References by Country - JNCC - Adviser to Government on …jncc.defra.gov.uk/Docs/OT_CDnon-natives… · XLS file · Web view · 2009-07-17General Title Location Ecos, 19: 31-35

Annex 4 to JNCC Report 372

Database of non-native species occurring in UK Overseas Territories

Updated 2009All new material marked in red

Varnham, K. 2005. Non-native species in UK Overseas Territories: a review. JNCC Report 372. Peterborough, United Kingdom

©JNCC, Peterborough 2005

ISSN 0963 8091

Taxon 1 Taxon 2 Scientifc name Synonyms

Invertebrate Hymenoptera Cardiocondylia emery

Invertebrate HymenopteraInvertebrate Hymenoptera Paratrechina bourbonica

Invertebrate Hymenoptera Paratrechina longicornis

Invertebrate HymenopteraInvertebrate Hymenoptera Pheidole megacephala

Invertebrate Hymenoptera Solenopsis invicta Invertebrate Hymenoptera Strumigenys emmaeInvertebrate Hymenoptera Tapinoma melanocephalum

Invertebrate Lepidoptera Pseudaletia unipuncta (?)

Invertebrate Mollusca a veronicellid slug

Invertebrate Mollusca Auricoma havenensis

Invertebrate Homoptera Maconellicoccus hirsutus

Invertebrate Mollusca Achatina fulica

Plant Acanthaceae Asystasia gangetica

Plant Acanthaceae

Plant Acanthaceae Thunbergia alata

Plant Acanthaceae Thunbergia erecta

Plant Acanthaceae Thunbergia fragransPlant Agavaceae Agave sisalinaPlant Agavaceae Sansevieria hyacinthoides

Plant Agavaceae Sansevieria trifasciataPlant Agavaceae Yucca guatemalensisPlant Amaranthaceae Achyranthes aspera

Plant Amaranthaceae Alternanthera brasiliana

Monomorium floricola

Paratrechina pubens

Pseuderanthemum carruthersii var. reticulatum

A1

Taxon: Each species has been assigned to a taxon category: plants by family, vertebrates by class and invertebrates by order. This approach seemed to give reasonable sized groups, with (for the most part) relatively familiar sounding names. This field was originally meant to use the same format as the ‘organism type’ field from the CABI database where species are described as, for example, plant – tree/creeper/shrub, or vertebrate – bird/mammal/reptile. However, for species not included on the CABI database (Kairo et al., 2003) it was not always obvious into which category they should be placed (e.g. some plants were classed as shrubs in one place and trees in another).

C1

Scientific name: The first encountered or most commonly used Latin binomial for each species.

D1

Synonyms: Any other Latin binomials used for that species, including alternative spellings of the main name.

Plant Amaranthaceae Celosia argentia Plant Amaryllidaceae Zephyranthes candidaPlant Anacardiaceae Anacardium occidentalePlant Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica Plant Anacardiaceae Spondias mombin Plant Anacardiaceae Spondias purpureaPlant Annonaceae Annona muricata Plant Annonaceae Annona squamosa

Plant Apiaceae Anethum graveolensPlant Apiaceae Foeniculum vulgarePlant Apocynaceae Allamanda blanchetiiPlant Apocynaceae Allamanda cathartica Plant Apocynaceae Carissa macrocarpaPlant Apocynaceae Catharanthus roseus

Plant Apocynaceae Nerium oleander Plant Apocynaceae Plumieria rubraPlant Apocynaceae Tabernaemontana divaricataPlant Apocynaceae Thevetia peruvianaPlant Araceae Rhaphidophora aureaPlant Araliaceae Polyscias fruticosaPlant Araliaceae Polyscias guilfoyleiPlant Araliaceae Schefflera macrostachya

Plant Araucariaceae Araucaria heterophylla

Plant Arecaceae Cocos nucifera Plant Arecaceae Neodypsis decaryi

Plant Arecaceae Phoenix dactylifera

Plant Arecaceae Veitchia merrillii

Plant Arecaceae Washingtonia sp.

Plant Asclepiadaceae Calotropis procera

Plant Asclepiadaceae Cryptostegia madagascariensis

Plant Asparagaceae Asparagus densiflorus Plant Asparagaceae Asparagus setaceus .Plant Asteraceae Ambrosia hispidaPlant Asteraceae Cosmos sulphureus Plant Asteraceae Emilia fosbergii Plant Asteraceae Flaveria bidentisPlant Asteraceae Helianthus debilis

Plant Asteraceae Leucophyllum frutescens

Plant Asteraceae Senecio confususPlant Asteraceae Solidago microglossaPlant Asteraceae Sonchus oleraceus

Plant Asteraceae Thymophylla tenuilobaPlant Asteraceae Xanthium strumarium

Plant Bignoniaceae Crescentia cujete Plant Bignoniaceae Podrania ricasolianaPlant Bignoniaceae Tabebuia heterophylla

Plant Bignoniaceae Tecoma capensis

Plant Boraginaceae Cordia obliquaPlant Boraginaceae Cordia sebestana Plant Boraginaceae Heliotropium angiospermum Plant Boraginaceae Heliotropium curassavicum

Plant Brassicaceae Lepidium virginicum Plant Cactaceae Epiphyllum oxypetalum Plant Cactaceae Hylocereus undatusPlant Cactaceae Opuntia cochenillifera

Plant Caesalpinaceae Bauhinia sp.

Plant Caesalpinaceae Caesalpinia pulcherrima

Plant Caesalpinaceae Cassia fistula

Plant Caesalpinaceae Delonix regia

Plant Caesalpinaceae Senna italicaPlant Caesalpinaceae Senna siameaPlant Caesalpinaceae Tamarindus indica Plant Capparaceae Cleome gynandra

Plant Capparaceae Cleome viscosa Plant Caricaceae Carica papaya Plant Casuarinaceae Casuarina equisetifolia

Plant Chenopodiaceae Atriplex pentandraPlant Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium ambrosioides Plant Combretaceae Bucida buceras

Plant Combretaceae Terminalia catappa Plant Crassulaceae Bryophyllum pinnatum

Plant Crassulaceae Kalanchoe blossfeldianaPlant Crassulaceae Kalanchoe tubifloraPlant Cucurbitaceae Cucumis anguria Plant Cucurbitaceae Momordica charantia

Plant Cuscutaceae

Plant Euphorbiaceae Acalypha poiretiiPlant Euphorbiaceae Breynia distichaPlant Euphorbiaceae Codiaeum variegatum Plant Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia lactea

Tabebuia pallida; Tabebuia pentaphylla

Cuscuta sp.

Plant Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia leucocephalaPlant Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia pulcherrima

Plant Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia tirucalli Plant Euphorbiaceae Hura crepitans

Plant Euphorbiaceae Jatropha curcas Plant Euphorbiaceae Jatropha integerrima Plant Euphorbiaceae Jatropha multifida Plant Euphorbiaceae Ricinus communis Plant Euphorbiaceaee Euphorbia milli var. splendensPlant Fabaceae Cajanus cajanPlant Fabaceae Crotolaria incana Plant Fabaceae Crotolaria retusa

Plant Fabaceae Crotolaria verrucosa

Plant Fabaceae Erythrina variegataPlant Fabaceae Gliricidia sepium Plant Fabaceae Indigofera suffruticosaPlant Fabaceae Indigofera tinctoria Plant Fabaceae Lablab purpureusPlant Fabaceae Leucaena leucocephalaPlant Fabaceae Macroptilium atropurpureum

Plant Fabaceae Sesbania grandifloraPlant Fabaceae Sophora tomentosa Plant Goodeniaceae Scaevola taccada

Plant Lamiaceae Leonotis nepetifolia

Plant Lamiaceae Ocimum basilicum Plant Lamiaceae Plectranthus amboinicusPlant Lauraceae Persea americanaPlant Liliaceae Aloe veraPlant Lythraceae Lawsonia inermis Plant Malpighiaceae Galphimia gracilisPlant Malvaceae Abelmoschus esculentusPlant Malvaceae Abutilon indicumPlant Malvaceae

Plant Malvaceae

Plant Malvaceae Malvaviscus penduliflorus

Plant Meliaceae Azadrachta indica

Plant Meliaceae Melia azedarach

Plant Meliaceae Swietenia macrophylla

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis var. rosa-sinensisHibiscus rosa-sinensis var. schizopetalus

Plant Meliaceae Swietenia mahagoni

Plant Mimosaceae Acacia farnesiana

Plant Mimosaceae Acacia macracantha

Plant Mimosaceae Acacia nilotica

Plant Mimosaceae Albizia lebbeckPlant Moraceae Artocarpus altilisPlant Moraceae Ficus benjamina Plant Moraceae Ficus elasticaPlant Moraceae Ficus microcarpaPlant Moringaceae Moringa oleiferaPlant Musaceae Musa sapientum Plant Myrtaceae Psidium guajava Plant Nyctaginaceae Mirabilis jalapa Plant Oleaceae Jasminum fluminensePlant Oleaceae Jasminum grandiflorum Plant Oleaceae Jasminum multiflorumPlant Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata Plant Pandanaceae Pandanus utilisPlant Papaveraceae Argemone mexicana Plant Passifloraceae Passiflora edulisPlant Plumbaginaceae Plumbago auriculataPlant Poaceae Bothriochloa pertusa

Plant Poaceae Bothriochloa ischaemumPlant Poaceae Chloris gayana Plant Poaceae Cymbopogon citratusPlant Poaceae Dactyloctenium aegyptium Plant Poaceae Digitaria decumbens Plant Poaceae Digitaria sanguinalis

Plant Poaceae Eleusine indica

Plant Poaceae Eragrostis ciliaris Plant Poaceae Eragrostis tenellaPlant Poaceae Panicum maximum Plant Poaceae Panicum mollePlant Poaceae Pennisetum purpureumPlant Poaceae Rhynchelytrum repensPlant Poaceae Sorghum bicolorPlant Poaceae Sorghum halepensePlant Poaceae Tragus berteronianus

Plant Poaceae Vetiveria zizanioidesPlant Poaceae Zea mays Plant Polygonaceae Antigonon leptopus

Plant Polypodiaceae Nephrolepis biserataPlant Portulacaceae Portulaca oleracea Plant Punicaceae Punica granatum Plant Rhamnaceae Ziziphus mauritiana

Plant Rosaceae Rosa indica Plant Rubiaceae Ixora caseiPlant Rubiaceae Ixora coccinea Plant Rubiaceae Pentas lanceolataPlant Rutaceae Citrus aurantifoliaPlant Rutaceae Citrus aurantium Plant Rutaceae Citrus sinensis Plant Rutaceae Citrus x paradisi Plant Rutaceae Murraya exotica Plant Salicaceae Salix humboldtianaPlant Sapindaceae Melicoccus bijugatus Plant Sapotaceae Manilkara zapotaPlant Scrophulariaceae Russelia equisetiformis

Plant Solanaceae Capsicum frutescens Plant Solanaceae Datura stramonium

Plant Solanaceae Lycopersicon lycopersicumPlant Solanaceae Solandra guttataPlant Solanaceae Solanum melongena Plant Tamaricaceae Tamarix sp. chinensis Plant Verbenaceae Holmskioldia sanguinea

Plant Verbenaceae Petrea volubilis Plant Verbenaceae Vitex agnus-castus Plant Zingiberaceae Alpinia zerumbetVertebrate Amphibian Bufo marinusVertebrate Amphibian Eleutherodactylus johnstoneiVertebrate Amphibian Osteopilus septentrionalis Hyla septentrionalis

Vertebrate Bird Gallus varius

Vertebrate Mammal Canis familiaris

Vertebrate Mammal Capra hircus

Vertebrate Mammal Felis catus

Vertebrate Mammal Mus musculus

Vertebrate Mammal Oryctolagus cuniculusVertebrate Mammal Rattus norvegicus

Vertebrate Mammal Rattus rattus

Vertebrate Reptile Anolis carolinensisVertebrate Reptile Elaphe guttataVertebrate Reptile Hemidactylus mabouia

Vertebrate Reptile Iguana iguana

Vertebrate Reptile Rhamphotyphlops braminus

TOTAL

1

1

1

1

1

1 1 Invasive

1 1

1 1

11

Status (JNCC)

Status (CABI)

CABI comment

Status (FLEPPC)

FLEPPC comment

Status (GISD)

GISD comment

F1

Status(CABI): The pages for the Caribbean Territories have an extra field (‘Status (CABI)’) which includes their classification on the CABI database (as exotic, naturalised or invasive). The Gibraltar page contains a similar column, describing the status of some plant species derived from the Upper Rock Nature Reserve Management Plan. The Falklands Islands and Cayman Islands pages also have columns containing classifications made by local experts. Species in these Territories that are not included on these lists have no entry for this field, nor do the other Territories. No decisions were made when compiling the data as to whether species are ‘invasive’ or not.

