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Little Brown. Budgeting, Boston: Little Brown. The Art and Craft of Policy Analysis, London: Macmillan. "Schools of Public Policy in Poor Countries", Policy Studies Journal, Vol. 14, No. 3, (March) pp. 407-413.

Wilensky, Harold, L. 1967 Organizational Intelligence, N.Y. Basic Books.

Wilson, W. 1941 "The Study of Administration", Political Science Quarterly,

(December) pp. 481-506. Winch, Peter

1963 The Idea of a Social Science, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Wohlstetter, Roberta 1979 "The Pleasures of Self-Deception", The Washington Quarterly,

Vol. 2, No. 4, (Autumn) pp. 54-62. Zaltman, G.

1979 "Knowledge Utilization as Planned Change", Knowledge, vol. 1, no. 1, (September) pp. 82-105.

Zelda, I985 Zelda's Poems, Hakibbutz Hameuchad: Tel Aviv (Hebrew)

Zen Flesh, Zen Bones: A Collection of Zen and Pre-Zen Writing, compiled by Paul Reps, N.Y. Doubleday (undated).

Subject Index

AIDS, 120 An American Dilemma, by Gunnar

Myrdal, 121 Barbarossa, 59, 60 Bureaucratic organization, 15, 18, 26,

41, 47. see also organizations; performance systems

Cassandra, xiv, 131 Challenger, xv, 51, 52-56, 57, 60, 63,

64 Checks and balances, 18, 32, 35, 66,

67. see also democratic politics; epistemology

Closed politics, 17, 123 Coleman Report, 109 Contest xi, xiv, xv, 16, 17, 18, 24,

32, 35, 41, 89, 112, 125, 131, 134; con testability, xi, xiv, xv, 16, 22, 35, 64, 67; and verifiability, xi, xiv, 32-34; and innateness, 16, 18, 41. see also organizational premises

Conventionalism, 28-30, 33 Crisis, 47; management of, 124 Data: hostile, xi-xiii, xv, 42, 49, 51,

57, 58, 62, 63, 65, 66, 81, 83, 96, 98, 108, 112, 120; friendly, 14, 83, 128; arming of, 75, 76, 79; interpretation of, xiii; power of xv. see also paper money

Data selection, 42, 127, 134, 135; algorithm, xiv, 118, 128; wisdom in, 10-12; strategies, 21, 42, 47, 54-55, 66, 80, 133: accept, xi, xii, xiii, 12, 13, 14, 42, 54-55, 57,

153

59, 112, 118, 125; reject, xi-xiii, 12, 13, 14, 42, 49, 51, 54-55, 57, 59, 62, 63, 66, 80, 125, 127, 128, 131, 132, 133; suppress, xiv, 83, 128; in mathematics, 66. see also contest; data; evaluation; self­enveloping

Decentralization, 84, 86, 90, 97, 98; illusionary, 97

Deception, 48, 51, 59-60; self-deception, 60. see also intelligence failure

Democratic politics, xiii, 6, 9, 10, 14, 65, 67, 128, 130-132, 135, 136; and data 130; epistemology of, 14, 130. see also free society

Ecclesiastes, 45, 131 Epistemology, xi, xiv, 21, 29, 31, 32,

42, 53-54, 66, 129: evolutionary, 43; organizational, 21, 25-28, 32; Weltanschauungen, 42; epistemic community, 23; epistemic monopolies, 135; epistemic authority, 130-132; Lockean tabula rasa, xiv, 38, 43, 47, 63; and visual perception, 32, 43. see also logical positivism

Evaluation, xiv, 6, 8, 25, 27, 124; audiences of, 106; impact of, 100, 109-112; power of, 99, 113; uses of, see chapter 6. see also data; paper money

Fallibility, 18, 19, 21, 26, 28, 29, 38, 47, 48, 130

Family policy (U.S.), 122-124

154

Family and Nation, by Daniel P. Moynihan, 122

Feedback, 14, 30, 31, 43, 47 Free society, xi, xii, 18, 63 Fuzzy gambling, 130 Harvard School of Public health, 45 Implementation, see policy

implementation Incubated innovation, 85 Information, xiv, 37, 46-47, 98, 134:

signal/noise, 11, 40, 52, 59 Intelligence failure, 59, 60, 63 International Committee for the

Evaluation of Project Renewal (ICEPR), 99-109, 111, 112

JDC-Israel, 84, 86, 88 Jerusalem Project (JP), 84-87, 89-91,

93-98. see also neighborhood self­management; policy implementation

Jewish Agency, 100-102, 107-108, 112

Justification, see policy: justification Kfar-Saba, 94 Knowledge, xi, xv, 10, 24, 35, 46,

