References - Charles J. Vella, PhD Table.docx · Web viewLH 4 mandible Australopithecus b ahrelghazli (= afarensis) 3.5-3.0 Bahr el Ghazal, Koro Toro, Chad 1993 Michael Brunet 1997

Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012

Hominin Time Locations Features Found Described Brain Size Co-exist Type SpecimenMYA

Sahelanthropustchadensis

7-6Biochro.

Toros-Menalla, Chad

Cranium, 2 mand.; no PC bones

2001 Michael Brunet 2001

300-370 cc

2001TM 266-01-060-1

Orrorintugenensis

6-5.7Potas-Argon

Tugen Hills, Lukeino, Kenya

Molar, thick enamel,apelike

Brigitte Senut & Martin Pickford

2001BAR1000’00

Ardipithecus kadabba

5.8-5.2 Alaya/M. Awash Ethiopia

Mandibles,teeth, PC bones; large canines

Yohannes Haile-Selassie 2001

2004 ALA-VP-2/10

Ardipithecus ramidus

5.7-4.3 Aramis, Gona & Middle Awash, Ethiopia

Partial skeleton, teeth, cranium underside, jaws, limbs

Tim White, Berhane Asfaw,Gen Suwa1994

1994ARA-VP-6/1

Australopithecus anamensis

4.3-3.9 E. Turkana, Allia Bay, & Kanapoi, & M. Awash Kenya

Larger canines

1965Patterson

Maeve Leakey, Feibel and IanMcDougall 1995

1995KNM-KP 29281

Australopithecus afarensis

3.7-2.8radiometric

Hadar, Ethiopia; Laetoli, Tanz.

Skull, some skeleton, crania, lower jaws, limbs

1974Lucy

Don Johanson 1978

(446)387-550 cc

1978LH 4 mandible

Australopithecusbahrelghazli(= afarensis)

3.5-3.0 Bahr el Ghazal, Koro Toro, Chad

1993 Michael Brunet1997

1997KT 12/H1


Hominin Time Locations Features Found Described Brain Size Co-exist Type SpecimenKenyanthropus platyops (flat face)

3.5-3.2Argon

W. Turkana, Ethiopia

Small ear hole; thick enamel

1999 Justus Erus

Maeve Leakey2001

400-560 cc

2001KNM-WT 40000

Australopithecus africanus

3-2.4 Gladysvale, Makapansgar,Sterkfontein,Taung, S. Africa

1st African Hominin fossil

1924 Raymond Dart1925

(461)400-560 cc

1925Taung 1 cranium

Australopithecus garhi

2.5 Bouri, M. Awash, W. Turkana,Ethiopia

Long legs, large molars

1999 Berhane Asfaw 1999

450 cc 1999BOU-VP-12/130

Paranthropus aethiopicus

2.7-2.3 W. Turkana, Omo, Ethiopia

Camille Arambourg & Yves Coppens 1968

410 cc 1968Omo 18.18

Australopithecus sediba

1.98-1.78

Malapa, South Africa

Precision grip; modern ankle; primitive heel; asym. brain hem.

Matthew Berger2008

Lee Berger, DeRuiter 201-0

420-450 cc

Paranthropus boisei

2.3-1.2/.7

Koobi Fora,E. Turkana, Kenya; Omo, Ethiopia; Oldovai, Tanz.

Large jaws, molars, sagittal crestB. Wood: meat

Mary Leakey 1959

Louis Leakey

(530)430-545 cc

1959OH 5


Hominin Time Location Features Found Described Brain Size Co-exist Type Specimen

Paranthropus robustus

2.0-1.0 Swartkraus; all South AF

Robert Broom 1938

(521)530 or 476 cc

1938TM 1517

Homo habilis 2.4-1.6 Oldovai, E. Turkana, Koobi For a, Kenya

Teeth, craniums, hand bones, left foot

1964, Leakey

Louis Leakey1964

630 cc (510-750)

