ventilation grilles as a potential source of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus

aureus causing an outbreak in an orthopaedic ward at a district general hospital. J

Hosp Infect 39:127-133.

14. Cotterill S, Evans R, Fraise AP (1996). An unusual source for an outbreak of

methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on an intensive therapy unit. J Hosp

Infect 32:207-216.

15. Blythe D, Keenlyside D, Dawson SJ, Galloway A (1998). Environmental

contamination due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). J Hosp

Infect 38:67-70.

16. Aminov RI (2010). A brief history of the antibiotic era: lessons learned and

challenges for the future. Front Microbiol 1:134. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2010.00134.

17. Yanling J, Xin L, Zhiyuan L (2013). The antibacterial drug discovery. In El-Shemy

HA (ed). Drug Discovery. pp. 289-307. Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.

InTech.

18. Heynick F (2009). The original 'magic bullet' is 100 years old-extra. Br J

Psychiatry 195(5):456-469.

209

19. Mahoney JE, Arnold RC, Harris A (1943). Penicillin Treatment of Early Syphilis-

A Pre‐liminary Report. Am J Public Health Nations Health 33(12):1387-1391.

20. Fleming A (1929). On the antibacterial action of cultures of a Penicillium, with

special reference to their use in the isolation of B. influenzae. British Journal of

Experimental Pathology. 10: 226-236.

21. Duchesne (1897). Antagonism between molds and bacteria. An English translation

by Michael Witty. Fort Myers, 2013. ASIN B00E0KRZ0E and B00DZVXPIK.

22. Chain E. Florey HW, Adelaide MB, Gardner AD, Heatley NG (1940). Penicillin as

chemotherapeutic agent. Lancet 1:1172.

23. Fletcher C (1984). First clinical use of penicillin. Br Med J 289:1721-1723.

24. Straand J, Gradmann C, Lindbæk M, Simonsen GS (2008). Antibiotic development

and resistance. In: International Encyclopedia of Public Health. pp 200-211.

Academic Press, Oxford.

25. Kirby WM (1944). Extraction of a highly potent penicillin inactivator from

penicillin resistant Staphylococci. Science 99:452-453.

26. Barber M, Rozwadowska-Dowzenko M (1948). Infection by penicillin-resistant

staphylococci. Lancet 252:641-644.

27. Abraham EP, Chain E (1940). An enzyme from bacteria able to destroy penicillin.

Nature 146:387.

28. Abboud FM, and Waisbren BA (1959). Correlation between in vitro studies and

response to antibiotic therapy in staphylococcic bacteremia. Archives of Internal

Medicine 104(2):226-233.

29. Fleming A. Penicillin. Nobel lecture, December 11, 1945. Available from:

http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1945/fleming-

lecture.pdf. Accessed on 12 September 2013.

210

30. Reynolds L, Tansey E (2008). Superbugs and Superdrugs: A History of

MRSA. London: Wellcome Trust. Available from:

http://www.history.qmul.ac.uk/research/modbiomed/Publications/wit_vols/44862.p

df. Accessed on 10 September 2013.

31. Dowling HF (1961). The newer penicillins. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2:572-580.

32. Barber M (1961). Methicillin-resistant staphylococci. J Clin Pathol 14:385-393.

33. Jevons M (1961). “Celbenin”-resistant staphylococci. Br Med J 1:124-125.

34. Parker MT, Jevons MP (1964). A survey of methicillin resistance

in Staphylococcus aureus. Postgrad Med J 40:170-8.

35. Brumfitt W, Hamilton-Miller J (1989). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus

aureus. New Engl J Med 320:1188-1196.

36. Casewell MW (1986). Epidemiology and control of the ‘modern’ methicilin-

resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Hosp Infect 7:1.

37. Chambers HF, Deleo FR (2009) Waves of resistance: Staphylococcus aureus in the

antibiotic era. Nature Reviews Microbiology 7:629‐641.

38. Weinstein RA (2003). “Antibiotic Resistance in Hospitals and Intensive Care

Units: the Problem and Potential Solutions. Seminars in Respiratory and Critical

Care Medicine 24(1): 113-20.

39. Hiramatsu K, Hanaki H, Ino T, Yabuta K, Oguri T, Tenover FC (1997). Methicillin

resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical strain with reduced vancomycin

susceptibility. J Antimicrob Chemother 40:135‐136.

40. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2002). Staphylococcus aureus

resistant to vancomycin – United States, 2002. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly

Report MMWR 51:565‐567.

211

41. Song JH, Hiramatsu K, Suh JY, et al. (2004). Asian network for surveillance of

resistant pathogens study group: Emergence in Asian countries of Staphylococcus

aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother

48:4926‐ 4928.

42. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2004). Vancomycinresistant

Staphylococcus aureus New York, 2004. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report

MMWR 53:322‐323.

43. Howe RA, Bowker KE, Walsh TR, Feest TG, MacGowan AP (1998).

Vancomycin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet 351:602.

44. Assadullah S, Kakru DK, Thoker MA, Bhat FA, Hussain N, Shah A (2003).

Emergence of low level vancomycin resistance in MRSA. Indian J Med Microbiol

21:196‐198.

45. Tiwari HK and Sen MR (2006). Emergence of vancomycin resistant

Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) from a tertiary care hospital from northern part of

India. BMC Infect Dis 6:156.