48, 68, 113, 132: in policy, xv, 132; in politics, 66, 67-68, 69; as true belief, 67; and power, 134; transfer of, 24; utilization of archaeological, 8; see also knowledge utilization; political knowing

Knowledge utilization, 6, 7, 11, 13, 19, 21-23, 25, 27, 34, 35, 46, 67, 79, 109, 117, 119, 120, 123; as impact, 8; as organization behavior, 22-25; utilization formula, 10; lime-stone model of, 20; enlightenment model of, 7, 8; two communities model of, 11; vs. selection, 7-12, 13, 14

Learning, xii, xiii, xiv, 14, 17, 18, 21, 25, 28, 37, 41, 43, 46, 47, 131, 134-136: double-loop, 32; single-loop, 31, 32; and dogmatism, 66, 133; and insecurity, 48; and social interaction, xii, xv, 21, 65, 113, 134; experimental, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30-31. see also organizational learning; contest; crisis

Lebanon, 79

Data and Policy Change

Logical positivism, 27-28, 33; application of to administrative behavior, 26-27;

Losing Ground, by Charles Murray, 122, 123, 124

Magic, by William Goldman, 128 Neighborhood self-management, xv,

83-85, 91, 92-95, 97; c1tlzen participation in, 84, 86, 90, 96, 97: as instrumental action and interaction, 96; extension model of, 84, 98. see also Jerusalem Project

Nation and Family, by Alva Myrdal, 121

Normandy, 60 Objectivity, 15, 66; and learning, 66 Organizational learning, xiii, 21-36;

and individual members, 12, 23, 24. see also organizational epistemology; learning; organizational premises

Organizational premises, xv, 4, 16, 18, 21, 25, 27, 28, 31-34, 35, 41, 51, 64. see also cotest

Organizations: as analytic entities, 29, 31-33, 133; as closed systems, 21-22, 25, 30-32, 133, 134, 135; as self-perpetuating belief systems, 25. see also bureaucratic organizations; performance systems

Paper money, 99, 111-113 Pearl-Harbor, 60 Performance systems, 37, 38, 40, 41,

42, 47, 48, 51, 55, 56-57, 59, 62, 128, 132-133, 134; learning in, 55-57; and predictability, 37-40, 48, 132. see also NASA

Policy: as base, xii; fallibility of, 4; orientation, 134; justification of, XV, 13, 14-18, 46, 47-48, 128, 135

Policy implementation, xv: as laboratory and battlefield, 83, 85; and learning, 84, 98; of the Jerusalem Project see Jerusalem Project (chapter 5)

Policy relevance, xv, 130, 131, 134; logical vs. interested connections, 120; "hypothesis relevance", 118-120, 123; "problem relevance", 122-123; "freezer relevance", 121-

Subject Index

122; fallacies of, 119; and problem definition, 119

Political knowing, 65, 66. see also democratic politics; knowledge in politics

Poverty, xv, 5, 112; as destitution, 68; as inequality, 68-70, 72; in Israel, controversy over poverty data, see chapter 4

Project Renewal (Israel), 2, 3, 4, 74, 94, 99-109, 112; evaluation of, see chapter 6

Propaganda, 59 Proverbs, 55 Relevance, see policy relevance Robinson Crusoe, xiii, 12-13 Scientific management, 26, 41, 48,

117 Self-enveloping, 133, 135 Social science, 8, 15, 19, 123-125,

136; role of, 32, 124, 132; epistemology of, 129

Sputnik, 120, 124 The Forest Ranger, by Herbert

Kaufman, 97 The Quest for Certainty, by John

Dewey, 133 The Two Cultures, by C.P. Snow,

126 Traditional Movement of Israel

(Tami), 75-79 Uncertainty, xiv, 37-40, 42, 55, 133-

134. see also fuzzy gambling; self-enveloping

U.S. Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident, William Rogers chairman, chapter 3;

see Rogers, William U.S. National Aeronautics and Space

Administration (NASA), 51, 53-54, 56-61, 63. see also Challenger

Van Leer Study, 109-112 Van Leer Institute, 108 Wisdom: and power, 44-45, 131 Yom Kippur War, 59, 60

155

Name Index

Alston, W.P., 36 Amichai, Yehuda, 106 Arendt, Hannah, 16, 19, 35, 123, 136 Argyris, Chris, 24 Argyris, Chris, and Schon, Donald,

A., 24, 25, 32 Auden, W.H., 136 Ayer, A.L., 27, 28 Azriel, Daniel, 75, 76, 78, 79 Bach, Johann Sebastian, 10 Bardach, Eugene, 84 Barnard, Chester, I., 130 Bartley, W.W., 43 Bateson, Gregory, 13 Begin, Menachem, 4, 5, 67, 73, 74,