G1

Status(CABI): The pages for the Caribbean Territories have an extra field (‘Status (CABI)’) which includes their classification on the CABI database (as exotic, naturalised or invasive). The Gibraltar page contains a similar column, describing the status of some plant species derived from the Upper Rock Nature Reserve Management Plan. The Falklands Islands and Cayman Islands pages also have columns containing classifications made by local experts. Species in these Territories that are not included on these lists have no entry for this field, nor do the other Territories. No decisions were made when compiling the data as to whether species are ‘invasive’ or not.

1 Exotic

1

1

1 1

1

Washingtonia robusta = 1

C.grandiflora

1 Naturalised 1

1 1

11

Bauhinia variegata = 1

Kalanchoe pinnatum

1 1

1 Exotic 1 1

1

1

1 1

Exotic (though described as invasive here by (98)).

1 1

1

1 1 Invasive 1

1 1

1

1 1

1

1

1

1

1

11

1

1 1 1

1

1

1

1 Invasive 11

1 . 1

1

1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 11 1

1 1

1 Invasive1 Invasive

1 Invasive 1

20 10 20 32

Common name(s) Broad habitat Date of introduction

Terrestrial

Singapore ant TerrestrialTerrestrial

Terrestrial

Caribbean crazy ant TerrestrialTerrestrial

red imported fire ant TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

armyworm Terrestrial

a veronicellid slug Terrestrial

a snail, family pleurodontidae Terrestrial

Terrestrial

giant African snail Terrestrial Around 2000 (190)

Terrestrial

Jacob’s coat Terrestrial

Terrestrial

king’s mantle; bush clock vine Terrestrial

white lady; sweet clock vine Terrestrialsisal; fibre pole; pita Terrestrial

Terrestrial

TerrestrialSpanish needle Terrestrialman-better man; hug-me-close Terrestrial

Terrestrial

robust crazy ant; flesh eating antcrazy ant; hairy ant; long horned ant

big headed ant; brown house ant; coastal ant

ghost ant; tiny yellow house ant

Found during a survey of Achatina fulica in 2006 (189)Found during a survey of Achatina fulica in 2006 (189)

hibiscus mealybug; pink mealybug

Christmas bells; Demerara primrose

golden bells; black-eyed susan vine

snake plant; mother-in-law's tongue

L1

Common name: Any common names used for that species.

M1

Broad habitat: This is another field taken from the CABI database (see status section above). Species are classified as either ‘terrestrial’, ‘marine’ or ‘freshwater’. Where a species regularly uses two habitat types, both are included, e.g. some wildfowl may be classed as ‘terrestrial/ freshwater’

N1

Date of introduction: Any information relating to when the species arrived in a Territory (and so may include two or more contradictory sources). For some species there is information on when a species was first recorded in a particular Territory (which may be many years after it was introduced).

cockscomb Terrestrialcrocus; snowdrop Terrestrialcashew Terrestrialmango Terrestrialgolden apple; plum Terrestrialhog plum; fig Terrestrialsoursop; guanábana Terrestrial

Terrestrial

dill; anise; fennel Terrestrialfennel; dill Terrestrialpurple allamanda Terrestrialallamanda TerrestrialNatal plum Terrestrial

Terrestrial

oleander Terrestrialred frangipani Terrestrialgardenia Terrestriallucky nut; yellow oleander Terrestrialpothos Terrestrialming aralia Terrestrialroseleaf aralia Terrestrialoctopus tree Terrestrial

Terrestrial

coconut palm Terrestrialtriangular palm Terrestrial

date palm Terrestrial

Manilla palm; Christmas palm Terrestrial

fan palm Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Indian rubber vine Terrestrial

sprengeri Terrestrialfern, asparagus fern Terrestrialbay geranium; tapis Terrestrialcosmos Terrestrialtassel flower; rabbit meat Terrestrial

Terrestrialdune sunflower Terrestrial

texas sage Terrestrial

Mexican flame vine TerrestrialTerrestrial

dandelion; sow thistle Terrestrial

sugar apple; sweetsop; custard apple

old maid; Madagascar periwinkle

christmas plant; Norfolk Island pine

headache bush; milky -milky bush; French cotton

Terrestrialburrweed Terrestrial

calabash tree; cup tree Terrestrialpink trumpet vine Terrestrial

Terrestrial

cape honeysuckle Terrestrial

clamen cherry Terrestrialgeiger tree Terrestrialeyebright; scorpion tail Terrestrial

Terrestrial

pepper grass; vomiting bush Terrestrialorchid cactus Terrestrialnight blooming cereus Terrestrial

Terrestrial

orchid tree Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrialkas; Siamese cassia Terrestrialtamarind Terrestrial

Terrestrial

caia Terrestrialpapaya; pawpaw Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrialwormweed Terrestrial

Terrestrial

almond; Indian almond Terrestriallove bush; Christmas plant Terrestrial

kalanchoe Terrestrialkalanchoe Terrestrialwild cucumber Terrestrial

Terrestrial

yellow (dad) dodder Terrestrial

Terrestrialsnow bush Terrestrialcroton Terrestrialcandelero; mottled spurge Terrestrial

white cedar; trumpet tree; pink Tecoma

small lavender; seaside heliotrope

French prickle; cochineal cactus

pride of Barbados; flower fencegolden shower tree; cassia stick treeflamboyant tree; royal poinciana

small spider flower; stinking miss

Casuarina; lumber tree; beefwood

candlewood tree; black olive tree

maiden apple; wild balsam apple

christmas bush TerrestrialTerrestrial

pencil bush; milk bush Terrestrialsandbox tree Terrestrial

barricata bush Terrestrialperegrina Terrestrialcoral plant Terrestrialcastor oil plant; castor nut Terrestrialcrown of thorns Terrestrialpigeon pea Terrestrialshack-shack; rattle bush Terrestrialyellow shack-shack; rattleweed Terrestrial

Terrestrial

immortel; crab claw Terrestrialglory cida; quick stick Terrestrialindigo Terrestrialindigo Terrestrialbonavist TerrestrialLeucaena Terrestrialkudzu Terrestrial

agati; hummingbird tree Terrestrialbead tree Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

basil Terrestrialstingy time Terrestrialavocado; pear tree Terrestrialaloe; sempervive Terrestrialmignonette; henna Terrestrialshower of gold Terrestrialokra Terrestrialmonkey bush Terrestrialhibiscus Terrestrial

fringed hibiscus Terrestrial

Terrestrial

neem Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Honduras mahogony Terrestrial

poinsettia; lobster plant; Christmas plant

blue sweet pea; blue rattlesnake

rabbit brush; ball of thread; hollow stalk; shandilay

Turk’s cap hibiscus; sleeping hibiscus

china berry tree; pride of India; Barbados lilac

Terrestrial

queen casha; sweet acacia Terrestrial

kushar; long spine acacia Terrestrial

casha; gum arabic tree Terrestrial

woman’s tongue; sand tree Terrestrialbreadfruit Terrestrialbenjamin fig Terrestrialrubber tree Terrestriallaurel fig Terrestrialhorseradish tree Terrestrialbanana; fig Terrestrialguava Terrestrialfour-o’clock Terrestrialwild jasmine; ink vine Terrestrialjasmine Terrestrialjasmine Terrestrialsour grass Terrestrialscrew pine TerrestrialMexican poppy; yellow thistle Terrestrialpassion fruit Terrestriallead vine Terrestrial

Terrestrial

bluestem TerrestrialRhodes grass Terrestriallemon grass; fever grass Terrestrialcrowfoot grass Terrestrialpangola grass Terrestrialcrab grass Terrestrial

Terrestrial

love grass TerrestrialJapanese lovegrass TerrestrialGuinea grass Terrestrial

Terrestrialelephant grass; napier grass Terrestrialred-headed grass; natal grass TerrestrialGuinea corn Terrestrialsorghum; johnson grass Terrestrialspike burgrass Terrestrial

khus-khus; cockroach grass Terrestrialcorn; maize Terrestrialcoral vine; coralita Terrestrial

fern Terrestrialpussley; purslane Terrestrialpomegranate Terrestrialpomme-surette; jujube Terrestrial

mahogany; West Indian mahogany

Antigua hay; Barbados sour grass

cheddah; Dutch grass; goose grass; fowlfoot grass

rose Terrestrialixora Terrestrialixora Terrestrialstar clusters Terrestriallime Terrestrialsour orange; Seville orange Terrestrialsweet orange Terrestrialgrapefruit Terrestrialorange jessamine Terrestrialwillow Terrestrialgenip; tiirnep Terrestrialsapodilla Terrestrialfountain plant; firecracker bush Terrestrial

pepper (red) TerrestrialTerrestrial

tomato Terrestrialcup of gold Terrestrialeggplant Terrestrialtamarisk Terrestrial

Terrestrial

sandpaper vine; wreath vine Terrestrialchaste tree Terrestrialshell ginger Terrestrialcane toad; marine toad FreshwaterJohnstone's whistling frog Terrestrial Late 1980s (61).Cuban tree frog Terrestrial

chicken Terrestrial

dog Terrestrial

goat Terrestrial

wildfire; david bush; jimson weed

parasol flower; Chinese hat plant

Reported since the late 1980s (86).

cat Terrestrial

house mouse Terrestrial

rabbit Terrestrial Around 1997 (190).brown rat Terrestrial

black rat Terrestrial

Terrestrialcorn snake Terrestrialcommon woodslave Terrestrial

common iguana Terrestrial

worm snake Terrestrial

Reported for the first time in 1995 (61).

Ecological effects (known) Ecological effects (suspected or potential)

Eats grass and causes unsightly damage to lawns (190).

Pest on several crop species (76). General agricultural and tree pest (99).

Competes with and predates native snails. Affects agricultural and ornamental plants (500 species of plants). Vector of disease (meningitis, rat lung etc.). Leaves unsightly slime and droppings on buildings (190).

O1

Ecological effects (known): Any information on the ecological effects a species is known to be having in a specific Territory.

P1

Ecological effects (suspected or potential): Information on the ecological effects a species is suspected of having or which it potentially might have (perhaps if its range or numbers increase).

Can take over habitats if left unchecked (190).

Takes over habitats in which it grows (190).



This species dominates areas in which it grows, shading out native species (190)This species dominates areas in which it grows, shading out native species (190)This species dominates areas in which it grows, shading out native species (190)

Takes over areas in which it grows and prevents natural soil erosion (190).

Possible effects on native lizards and arthropods, though this has yet to be evaluated (86). Believed to contaminate water (especially in cisterns) and considered a risk to human health (though means are unspecified) (190).

Reported to consume fairly large snakes elsewhere and so could easily kill juvenile Lesser Antillean iguanas (147)

Identified as a major threat to native iguanas (61). Kill goats (190).

Likely to kill endangered Anguillian racer snakes (61).

Believed to compete with native Lesser Antillean iguanas for food, and to alter plant community structure by slective browsing. Can also damage sensitive iguana nesting sites by trampling (147).

Believed to damage farmers' crops (190).

Likely to kill endangered Anguillian racer snakes (61). Also likely to predate sea birds, land birds and native iguanas (190).

Likely to be a potential risk to human health and also to eat cultivated fruits (190).

Likely to be a potential risk to human health and also to eat cultivated fruits (190).

Known to eat sooty tern eggs and a range of native plants on Dog Island (232).

Known to eat snake eggs and to attack species similar to the endangered Anguillian racer snake (61). Believed to eat birds, their eggs and Iguana delicatissima and also carry disease (190).

Routes of entry into territory Modes of transmission within territory

Listed as a 'probable exotic' (191).

Listed as a 'probable exotic' (191).Listed as a 'probable exotic' (191).

Listed as a 'probable exotic' (191).

Listed as a 'probable exotic' (191).Listed as a 'probable exotic' (191).

Listed as a 'probable exotic' (191).Listed as a 'probable exotic' (191).Listed as a 'probable exotic' (191).

Brought in on imported grass (190)

Accidental introduction (190)

Introduced, cultivated (150).




Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).

Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced (150).


Transport of ornamental plants from infested countries (77).

Transport of soil and other materials. Also disperses under its own power (190).

Q1

Routes of entry into a Territory: How the species is known or suspected to have arrived in the Territory. Again, this field might contain information from two or more contradictory sources.

R1

Modes of transmission within a Territory: How the species disperses within the Territory. For example, plants may spread by vegetative propagation or by setting seed. Domesticated mammals may be deliberately moved around by humans.

Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).

Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).

Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).


Introduced (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).




Introduced (150).


Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced (150).Introduced (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).


