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Index

adaptation of foreign ideas, 7, 22, 25,100, 127, 144–5, 152–68, 230

agency, see identity and agencyagriculture and agricultural

civilization in Vietnam, 5–7,30, 208

American Declaration ofIndependence, 12

assessment, 96, 97, 103, 106Association of South East Asian

Nations (ASEAN), 176–7see also individual country entries

autonomy of higher educationinstitutions, 73–5, 77–8, 79,94, 105

Buddhism, 5–7, 18

China, viii, 7, 11, 22, 101, 134, 143,146, 148, 160, 177, 180, 190–1

see also colonization and colonialwars

Chinese language, 172–3, 176see also colonization and colonial

warscollectivity as a social principle, ix,

5–6, 230colonization and colonial wars, 3, 8

China, 3, 31, 127, 129–30, 155–6,169–70, 170–1

France, 31, 55, 127, 129–31, 157,168, 169–70, 171–2, 213

United States, 8–9, 32, 127, 129,131–2, 157–8, 169–70

Soviet Russia, 32, 50, 55, 60, 70,127, 129, 131–2, 158, 166,169–70

Communist Party of Vietnam, 17,74–5, 83, 90, 91, 108, 151,169, 224

Confucian cultural heritage andeducational practices, 4, 5, 7, 11,

12, 16, 21, 87, 88, 95–6, 100, 101,106, 112–14, 116, 117, 120, 121,123, 129–30, 156, 158, 168, 212

corruption, 20, 49, 150credit-based systems in higher

education, 97–8, 166curriculum in higher and vocational

education, 19, 21, 24–5, 36, 63,86–107, 218–19

defence of Vietnam, viii, 30,152–3, 234

see also national independence andfreedom

diaspora of Vietnam, includingreturning educational diaspora, 3,14, 20, 142–3, 151, 233

distance learning, 103diversity in higher education, 60–1Đổi Mới and post- Đổi Mới reforms, 17,

18, 55–6, 90, 108, 133, 155, 158–9

economy of Vietnam and economicgrowth, 32–3, 108, 139

educational philosophy, 86–92,114–15

English language, 32, 50, 98, 139, 172,174–5, 176–8, 179–83, 232, 233

ethnicity and ethnic communities inVietnam, 30–1, 169

examinations, 19, 43

flexibility, throughout and, ix, 5–9,230–2

foreign invasion, see colonization andcolonial wars

foreign language learning in Vietnam,31–2, 50, 169–83

see also specific languagesforeign providers of higher education

in Vietnam, 44, 138, 146–8,150, 224

260

Index 261

French language, 173–4, 175see also colonization and colonial

warsFrench Revolution, 12funding of education and research, 20,

33, 47, 225, 234

gender, 10generic skills, see graduate

employment / unemploymentglobal role of Vietnam, viii, 152–3,

183, 234globalization, including globalization

in higher education, viii, 4, 9 ,16,17, 94, 108, 111, 134–5, 140,152–68, 208–9, 232

governance of higher and vocationaleducation, 19, 44–59, 61, 64–84,94, 105, 137, 214, 231–2, 236

systemic, 45, 64–73institutional, 45–6, 73–7

government of Vietnam, 5, 17, 44, 55,107, 109, 169, 210

government targets for education,34–5, 138

see also specific Ministries,Communist Party of Vietnam,legal framework

graduate employment /unemployment, 14–15, 23, 34,48, 51, 54, 62, 93–4, 98, 106–7,108, 118–19, 122, 124, 209–11

growth of participation in education,see participation and enrolmentin education

Haiyang Shiyou 981 oil rig, 11harmony, 6–8, 113higher education, throughouthistory of higher education in

Vietnam, 55Hô Chí Minh, ix, 3, 11–12, 89, 92, 131

and education, 4, 89Human Development Index, 34

identity and agency, personal, 6, 23,109–13, 117–18, 119, 120–3, 230

Indonesia, 32, 191–2, 206industrialization, 30, 92, 183, 194

industry and employers, 62, 104, 225inequality in Vietnam, 33

in education, 56informal learning, 212–13information and communications

technologies (ICTs), 15, 34, 103,182–3, 219

innovation in education, 17, 21,95–6, 98

international aid and cooperation,50–1, 128, 133, 138, 146–9, 209,217, 223–4, 234

international students from abroadstudying in Vietnam, 50–1,138, 143

international students from Vietnamstudying abroad, includingfaculty training, 14, 138, 139–42

internationalization in higher andvocational education, viii,127–51, 209–10, 223–4