75, 76 Benedict, Ruth, 136 Bennis, Warren, 23, 41, 117 Beyer, J. M. and Trice, H.M., 19, 23 Blume, S.S., 27, 41 Bohm, David, 49 Branscomb, Lewis, M., 64 Brewer, Garry D. and deLeon, Peter,

83 Browne, Angela, and Wildavsky,

Aaron, 27 Bulmer, Martin, 19, 23 Burke, Kenneth, 134 Campbell, Donald, T., 19, 29, 43 Caplan, Nathan, 11, 19 Carmon, Naomi, 3 Cavena, K.L., 66 CBS 60 Minutes, 44 Chelimsky, Eleanor, 119 Childe, V.G., 8

157

Chomsky, Noam, 41, 42 Churchill, Winston, 17, 60, 123-124 Churchman, West, C., 135 Clemenceau, Georges, 19 Cohen, Stanely, 114 Copi, Irving, M., 119 Corwin, R.G., and Louis, K.S., 22 Cromwell, Oliver, 133 Crozier, Michel, 15, 47 Cyert, R.M., and March, J.G., 32 Davis, H.R. and Salasin, S.E., II, 23 De George, Richard, T., 130 Dery, David, 1, 25, 105, 119 Desai, Uday, and Crow, Michael M.,

16 Deshpande, R., 19 Dewey, John, 127, 133 Douglas, Mary and Wildavsky,

Aaron, 14 Downs, Anthony, 11 Drell, Sydney, D., 64 Dror, Yehezkel, 130 Dunn, William, N., 12 Dunn, William, N., Holzner, Burkart,

and Zaltman, Gerald, 23 Einstein, Albert, 53 Eliot, T.S., 117, 123, 126 Elk ana, Y ehuda, 64 Elliot, Carl, 124 Ellul, Jacques, 52, 56 Elmore, R.F., 84 Etzioni-Halevy, Eva, 11 Ezrahi, Yaron, 14, 15 Feldman, M.S., and March, J.G., 22,

28, 29

158

Festinger, L., 12 Feyerabend, P.K., 49 Feynman, R.P., 52, 53, 57 Fox, Talbot, 43 Freeman, Howard E., and Solomon,

M.H., 27 Freeman, Howard E., and Sherwood,

C.C., 20 Friedman, Milton, II Fuchs, Victor, 68 Gallilly, Lilly, 80 Garwin, Richard, L., 64 Geroch, Robert, 118 Gibran, Kahlil, 42 Glaser, Edward M., Abelson, Harold

H. and Garrison Kathalee, 19, 22, 46

Goldman, William, 25 Goldstein, Don, 92, 96, 97 Goldstein, M., 19 Goodman, Nelson, 13, 63, 113 Gregory, R.L., 32, 43 Greenfield, Meg, 129 Hallman, Howard, H., 93 Hamer, Zevulun, 114 Handel, Michael, I., 59 Hanson, N.R., 49 Harris, Fred, R., 10, 125 Hasson, Shlomo, 85 Hayek, Friederich A., 11, 133 Hazani, Moshe, 71 Hedberg, Bo, 22, 24, 25, 27, 30 Heidegger, Martin, 8 Heiner, Ronald, H., 39, 55, 133 Hempel, Carl, G., 30, 67, 119 Hoffer, Eric, 59 Hoffman, Charles, 112 Holzner, Burkart, 23, 32 Holzner, B. and Marx, J.H., 23 Hook, Sidney, 126, 131 Hugo, Victor, 127 Huizinga, Johan, 32 James, William, 37, 53-55 Johnson, Lyndon, 123 Kafka, Franz, 9, 20 Kaplan, Abraham, 36 Katz, Israel, 68, 71, 72, 74, 78 Kaufman, Herbert, 97 Kaufmann, Walter, 20 Kenny, Anthony, 34 Keynes, John, Maynard, 40 Knorr-Cetina, Karen, D., 16, 23

Data and Policy Change

Knott, Jack, and Wildavsky, Aaron, 19

Kochen, M., 11 Koestler, Arthur, 43 Kollek, Teddy, 83, 84, 90, 91 Kotler, Milton, 11, 93 Kubie, L.S., 26 Kugelmass, Sol, 114 Kuhn, Thomas, S., 49, 67 Kuttner, Robert, 132 Lakatos, Imre, 66, 67 Landau, Martin, xv, 15, 26, 27, 41,

66 Larsen, Judith, K., 19 Lasswell, Harold, D., 10 Lazarsfeld, P.F. Semell, W.H. and

Wilensky, H.L., 20 Lerner, Daniel, 20 Leviton, L.C. and Hughes, E.F.X., 19 Lewey, A. and Aikin, M.C., 8, 109-