46. Menezes GA, Harish BN, Sujatha S, Vinothini K, Parija SC (2008). Emergence of

vancomycin‐intermediate Staphylococcus species in southern India. J Med

Microbiol 57:911‐912.

47. Thati V, Channappa T, Shivannar T,Gaddad SM (2011) Vancomycin resistance

among methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from intensive care

units of tertiary care hospitals on Hyderabad. Indian J Med Res 134:704‐708.

48. Tsiodras S, Gold HS, Sakoulas G, et al. (2001). Linezolid resistance in a clinical

isolate of Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet 358:207-208.

212

49. Ross JE, Farrell DJ, Mendes RE, Sader HS, Jones RN (2011). Eight-year (2002-

2009) summary of the linezolid program in European countries. J Chemother

23:71-76.

50. Peer MA, Nasir RA, Kakru DK, Fomda BA, Bashir G, Sheikh IA (2011). Sepsis

due to linezolid resistant Staphylococcus cohniiand Staphylococcus kloosii: First

reports of linezolid resistance in coagulase negative staphylococci from India.

Indian J Med Microbiol 29:60-62.

51. World Health Organization. Antimicrobial resistance. Available from:

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs194/en/. Accessed on 12 September

2013.

52. Deasy J (2009). Antibiotic resistance: The ongoing challenge for effective drug

therapy. JAAPA 22(3):18‐22.

53. Gould IM (2006). Costs of hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus

aureus (MRSA) and its control. Int J Antimicrob Agents 28:379-384.

54. Klein E, Smith DL, Laxminarayan R (2007). Hospitalizations and deaths caused by

methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, United States, 1999-2005. Emerg

Infect Dis 13:1840-1846.

55. Köck R, Becker K, Cookson B, et al. (2010). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus

aureus (MRSA): Burden of disease and control challenges in Europe. Euro

Surveill 15:196-88.

56. Skinner D and Keefer CS (1941). Significance of bacteremia caused by

Staphylococcus aureus. Archives of Internal Medicine 68:851-875.

57. Green BN, Johnson CD, Egan JT, et al. (2012). Methicillin-resistant

Staphylococcus aureus: an overview for manual therapists. Journal of Chiropractic

Medicine 11:64-76.

213

58. Cosgrove SE, Carmeli Y (2003). The impact of antimicrobial resistance on health

and economic outcomes. Clin Infect Dis 36:1433-7.

59. Cosgrove SE, Qi Y, Kaye KS, Harbarth S, Karchmer AW, Carmeli Y (2005). The

impact of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia on patient

outcomes: mortality, length of stay, and hospital charges. Infect Control Hosp

Epidemiol 26:166-74.

60. McHugh CG, Riley LW (2004). Risk factors and costs associated with methicillin-

resistant Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections. Infect Control Hosp

Epidemiol 25:425–30.

61. Rubin RJ, Harrington CA, Poon A, Dietrich K, Greene JA, Moiduddin A (1999).

The economic impact of Staphylococcus aureus infection in New York City

hospitals. Emerg Infect Dis 5:9–17.

62. Cassell GH and Mekalanos J (2001). Development of antimicrobial agents in the

era of new and reemerging infectious diseases and increasing antibiotic resistance.

Journal of the American Medical Association 285:601-605.

63. Alanis AJ (2005). Resistance to antibiotics: Are we in the post-antibiotic era?

Archives of Medical Research 36:697-705.

64. Kahrstrom CT (2013). Entering a post-antibiotic era? Nat Rev Microbiol 11:146.

65. Joshi S (2010). Hospital antibiogram: A necessity. Indian J Med Microbiol

28(4):277-280.

66. Horvat RT (2010). Review of antibiogram preparation and susceptibility testing

systems. Hosp Pharm 45(11 Suppl 1):S6–S9. Thomas Land Publishers, Inc.

www.thomasland.com

214

67. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance Standards for

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: Twentieth Informational Supplement. Vol.

30. Wayne, Pennsylvania: Author; 2010. CLSI/NCCLS document M100-S20.

68. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Analysis and Presentation of

Cumulative Susceptibility Test Data: Approved Guideline. Wayne, Pennsylvania:

CLSI; 2006. CLSI document M39-A2.

69. Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopaedia. Bastar district. Available from:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastar_district. Accessed on 14 September 2013.

70. Human development report Chattisgarh. Available from:

http://chhattisgarh.nic.in/book/hdr.pdf. Accessed on 14 September 2013.

71. District censos 2011. Available from: http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php.

Accessed on 14 September 2013.

72. US Directorate of Intelligence. "Country Comparison: Population". "Swaziland

1,403,362" Available from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-

factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html. Accessed on 14 September 2013.

73. United States Census 2010. 2010 Interactive Population Search “Hawaii” “Total

Population: 1,360,301” Available from:

http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=15. Accessed on 14

September 2013.

74. Lewis MP (2009). "Bhatri: A language of India". Ethnologue: Languages of the

World, 16th edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International.

75. Chopra K, Makol N (2004) Common health problems encountered by the tribal

community in Bastar district. Health and Population‐Perspective Issues 27:40‐48.

http://www.nihfw.org/Publications/material/J513.pdf.