Introduced (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced (150). Transported by birds, humans and animals (190).

Introduced (150).Introduced (150). Transported by animals and humans (190).

Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).


Introduced (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced (150).Introduced (150).

Introduced (150).Introduced (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).





Introduced (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced (150).

Introduced (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).

Introduced (150).Introduced (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).

Introduced (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).

Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced (150).Introduced (150).

Introduced (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).



Introduced (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).


Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).

Introduced (150).

Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).

Introduced (150).

Introduced (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).







Introduced (150). Moved around by animals and birds (190).

Introduced (150). Moved around by animals and birds (190).

Deliberately introduced as a shade tree (122).

Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced (150).

Introduced (150).Introduced (150).Introduced (150).Introduced (150).Introduced (150).Introduced (150). Produces seeds and shoots (190).

Introduced (150).

Introduced (150).Introduced (150).Introduced (150).Introduced (150).Introduced (150).Introduced (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced (150).

Introduced (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced (150). Deliberate planting (190).

Introduced (150).Introduced (150). Seeds (190).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).

Moved around by animals, birds and humans (190).

Moved around by animals, birds and humans (190).

Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).

Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced (150).

Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).

Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).Introduced, cultivated (150).

Accidentally introduced (61).

Established from domestic stock (61). Abandoned by humans (190).

At least some individuals have been accidentally introduced on shipments of plants from Florida (86).

Active dispersal during wet waether, combined with passive dispersal by humans (on vehicles, plants etc) (86).

Feral populations appear to have derived from domestic stock (147).

Established from domestic stock (61).


Introduced as pets and as a food source (190).Accidentally introduced (61).


Accidentally introduced on ships from Africa (61).


Natural dispersal and also abandoned by humans (190).

May have floated to Anguilla on rafts of vegetation (100) shortly after Hurricane Luis (61). These animals would presumably have come from other non-native populations on nearby islands (61). Some individuals illegally imported as pets are known to have been released into the wild (147).

Current distribution in territory Potential distribution in territory

Localised on lawns and golf courses (190).

Island wide but not on Cays. Widespread in centre and east of Anguilla. Centres around the Valley, Stoney Ground etc (190). Now in all vilages on Anguilla (189).

S1

Current distribution in a Territory: Information on where the species is currently found. A lot of this information is currently very sketchy. For Territories consisting of many islands there is little information available on exactly which islands have been colonised by a particular species. Where a species is listed as occurring at only one or a few sites, it is possible that it also occurs at other sites from which no records have yet been made (or were not uncovered by this study).

T1

Potential distribution in a Territory: Any information on the maximum potential distribution of each species within each Territory (i.e. the total suitable habitat for each species – some plants may be restricted to areas with a particular climate, whilst commensal rodents might be found wherever there are humans)

Mostly found in the grounds of large resorts (150).







Island wide (190).



Throughout the island, especially on beaches (190).



Island wide (190).

Island wide (190).

Island wide (190).

Island wide (190).

Island wide (190).

On beaches (190).

Widespread (190).

Island wide (190).

Population increased explosively in 1999 following an unusually wet year and this species is now found across most parts of the island. Usually in areas associated with human activity (86).

Following appropriate wet weather conditions frogs are expected to colonise almost every suitable habitat on the island (86).

Encountered in several areas of the main island (147).

Often encountered, even in remote areas of Anguilla. Also reported from Dog Island and Scrub Island (147).

Island wide (190).

Island harbour (190).

Everywhere - main island and cays (190).

Very widespread (61).

Actions so far (control, education, research) Actions planned

Granular treatment (active ingredient not specified) (190).

Effective biological control agents are available (76). Not sure if they have been used in Anguilla.

Included on a list of species recommended for eradication by draft invasive species strategy (191).

Government-subsidised molluscicides on sale and widely used by private householders (190).

The following actions have been proposed: Mechanical picking of snails. Public awareness campaigns & education. Establish task force to co-ordinate eradication. Lobby government to establish legal rights for task force workers to enter property. Improve quarantine of plants and other imports. Develop detailed budgets & seek funding. Establish multi-agency approach, led by government (Dept of Agriculture) (190). Included on a list of species recommended for eradication by draft invasive species strategy (191).

U1

Actions so far (control, education, research): Information on any invasive species initiatives that have been carried out within each Territory. This could include information on raising public awareness and other educational programmes, successful and unsuccessful eradication or control projects (including feasibility studies), and research or monitoring of introduced species.

V1

Actions planned: Any information on planned measures against invasive or non-native species measures. Can include proposed eradication/ control projects, education programmes etc.

Included on a list of species recommended for control by draft invasive species strategy (191).


Controlled on a small scale using chemicals such as 24D or MSMA (190).

Need to educate gardeners to avoid planting this species where it can spread unchecked (190).

The following measures have been suggested: Better drainage. Use of clorox & salt solution suggested. Liaise with planning department to ensure closed drainage and lack of un-treated swimming pools. Education and awareness raising programme (190). Included on a list of species recommended for eradication by draft invasive species strategy (191).

1997 Report on Conservation of Lesser Antillean iguanas recommends residents should be encouraged to spay and neuter pet dogs and to keep them confined to their yards or houses (147). Education in schools also recommended (190). Included on a list of species recommended for control by draft invasive species strategy (191).

1997 Report on Conservation of Lesser Antillean iguanas recommends allocating resources for goat removal (147). Included on a list of species recommended for control by draft invasive species strategy (191).

Some spaying of feral cats carried out by Anguilla Animal Rescue Foundation (190).

Anguillian Racer Conservation Project report (1998) recommends initiating a cat control programme in association with public education about the problems of feral cats (61). Included on a list of species recommended for control by draft invasive species strategy (191).


A feasibility study into eradicating rats from Dog Island has been produced but funding has not yet been sought (232).

The following measures have been suggested: Education and awareness raising. Carry out feasibility studies. Review, amend and enforce relevant legislation (vector legislation). Promote knowledge of existing laws and protocols. Use multi-agency approach, led by Environmental Health Unit (190). Included on a list of species recommended for control by draft invasive species strategy (191).

Unsuccessful eradication project took place in 1999 (100).

1997 Report on Conservation of Lesser Antillean iguanas recommends removing from the wild all common iguanas caught in the future, and to take measures to prevent the import of common iguanas and the release of those present into the wild (147).

Desired outcomes

Eradicate if possible, if not control (190).

W1

Desired outcomes: From a conservation point of view, what is the desired outcome for any particular introduced species? For those that are found to be harmless, no action needs to taken (though continued monitoring might be advisable). For others causing ecological problems, eradication or control might be appropriate according to circumstances. For species for which their ecological effects are currently unknown, more detailed research may be the first step.

This species is valued locally (reasons unspecified) (190).

Eradication. Implememt stagnant water regulation.

1997 Report on Conservation of Lesser Antillean iguanas recommends that residents should be encouraged to have pet cats spayed or neutered and that a trapping program is set up to remove feral cats from areas where iguanas occur (147).

Depends on results of feasibility studies, but likely to be eradication on cays and control on mainland (190)

Not seen as a threat. Considered beneficial to humans (through predation of insect pests?) (190).


Invertebrate Amphipoda Talitroides alluaudi

Invertebrate Arachnida Anyphops stauntoniInvertebrate Arachnida Dysdera crocota Dysdera crocata

Invertebrate Arachnida Tegenaria domestica

Invertebrate Arachnida Urozelotes rusticus

Invertebrate Blattodea Euthyrrhapha pacifica

Invertebrate Blattodea Leucophaea maderae

Invertebrate Blattodea Periplaneta americana

Invertebrate Blattodea Pynoscelus surinamensis

Invertebrate Chilopoda Lithobius forficatus

Invertebrate Chilopoda Scolopendra morsitans

Invertebrate Coleoptera Araecerus fasciculatus

Invertebrate Coleoptera family Corylophidae, 1 speciesInvertebrate Coleoptera family Nitulidae, 1 speciesInvertebrate Coleoptera family Ptinidae, 1 species

Invertebrate Coleoptera Necrobia rufipes

Invertebrate Diptera Drosophila buzzatii

Invertebrate Diptera family Agromyzidae, 1 species

Invertebrate Diptera family Muscidae, 1 speciesInvertebrate Diptera family Phoridae, 1 speciesInvertebrate Embioptera

Invertebrate Embioptera Oligotoma saundersii

Invertebrate Hemiptera Heteropsylla reducta

Invertebrate Hemiptera Icerya purchasi

Invertebrate Hemiptera Mecidea longula

ex Zelotes rusticus

Oligotoma cf. ceylonica

A1


C1


D1


Invertebrate Hemiptera Orthezia insignis

Invertebrate Hymenoptera Evania appendigaster

Invertebrate Hymenoptera family Chalcidoidea, 1 species

Invertebrate Hymenoptera Pachodynerus erynnis

Invertebrate Hymenoptera

Invertebrate Hymenoptera Polistes fuscatus fuscatus

Invertebrate Isopoda Agnara madagascariensis

Invertebrate Isopoda Armadillidium vulgare

Invertebrate Isopoda Pagana dimorpha

Invertebrate Isopoda Porcellio pruinosus

Invertebrate Isopoda Porcellio scaber

Invertebrate Isopoda Venezillo parvus

Invertebrate Isoptera Cryptotermes brevis

Invertebrate Lepidoptera Cactoblastis cactorum

Invertebrate Lepidoptera Crocidosema plebejana

Invertebrate Lepidoptera Cryptophlebia leucotreta

Invertebrate Lepidoptera Erechthias minuscula Decadarchis minuscula

Invertebrate Lepidoptera

Invertebrate Lepidoptera Hellula undalis

Invertebrate Lepidoptera Phthorimaea operculella

Pheidole megacephala (plus 8 other ant species)

ex Metoponorthus pruinosus

ex Sphaerillo parvus

ex Steganoptycha obscura

ex Olethreutes leucotreta

family Noctuidae, many species

Invertebrate Lepidoptera Tinea subalbidella

Invertebrate MolluscaInvertebrate Mollusca family Zonitidae, 1 speciesInvertebrate MolluscaInvertebrate Mollusca Vertigo pygmaea

Plant Agavaceae Agave americana

Plant Agavaceae Agave sisalanaPlant Agavaceae Furcraea gigantea

Plant AmaranthaceaePlant Anacardiaceae

Plant Apiaceae Centella asiatica

Plant Apocyanaceae Catharanthus roseus

Plant Araceae Monstera deliciosa

Plant Araucariaceae Araucaria excelsa

Plant Arecaceae Cocos nucifera

Plant Arecaceae Phoenix dactyliferaPlant Asclepiadaceae Asclepias curassavica

Plant Asteraceae Ageratum conyzoides

Plant Asteraceae Conyza bonariensisPlant Begoniaceae Begonia hirtella

Plant Bignoniaceae Tecoma stans

Plant Boraginaceae

Plant Brassicaceae Coronopus didymus

Plant Cactaceae Opuntia vulgaris

Plant Campanulaceae Wahlenbergia procumbens

Plant Cannaceae Canna indicaPlant Caryophyllaceae Polycarpon tetraphyllum

family Bradybaenidae, 1 speciesLauria sp.

Amaranthus spp.Schinus sp. (S. molle and/or S. terebinthifolia are present on Ascension (71).)

ex Vinca rosea

ex Araucaria heterophylla

ex Erigeron bonariensis

Heliotropum sp.

Senebiera didyma; Senebiera heleniana

Plant Casuarinaceae Casuarina equisetifolia

Plant Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium ambrosiodesPlant Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium murale

Plant Commelinaceae Commelina diffusa

Plant Crassulaceae Bryophyllum pinnata Kalanchoe pinnata

Plant Cupressaceae Juniperus bermudiana

Plant CyperaceaePlant Euphorbiaceae

Plant Euphorbiaceae Ricinus communis

Plant Fabaceae Acacia farnesiana

Plant Fabaceae Acacia longifolia

Plant Fabaceae Cassia occidentalisPlant Fabaceae Leucaena leucocephala

Plant Fabaceae Prosopis juliflora Prosopis glandulosa

Plant Fabaceae Ulex europaeus

Plant Flacoutiaceae Doryalis caffraPlant Fumariaceae Fumaria muralis

Plant Lamiaceae Hyptis suaveolens

Plant Lamiaceae Leonurus sibiricusPlant Lamiaceae Stachys arvensis

Plant Lemnaceae Lemna minor

Plant Lillaceae

Plant Loganiaceae Buddleja davidii

Cyperus spp.Euphorbia sp.

Leucaena glauca; Piptadenia peregrina

Aloe spp.