111, 114 Lewis, C.I., 22, 31 Lindblom, Charles, E. and Cohen,

David K., 19, 23, 65 Lipset, David, 13 Logsdon, John, M., 51 Lowi, Theodore, J., 41, 47 Luttwak, Edward, and Horowitz,

Dan, 59 Lynd, Robert, S., 7 Lynn, Lawrence, E. jr., 7, 121 Lyotard, J. F., 57 Majone, Giandomenico, 13, 15, 26,

28-29, 41, 67 Majone, Giandomenico, and

Wildavsky, Aaron, 84 March, J.G. and Olsen, J.P.C., 24, 32 Marcus, Y oel, 71 Maridor, Yaa'cov, 4, 5, 19 Marziano, Saa'dia, 5 Mayntz, R., 23 Mazmanian, Daniel, and Sabatier,

Paul, 84 Mead, Margaret, 16 Meir, Golda, 71, 72, 73 Merton, Robert, K., 48 Michels, Robert, 48 Mill, John Stuart, 31 Montesquieu, Charles-Louis, 8, 35 Morgenthau, Hans, J., 38 Moynihan, Daniel, P., 2, 8, II, 121-

125, 126 Mullen, Edward, J., 129

Name Index

Murray, Charles, 11, 122, 125 Myrdal, Alva, 121 Myrdal, Gunnar, 121 Nachmias, D., and Felbinger, C., 23 Nakamura, Robert, T., and

Smallwood, Frank, 84 Nathan, Richard, P., 8, 22 Newman, John, Henry, 20 Nietzsche, F., 48, Ill, 113 Nozick, Robert, 135 Oz, Amos, 19 Palumbo, Dennis, J., 6, 107 Park, Rosa, 9 Patton, Michael, Q., 22, 23 Peirce, Charles, S., 13 Phillips, Derek, L., 129 Pieper, Martha, Heineman, 129 Pirsig, Robert M., 37 Pollard, Sidney, 9 Polsby, Nelson, W., 85, 124 Popper, Karl, R., 15, 25, 42, 43, 49,

66, 119 Pressman, Jeffery, L. and Wildavsky,

Aaron, 14, 26, 41, 84 Quine, W.V., 33, 67 Rabbi Nachman of Brazlav, 55 Randolph, Edmund J., 20 Ravetz, Jerome, R., 80 Rawls, John, 16 Raz, Simcha, 55 Reagan, Ronald, 9, 63, 122 Reichenbach, H., 31 Rein, Martin, 68 Rein, Martin, and Peattie, Lisa, 119 Rich, Robert, F., 20 Rivlin, Alice, M., 8 Rogers, William, xv, 52-54, 56-58,

60-62, 64 Romain, Gary, 18, 20 Rorty, Richard, 12, 46, 68 Rossi, Peter, H., 2, 124 Rossi, Peter, H., and Freeman,

Howard E., 11 Roter, R., and Shamai, N., 68, 69 Rothman, J., 22 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 8 Rubin, Ben-Zion, 75, 76, 77 Russell, Bertrand, 41, 126 Samuelson, Paul, A., 99, 118 Sapir, Pinchas, 70, 71, 72 Scaff, Lawrence, A., 96 Scheffler, Israel, 42 Schick, Allen, 119

Schilpp, Paul Arthur, 133 Schlesinger, James R., 15 Schultze, Charles L., 132 Scott, R.A., and Shore, A.R., 22 Sellars, Wilfrid, 68 Selznick, Philip, 48 Shamir, Itzhak, 5, 6, 73, 75, 79 Sharpe, L.J., 40 Shnitzer, Shmuel, 73 Simon, Herbert, A., 26-28, 40, 41 Snow, C.P., 5, 17, 123, 126 Solberg, W.V., 8 Sontag, Susan, 43, 129 Spurgeon, 11 Stockman, David, A., 9, 10, 67 Suppe, Frederick, 49 Taylor, F.W., 26 Thomas, Patricia, 20 Toulmin, Stephen, 49 Truman, Harry, 124 Tunik, Itzhak, 9

159

Van de Ven, A.H. and Astley, G.W., 29

Wallace, Carolyn, 9 Webber, Carolyn, and Wildavsky,

Aaron, 16 Weber, Max, 15, 18, 26, 127 Weiss, Carol H., 7, 8, 22, 23 Weiss, Carol H., and Bucuvalas, M.,

19, 22, 23 Whaley, Barton, 59 Wiener, Norbert, 44 Wiesner, Jerome, B., 63 Wildavsky, Aaron, xv, xvi, 1, 47,

130 Wilensky, Harold, L., 17 Wilson, W., 26 Winch, Peter, 38, 117, 133 Wittgenstein, 34 Wholstetter, Roberta, 59 W ouk, Herman, 134 Wrong, Dennis, 122 Zaltman, G., 30 Zelda, 48