internationalization of thecurriculum, 128, 144–6, 149–50

Japan, viii, 101, 134, 138, 143, 174,177, 179, 188–9, 190, 205,219, 223

knowledge, 5, 16–17, 23, 86,93–100, 105

Korea, South, viii, 22, 101, 134, 138,143, 174–5, 177, 179, 219, 223

labour force and labour markets, 15,34, 119, 123, 210–11

language policy, 30, 169–83learner-centred education, 20–1,

101–3, 182, 219, 230legal framework of education in

Vietnam, 35–6, 43–6, 58–9, 75,80, 92, 146, 175, 194, 201–2, 206,208, 215–16, 222

life-long learning, 24literacy, 35, 37

Malaysia, 32, 146, 169, 175, 176, 177,178, 183, 200

markets and market forces in highereducation, 65–6, 108, 134–5

262 Index

Ministry of Education and Training ofVietnam (MOET), 21, 42, 44–5,47, 49–50, 52, 58–9, 62, 64–72,73, 78, 80, 82, 94, 98, 115, 129,132, 140–2, 150, 164, 206,214–17, 219, 220–2, 224

Ministry of Defense, 216Ministry of Finance, 44, 64, 65, 216Ministry of Home Affairs (MOHA),

64–5, 73Ministry of Industry and Trade, 216Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social

Affairs (MOLISA), 38, 39–42, 52,62, 66–9, 73, 78, 209, 214–22, 224

Ministry of Planning and Investment,44, 64–5

Ministry of Science andTechnology, 65

Ministry of Transport andCommunications, 216

mobility, throughout and, ix, 9–15,233–4

of ideas and knowledge, 9, 16, 94,133, 153

between sectors of education, 37, 62

national identity, see tradition,evolving

national independence and freedom,3–4, 7, 11–12, 88, 115, 152–3, 234

national universities, 36, 64, 136,145, 203

nature, 6neo-liberalism, see markets and market

forces in higher education

Organization for EconomicCooperation and Development(OECD), 19, 22

participation and enrolment ineducation, including growth ofparticipation, 33–4, 37, 44, 51,57–8, 60–1, 139

performance management, 65–6Philippines, 32, 170, 176, 183, 190,

192, 200, 205

policy borrowing, 152–68system level, 159, 160–2, 167institutional level, 159, 162–3, 164see also adaptation of foreign ideas

population, 3, 29poverty in Vietnam, 32–3practicality, throughout and, ix, 5–9,

232–3private higher education, 45, 46–7,

48–9, 56–7, 72–3, 136, 163public accountability of higher

education, 77–8

qualifications of academic faculty, 48,63, 232–3

quality of higher education, qualityassurance and accreditation, 25,36, 47–50, 62, 64, 72, 77–8, 135,139, 163, 217–18

recognition of Vietnamesequalifications outside Vietnam,14, 64, 73, 233

regional and rural development andeducation, 13, 30–1, 33, 40

research, 16–17, 18, 25, 48, 55, 62,137, 138, 187–207, 229, 233, 235

national research academies, 195research funding, 197–9research institutes, 195–6research performance, 199–201, 203–7research policy in Vietnam, 201–3research policy instruments in OECD

countries, 188–9, 193Russian language, 173–4, 175

see also colonization and colonialwars

schooling, 36–9self-determination, 6, 20–3, 100,

109–13, 116, 120–1Singapore, viii, 100, 101, 102, 114–17,

121, 134, 138, 146, 149, 164, 169,176, 183, 200, 206, 219, 223

socialism, 11–12, 17, 115, 164‘socialization’ policy, 55–7, 135–7soft skills, see graduate employment /

unemployment

Index 263

student-centred learning, 108–23see also learner-centred curriculum

student self, see identity and agencySoviet model of higher education and

research, 16, 132–3structure of education and higher

education in Vietnam, 37–42,59–60

student selection into highereducation, 42–3

Taoism, 5, 6–7, 95teachers and teaching, 4, 20–1, 32, 86,

95–6, 97, 102, 105–6, 123,181–2, 231

Thailand, 32, 37, 143, 146, 190, 193,200, 204, 206

tradition, evolving, viii-ix, 5, 5–8, 11,17–18, 92, 101, 106, 122, 167–8,211–12, 230, 234

tuition fees, 47, 56–7, 136

United Nations Educational, Scientificand Cultural Organization(UNESCO), 160–1, 163, 165

United States’ education and research,22, 101, 103, 123, 160, 188–9,205, 223

University of Da Nang, 78–83

Vietnam, throughoutVietnamese national language, 30,

31, 130Vietnamization of foreign ideas, see

adaptation of foreign ideasvocational education and training, 4,

24, 25, 37, 38–9, 41–2, 59–60, 62,208–26, 235

work-integrated learning, 104–5World Bank, 22, 49, 62, 159, 160,

161–2, 163, 165, 217World-Class Universities, 202–3