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Paleolithic & Neolithic Stone Tools
Oldowan-approx 2MYA
Acheulean-approx 1.5MYA
Mousterian -from 200KYA
Neolithic“Laurel Leaf”
Aesthetic awareness of both abstract and figurative forms
Decorative shell beads made by Homo Sapiens about 100,000 Y.A.
Face made from stone and bone by Neanderthal about 32,000 Y.A.
Self and environmental awareness.
Hand of Man, El Castillo, Spain about 20,000 Y.A.
Bison rock drawing from Altamera, Spainabout 20,000 Y.A.
Agriculture and farming was first used in the fertile crescent of present day Turkey and the Levant.
The oldest known town was Catal Huyuk, built close to a source of obsidian, a natural glass that was used for
toolmaking and trading.
Catal Huyukfrom 8 KYA?
Mother Goddess
Houses were entered through the roof for protection.
The invention of the plow pulled by oxen (or horse power) allowed for a huge increase in harvests.
Egyptian plow
Modern plow
The Iceman, found in the European Alps, from about 2,500 B.C. had tools that were both Stone Age & Copper Age
Stone dagger & grass sheath
Copper head bound to branch, axe
Retoucheur
The invention of the wheel brought about 5,000 years of style change.
Primitive tripart wheel
Modern magnesium alloy wheel
By 2000BC there were city based civilizations in Egypt, the Middle East, India and China.
Egypt & Sumeria
Temple at Sumer
Indus Valley Shang China
Shang bronze weapons
The rise of cities brought about specialization, trades, craftsmen, hierarchal culture and increased leisure time.
Assyrian wounded lion
Minoan Goddess
Egyptians at leisure
Siddhartha Gautama Buddha (563-483 BC) & Confucius (551-479 BC) founded two of the world’s great religions,
while in Central America the Olmec civilization was producing religious artworks.
Huge Buddha statue fromShive Dagon paoda, Burma
Olmec greenstone maskFrom about 300 BC.
The Ch’ín dynasty in China started building the Great Wall.
For 2200 years the Xi'an terracotta warriors silently guarded the tomb of Qin Shihuang, first Emperor of China.
Alexander the Great conquered the Eastern Mediterranean,
Egypt, Persia, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Western India.
Alexander founded and built the City in Egypt that bears his name- Alexandria, with it’s famous lighthouse and the library that was the
center of much of the world’s intellectual knowledge.
Sculptured relief of Alexander.
The main hall of the great Libraryheld perhaps half a Million scrolls.
Coin of Alexander.
The Lighthouse at Pharos.
The Roman state started as a small group of tribes on the Tiber and grew to become an empire that still influences style in the modern
world.
Republican Rome practiceddemocratic principalsfirst practiced by theAthenians. Painted by Rafaelduring the Renaissance.
Legend has it that Rome wasfounded by Romulus one of twinsthat were suckled by a she-wolf.
The Roman Empire encompassed the Mediterranean and strongly influenced all the cultures it controlled.
The Roman EmpireBy 150 A.D.
Well engineered roads meant militarycontrol and increased commerce.
Roman engineersfirst used the arch.
Roman glass
Examples of classical architecturalstyle can still be seen today.
Bibliography• In the Shadow of Man: Jane Goodall/Hugo Van Lawick, 1988 George Weidenfield & Nicholson Ltd.• The Ascent of Man: J. Bronowski, 1973 Little Brown & co.• Origins: Richard Leakey, 1977 MacDonald & Janes Publishers Ltd.• Origins Reconsidered: Richard Leakey/ Roger Lewin, 1992 Doubleday.• http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/cavemen/factfiles/australopithecus_afarensis.html?img2• New Scientist: Douglas Palmer- Neanderthal art alters the face of archaeology, 6 Dec. 2003• The Man in the Ice: Konrad Spindler, 1994 Weidenfield & Nicholson. • http://www.geocities.com/elchasqui_2/ZSitchin24phot.html• http://alpha.montclair.edu/~lebelp/Millennium.html• http://jbohrn.augustpoetry.org/2002/• http://www.anarheologija.org/veliki/catal/catal-03.jpg• http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/cattle.htm• http://oregonstate.edu/dept/kes/plow.gif• The Times Concise Atlas of World History: Ed.by Geoffrey Barraclough, 1982 Angus & Robertson.• http://www.audaces.weblogger.terra.com.br/200408_audaces_arquivo.htm• http://www.annaswebart.com/culture/costhistory/minoan/• http://www.stonefoundation.org/gallery/assyrian.html• http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd/macedonian_empire_336_323.jpg• http://www.users.bigpond.com/MSN/gary_fletcher/seven.html• http://www.unf.edu/classes/freshmancore/core1images/Capwolf1.jpg• http://www.scanglas.se/www/img/750.jpg• http://www.streetworks.fsnet.co.uk/roman/romanroad2.jpg• http://www.classicist.org/images/mars.gif• http://homepages.paradise.net.nz/smithala/pix/china/images/19BurArmy_JPG.jpg• The DK History of the World- Ed. By Gillian Denton, 1994 DK Publishing Inc.