215

76. Greenwood D, Slack R, Peutherer J, Barer M (2008). Medical Microbiology. A

guide to microbial infections: Pathogenesis, immunity, laboratory diagnosis and

control, 7th

edition. Churchill Livingstone, Elsvier Limited.

77. Cotran RS, Kumar V, Collins T (1999). Robbins pathologic basis of disease. 6th

edition. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Company.

78. Dissemond J (2009). Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA):

diagnostic, clinical relevance and therapy. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 7(6):544-51.

79. Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Kobayashi GS, Pfaller MA (2002). Medical

Microbiology, 4th edition, Mosby.

80. Durai R, Ng PC, Hoque H (2010). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: an

update. AORN J 91(5):599-606.

81. Paniker CKJ (ed.) (2006). Ananthanarayan and Paniker’s Textbook of

Microbiology, 7th

edition, Orient Longman Private Limited.

82. Collee JG, Duguid JP, Fraser AG, Marmion BP (eds.) (1989). Mackie &

McCartney Practical Medical Microbiology, 13th

edition, Volume 2 of Medical

Microbiology. Longman Group UK, Churchill Livingstone.

83. Winn W, Allen S, Janda W, Koneman E, Procop G, Schreckenberger P, Woods G

(eds.) (2006). Koneman’s Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology,

6th

edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, USA.

84. Inweregbu K, Dave J, Pittard A (2005). Nosocomial infections. Cont Edu Anaesth

Crit Care & Pain 5:14-17.

85. Hidron AI, Edwards JR, Patel J, Horan TC, Sievert DM, Pollock DA, et al. (2008).

NHSN annual update: antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with healthcare-

associated infections: annual summery of data reported to the National Healthcare

216

Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2006-2007.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 29:996-1011.

86. Berglund C, Söderquist B (2008). The origin of a methicillin-resistant

Staphylococcus aureus isolate at a neonatal ward in Sweden—possible horizontal

transfer of a staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec between methicillin-resistant

Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Microbiol Infect

14:1048–1056.

87. Buckingham SC, McDougal LK, Cathey LD, Comeaux K, Craig AS, Fridkin SK,

Tenover FC (2004). Emergence of community acquired methicillin-resistant

Staphylococcus aureus at a Memphis, Tennessee children’s hospital. Pediatr Infect

Dis J 23:619-624.

88. Munckhof WJ, Nimmo GR, Carney J, Schooneveldt JM, Huygens F, Inman-

Bamber J, Tong E, Morton A, Giffard P (2008). Methicillin susceptible, non-

multidrug resistant and multidrug resistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus

aureus infections: a clinical, epidemiological and microbiological comparative

study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 27:355-364.

89. Naimi TS, LeDell KH, Como-Sabetti K, Borchardt SM, Boxrud DJ, Etienne J,

Johnson SK, Vadenesch F, Fridkin S, O’Boyle C, Danila RN, Lynfield R (2003).

Comparison of community- and health care-associated methicillin resistant

Staphylococcus aureus infection. JAMA 290:2976-2984.

90. Costerton JW, Stewart PS, et al. (1999). Bacterial biofilms: a common cause of

persistent infections. Science 284(5418):1318-1322.

91. Götz F (2002). Staphylococcus and biofilms. Mol Microbiol 43(6):1367-1378.

92. Otto M (2008). Staphylococcal biofilms. Curr Top Microbio Immunol 322:207-

228.

217

93. Archer GL (1998). Staphylococcus aureus: a well-armed pathogen. Clin Infect Dis

26(5):1179-1181.

94. Mazmanian SK, Liu G, Ton-That H, Schneewind O (1999). Staphylococcus

aureus sortase, an enzyme that anchors surface proteins to the cell

wall. Science 285:760-763.

95. Patti JM, Allen BL, McGavin MJ, Hook M (1994). MSCRAMM-mediated

adherence of microorganisms to host tissues. Annu Rev Microbiol 48:585-617.

96. Gordon RJ, Lowy FD (2008). Pathogenesis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus

aureus infection. Clin Infect Dis 46:S350-S359.

97. Foster TJ, Hook M (1998). Surface protein adhesins of Staphylococcus aureus.

Trends Microbiol 6:484-488.

98. Menzies BE (2003). The role of fibronectin binding proteins in the pathogenesis of

Staphylococcus aureus infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis 16:225-229.

99. Tung H, Guss B, Hellman U, Persson L, Rubin K, Ryden C (2000). A bone

sialoprotein-binding protein from Staphylococcus aureus: a member of the

staphylococcal Sdr family. Biochem J 345:611-619.

100. Donlan RM, Costerton JW (2002). Biofilms: survival mechanisms of clinically

relevant microorganisms. Clin Microbiol Rev 15:167-193.

101. Ogawa SK, Yurberg ER, Hatcher VB, Levitt MA, Lowy FD (1985). Bacterial

adherence to human endothelial cells in vitro. Infect Immun 50:218-224.

102. Hamill RJ, Vann JM, Proctor RA (1986). Phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus

by cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells: model for postadherence events in

endovascular infections. Infect Immun 54:833-836.

218

103. Arrecubieta C, Lowy FD (2006). Staphylococcus aureus–eukaryotic cell

interactions. In: Fischetti VA, Novick RP, Ferretti JJ, Portnoy DA, Rood JI (eds.)