1964OH 7

Homo rudolfensis

2.4-1.8 Olduvai, E. Turkana, Koobi Fora

= Homo habilis

Valery Alexeev

752 cc 1986KNM-ER 1470

Homo gautengensis

1.9-.6 Sterkfontein, S. Africa

Curnoe 2010

Stw 53

Homo ergaster 1.8-1.5 W. Turkana, Koobi Fora, Kenya

= early African Homo erectus

Colin Groves & Vratislav Mazak

871 cc 1975KNM-ER 992

Homo erectus 1.9-50T Dmanisi, Georgia; E. Africa; Java; Trinil, Indonesia

Teeth, femur, skullcap;Out of Africa 2M

1890/1 Eugene Dubois

870 cc (730-1250 cc)

1894Trinil 2 calotte

1.7-1.8 Dmanisi, Georgia

Oldowan tools

W. Turkana Almost complete skeleton = Turkana Boy

KNM-WT 15000


Hominin Time Location Features Found Described Brain Size Co-exist Type Specimen(Sinanthropus pekinensis)( = Homo erectus)

1927 Davidson Black

1927Zhoukoudian (Choukoutien) teeth

Homo heidelbergensis

880-250T (.6-.1)

Mauer, Germany; Boxgrove, England; Bodo, Ethiopia; Kabwe, Zambia

Larger brain 1908 Schoetensack 1908

1270 cc 1908Mauer 1 mandible

Homoantecessor

780T (.7-.5)

Gran Dolina, Atapuerca,Spain

Jose-Maria Bermudez de Castro

1997ATD 6-5

Homo neanderthalis

200T-30T (.2-.03);400-500T in Spain

Kleine Feldhofer, Germany; sites in Europe, Near East, Asia

1-4% DNA in Europeans/Asians

1856 1864, King 1420 cc H. sapiens

Neanderthal 1 calotte (Kleine Feldhofer skeleton); 40KYA

Also Engis, Belgium

1824

Forbes’ Quarry, Gibraltar

1848


Hominin Time Location Features Found Described Brain Size Co-exist Type Specimen

Homo sapiens 200T-(.2-present)

Cro-Magnon, Les Eyzies, France; many sites

Brain size, globe skull,art, only survivor;In Europe, 45 TYA

1868 1350 cc H. neand.

Also Paviland, Gower Peninsula, Wales

1st fossil of H. sapiens

1822/3

Homo floresiensis

<38T-18T(.095-.018)

Liang Bua, Island of Flores, Indonesia

100 specimens/14 individuals

2003 Peter Brown2005

400cc 2005 LB 1

Denisovans 41-50T Denisovia, Siberia

Finger bone, molar, toe bone

2008Maria Mednikova

2010David Reich

5% DNA in New Guineans, Aborigines, Melanesia


Hominid Teeth Mandible Leg Fingers &Arms

Brow bridge

Face & Chin

Pelvis Notable Non Skeletal Height Weight

Sahelanthropustchadensis

Small canines worn at tip; thick enamel

thick Massive bb, moder. prognathic face

Toumai skull;small braincase and widely spaced eyesockets

Chimp size

Orrorintugenensis

Thick enamel,Large canines

outer/cortical bone is thickest at top and bottom of neck

Curved fingers

Origin in forested habitat

Ardipithecus kadabba

70-80 lbs.

Ardipithecus ramidus

thin dental enamel ; smaller canines

strongly built arm bones

Anterior Foramen magnum

Origin in forested habitat

70-80 lbs.

Australopithecus anamensis

Rectangular arcade;Thick enamel

Modern bipedal tibia

tiny external ear canal


Hominid Teeth Mandible Leg Arm Brow bridge

Face & Chin


Australopithecusbahrelghazli

mandible fragment, a lower second incisor, both lower canines, all 4 of its premolars

Abel name

Australopithecus afarensis

Smaller incisors, larger molars; thick enamel

large Basin shaped

Lucy 1974, 3.2 M;Bipedal;3.3 M tool use on ungulates

Laetoli, Tanz.footprints1979,3.6 M

3-4 ft. 75-125 lbs.

Kenyanthropus platyops

Deformed cranium

Like rudolfensis?

Australopithecus africanus

Large molars

Limbs more ape

Taung child;Grassy woodland

Bipedal & climber



Face & Chin


Australopithecus garhi

Animal bones with flesh removed

Paranthropus aethiopicus

Large incisors

Apelike cranium

Australopithecus sediba

4 ft. 2 in (1.27 m)

Paranthropus boisei

Very large, thick enameled molars; small canines

Larger than robustus

Massive, wide, flat face;

no PC bones with cranial remains; pointed sticks

Abrasive food; worn enamel

150 lbs./75 lbs.