Plant Loganiaceae Buddleja globosa

Plant Loganiaceae Buddleja madagascariensis

Plant Malvaceae Sida cordifolia

Plant Melastomataceae Clidemia hirta


Plant Moraceae Ficus carica

Plant Musaceae

Plant Myrtaceae Eucalyptus camaldulensis

Plant Myrtaceae Psidium guajava

Plant Nephrolepidaceae Nephrolepis exaltata

Plant Nyctaginaceae Mirabilis jalapa

Plant Oleaceae Olea europaea

Plant Ophioglossaceae

Plant Oxalidaceae

Plant PandanaceaePlant Papaveraceae Argemone mexicana

Plant Passifloraceae Passiflora suberosa

Plant Pinaceae Pinus pinaster

Plant Pittosporaceae Pittosporum undulatum

Plant Plantaginaceae Plantago lanceolataPlant Plantaginaceae Plantago major

Plant Poaceae

Plant Poaceae Cynodon dactylon

Musa spp.

Ophioglossum sp.

Oxalis spp.

Pandanus sp. (?odorata)

Bambusa sp.

Plant Poaceae Digitaria ciliaris

Plant Poaceae Melinis minutiflora

Plant Poaceae

Plant Poaceae Paspalum conjugatum

Plant Poaceae Paspalum scrobiculatum

Plant Poaceae Plagiochloa obliteraPlant Poaceae Setaria verticillata

Plant Poaceae Sporobolus africanus

Plant Poaceae Stenotaphrum secundatum

Plant Podocarpaceae Podocarpus elongata

Plant Primulaceae Anagallis arvensis

Plant Proteaceae Grevillea robusta

Plant Pteridaceae Adiantum capillus-veneris

Plant Rosaceae Eriobotrya japonica

Plant Rosaceae Rubus pinnatus

Plant Rosaceae Rubus rosifoliusPlant Rubiaceae Borreria verticillata

Plant RutaceaePlant Solanaceae Datura stramoniumPlant Solanaceae Datura suaveolensPlant Solanaceae Lycopersicon esculentum

Plant Solanaceae Nicandra physaloides

Panicum spp.

Citrus spp

Plant Solanaceae Nicotiana glauca

Plant Solanaceae Nicotiana tabacumPlant Solanaceae Physalis peruviana

Plant Solanaceae Solanum mauritianumPlant Solanaceae

Plant SolanaceaePlant Sterculiaceae Waltheria indica

Plant Thelypteridaceae Christella dentata

Plant Tropaeolaceae Tropaeolum majus

Plant Verbenaceae Clerodendrum fragrans

Plant Verbenaceae Lantana camara

Plant Verbenaceae Vitex trifoliaPlant Zingiberaceae Alpinia speciosa

Vertebrate Amphibian Xenopus laevis

Vertebrate Bird Acridotheres tristis

Vertebrate Bird Estrilda astrild

Solanum nigrum group

Solanum sodomaeum group

ex Alpinia nutans; Alpinia zerumbet?

Vertebrate Bird Passer domesticus

Vertebrate Bird

Vertebrate Bird Serinus flaviventris

Vertebrate Mammal Equus asinus


Vertebrate Mammal Mus musculusVertebrate Mammal Oryctolagus cuniculus

Vertebrate Mammal Ovis aries


Vertebrate Reptile Hemidactylus mercatorius

Pternistes afer (55) Francolinus afer (57, 71)

Vertebrate Reptile Liolaemus wiegmanii

TOTAL

Common name(s) Broad habitat

Terrestrial

a selenopid crab spider (71). Terrestrial1 Terrestrial

a funnel web spider (71). Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

1 Terrestrial

Terrestrial

a minute fungus beetle (71). Terrestriala sap beetle (71). Terrestriala spider beetle (71). Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

1 a leafminer fly Terrestrial

a house fly (71). Terrestrialhumpbacked flies (71). Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

a psyllid, family Psyllidae (71). Terrestrial

1 cottony-cushion scale Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Status (JNCC)

Status (GISD)

GISD Comment

a landhopper, family Talitridae (71).

a spider, family Dysderidae (71).

a spider, family Gnaphosidae (71).a cockroach, family Euthyrrhaphidae (71).a cockroach, family Oxyhaloidae (71).a cockroach, family Blattidae (71).a cockroach, family Pycnoscelidae (71).a stone centipede, family Lithobiomorpha (71).a centipede, family Scolopendromorpha (71).

a fungus weevil, family Anthribidae (71).

a checkered beetle, family Cleridae (71).a vinegar fly, family Drosophilidae (71).

a web-spinner, family Oligotomidae (71).a web-spinner, family Oligotomidae (71).

a stink bug, family Pentatomidae (71).

H1

Common name. Any common names used for that species.

I1

Broad habitat: This is another field taken from the CABI database (see status section above). Species are classified as either ‘terrestrial’, ‘marine’ or ‘freshwater’. Where a species regularly uses two habitat types, both are included, e.g. some wildfowl may be classed as ‘terrestrial/ freshwater’.

1 Jacaranda bug Terrestrial

Terrestrial

a chalcid (71). Terrestrial

a vespid wasp, family Vespidae Terrestrial

1 1 an ant, family Formidae Terrestrial

a vespid wasp, family Vespidae Terrestrial

Terrestrial

pill bug Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

1 dry wood termite Terrestrial

1 1 Terrestrial

1 Terrestrial

1 Terrestrial

1 Terrestrial

1 Terrestrial

1 Terrestrial

1 potato tuber moth Terrestrial

an ensign wasp, family Evaniidae (71).

a woodlouse, family Porcellionidae (71).

a woodlouse, family Trachelipidae (71).a woodlouse, family Porcellionidae (71).a woodlouse, family Porcellionidae (71).a woodlouse, family Armadillidae (71).

a snout moth, family Pyralidae (71).a tortricid moth, family Tortricidae (71).

a tortricid moth, family Tortricidae (71).a clothes moth, family Tineidae (71).noctuid moths, many species (71).

a snout moth, family Pyralidae (71).

1 Terrestrial

slug (71).a glass snail (71). Terrestrialsnail, family Pupillidae Terrestriala whorl snail (Vertiginidae) (71). Terrestrial

American aloe; century plant Terrestrial

sisal TerrestrialTerrestrial

Terrestrial1 Terrestrial

monkey's ears Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Norfolk Island pine Terrestrial

coconut palm Terrestrial

date palm Terrestrialmilkweed; redhead Terrestrial

blue weed; goatweed Terrestrial

TerrestrialTerrestrial

1 yellowboy Terrestrial

1 Terrestrial

lesser swine cress Terrestrial

1 Opuntia; prickly pear; red tungy Terrestrial

Terrestrial

1 lily shots Terrestrialfour-leaved allseed Terrestrial

a clothes moth, family Tineidae (71).

English aloe; green aloe; Mauritius hemp (71).

S. terebinthifolia

venus rose; Madagascar periwinkle

fruit salad vine; Mexican breadfruit

1 1 Casuarina; beefwood; she-oak Terrestrial

goosefoot Terrestrialsowbane Terrestrial

tallowvine; water grass Terrestrial

1 lucky leaf; chandelier plant Terrestrial

1 Bermuda cedar; cedar Terrestrial

various sedges Terrestrialvarious euphorbia species Terrestrial

1 castor oil; physic nut Terrestrial

1 1 Terrestrial

Terrestrial

stinking weed Terrestrial1 1 Terrestrial

1 1 Mexican thorn; thorn; mesquite Terrestrial

1 furze Terrestrial

kei apple TerrestrialTerrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrialfield woundwort Terrestrial

common duckweed Terrestrial

Terrestrial

1 Terrestrial

Kalanchoe pinnatum

Euphorbia esula

Port Jackson willow; Sydney golden wattle (71).

Leucaena; seed work acacia; wild tamarind

chickweed; common ramping fumitory

several species can be found growing wild on the island (71).

Terrestrial

buddleia Terrestrial

Terrestrial

1 1 Koster's curse Terrestrial

1 pride of India; bead tree Terrestrial

edible fig Terrestrial

banana, various species Terrestrial

river red gum Terrestrial

1 1 guava Terrestrial

pheasant tail fern Terrestrial

four o'clock; marvel of Peru Terrestrial

European olive Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

screwpine Terrestrialyellow thistle; prickly poppy Terrestrial

1 passion flower Terrestrial

1 pine; cluster pine; maritime pine Terrestrial

1 sweet spoor Terrestrial

ribwort plantain TerrestrialTerrestrial

hill bamboo Terrestrial

wire grass; Bermuda grass Terrestrial

various species are present (71).

ground plantain; greater plantain

Bambusa vulgaris

tropical finger grass Terrestrial

1 1 greasy grass Terrestrial

Terrestrial

1 Terrestrial

1 cow grass Terrestrial

Terrestrial1 love grass; rough-bristle grass Terrestrial

1 cape grass; African dropseed Terrestrial

mat grass Terrestrial

cape yew Terrestrial

pimpernel Terrestrial

1 silk oak; golden pine; silver oak Terrestrial

1 maidenhair fern Terrestrial

1 loquat; nispero Terrestrial

blackberry Terrestrial

1 raspberry TerrestrialTerrestrial

various citrus fruit trees (71). Terrestrialthorny apple Terrestrialmoonflower; ladies petticoats Terrestrialscrunchy apple; wild tomato Terrestrial

apple of Peru; shoo-fly plant Terrestrial

Panicum repens

several species are present on the island (71).

1 tobacco plant Terrestrial

tobacco TerrestrialCape gooseberry (71). Terrestrial

1 bilberry TerrestrialTerrestrial

wild brinjal; Sodom apple TerrestrialTerrestrial

Terrestrial

nasturtium Terrestrial

Terrestrial

1 1 Terrestrial

lovechaste Terrestrial1 Terrestrial

1 African clawed toad Terrestrial

1 1 mynah bird Terrestrial

waxbill Terrestrial

diddly dight; black nightshade (several closely related species are thought to have been introduced (71)).

Lantana; wild currant; black sage

ginger; large ginger plant; shell ginger

1 sparrow; house sparrow Terrestrial

1 francolin; red-necked francolin Terrestrial

canary Terrestrial

1 1 donkey Terrestrial

1 1 cat; domestic cat Terrestrial

1 house mouse; mouse Terrestrial1 1 rabbit Terrestrial

1 1 sheep Terrestrial

1 1 black rat Terrestrial

coconut palm gecko Terrestrial

lizard Terrestrial

39 35

Date of introduction Ecological effects (known)

Large predatory invertebrate (71).

A pest of brassicas (71).

Damages plants (71). Attacks endemic spurge (55).

Recent (71).

Same time as prickly pear cactus (71).

in 1980s with Mexican thorn? (71).

J1


K1


1980s (71)

1980s ? (71).

Since 1940 (71).

1974 (71).

Feeds on Malvaceae and other plants (71).

Pest of citrus, peaches and other crops (71).

Pest of stored foodstuffs, especially tubers (71).

Many noctuids are pests of crops (71).

Pest of crucifers (71).

Causing widespread and substantial damage to the invasive shrub Lantana camara (71).

Recently (first collected 1995) (71).

Ants acting collectively are efficient predators on many other insects and may have led to the extinction of many native invertebrates (71).

Threatens fabric of wooden and stone buildings (55).

Introduced as a biological control agent for prickly pear cactus (71).

1847 (71).Possibly before 1834 (71).

Early 19th century (71).

1860 (71).

19th century (71).

Before 1850 (71).

Found since 1995 (71).

Recorded in the late 19th century (71).

Mid 19th century (71). c. 1874 (55).

Mid 19th century (71).

Fiirst recorded 1956 (71).

First half of 19th century (71).

c. 1861 (71).

Mid 1980s (55)

c. 1850 (71).

Probably fairly recent (71).

1858 (71).

Harbours cottony cushion scale which has subsequently attacked endemic spurge (55).

Recorded for the first time in 1997 (55).

Kills indigenous flora, contributes to soil erosion (UKOTCF project proposal). Affects native nesting turtles by altering incubation temperature of sand and, by spreading on to beaches, reducing area of sand available for nesting (28). Fast growth rate outcompetes native plant species (28). Also encourages rats by providing a year-round food source (seeds and flowers) and increased nest sites (55).

1847 (71).

First recorded 1828 (71).

c. 1874 (55).

Perhaps around 1875 (71).

18th century (71).


First half of 19th century (71).

Around 1860 (71).

Responsible for outcompeting the endemic grass Sporobolus durus, which is now feared extinct (28).


1879 (55). Predate extensively on sooty tern eggs (127).

1851 (55). 1860 (71).

Had reached the island by 1825 (71).

Recorded as early as 1829 (71).

May be a recent introduction (71).

1986 (55).

1851 (55). Feed on vegetable matter and invertebrates (71).

1815 (28)

1830 (55).