Gram-positive pathogens. 2nd

edition, pp. 517-525. Washington, DC, ASM Press.

104. Moreillon P, Que YA, Bayer AS (2002). Pathogenesis of streptococcal and

staphylococcal endocarditis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 16:297-318.

105. Kahl B, Herrmann M, Everding AS, et al (1998). Persistent infection with small

colony variant strains of Staphylococcus aureus in patients with cystic fibrosis. J

Infect Dis 177:1023-1029.

106. Proctor RA, Peters G (1998). Small colony variants in staphylococcal infections:

diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Clin Infect Dis 27:419-422.

107. Proctor RA, van Langevelde P, Kristjansson M, Maslow JN, Arbeit RD (1995).

Persistent and relapsing infections associated with small-colony variants of

Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis 20:95-102.

108. Foster TJ (2005). Immune evasion by staphylococci. Nat Rev Microbiol 3:948-958.

109. O’Riordan K, Lee JC (2004). Staphylococcus aureus capsular polysaccharides.

Clin Microbiol Rev 17:218-234.

110. Tzianabos AO, Wang JY, Lee JC (2001). Structural rationale for the modulation of

abscess formation by Staphylococcus aureus capsular polysaccharides. Proc Natl

Acad Sci USA 98:9365-9370.

111. Deisenhofer J (1981). Crystallographic refinement and atomic models of a human

Fc fragment and its complex with fragment B of protein A from Staphylococcus

aureus at 2.9- and 2.8-A resolution. Biochemistry 20:2361-2370.

112. Gladstone GP, VanHeyningen WE (1957). Staphylococcal leucocidins. Br J Exp

Pathol 38:123-137.

219

113. Timmerman CP, Mattsson E, Martinez-Martinez L, et al. (1993). Induction of

release of tumor necrosis factor from human monocytes by staphylococci and

staphylococcal peptidoglycans. Infect Immun 61:4167-4172.

114. Heumann D, Barras C, Severin A, Glauser MP, Tomasz A (1994). Grampositive

cell walls stimulate synthesis of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 by

human monocytes. Infect Immun 62:2715-2721.

115. Bhakdi S, Tranum-Jensen J (1991). Alpha-toxin of Staphylococcus aureus.

Microbiol Rev 55:733-751.

116. Dinges MM, Orwin PM, Schlievert PM (2000). Exotoxins of Staphylococcus

aureus. Clin Microbiol Rev 13:16-34.

117. McCormick JK, Yarwood JM, Schlievert PM (2001). Toxic shock syndrome and

bacterial superantigens: an update. Annu Rev Microbiol 55:77-104.

118. Prevost G, Couppie P, Monteil H (2003). Staphylococcal epidermolysins. Curr

Opin Infect Dis 16:71-76.

119. Yarwood JM, Schlievert PM (2003). Quorum sensing in Staphylococcus infections.

J Clin Invest 112:1620-1625.

120. Novick RP (2003). Autoinduction and signal transduction in the regulation of

staphylococcal virulence. Mol Microbiol 48:1429-1449.

121. Cheung AL, Eberhardt KJ, Chung E, et al. (1994). Diminished virulence of a

sar−/agr

− mutant of Staphylococcus aureus in the rabbit model of endocarditis. J

Clin Invest 94:1815-1822.

122. Cheung AL, Koomey JM, Butler CA, Projan SJ, Fischetti VA (1992). Regulation

of exoprotein expression in Staphylococcus aureus by a locus (sar) distinct from

agr. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:6462-6466.

220

123. Fournier B, Hooper DC (2000). A new two-component regulatory system involved

in adhesion, autolysis, and extracellular proteolytic activity of Staphylococcus

aureus. J Bacteriol 182:3955-3964.

124. Liang X, Yu C, Sun J, et al. (2006). Inactivation of a two-component signal

transduction system, SaeRS, eliminates adherence and attenuates virulence of

Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Immun 74:4655-4665.

125. Giraudo AT, Cheung AL, Nagel R (1997). The sae locus of Staphylococcus aureus

controls exoprotein synthesis at the transcriptional level. Arch Microbiol 168:53-

58.

126. Said-Salim B, Dunman PM, McAleese FM, et al. (2003) Global regulation of

Staphylococcus aureus genes by Rot. J Bacteriol 185:610-619.

127. Luong TT, Newell SW, Lee CY (2003). Mgr, a novel global regulator in

Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol 185:3703-3710.

128. Willey JM, Sherwood L & Woolverton CJ (2011). Prescott, Harley, and Klein's

Microbiology, 8th edition, New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

129. Winston LG, Chambers HF (2009). Antimicrobial resistance in staphylococci:

Mechanisms of resistance and clinical implications. In Mayers DL (ed)

Antimicrobial Drug Resistance. Clinical and epidemiological aspects. Vol. 2. pp.

735-748. Humana Press.

130. Lowy FD (2003). Antimicrobial resistance: the example of Staphylococcus aureus.

J Clin Invest 111(9):1265-1273.

131. Kernodle DS (2000). Mechanisms of resistance to β-lactam antibiotics. In Gram-

positive pathogens. Fischetti VA, Novick RP, Ferretti JJ, Portnoy DA, and Rood JI,

(eds). American Society for Microbiology. Washington, DC, USA. 609-620.