Paranthropus robustusHomo habilis Longer

arms than legs

Variable size crania

Oldowan Tools

Per Wood, similar to afarensis & boisei



Face & Chin


Homo rudolfensis

Body proportions unknown

= h. habilis

Home gautengensisHomo ergaster Teeth

smaller than Aust.

Long, robust lower leg = long distance

Cooked Food?

Homo erectus Femur & tibia more flattened than modern

Bony ridge; sulcus behind; blunt ridge in midline (sagittal torus)

Large socket for head of femur; consistent with habitual bipedal & endurance running

Low crania, greatest width low on cranium; angulated occipital region

Use of hand axes



Face & Chin


Homo heidelbergensis

Smaller Smaller Thick & strong

Not thick

Homo neanderthalis

Thick shafts & large joints in 30-100K European/near East

Large nasal opening; face projects in midline;

Rounded cranium;

202 positions in the mtDNA differ; 1-4% DNA of modern non-Africans

Cranial cavity larger than H. sapiens; burial of dead

Homo sapiens

Home florsensis Homo like limbs; primitive ankle

Primitive wrist

400 cc brain; homo like skull

40 inches

Denisovans X-woman; 385 positions differ; 5% of Melanesians, New Guineans


Milestones Time

Split from Chimpanzees

5-7 M Split fromGorillas

10 M

Bipedalism 4 MTransformation of the canineStone tools 3.3M/2.6M Hadar, A. afar.Handaxe 1-3 MSpear points 1 MFire 800 T Gesher Benot

Ya’aqov, IsraelStone Hearths, 300T

Symbolic Thought

35 T

Art 35 T

Coexistence circa 1.8M: Paranthropus boisei, Homo rudolfensis, H. habilis and H. ergaster foraged in the same area around Lake Turkana.

In Africa, H. erectus may have evolved into H. heidelbergensis, but in Asia a dead end.

Migrations:

Morphological traits typical of Neanderthals began to appear in European hominids at least 400,000 years ago and about 150,000 years ago in western Asia.


Neanderthal sites: at least 30 (Neander Valley, Germany, 1856; Sipka, Moravia 1880; Spy, Belgium 1886; Krapina, Croatia, 1899-1906; Ehringsdorf, Germany 1908-1925; Le Moustier, France 1908; St. Brelade, Channel Islands, 1911; Kiik-Koba, Crimea, 1924; Mount Carmel, Palestine, 1929; Teskhik-Tash, central Asia, 1938; Saccopastore, Italy, 1929; Guattari/Circeo, Italy, 1939; Shanidar, Iraq, 1953; Amud, Israel, 1961; Kebara, Israel, 1964; Dederiych, Syria, 1993; St. Cesaire, France 1979; Zaffaraya, Spain, 1983; Lakonia, Greece, 1999)

All modern human genes originated in Africa; in past 2 MYA, Africa was source of emigration of a H. ergaster hominin, then a H. heidelbergensis hominin, then several waves of modern humans; modern humans are derived from relatively recent, ca. 50-45 kya migration out of East Africa.

Homo sapiens sites: Pestera cu Oase, Romania, c. 35 kya; Kent’s Cavern, England, c 30 kya; Bacho Kiro & Temnata, Bulgaria 43-40 kya; Papua New Guinea, Australia, Tasmania, 40 kya; Oceania, 35-30 kya; Arctic Circle, 27 kya; preClovis culture, Texas, 15 kya, Monte Verde, Chile, 12.5 kya; Clovis culture, before 11 kya

Homo sapiens: migration out of Africa, then interbreeding with Neanderthals in Western Asia (65,000–90,000 years ago); (contributed 1-4% of their DNA to Homo sapiens); then a move to Southeast Asia; ancestors of East Asians and Western Indonesia arrived later, between 38-25TYA

2 migrations into Asia from Africa

1 - Denisovans: a common ancestor with anatomically modern human and Neanderthal mtDNAs about 1.0 million years ago. This indicates that it derives from a hominin migration out of Africa distinct from that of the ancestors of Neanderthals and of modern humans; 4-6% DNA to New Guinea, Melanesia, Aborigines by 44 TYA; human migration to SE Asia between 75 and 62TYA