1656-1754, possibly 1701 (8)

1890 (55). Recorded as common in 1878 (71).

Free ranging since at least 1837 (55).

Disperse seeds of Prospis in their droppings (55). Donkeys are also impacting on conservation areas on Ascension in some parts of the lowlands (205).

Systematic predation of turtle hatchings (28). Also implicated in decline of many ground nesting seabird species which are now restricted to cat-free offshore stacks and islets (28). Five species of seabird have recolonised the mainland since the cat eradication project (211).

Rabbits are seriously impacting attempts to establish new populations of at least two endemic plants, Ascension spurge Euphorbia origanoides and the fern Marattia purpurascens. Rabbit grazing and digging has seriously impacted on spurge range and persistence at some sites. However, the authors of report (205) state that 'Ascension Island does not have a serious problem with rabbits.' Fragments of E. origanoides have been found in rabbit droppings (233).

Sheep are impacting on conservation areas on Ascension. They are known to graze the endemic Ascension spurge (205).

Known to compete for food with natve land crabs (71). Known to predate turtle hatchlings (128).

Known to be present by 1959 (71).

Present by the early 1940s (71).

Ecological effects (suspected or potential) Routes of entry into territory

Introduced (71).

Has travelled round the world with humans (71).

Widely distributed by humans (71).

Doubtless introduced (71).






Introduced with plants (71).Probably transported on cargoes (71).Probably introduced with grain (71).

Introduced with cargoes of animal products (71).

Introduced (71).

Introduced, probably by ship (71).

Tramp species carried to many parts of the world by humans (71). Often carried on transported plants (126).

Believed to have had a serious effect on the endemic invertebrates that also live under stones (71).

Believed to be at least partly responsible for the decline of endemic invertebrates (71).

Believed to have been introduced by ships from Southern Africa, though conceivably could have arrived by rafting (71).

Introduced along with its host plant, the prickly pear cactus (71).

Likley to have been introduced along with Mexican thorn (Prosopis juliflora) (71).

Introduced, possibly by construction workers from the Caribbean (71).

L1


M1


Probably introduced (71).

Evidently introduced (71).

Clearly introduced (71).


Probably introduced with plants (71).

Accidental introduction (71).

Presumably introduced (71).

A parasite of cockroaches, likely to have been introduced with them (71).May be a parasite of Mexican thorn and have been introduced with this species (71).

Unknown how much effect this species has had on prickly pear cactus (71).

Introduced as a biological control agent for prickly pear cactus (71).Quite likely to have been introduced with plants, though may have arrived naturally (71).

Many species of noctuid moths are likely to have been introduced by humans, although others may have arrived naturally (71).

May be introduced, or have reached the island naturally by air (71).

Larvae feed on plants of the family Solanaceae. Often a pest on crops, mining in the leaves and stalks (71).

May be a natural migrant, but has also been found in ships cargoes (71).

Can be a pest of stored products (71).


Introduced for its suitability for ship's masts (71).

Deliberate introduction (71).

May be introduced, or have reached the island naturally (71).

May present a threat to Ascension spurge on South Gannet Hill (71). Categorised as a severe threat species (i.e. one capable of displacing an endemic by dominating a particular site and

Categorised as a severe threat species (i.e. one capable of displacing an endemic by dominating a particular site and altering ecological conditions such as light, nutrients and moisture availability) (233)

One of many deliberate introductions to increase Ascension's vegetation cover (55)

Categorised as a severe threat species (i.e. one capable of displacing an endemic by dominating a particular site and altering ecological conditions such as light, nutrients and moisture availability)

Managemement Plan suggests this species may become as harmful as Prosopis, with which it shares many similarities (55).

May have contributed to the extinction of a native plant (Oldenlandia adscensionis) by competing for scarce water resources (55). Categorised as a severe threat species (i.e. one capable of May also support a reservoir of pests, parasites and predators of native species (55). May pose threat to breeding colonies of sooty terns if it spreads further (127). May cause extinction of endemic plant Euphorbia origanoides if not exterminated in specific areas (233). Categorised as a severe threat species (i.e. one capable of displacing an endemic by dominating a particular site and altering ecological conditions such as light, nutrients and moisture availability) (233).

Accidentally introduced in organic matter from South Africa or the New World (55).

Deliberate introduction as browse for horses and cattle (71).

Described as invasive (71).

May be indigenous (71).

Categorised as a severe threat species (i.e. one capable of displacing an endemic by dominating a particular site and altering ecological conditions such as light, nutrients and moisture availability) (233).

One of many deliberate introductions to increase Ascension's vegetation cover (55)


Its spread may have led to the disappearance of some indigenous species (71). Categorised as a severe threat species (i.e. one capable of displacing an endemic by dominating a particular site and altering ecological conditions such as light, nutrients and moisture availability) (233).




May pose long-term threat to endemic fern Asplenium ascensionis through encroachment (233).

Deliberately introduced as an ornamental (71).

Unknown (71).



May pose a threat to the previously pristine area of the Hummock Point nature reserve, and also affect nesting turtles if it establishes in coastal areas (55). Spreading rapidly (71). Categorised as a severe threat species (i.e. one capable of displacing an endemic by dominating a particular site and altering ecological conditions such as light, nutrients and moisture availability) (233)

Probably spreading (71). Categorised as a severe threat species (i.e. one capable of displacing an endemic by dominating a particular site and altering ecological conditions such as light, nutrients and moisture availability) (233).

Alpinia zerumbet may pose long term threat to endemic plant Xiphopteris ascensionensis by encroachment (233). Categorised as a severe threat species (i.e. one capable of displacing an endemic by dominating a particular site and altering ecological conditions such as light, nutrients and moisture availability) (233).

Probably cause more predation on sooty tern eggs than rats (135).




Deliberately introduced as a beast of burden (55).

Accidental introduction (71).Deliberately introduced as a source of food (55).

Deliberate livestock introduction (71).


Management Plan suggests rabbits may be affecting the ability of smaller sea bird species to recolonise the island (55). Rabbits could be impacting current wild populations of certain endemic plants (205).

May disperse seeds of Prospis in their droppings (55).

Management Plan suggests rats may be affecting the ability of smaller sea bird species to recolonise the island, as well as having a negative impact on native plants and invertebrates (55). Believed to have caused the extinction of the Madeiran petrel (55). May predate sooty tern eggs or young (127).

Probably imported accidentally, although it might conceivably reached the island by rafting (71).

Probable accidental introduction (71).

Modes of transmission within territory Current distribution in territory

Found on Green Mountain (71).

Usually found under stones (71).

Known only from an old record (71).

Not confirmed on Ascension (71).

Quite common in dry parts of the island (71).

Recorded at the end of the 19th century in holes in rocks at around 500m on Green Mountain (71).

Abundant in houses, but also found above and below ground in remote lava flows (71).Found out of doors under stones at low and middle levels (71).

Occurs under bushes and trees in dry parts of the island. Sometimes extremely abundant (71).Well distributed on the Mexican thorn Prosopis juliflora but numbers are generally low (71).

N1


O1


Found in two sites (71).

Widespread (71).

Found in several localities (71).

Seems to be absent from recent lava (71).

Seems to be absent from recent lava (71).

Georgetown (71).

Found near Spoon Crater in 1995 (71).

Lower slopes of the mountain (71).

On the mountain, including breakneck ravine (71).

Common in dry areas at medium altitude (71).

Deliberately planted (71).

Now scarce and local (71).

Local at medium altitudes (71).

Found in several arid places (71).

Local on Green Mountain (71).

Very scarce on the mountain (71).Local, found mainly at lower altitudes after rain (71).

Parts of a hedge of this species still survive near Dampiers (71).

A few plants near the tunnel through the mountain and elsewhere about this level (71).

Regenerates naturally (does not on St Helena) (71).

There is a plantation of this species in Breakneck Valley and individuals elsewhere (71).

About 50 trees are widely scattered across the island (71).

In the Two Boats area, where it is apparently spreading rapidly (71).Widely distributed and common at middle levels on the mountain (71).

Common in the farm area, mainly on cinder cliffs (71).A dominant part of the vegetation in many places at intermediate levels (71).

Widespread in drier parts of the island at middle levels (71).

Occurs on Coronation Peak and on Elliot's Path (71).

Local at middle to high heights (71).

Planted extensively (71). Now only locally present on the mountain (71).

Very common in the drier areas (71).

Now local on the mountain (71).

One specimen noten near Two Boats (71). Others?Found once near the mountain farm (71).

Scarce on Green Mountain (71).

Still common in places on the Mountain (71).

Management Plan refers to the spread of Casuarina being encouraged, but doesn't specify how (55)

In Georgetown and especially around Two Boats, and an avenue was planted along the road to North East Bay in 1982. This appears to be spreading on to the lower slopes of the mountain and Sisters (71).

Has been found on the lower slopes of the mountain (71).Shady places on the mountain, especially around the farm (71).Well established by 1956 and spreading on the mountain and other high fairly dry areas (71).Widespread and spreading at middle levels, especially on the northern slopes of Green Mountain and on Weather Post (71).

Widespread in the desert lowlands, but flourishing only after rain (71).On the roadside from Two Boats towards North East bay, and in the area between Devil's Riding School and the RAF camp (55).

One of the commonest shrubs of the dry lava areas (71).

Seeds are very effectively dispersed by herbivorous mammals (donkeys and maybe sheep) (55).

In 1996 it was found in 56 of the island's 97 1km-squares (55).

In gullies on Donkey Plain, at Grazing Valley and near Two Boats (71).Can be found locally at middle levels on Green Mountain (71).

Occurs in standing water bodies in the higher parts of the island (71).

On the path to the Dewpond (71).

Occurs on the weather side of the mountain (71).

Probably spread by donkeys (71). Common and widespread at middle levels (71).

Common on the upper ramps (71).

Not recorded recently (71).

Scattered on Green Mountain (71).Widespread in the drier parts of the island (71).

May still survive on the island (71).

Creeping growth via stolons (71). Common but local in drier areas (71).

Scattered but widespread, including cricket valley and the open northern slopes of Green Mountain (71).

Frequent on the upper parts of Green Mountain, for instance along Elliot's Path (71).Scarce, occurring mainly near the farm and at Palmers (71).

In ravines, mainly on the north side of Green Mountain (71).Common on the mountain and in some other areas at medium levels (71).

Collected by Packer (1960s) near gardens on the mountain (71).

Occurs on the northeast of the mountain and in Breakneck Valley (71).

Common on ash slopes, cinder cliffs and lava in the misty areas east of the mountain (71).

Present locally, for instance near the Residency and in Breakneck Valley (71).

Has been found on Green Mountain, especially near the farm (71).Covers the peak of Green Mountain (55). A dense bamboo forest is established around the Dewpond on the peak of Green Mountain (71).

Common on Green Mountain (71).

Scarce on Green Mountain (71).

Widespread (71).

Widespread (71).

Local and scarce (71).Present locally in ravines on Green Mountain (71).Grows on dry ashy slopes (71).

Local on Green Mountain (71).

Quite common in the lower parts of the humid zone, above c. 250m (71).Very common on the lower slopes of the mountain (71).

Widespread but local in the desert lowlands and the foothills of the mountain (71).Dominant on the north and west sides of Green Mountain above c. 600m (71).

Recorded from near Rock Cottage on Green Mountain (71).Some large specimens present on Green Mountain (71).Occurs locally in moist places on Green Mountain (71).Local but common around the farm, at Palmers and elsewhere on the mountain (71).

Still grows in some ravines on the north slopes of Green Mountain (71).Still common on the weather side of the mountain (71).

Widespread at fairly high levels and appears to be spreading (71).

Widespread but very local (71).

Recently reported from Dampier's Drip (71).Scattered in dry places (71).

Widespread but scarce (71).

Formerly used as a hedging plant (71) Still common on the mountain (71).

Showing signs of becoming established on previously unvegetated sites (55). Spreading rapidly in dry dusty areas (71).

Still common in shady places on Green Mountain (71).

A dominant plant on many parts of the desert lowlands, on cinders and in runs (71).One of the commonest ferns on Green Mountain (71).Not widespread but has been seen near the mountain garden (71).Found at middle levels on Green Mountain, especially near the mountain road (71).Occurs from near sea level at North East Bay to Elliots Path and the cowsheds on Green Mountain (71).

Common around Elliots Path and covers large areas just below the peak of Green Mountain (71).

Known to have been established in the dewpond on Green Mountain and in some water tanks. Presumed to still be present (71).Present across most of the island except for the arid north coast (57). Population in April 1994 600-800 birds over 52% of the island (136) and increasing (137).

Common except for northern lava fields and coastal areas below 500ft asl (57). Population in April 1994 500-600 birds over 29% of the island (136) and increasing (137).