221

132. Gregory, PD, Lewis, RA, Curnock, SP, Dyke, KG (1997). Studies of the repressor

(BlaI) of beta-lactamase synthesis in Staphylococcus aureus. Mol

Microbiol 24:1025-1037.

133. Zhang, HZ, Hackbarth, CJ, Chansky, KM, Chambers, HF (2001). A proteolytic

transmembrane signaling pathway and resistance to beta-lactams in

staphylococci. Science 291:1962-1965.

134. Pinho M, Filipe S, de Lencastre H, Tomasz A (2001). Complementation of the

essential peptidoglycan transpeptidase function of penicillin-binding protein 2

(PBP2) by the drug resistance protein PBP2A in Staphylococcus aureus. J.

Bacteriol. 183, 6525-6531.

135. Pinho MG, de Lencastre H, Tomasz A (2001). An acquired and a native penicillin-

binding protein cooperate in building the cell wall of drug-resistant staphylococci.

Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:10886-10891.

136. Walsh TR, and Howe RA (2002). The prevalence and mechanisms of vancomycin

resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Annu Rev Microbiol 56:657-675.

137. Hiramatsu K, Hanaki H, Ino T, Yabuta K, Oguri T, Tenover F (1997). Methicillin-

resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical strain with reduced vancomycin

susceptibility. J Antimicrob Chemother 40:135-136.

138. Liu C, Chambers H (2003). Staphylococcus aureus with heterogeneous resistance

to vancomycin: epidemiology, clinical significance, and critical assessment of

diagnostic methods. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47:3040-3045.

139. Hiramatsu K, Aritaka N, Hanaki H et al. (1997). Dissemination in Japanese

hospitals of strains of Staphylococcus aureus heterogeneously resistant to

vancomycin. Lancet 350:1670-1673.

222

140. Bobin-Dubreux S, Reverdy ME, Nervi C et al. (2001). Clinical isolate of

vancomycin heterointermediate Staphylococcus aureus susceptible to methicillin

and in vitro selection of a vancomycin-resistant derivative. Antimicrob Agents

Chemother 45:349-352.

141. Rybak MJ, Cha R, Cheung CM, Meka VG, Kaatz GW (2005): Clinical isolates of

Staphylococcus aureus from 1987 and 1989 demonstrating heterogeneous

resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin. Diagn Microbio. Infect Dis 51:119-125.

142. Sieradzki K, Tomasz A (1997): Inhibition of cell wall turnover and autolysis by

vancomycin in a highly vancomycin-resistant mutant of Staphylococcus aureus. J

Bacteriol 179:2557-2566.

143. Pantosti A, Sanchini A, Monaco M (2007). Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in

staphylococcus aureus. Future Microbiol 2(3):323-334.

144. Cui L, Iwamoto A, Lian J-Q, et al. (2006). Novel mechanism of antibiotic

resistance originating in vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50:428-438.

145. Sakoulas G, Eliopoulos G, Moellering R, et al. (2003). Staphylococcus aureus

accessory gene regulator (agr) group II: is there a relationship to the development

of intermediate-level glycopeptide resistance? J Infect Dis 187:929-938.

146. Tsuji B, Rybak M, Lau K, Sakoulas G (2007). Evaluation of accessory gene

regulator (agr) group and function in the proclivity towards vancomycin

intermediate resistance in Staphylococcus aureus (VISA). Antimicrob Agents

Chemother 51:1089-1091.

147. Arthur M, Reynolds P, Courvalin P (1996). Glycopeptide resistance in enterococci.

Trends Microbiol. 4:401-407.

223

148. Weigel L, Clewell D, Gill S et al. (2003). Genetic analysis of a high-level

vancomycin-resistant isolate of Staphylococcus aureus. Science 302:1569-1571.

149. Weigel L, Donlan R, Shin D et al. (2007). High level vancomycin-resistant

Staphylococcus aureus isolates associated with a polymicrobial biofilm.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51:231-238.

150. Tenover F, Weigel L, Appelbaum P et al. (2004). Vancomycin-resistant

Staphylococcus aureus isolate from a patient in Pennsylvania. Antimicrob Agents

Chemother 48:275-280.

151. Zhu W, Weigel L, Clark N, McDougal L, Patel M (2006). Presented at: 46th

Interscience Conference for Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. San

Francisco, CA USA, 17-20.

152. Courvalin P (2006). Vancomycin resistance in Gram-positive cocci. Clin Infect Dis

42(Suppl. 1):S25-S34.

153. Hooper D (2002). Fluoroquinolone resistance among Gram-positive cocci. Lancet

Infect Dis 2:530-538.

154. Schmitz F, Jones M, Hofmann B et al. (1998). Characterization of grlA, grlB, gyrA,

and gyrB mutations in 116 unrelated isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and effects

of mutations on ciprofloxacin MIC. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42:1249-1252.

155. Kaatz GW, Seo SM, Ruble CA (1993). Efflux-mediated fluoroquinolone resistance

in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 37:1086–1094.

156. Diekema DJ, Jones RN (2001). Oxazolidinone antibiotics. Lancet 358:1975-1982.

157. Marchese A, Schito GC (2001). The Oxazolidinone as a new family of

antimicrobial agent. Clin Microbiol Infect 7(4):66-74.