2 – No Denisovan DNA: To East Mainland Asia (Han Chinese) and Western Indonesia

Sources:

Bernard Wood – Human Evolution, 2011

Richard Klein – Richard G. Klein, 2009


Modern Human vs. Chimpanzee Skeleton (after B. Wood):

Human ChimpanzeeForehead Steep LowFace Flat Projecting, snout-likeCranial vault Widest higher up Widest at baseSkull High, globular, rounded SmallerBrain size Large (1350cc) Small (300cc)Foramen magnum Forward in skull Backward in skullCanine teeth Small; smaller,

more incisor like canines that occlude tip to tip

Large, wear on sides; largeupper canines are honed against the first lower premolars, producinga sharp edge in back of the canines.

Dentation Rectangular arcade; small front teeth

Curved arcade; large front teeth

Base of skull Angled StraighterExternal Ear Canal Large SmallThorax Straight sides; cone-shaped Conical, barrel-shaped rib cageLumbar vertebrae 5 3-4Limb bones Straight CurvedLimb proportions Lower limb long Arms longer than legs;

Lower limb shortThigh Bone Straight Angled toward kneeWrist Less mobile More mobileFingers Straight, & long, opposable

thumbCurved, long fingers, & short thumb

Hand Cup-shaped FlatFoot Arched & big toe straight Flat & big toe angledPelvis Basin shaped;

Neonatal head is tight fitLong, narrow;Neonatal head has ++ room

Development –Bones and teeth

Slow Fast

Locomotion Bipedal Knuckle walker


Chin Present None

More typical of hominin than ape:

Large molars

Small canines

Thicker mandible

Large brow ridge

Canine worn at tip

Hip joint: outer/cortical bone is thickest at top and bottom of neck



The Toba catastrophe theory suggests that a bottleneck of the human population occurred c. 70,000 years ago, proposing that the human population was reduced to perhaps 15,000 individuals[3] when the Toba supervolcano in Indonesia erupted and triggered a major environmental change. The theory is based on geological evidences of sudden climate change and on coalescence evidences of some genes (including mitochondrial DNA, Y-chromosome and some nuclear genes)[4] and the relatively low level of genetic variation with humans.[3]

However, such coalescence is genetically expected and does not, in itself, indicate a population bottleneck, because mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome DNA are only a small part of the entire genome, and are atypical in that they are inherited exclusively through the mother or through the father, respectively. Most genes in the genome are inherited from either father or mother, and thus can be traced back in time via either matrilineal or patrilineal ancestry.[5] Research on many genes finds different coalescence points from 2 million years ago to 60,000 years ago when different genes are considered, thus disproving the existence of more recent extreme bottlenecks (i.e., a single breeding pair).[3][6]

On the other hand, in 2000, a Molecular Biology and Evolution paper suggested a transplanting model or a 'long bottleneck' to account for the limited genetic variation, rather than a catastrophic environmental change.[7] This would be consistent with suggestions that in sub-Saharan Africa numbers could have dropped at times as low as 2,000, for perhaps as long as 100,000 years, before numbers began to expand again in the Late Stone Age.[8]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_bottleneck#cite_note-7

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_bottleneck#cite_note-templeton_tree-5

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_bottleneck#cite_note-Ancestors_Tale-2

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_bottleneck#cite_note-River_Out_of_Eden-4

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environment

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervolcano

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Toba


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toba_catastrophe_theory




2003 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.







Denisovan distribution (David Reich et al., 2011):



References

1. Reich D , Patterson N, Kircher M, Delfin F, Nandineni MR, Pugach I, Ko AM-S, Ko Y-C, Jinam TA, Phipps ME, et al. 2011. Denisova admixture and the first modern human dispersals into southeast Asia and Oceania. American journal of human genetics 89:516-28.

2. Skoglund P , and Jakobsson M. 2011. Archaic human ancestry in East Asia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U. S. A.

http://johnhawks.net/node/28219

http://johnhawks.net/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=914
















Tapeworms: hominids inherited from carnivores (feed on same carcasses)

Documents

References - Charles J. Vella, PhD Table.docx · Web viewLH 4 mandible Australopithecus b ahrelghazli (= afarensis) 3.5-3.0 Bahr el Ghazal, Koro Toro, Chad 1993 Michael Brunet 1997