Common and occur in all parts of the island (71).

Small colony in Georgetown (55). Approx 20 birds (57). Normally seen within 50m of introduction site (71). 7 males and 5 females recorded in Georgetown April 1994. Searches for sparrows took place in June '02, April '03 and Feb '04 and none were found. population now extinct (137).

Apparently confined to well vegetated areas, especially near Palmers (71). In April 1994 population 50-100 birds. In 2003 and 2004 seen regularly at Two Boats and Travellers. Population increasing (137).

Common except for northern lava fields and coastal areas below 500ft asl (57). Population in April 1994 1000 - 1500 birds on 39% of the island (136) and increasing (137).

Widespread, mainly between 200 and 600m (71). In recent years, numbers have increased, possibly due to the release from predation since the eradication of feral cats (205).

Mostly found on the west and south of Green Mountain (55). Estimated population of 1200-1500 in 1995 (71). Report (205) refers to a 'large free-roaming population of feral sheep.'

Commonly found in buildings, but in the wild they are commonest on the mountain. Also trapped at sea level at at the edge of the Mars Bay lava flow (71).

Widespread in households. Also readily found in the wild (57).

Scarce. Occasionally seen on the road between Traveller's Hill and Ashpit Rd near Pillar Bay (57), though described as common in the desert or semi-desert parts of the island by ref. 71.

Potential distribution in territory Actions so far (control, education, research)

Biological control agent(s?) introduced in 1976 which appears to have had a beneficial affect, although there has been no formal follow-up monitoring (55).

P1


Q1


Eradication attempt in 1910 appears to have been largely successful, but the plant has since reappeared (71).

The moth Cactoblastis cactorum was introduced in 1974 in an attempt to control the cactus. The effect seems to have been to make space available for another introduced plant, yellowboy (Tecoma stans) (71).This species was still described as widespread in 1999 (55)

Could establish itself on over 90% of the island (55).

Ongoing control programme - active weeding (28). Two biological control agents were introduced in 1997 (55).

Partially cleared from the mountain around 1900 (71).

'Futile' attempts to control this species were made around 1900 (71).

O. vulgatum was recorded as common on Green Mountain in the 19th century, but only from lower, drier parts of the island in the 1960s (71).

Appears to be spreading (71).

Was widespread on the mountain in the middle of the 19th century (71).

Cricket Valley was apparently overgrown with it in 1878 (71).

Seems able to survive well on coastal sands (55).

Appears to still be spreading (71).

Two biological control agents were introduced in 1971, a leaf beetle and a tingid heteropteran (71).

An assessment of the threats posed by myna birds and possible management options is cureently underway as part of the South Atlantic Invasive Species Project (241).

Generally welcomed. As Mexican thorn spreads, more suitable habitat becomes available (135).

Suggested to be increasing in numbers in recent years (57). Generally welcomed. As Mexican thorn spreads, more suitable habitat becomes available (135).

Generally welcomed. As Mexican thorn spreads, more suitable habitat becomes available (135).

Eradication project began in 2001, funded by FCO, managed by RSPB and carried out by WMIL (28). The eradication used live trapping and poisoning with 1080 for the knock down phase, followed by continued trapping and monitoring for the mop-up and confirmation phases. Monitoring continued for two years after the killing of the last confirmed feral cat in January 2004 (211).

A survey in 2008 estimated the population at 5000 inividuals (205).

Some culling has taken place in recent years (71).

A study of the feasibility of totally eradicating rats has been carried out (56).

Actions planned Desired outcomes

R1


S1


Management Plan suggests that eradication is unlikely but that vulnerable structures require constant vigilance and control (55).

Management Plan recommends mapping the distribution of invading vegetation (55). Ashmoles suggest attempting to prevent the spread of this tree in the Sisters area would be worthwhile (71).

Management Plan recommends mapping the distribution of this species as well as assessing its invasive potential and control methods (55).

Management Plan recommends that animals aiding seed dispersal also be controlled as part of the campaign against Prosopis (55).

Management Plan recommends removing this species from all beaches and that attempts be made to push the invasion front back and to control the spread of its seed (55).

Myna predation might need to be reduced. Awaiting outome of long term study (127).

Management Plan recommends this species be controlled (to limit the spread of Prospis seed) by containing a reduced stock of 6-10 animals, or eliminating them entirely (55).

An on-going monitoring programme is recommended in order to assess future changes in the rabbit population. The same 2008 report recommends that the best option would be to undertake a trapping campaign in the settlements and a poisoning programme on Green Mountain (subject to the use of poison being legal) (205).

The eradication of rabbits is not desired at present and most locals would not support an eradication project (205).

Management Plan recommends a study to see if viable Prosopis seeds are found in sheep dung, and if so, that the feral flock be culled except for a few securely fenced captive animals (55).

Management Plan recommends monitoring rat populations on the island around new and potential seabird nesting sites, to determine future reactive control measures (55).

Native range

From the American tropics (71).

Family originally restricted to Asia and Australasia (71).Native to the Caribbean on P. juliflora (71).

American (71).

North American (71).

Known from W. Africa and the Indian Ocean (71).

Native to W. Europe and the Mediterranean (71).

From the Mediterranean (71).


Found on many islands in Indian Ocean (71).

Trinidad (71).

Now occurs throughout the tropics (71).

Afrotropical (71).

Old World tropical migrant (71).

Native to islands of the western Indian Ocean (71).

Probably originated in the Pacific, now widespread in the tropics (71).

Central America (71).

Originated in Madagascar (71).

From Britain (71).

Tropical America (71).

Europe (71).

South Africa (71).

Australia (71).

South America (71).

Brazil (71).


Amphipoda Talitroides alluaudi Anoplura Linognathus setosus Anoplura Pediculus humanus corporis Anoplura

Anoplura Phthirus pubis Anoplura Polyplax spinulosa Arachnida Achaearanea tepidariorum Arachnida Amblyomma maculatum ArachnidaArachnida Anelosimus studiosus Arachnida Aysha velox Arachnida Bathyphantes approximatus Arachnida Calaglyphus oudemansi Arachnida Camellina elegans Arachnida Coleosoma floridana Arachnida Corinna humilis Arachnida Cyclosa turbinata Arachnida Dictyna altamira Arachnida Dysdera crocata Arachnida Echinolaelaps echidninus Arachnida Eotetranychus sexmaculatus Arachnida Erigone brevidentata Arachnida Eustala anastera Arachnida Gasteracantha cancriformis Arachnida Habronattus coecatus Arachnida Hemisarcoptes malus Arachnida Hentzia vernalis Arachnida Kukulcania hibernalis Arachnida Laelaps nutalli Arachnida Leucauge venusta Arachnida Loxosceles rufescens Arachnida Marquesania expansa ArachnidaArachnida Oligonychus ilicis Arachnida Oligonychus ununguis Arachnida Oligonychus yothersi Arachnida Ornithonyssus bursa Arachnida Oxyopes salticus Arachnida Panonychus citri Arachnida Phrynus marginemaculatus

Arachnida Phyllocoptruta oleivora Arachnida Rhipicephalus sanguineus Arachnida Rhizoglyphus callae Arachnida Sarcoptes scabiei Arachnida Schizotetranychus celarius Arachnida Scytodes fusca Arachnida Steneotarsonemus pallidus Arachnida Tetragnatha laboriosa Arachnida Tetranychus tumidus Arachnida Tetranychus urticae

Status (JNCC)

Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Pediculus humanus humanus

(capitis) Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Androlaelaps sp. Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Metaphidippus sp. Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate

Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate

A1


C1


D1


Arachnida Theridion cheimatos Arachnida Theridion rufipes Arachnida Trochosa ruricola Lycosa atlanticaArachnida Unident. genus sp. Ascidiacea Polycarpa tumida Ascidiacea Pseudodistoma saxicavum Ascidiacea Styela plicata Chilopoda Lithobius provocator Chilopoda Mecistocephalus maxillaris Chilopoda Necrophloeophagus flavus Chilopoda Scolopendra subspinipes Chilopoda Scutigera coleoptrata Chilopoda Tidabius navigans Coleoptera Acanthoscelides obtectus ColeopteraColeopteraColeoptera Agonum punctiforme Coleoptera Alphitobius diaperinus Coleoptera Alphitobius laevigatus ColeopteraColeoptera Anelaphus cinereum Coleoptera Anotylus insignitus Coleoptera Anthicus ephippium Coleoptera Anthonomus irroratus Coleoptera Anthonomus juniperinus Coleoptera Anthrenus flavipes Coleoptera Anthrenus scrophulariae Coleoptera Anthrenus verbasci Coleoptera Aphodius lividus Coleoptera Araecerus fasciculatus Coleoptera Ataenius gracilis Coleoptera Ataenius havaenensis Coleoptera Ataenius sp. Coleoptera Ataenius spretulus Coleoptera Atheta coriaria Coleoptera Attagenus unicolor Coleoptera Azya orbigera orbigeraColeoptera Berosus infuscatus Coleoptera Blapstinus metallicus Coleoptera Bruchus pisorum Coleoptera Caccodes oceaniae Coleoptera Callosobruchus maculatus ColeopteraColeoptera Caryobruchus gleditsiae Coleoptera Chaetocnema brunnescens Coleoptera

Coleoptera Chilocorus cacti Coleoptera Clitostethus arcuatus Coleoptera Coccotrypes carpophagus Coleoptera Coccotrypes distinctus Coleoptera Conoderus amplicollis Coleoptera

Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Acratrichis sp. Invertebrate Acrotona sp. Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Altica spp. Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Carpophilus spp. Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Chaetocnema sp. prob.

confinis Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Conoderus sp. poss.

castanipes

ColeopteraColeoptera Coproporus pulchellus Coleoptera Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Coleoptera Curtomerus flavus ColeopteraColeoptera Cyphon sp. Coleoptera Dactylosternum abdominale Coleoptera Decadiomus hughesi Coleoptera Dermestes lardarius Coleoptera Dermestes maculatus Coleoptera Diaperis maculata Coleoptera Diaprepes famelicus Coleoptera Diestota sp. Coleoptera Diomus terminatus Coleoptera Enochrus hamiltoni Coleoptera Enochrus ochraceus Coleoptera Epitrix hirtipennis Coleoptera Euscepes postfaciatus

Coleoptera Euxestus erithacus Coleoptera Exochomus jamaicensis Coleoptera Gibbium aequinoctiale Coleoptera Haptoncus luteolus Coleoptera Lasioderma serricorne Coleoptera Leptostyloides praemorsus Coleoptera Ligyrus cuniculus Coleoptera Lithocharis nigriceps Coleoptera Lithocharis ochracea Coleoptera Microweisea suturalis Coleoptera Nanus uniformis Coleoptera Necerdes melanura Coleoptera Notiobia sp. prob. terminata Coleoptera Oeme rigida ColeopteraColeoptera Oryzaephilus mercator Coleoptera Oryzaephilus surinamensis Coleoptera Oxycopis vittata Coleoptera Pantomorus cervinus Coleoptera Pelonomus sp. nr. obscurus Coleoptera Perigona nigriceps Coleoptera Phalacrus politus Coleoptera Philonthus longicornis Coleoptera Platystethus spiculus Coleoptera Plectromerus dentipes Coleoptera Pristonychus complanatus Coleoptera Ptilodactyla nanoderma Coleoptera Rhyzobius lophanthae Coleoptera Rhyzopertha dominica Coleoptera Rodolia cardinalis Coleoptera Scymnus (Pullus) creperus Pullus creperusColeoptera Scymnus floralis Coleoptera Sitona lineatus Coleoptera Sitophilus oryzae Coleoptera Sitophilus zeamais

Invertebrate Conotelus sp. Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Cybocephalus sp. Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate

Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Oligomerus sp. Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate

Coleoptera

Coleoptera Stelidota sp. nr. geminata Coleoptera Stenolophus lineola Coleoptera Styloleptus posticalis ColeopteraColeoptera Tribolium castaneum Coleoptera Tribolium confusum Coleoptera Tricorynus herbarius Coleoptera