224

158. Pletz MW, Burkhardt O, Welte T (2010). Nosocomial methicillin-resistant

Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) pneumonia: Linezolid or vancomycin?—

Comparision of pharmacology and clinical efficacy. Eur J Med Res 15:507-513.

159. Moellering RC (2003). Linezolid: the first oxazolidinone antimicrobial. Ann Intern

Med 138:135-142.

160. Meka VG, Pillai SK, Sakoulas G, et al. (2004). Linezolid resistance in sequential

Staphylococcus aureus isolates associated with a T2500A mutation in the 23S

rRNA gene and loss of a single copy of rRNA. J Infect Dis 190:311-317.

161. Morales G, Picazo JJ, Baos E, et al. (2010). Resistance to linezolid is mediated by

the cfr gene in the first report of an outbreak of linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus

aureus. Clin Infect Dis 50:821-825.

162. Locke JB, Hilgers M, Shaw KJ (2009). Novel ribosomal mutations in

Staphylococcus aureus strains identified through selection with the oxazolidinones

linezolid and torezolid (TR-700). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53:5265-5274.

163. Canu A, Leclercq R. (2009). Macrolides and lincosamides. In Mayers DL (ed)

Antimicrobial Drug Resistance. Mechanisms of drug resistance. Vol. 1. pp. 211-

221. Humana Press.

164. Tenover FC (2006). Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. Am J

Med 119:S3-S10.

165. Schlünzen F, Zarivach R, Harms J, Bashan A, Tocilj A, Albrecht R, Yonath A, and

Franceschi F (2001). Structural basis for the interaction of antibiotics with the

peptidyl transferase centre in eubacteria. Nature 413:814-821.

166. Polacek N, and Mankin AS (2005). The ribosomal peptidyl transferase center:

structure, function, evolution, inhibition. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 40:285-311.

225

167. Courvalin P, Ounissi H, Arthur M (1985). Multiplicity of macrolide lincosamide–

streptogramin antibiotic resistance determinants. J Antimicrob Chemother 16(Suppl

A):91-100.

168. Leclercq R, Courvalin P (1991). Bacterial resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, and

streptogramin antibiotics by target modification. Antimicrob Agents Chemother

35:1267-1272.

169. Oliveira SS, Murphy E, Gamon MR, Bastos MC (1993). pRJ5: a naturally

occurring Staphylococcus aureus plasmid expressing constitutive macrolide-

lincosamide–streptogramin B resistance contains a tandem duplication in the leader

region of the ermC gene. J Gen Microbiol 139(Pt 7):1461-1467.

170. Catchpole I, Dyke KG (1990). A Staphylococcus aureus plasmid that specifies

constitutive macrolide-lincosamide–streptogramin B resistance contains a novel

deletion in the ermC attenuator. FEMS Microbiol Lett 57:43-47.

171. Weisblum B (1985). Inducible resistance to macrolides, lincosamides and

streptogramin type B antibiotics: the resistance phenotype, its biological diversity,

and structural elements that regulate expression–a review. J Antimicrob Chemother

16:63-90.

172. Weisblum B (1995). Insights into erythromycin action from studies of its activity

as inducer of resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 39:797-805.

173. Clarebout G, Nativelle E, Leclercq R (2001). Unusual inducible cross resistance to

macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramins B by methylase production in clinical

isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Microb Drug Resist 7:317-322.

174. Siberry GK, Tekle T, Carroll K, Dick J (2003). Failure of clindamycin treatment of

methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus expressing inducible clindamycin

resistance in vitro. Clin Infect Dis 37:1257-1260.

226

175. Ross JI, Eady EA, Cove JH, Cunliffe WJ, Baumberg S, Wootton JC (1990).

Inducible erythromycin resistance in staphylococci is encoded by a member of the

ATP-binding transport super-gene family. Mol Microbiol 4:1207-1214.

176. Lina G, Quaglia A, Reverdy ME, Leclercq R, Vandenesch F, Etienne J (1999).

Distribution of genes encoding resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, and

streptogramins among staphylococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43:1062-1066.

177. Brisson-Noel A, Delrieu P, Samain D, Courvalin P (1988). Inactivation of

lincosaminide antibiotics in Staphylococcus. Identification of lincosaminide O-

nucleotidyltransferases and comparison of the corresponding resistance genes. J

Biol Chem 263:15880-15887.

178. Allignet J, Loncle V, el Sohl N (1992). Sequence of a staphylococcal plasmid gene,

vga, encoding a putative ATP-binding protein involved in resistance to

virginiamycin A-like antibiotics. Gene 117:45-51.

179. Allignet J, El Solh N (1997). Characterization of a new staphylococcal gene, vgaB,

encoding a putative ABC transporter conferring resistance to streptogramin A and

related compounds. Gene 202:133-138.

180. Allignet J, Liassine N, el Solh N (1998). Characterization of a staphy lococcal

plasmid related to pUB110 and carrying two novel genes, vatC and vgbB, encoding

resistance to streptogramins A and B and similar antibiotics. Antimicrob Agents

Chemother 42:1794-1798.

181. Allignet J, Loncle V, Simenel C, Delepierre M, Solh N (1993). Sequence of a

staphylococcal gene, vat, encoding an acetyltransferase inactivating the A-type

compounds of virginiamycin-like antibiotics. Gene 130:91-98.

182. Allignet J, Solh N (1995). Diversity among the gram-positive acetyltransferases

inactivating streptogramin A and structurally related compounds and

227

characterization of a new staphylococcal determinant, vatB. Antimicrob Agents

Chemother 39:2027-2036.

183. Mukhtar TA, Koteva KP, Hughes DW, Wright GD (2001). Vgb from

Staphylococcus aureus inactivates streptogramin B antibiotics by an elimination

mechanism not hydrolysis. Biochemistry 40:8877-8886.

184. Hershberger E, Donabedian S, Konstantinou K, Zervos MJ (2004). Quinupristin–

dalfopristin resistance in gram-positive bacteria: mechanism of resistance and

epidemiology. Clin Infect Dis 38:92-98.

185. Fantin B, Leclercq R, Merle Y, et al. (1995). Critical influence of resistance to

streptogramin B-type antibiotics on activity of RP 59500 (quinupristin–

dalfopristin) in experimental endocarditis due to Staphylococcus aureus.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother 39:400-405.

186. Landy M, Larkum NW, Oswald EJ, Streighoff P (1943). Increased synthesis of p-

amino-benzoic acid associated with the development of sulfonamide resistance in

Staphylococcus aureus. Science 97:265-267.

187. Then RL, Kohl I, Burdeska A (1992). Frequency and transferability of

trimethoprim and sulfonamide resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus

aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. J Chemother 4:67-71.

188. Hampele IC, D’Arcy A, Dale GE, et al. (1997). Structure and function of the

dihydropteroate synthase from Staphylococcus aureus. J Mol Biol 268:21-30.

189. Dale GE, Broger C, Hartman PG, et al. (1995). Characterization of the gene for the

chromosomal dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) of Staphylococcus epidermidis

ATCC 14990: the origin of the trimethoprim-resistant S1 DHFR from

Staphylococcus aureus? J Bacteriol 177:2965-2970.

228

190. Dale GE, Broger C, D’Arcy A, et al. (1997). A single amino acid substitution in

Staphylococcus aureus dihydrofolate reductase determines trimethoprim resistance.

J Mol Biol 266:23-30.

191. Davies J, Gorini L, Davis BD (1965). Misreading of RNA codewords induced by

aminoglycoside antibiotics. Mol Pharmacol 1:93–106.

192. Shaw KJ, Rather PN, Hare RS, Miller GH (1993). Molecular genetics of

aminoglycoside resistance genes and familial relationships of the aminoglycoside-

modifying enzymes. Microbiol Rev 57:138–163.

193. Lyon BR, Skurray R (1987). Antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus:

genetic basis. Microbiol Rev 51:88–134.

194. Daigle DM, Hughes DW, Wright GD (1999). Prodigious substrate specificity of

AAC(6′)-APH (2″), an aminoglycoside antibiotic resistance determinant in

enterococci and staphylococci. Chem Biol 6:99-110.

195. Trzcinski K, Cooper BS, Hryniewicz W, Dowson CG (2000). Expression of

resistance to tetracyclines in strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

J Antimicrob Chemother 45:763–770.

196. Nesin M, Svec P, Lupski JR, et al. (1990). Cloning and nucleotide sequence of a

chromosomally encoded tetracycline resistance determinant, tetA(M), from a

pathogenic, methicillin-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob

Agents Chemother 34:2273-2276.

197. Bismuth R, Zilhao R, Sakamoto H, Guesdon JL, Courvalin P (1990). Gene

heterogeneity for tetracycline resistance in Staphylococcus spp. Antimicrob Agents

Chemother 34:1611-1614.

198. Burdett V (1993). tRNA modification activity is necessary for Tet(M)-mediated

tetracycline resistance. J Bacteriol 175:7209-7215.

229

199. Stefani S, Chung DR, Lindsay JA, Friedrich AW, Kearns AM, Westh H,

MacKenzie FM (2012). Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): global

epidemiology and harmonisation of typing methods. Int J Antimicrob Agents

39:273–282.

200. Grundmann H, Aanensen DM, van den Wijngaard CC, Spratt BG, Harmsen D,

Friedrich AW (2010). Geographic distribution of Staphylococcus aureus causing

inva-sive infections in Europe: a molecular-epidemiological analysis. PLoS Med

7:e1000215.

201. Song JH, Hsueh PR, Chung DR, Ko KS, Kang CI, Peck KR, et al. (2011). Spread

of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus between the community and the

hospitals in Asian countries: an ANSORP study. J Antimicrob Chemother 66:1061-

9.

202. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2010). Antimicrobial

resistance surveillance in Europe 2009. Annual report of the European

Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net). Stockholm, Sweden:

ECDC.

203. Mejía C, Zurita J, Guzmán-Blanco M (2010). Epidemiology and surveillance of

methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Latin America. Braz J Infect Dis

14(Suppl. 2):S79-86.

204. Joshi S, Ray P, Manchanda V, Bajaj J, Chitnis DS, Gautam V et al. (2013).

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in India: Prevalence and susceptibility

pattern. Indian J Med Res 137:363-369.

205. Pulimood TB, Lalitha MK, Jesudson MV, Pandian R, Selwyn JJ (1996). The

spectrum of antimicrobial resistance among methicillin resistant Staphylococcus

aureus (MRSA) in a tertiary centre in India. Indian J Med Res 103:212-215.

230

206. Khadri H, Alzohairy M (2010). Prevalence & antibiotic susceptibility pattern of

methicillin resistance and coagulase‐negative staphylococci in a tertiary hospital in

India. International J Med Med Sci 2:116‐120.

207. Dar JA, Thoker MA, Khan JA, Ali A, Khan MA, Rizwan M, Bhat KH, Dar MJ,

Ahmed N, Ahmad S (2006). Molecular epidemiology of clinical and carrier strains

of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the hospital settings of

North India. Annual Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 5(1):22-25.

208. Anupurba S, Sen MR, Nath G, Sharma BM, Gulati AK, Mohapatra TM (2003).

Prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a tertiary care referral

hospital in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Indian J Med Microbiol 21:49‐51.

209. Chakravarthy A, Talwar V, Gupta H (1988). Antibiotic resistant pattern of

Staphylococcus aureus with special reference to methicillin resistant strains. Indian

J Med Res 87:576-579.

210. Mehta AA, Rodrigues CC, Kumar RR, Rattan AA, Sridhar HH, Mattoo VV, Ginde

VV (1996). A pilot programme of MRSA surveillance in India. (MRSA

Surveillance Study Group). J Postgrad Med 42(1):1-3.

211. Tyagi A, Kapil A, Singh P (2008). Incidence of methicillin resistant

Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in pus samples at a tertiary care hospital. JIACM

9:33–35.

212. Majumder D, Bardoloi SJN, Phukan AC, Mahanta J (2001). Antimicrobial

susceptibility pattern among methicillin resistant Staphylococcus isolates in Assam.

Indian J Med Microbiol 19:138-40.

213. Saikia L, Nath R, Choudhury B, Sarkar M (2009). Prevalence and antimicrobial

susceptibility pattern of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Assam.

Indian J Critic Care Med 13:156‐158.

231

214. Pal N, Ayyagari A (1991). Drug resistance pattern of methicillin resistant

Staphylococcus aureus. Indian Paediatrics 28:731-733.

215. Arora S, Devi P, Arora U, Devi B (2010). Prevalence of methicillin-resistant

Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a tertiary care hospital in North India. J Lab

Physicians 2(2):78-81.

216. Rao BN, Prabhakar T (2011). Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of

methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in and around

Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India . JPBMS 4(3):1-5.

217. Hanumantappa AR, Chandrappa NR, Rajasekharappa MG (2003). Prevalence of

methicillin resistant Staphylococcus in Karnataka. Indian J Pathol, Microbiol

46:129-132.

218. Nishi V, Raman BR, Yengkokpam C, Bhat GK (2004). Simple broth disc technique

for the detection of MRSA, Indian J Med Microbiol 22:69-70.

219. Rajaduraipandi K, Mani KR, Panneerselvam K, Mani M, Bhaskar M, Manikandan

P (2006). Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of methicillin resistant

Staphylococcus aureus: A multicentre study. Indian J Med Microbiol 24:34-38.

220. Murugan S, Mani KR, Uma Devi P (2008). Prevalence of methicillin resistant

Staphylococcus aureus among diabetes patients with foot ulcers and their

antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. J Clin Diag Res 2:979‐984.

221. Kumar S, Joseph N, Easow J, Singh R et al. (2012). Prevalence and current

antibiogram of staphylococci isolated from various clinical specimens in a tertiary

care hospital in Pondicherry. The Internet Journal of Microbiology 10(1).

http://ispub.com/IJMB/10/1/13868

222. Weist K, Cimbal AK, Lecke C, Kampf G, Rüden H, Vonberg R (2006). Evaluation

of six agglutination tests for Staphylococcus aureus identification depending upon

232

local prevalence of meticillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). J Med Microbiol

55:283-290.

223. Swenson JM, Spargo J, Tenover FC, FerraroM J (2001) Optimal inoculation

methods and quality control for the NCCLS oxacillin agar screen test for detection

of oxacillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol 39:3781‐3784.

224. Anand KB, Agrawal P, Kumar S, Kapila K (2009) Comparison of cefoxitin disk

diffusion test, oxacillin screen agar, and PCR for mecA gene for detection of

MRSA. Indian J Med Microbiol 27:27‐29.

225. Boubaker IB, Abbes RB, Abdallah HB, Mamlouk K, Mahjoubi F, Kammoun A,

Hammami A, Redjeb SB (2004). Evaluation of a cefoxitin disk diffusion test for

the routine detection of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Microbiol

Infect 10:762-765.

226. Fernandes CJ, Fernandes LA, Collignon P (2005). Cefoxitin resistance as a

surrogate marker for the detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J

Antimicrob Chemother 55:506-510.

227. Brown DFJ, Brown L (1991). Evaluation of the E test, a novel method of

quantifying antimicrobial activity. J Antimicrob Chemother 27:185-190.

228. Huang MB, Baker CN, Banerjee S, Tenover FC (1992).Accuracy of the E test for

determining antimicrobial susceptibilities of Staphylococci, Enterococci,

Campylobacter jejuni, and Gram-negative bacteria resistant to antimicrobial agents.

J Clin Microbiol 30: 3243-3248.