Coleoptera Trox suberosus Coleoptera Typhaea stercorea Coleoptera Urgleptes guadaloupensis Coleoptera Urophorus humeralis CollembolaCollembola Entomobrya clitellaria ? Collembola Entomobrya multifasciata ? CollembolaCollembolaCollembolaCollembola Seira bipunctata ? CollembolaCollembola Sminthurides maemgreni ? Dermaptera Euborellia annulipes Dermaptera Labidura riparia Diplopoda Julus moreleti Diplopoda Polyxenus lagurus ? Diplopoda Rhinocricus monilicornis Diplopoda Unident. gen. sp. Diplopoda Unidentified sp. Diptera Adia cinerea Paregle cinerellaDiptera Aedes sollicitans Diptera Aedes taeniorhynchus Diptera Allograpta obliqua Diptera Amauromyza maculosa Diptera Asyndetus ammophilus Diptera Atherigona orientalis Diptera Atissa luteipes Diptera Brachycara maculata DipteraDiptera Brontaea cilifera Diptera Calycomyza platyptera Diptera Calythea monticola Diptera Cephalops varius Diptera Cerodontha dorsalis Diptera Chaetopsis fulvifrons Diptera Chironomus plumosus Diptera Chrysotus picticornis Diptera Cladochaeta floridana Diptera Clogmia albipunctata Diptera Clunio marshalli Diptera Coboldia fuscipes Diptera Cochliomyia macellaria Callotroga macellaria

Invertebrate Sphenophorus venatus vestitus

Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Tomolips sp. Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Tropisternus lateralis

nimbatusInvertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Bourletiella spp. Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Isotoma spp. Invertebrate Isotomurus sp. Invertebrate Pseudachorutes sp. Invertebrate Invertebrate Seira spp. Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Bradysia sp. or spp. Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate

Diptera Condylostylus chrysoprasi Diptera Coproica ferruginata Diptera Coproica vagans Diptera Cryptochaetum iceryae Diptera Culex quinquefasciatus Diptera Culex salinarius Diptera Dasyrhicnoessa ferruginea Diptera Desmometopa varipalpis Diptera Diadiplosis coccidivora Diptera Diaphorus contiguus Diptera Dictya floridensis Diptera Dictya pechumani Diptera Dioxyna picciola Diptera Drosophila melanogaster Diptera Drosophila ramsdeni Diptera Drosophila repleta group Diptera Drosophila simulans Diptera Eristalinus aeneus Diptera Eristalis tenax Diptera Euxesta abdominalis Diptera Euxesta annonae Diptera Fannia canicularis Diptera Fannia pusio Diptera Haematobia irritans Diptera Helicobia morionella Diptera Helicobia rapax Diptera Hermetia illucens Diptera Hydrophorus aestuum Diptera Hydrotaea aenescens Diptera Lamprolonchaea smaragdi Diptera Leptocera caenosa Diptera Leptometopa latipes Diptera Limonia distans Diptera Liriomyza blechi Diptera Liriomyza brassicae Diptera Liriomyza trifolii Diptera Lucilia cuprina Diptera Lucilia rica Diptera Lucilia sericata DipteraDiptera Medetera veles DipteraDiptera Monochaetoscinella anonyma Diptera Mumetopia occipitalis Diptera Musca domestica Diptera Nanomyina barbata Diptera Neodexiopsis ovata Diptera Nocticanace wirthi Diptera Norrbomia sordida Capromyza sordidaDiptera Ophiomyia camarae Diptera Ophiomyia texana Diptera Ophiomyia valida Diptera Oxysarcodexia ventricosa Diptera Paraclius alternans

Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Lycoriella ? sp. Invertebrate Invertebrate Melanagromyza sp. 2 Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate

Diptera Pelastoneurus vagans Diptera Phytomyza plantaginis Diptera Procanace dianneae Diptera Psychoda cinerea Diptera Pullimosina heteroneura Diptera Rachispoda fuscipennis Diptera Ravinia lherminieri Diptera Scaptomyza adusta Diptera Scaptomyza pallida Diptera Scaptomyza vittata Diptera Schoenomyza dorsalis Diptera Sepsis neocynipsea Diptera Sigaloessa bicolor Diptera Spinilimosina brevicostata Diptera Stomorhina lunata Diptera Stomoxys calcitrans Diptera Sympycnus lineatus Diptera Syneches debilis Diptera Tabanus nigrovittatus Diptera Tethina xanthopoda Diptera Tetramerinx rufitibia Diptera Thrypticus fraterculus Diptera Tinearia alternata Diptera Tomosvaryella albiseta Diptera Tomosvaryella subvirescens Diptera Toxomerus marginatus Diptera Trachyopella nuda Diptera Xanthaciura tetraspina Hadromerida Cliona lampa Heteroptera Banasa euchlora Heteroptera Banasa herbacea Heteroptera Blissus insularis Heteroptera Cimex lectularius Heteroptera Cymodema breviceps Heteroptera Cymoninus notabilis Heteroptera Cyrtopeltis modesta Heteroptera Empicoris rubromaculatus Heteroptera Geocoris punctipes Heteroptera Halticus bractatus Heteroptera Harmostes serratus Heteroptera Lasiochilus fraternus Heteroptera Liorhyssus hyalinus Heteroptera Lygus lineolaris Heteroptera Metacanthus tenellus Heteroptera Montandoniola moraguezi Heteroptera Mormidea lugens Heteroptera Murgantia histrionica Heteroptera Nabis capsiformis Heteroptera Neopamera bilobata Heteroptera Nezara viridula Heteroptera Nysius scutellatus Heteroptera Orius insidiosus Heteroptera Ozophora divaricata Heteroptera Pangaeus bilineatus

Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate

Heteroptera Paromius longulus Heteroptera Podisus maculiventris Heteroptera Pseudopachybrachius vinctus

Heteroptera Rhinacloa clavicornis Heteroptera Rhytidoporus indentatus Heteroptera Spanagonicus albofasciatus Heteroptera Sthenaridea vulgaris Heteroptera Taylorilygus pallidulus Heteroptera Trichocorixa reticulata Heteroptera Trigonotylus tenuis Heteroptera Tytthus parviceps Heteroptera Zelus longipes Homoptera Abgrallaspis cyanophylli Homoptera Acyrthosiphon porosum Homoptera Aleyrodes proletella Homoptera Antonina crawi Homoptera Antonina graminis Homoptera Aphis craccivora Homoptera Aphis maidiradicis Homoptera Aphis nasturtii Homoptera Aphis nerii Homoptera Aphis rumicis Homoptera Aphis sp. #1 Homoptera Aphis spiraecola Homoptera Asiphonella dactylonii Homoptera Aspidiotus nerii Homoptera Aspidiotus spinosus Homoptera Asterolecanium pustulans Homoptera Aulocortum solani Homoptera Bambusaspis bambusae Homoptera Bambusaspis miliaris Homoptera Bemisia tabaci Homoptera Carulaspis minima Homoptera Cerataphis brasiliensis Homoptera Cerataphis lataniae Homoptera Ceroplastes cirripediformis Homoptera Chortinaspis subchortina Homoptera Chrysomphalus aonidum Homoptera

Homoptera Cinara tujafilina Homoptera Clastoptera undulata Homoptera Coccus hesperidum Homoptera Coccus longulus Homoptera Coccus viridis Homoptera Comstockiella sabalis Homoptera Delphacodes fulvidorsum Homoptera Dialeurodes citrifolii Homoptera Diaspis boisduvalii Homoptera Dysaphis foeniculus Homoptera Dysaphis tulipae Homoptera Dysmicoccus boninsis Homoptera Dysmicoccus brevipes

Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate

Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Chrysomphalus dictyospermae

Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate

Homoptera Empoasca fabae Homoptera Empoasca fabalis Homoptera Empoasca solana Homoptera Eriococcus araucariae Homoptera Eucalymnatus tessellatus Homoptera Ferrisia consobrina Homoptera Graminella sonora Homoptera Hemiberlesia lataniae Homoptera Hemiberlesia rapax Homoptera Howardia biclavis Homoptera Icerya montserratensis Homoptera Icerya purchasi Homoptera Idona minuenda Homoptera Insulaspis pallida Homoptera Kuwanaspis pseudoleucaspis Homoptera Lepidosaphes beckii Homoptera Lepidosaphes tokionis Homoptera Lipaphis erysimi Homoptera Margarodes formicarum Homoptera Metaleurodicus cardini Homoptera Morganella longispina Homoptera Nipaecoccus nipae Homoptera Nothodelphax slossoni Homoptera Odonaspsis ruthae Homoptera Orthezia insignis Homoptera Paraleyrodes naranjae Homoptera Paraleyrodes sp. Homoptera Parasaissetia nigra Homoptera Peregrinus maidis Homoptera Phenacoccus madeirensis Homoptera Phenacoccus parvus Homoptera Picturaphis vignaphila Homoptera Pinnacaspis aspidistrae Homoptera Pinnaspis strachani Homoptera Pissonotus piceus Homoptera Planococcus citri Homoptera Planococcus halli Homoptera Planococcus minor Homoptera Protopulvinaria pyriformis Homoptera Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Homoptera Pseudococcus longispinus Homoptera Pseudococcus maritimus Homoptera Pulvinaria psidii Homoptera Pulvinaria urbicola Homoptera Saissetia coffeae Homoptera Saissetia miranda Homoptera Saissetia neglecta Homoptera Saissetia oleae Homoptera Spissistilis festinus Homoptera Tagosodes cubanus Homoptera Therioaphis trifolii Homoptera Trialeurodes floridensis Homoptera Trialeurodes notata Homoptera Trialeurodes vaporariorum

Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate

Homoptera Unaspis citri Hoplonemertini Geonemertes pelaensis Hymenoptera Acerophagus pallidus Hymenoptera Agathis gibbosa HymenopteraHymenoptera Anagrus sp. Hymenoptera Anagyrus fusciventris HymenopteraHymenoptera Anicetus annulatus Hymenoptera Anteon funestus Hymenoptera Apanteles carpatus HymenopteraHymenoptera Aphytis diaspidis Hymenoptera Aphytis mytilaspidis Hymenoptera Aphytis sp. Hymenoptera Apis mellifera

HymenopteraHymenoptera Arrhenophagus chionaspidis Hymenoptera Aspidiotiphagus citrinus Hymenoptera Aspidiotiphagus lounsburyi Hymenoptera Brachymyrmex heeri Hymenoptera Campoletis sonorensis Hymenoptera Cardiocondyla emeryi HymenopteraHymenoptera Chartocerus niger Hymenoptera Cheiloneurus pulvinariae HymenopteraHymenopteraHymenopteraHymenopteraHymenoptera Coccidencyrtus ochraceipes Hymenoptera Coccidoxenoides peregrinus Hymenoptera Coccophagus ochraceus Hymenoptera Coccophagus scutellaris Hymenoptera

HymenopteraHymenoptera Cotesia marginiventris Hymenoptera Desmiostoma parvulum Hymenoptera Diadegma compressa Hymenoptera Diaeretiella rapae Hymenoptera Diaulinopsis callichroma Hymenoptera Diglyphus spp. Hymenoptera Elachertus cidariae HymenopteraHymenoptera Encarsia fasciata Hymenoptera Encarsia formosa Hymenoptera Encarsia portoricensis Hymenoptera Encyrtus barbatus Hymenoptera Encyrtus infelix

Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Alaptus sp. Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Anagyrus sp. Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Aphelinus sp. Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate

Invertebrate Aprostocetus spp. Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Ceraphron sp. Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Chrysocharis sp. Invertebrate Chrysonotomyia sp. Invertebrate Cirrospiloideus sp. Invertebrate Closterocerus sp. Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Coccophagus sp. lycimnia

group Invertebrate Copidosoma sp. Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Elachertus sp. Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate

Hymenoptera Encyrtus lecaniorum Hymenoptera Enicospilus doylei Hymenoptera Enicospilus flavus Hymenoptera Enicospilus purgatus Hymenoptera Enicospilus trilineatus Hymenoptera Enodynerus hidalgo hidalgo HymenopteraHymenopteraHymenopteraHymenoptera Euplectrus comstockii HymenopteraHymenopteraHymenoptera Evania appendigaster Hymenoptera

HymenopteraHymenoptera Habrobracon gelechiae Hymenoptera Habrobracon hebetor HymenopteraHymenoptera Horismenus sardus Hymenoptera Horismenus texanus Hymenoptera Idris binotatus Hymenoptera Itoplectis conquisitor Hymenoptera Lecaniobius cockerelli Hymenoptera Leptomastidea abnormis Hymenoptera Leptopilina boulardi Hymenoptera Linepithema humile 1

HymenopteraHymenoptera Lysiphlebus testaceipes Hymenoptera Metaphycus flavus HymenopteraHymenoptera Metaphycus stanleyi Hymenoptera Meteorus autographae Hymenoptera Microterys kotinskyi Hymenoptera Monomorium pharaonis HymenopteraHymenoptera Neodusmetia sangwani Hymenoptera

Hymenoptera Ochetomyrmex auropunctatus

Hymenoptera Odontofroggatia galili HymenopteraHymenoptera Parapristina verticillata Hymenoptera

Hymenoptera Paratrechina vividula Hymenoptera Pheidole megacephala Hymenoptera Pholetesor bedelliae Hymenoptera Physcus sp. nr. testaceus HymenopteraHymenopteraHymenoptera Pnigalio sp.

Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Eretmocerus sp. Invertebrate Eubazus sp. Invertebrate Euderus sp. Invertebrate Invertebrate Euplectrus sp. Invertebrate Eurytoma sp. Invertebrate Invertebrate Gahaniella sp. (not tertia Kerr)

Invertebrate Gonatocerus spp. Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Halticoptera sp. Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Iridomyrmex humilis;

Linepithema humilisInvertebrate Litomastix sp. Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Metaphycus sp. Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Monomorium sp. Invertebrate Invertebrate Neotrichoporoides

viridimaculatus Invertebrate

Invertebrate Invertebrate Pachyneuron sp. Invertebrate Invertebrate Paratrechina spp.

Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Plagiomerus sp. Invertebrate Platygaster sp. Invertebrate

Hymenoptera Polistes fuscatus fuscatusHymenopteraHymenopteraHymenoptera Pseudapanteles dignus Hymenoptera Pseudectroma europaeus HymenopteraHymenoptera Pteromalus puparum Hymenoptera Pteromalus sp. Hymenoptera Rubicundella perturbatrix Hymenoptera Sceliphron caementarium Hymenoptera Signiphora louisianae Hymenoptera

HymenopteraHymenopteraHymenopteraHymenopteraHymenoptera Tetracnemoidea peregrinus Hymenoptera Tetramorium calderium Hymenoptera Tetramorium simillimum HymenopteraHymenoptera Trichogramma exiguum Hymenoptera Trichomasthus portoricensls HymenopteraHymenoptera Walkerella yoshiroi HymenopteraIsopoda Halophiloscia couchi Isopoda Leptotrichus panzeri Isopoda Porcellio lamellatus Isopoda Porcellio scaber Isopoda Stenoniscus pleonalis Isopoda Synsynella choprae Isopoda Synsynella deformans Isoptera Cryptotermes brevis Isoptera Incisitermes snyderi Lepidoptera Achroia grisella Lepidoptera Aethes seriatana Lepidoptera Anagasta kuehniella Lepidoptera Atheloca subrufella Lepidoptera Bedellia somnolentella Lepidoptera Cadra cautella Lepidoptera Caloptilia perseae Lepidoptera Caloptilia rhoifoliella Lepidoptera Calpodes ethlius Lepidoptera Coleophora texanella Lepidoptera Cryptoblabes gnidiella Lepidoptera Diaphania hyalinata Lepidoptera Epinotia lantana Lepidoptera Episimus tyrius Lepidoptera Erechthias minuscula Decadarchis minusculaLepidoptera Eurema lisa Lepidoptera Fundella ignobilis Lepidoptera Galleria mellonella Lepidoptera Herculia nostralis

Invertebrate Invertebrate Polynema sp. Invertebrate Procheiloneurus sp. Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Psyllaephagus sp. Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Solenopsis sp.

Invertebrate Spalangia sp. Invertebrate Spilochalcis sp. Invertebrate Synopeas sp. Invertebrate Telenomus spp. Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Tetrastichus spp. Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Trichopria spp. Invertebrate Invertebrate Zatropis sp. Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate

Lepidoptera Holcocera guilandinae Lepidoptera Hypargyria definitella Lepidoptera Keiferia lycopersicella Lepidoptera Lantanophaga pusillidactyla Lepidoptera Leptostales crossii LepidopteraLepidoptera Nemapogon granella Lepidoptera Niditinea spretella Lepidoptera Opogona sacchari Lepidoptera Phthorimaea operculella Lepidoptera Pieris rapae Lepidoptera Plodia interpunctella Lepidoptera Pyralis farinalis Lepidoptera Pyroderces badia Lepidoptera Tineola bisselliella Lepidoptera Xystrologa antipathetica Mollusca Allopeas gracile Mollusca Bradybaena similaris Mollusca Cecilioides acicula Mollusca Crassostrea virginica Mollusca Deroceras laeve Mollusca Euglandina rosea 1

Mollusca Gonaxis quadrilateralis Mollusca Hawaiia minuscula Mollusca Helicodiscus singleyanus Mollusca Lacteoluna selenina Mollusca Leidyula sloanii Mollusca Limacus flavus Mollusca Milax gagates Mollusca Oligyra convexa Mollusca Opeas hannense Mollusca Opeas micrum Mollusca Opeas swiftianus Mollusca Otala lactea Mollusca Oxychilus draparnaudi Mollusca Patera appressa Mollusca Polygyra plana Mollusca

Mollusca Prietocella barbara Mollusca Rumina decollata

Mollusca Streptostele musaecola Mollusca Subulina octona Mollusca Theba pisana Mollusca Tornatellides sp. Mollusca Trunculariopsis trunculus Mollusca Vallonia pulchella Mollusca Zonitoides arboreus Neuroptera Chrysopa externa Neuroptera Chrysopa rufilabris Neuroptera Chrysopa sp. nr. harrisii

Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Monopis sp. Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate

Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Pomacea sp.

Invertebrate Invertebrate

Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate

Neuroptera Micromus posticus Neuroptera Myrmeleon sp. prob. crudelis Orthoptera Blattella germanica Orthoptera Cariblatta antiguensis Orthoptera Cariblatta minima Orthoptera Chortophaga australior Orthoptera Conocephalus fasciatus Orthoptera Conocephalus spartinae Orthoptera Cyrtoxipha gundlachi Orthoptera Dissosteira carolina Orthoptera Ectatoderus antillarum Orthoptera Euthyrrhapha pacifica Orthoptera Gryllodes supplicans Orthoptera Nauphoeta cinerea Orthoptera Orchelimum concinnum Orthoptera Ornebius zebra Orthoptera Periplaneta americana

Orthoptera Periplaneta australasiae Orthoptera Pycnoscelus surinamensis Orthoptera Rhyparobia maderae Psocoptera Archipsocus nomas Psocoptera Caecilius casarum Psocoptera Caecilius flavidus Psocoptera Cerobasis guestfalica Psocoptera

Psocoptera Ectopsocopsis cryptomeriae Psocoptera Ectopsocus spilotus Psocoptera Ectopsocus strauchi Psocoptera Indiopsocus insulanus PsocopteraPsocoptera Peripsocus pauliani Psocoptera Peripsocus stagnivagus Psocoptera Psoquilla marginepunctata Siphonaptera Ctenocephalides felis Siphonaptera Echidnophaga gallinacea Siphonaptera Pulex irritans Siphonaptera Xenopsylla cheopis Thysanoptera Aeolothrips fasciatus Thysanoptera Aleurodothrips fasciapennis Thysanoptera Anisopilothrips venustulus Thysanoptera Asprothrips seminigricornis Thysanoptera Caliothrips insularis Thysanoptera Chirothrips spiniceps Thysanoptera Dendrothripoides innoxius Thysanoptera Dorcadothrips caespitis Thysanoptera Echinothrips americanus Thysanoptera Eurythrips modestus Thysanoptera Frankliniella bispinosa Thysanoptera Frankliniella cephalica Thysanoptera Frankliniella hemerocallis Thysanoptera Frankliniella insularis Thysanoptera Franklinothrips vespiformis

Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate

Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Echmepteryx

madagascariensis Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Liposcelis sp. Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate

Thysanoptera Gynaikothrips ficorum Thysanoptera Haplothrips gowdeyi Thysanoptera Haplothrips kurdjumovi Thysanoptera Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Thysanoptera Hercinothrips bicinctus Thysanoptera Hercinothrips femoralis ThysanopteraThysanoptera Karnyothrips flavipes Thysanoptera Karnyothrips longiceps Thysanoptera Karnyothrips melaleucus Thysanoptera

Thysanoptera Neohydatothrips portoricensis Thysanoptera Nesothrips lativentris Thysanoptera Plesiothrips perplexus Thysanoptera Rhamphothrips pandens Thysanoptera Selenothrips rubrocinctus Thysanoptera Taeniothrips eucharii Thysanoptera Thrips hawaiiensis Thysanoptera Thrips simplex Thysanoptera Thrips tabaci Thysanura Lepisma saccharina Tricladida Bipalium kewense TricladidaTricladida Dolichoplana striata Tricladida Rhynchodemus sylvaticus

Plant Acanthaceae Justicia brandegeana Plant Acanthaceae Justicia secunda Plant Acanthaceae Odontonema strictum Plant Acanthaceae Ruellia brittonia

Plant Acanthaceae Thunbergia erecta Plant Acanthaceae Thunbergia grandiflora Plant Agavaceae Agave americana 1

Plant Agavaceae Agave americana "marginata" 1

Plant Agavaceae Agave sisalana 1

Plant Agavaceae Dracaena arborea Plant Agavaceae Dracaena marginata Plant Agavaceae Furcraea gigantea Plant Agavaceae Sanseveria trifasciata

Plant Aizoaceae Carpobrotus edulis Plant Alliaceae Agapanthus africanus Plant Amaranthaceae Alternanthera maritima Plant Amaryllidaceae Crinum angustum Plant Amaryllidaceae Hymenocallis caribaea Plant Amaryllidaceae Zephyranthes atamasco Plant Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica Plant Anacardiaceae Schinus terebinthifolius

Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Hoplandrothrips sp. Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Microcephalothrips

abdominalis Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrate Bipalium sp. Invertebrate Invertebrate

Plant Annonaceae Annona squamosa Plant Apiaceae Ammi majus Plant Apiaceae Apium petroselinum Plant Apiaceae Foeniculum vulgarePlant Apiaceae Petroselinum crispum Plant Apiaceae Smyrnium olusatrum Plant Apiaceae Torilis anthriscus

Plant Apiaceae Torilis nodosa Plant Apocynaceae Allamanda cathartica

Plant Apocynaceae Carissa grandiflora Plant Apocynaceae Catharanthus roseus

Plant Apocynaceae Nerium oleanderPlant Apocynaceae Ochrosia elliptica Ochrosia parviflora

Plant Apocynaceae Plumeria alba

Plant Apocynaceae Plumeria rubra

Plant Apocynaceae Tabernaemontana divaricata

Plant Apocynaceae Thevetia peruviana 1

Plant Aquifoliaceae Ilex vomitoria Plant Araceae Epipremnum pinnatum Epipremnum aureum


Plant Araceae Philodendron giganteum Plant Araceae Philodendron sp. Plant Araceae Pistia stratiotesPlant Araceae Syngonium sp.

Plant Araceae Xanthosoma sagittifolium Arum sagittifolium

Plant Araceae Zantedeschia aethiopica Plant Araliaceae Hedera helix Plant Araliaceae Polyscias sp. Plant Araliaceae Schefflera actinophylla 1

Plant Araliaceae Tetrapanax papyriferus Plant Araucariaceae Araucaria araucana Plant Araucariaceae Araucaria excelsa Araucaria heterophylla

Plant Arecaceae Arecastrum romanzoffianum Syagrus romanzoffianusPlant Arecaceae Caryota urens Plant Arecaceae Chamaerops humilis Plant Arecaceae Chrysalidocarpus lutescens Plant Arecaceae Cocos nucifera Plant Arecaceae Dictyosperma album Plant Arecaceae Gastrococos crispa Plant Arecaceae Hyophorbe lagenicaulis Plant Arecaceae Hyophorbe verschaffeltii Plant Arecaceae Livingstonia chinensisPlant Arecaceae Phoenix canariensis Plant Arecaceae Phoenix dactylifera Plant Arecaceae Phoenix reclinata 1

Plant Arecaceae Phoenix roebelenii Plant Arecaceae Pritchardia pacifica Plant Arecaceae Ptychosperma elegans 1

Plant Arecaceae Rhapis excelsa Plant Arecaceae Roystonea regia Plant Arecaceae Thrinax radiata Plant Arecaceae Washingtonia filifera Plant Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia littoralis Aristolochia elegansPlant Asclepiadaceae Asclepias curassavica

Plant Asclepiadaceae

Plant Asteraceae Bidens pilosaPlant Asteraceae

Plant Asteraceae Cichorium intybus

Plant Asteraceae Conyza bonariensis Plant Asteraceae Conyza canadensis Plant Asteraceae Crepis japonicaPlant Asteraceae Erigeron annuus

Plant Asteraceae Eupatorium adenophorum 1

Plant Asteraceae Eupatorium capillifolium Plant Asteraceae Eupatorium riparium Ageratina riparia 1

Plant Asteraceae Gaillardia pulchella

Plant Asteraceae Galinsoga parviflora Plant Asteraceae Gazania ringens var uniflora Plant Asteraceae Gnaphalium sylvaticum Plant Asteraceae Leptilon canadense Plant Asteraceae Parthenium hysterophorus Plant Asteraceae Sonchus asper

Cryptostegia sp.

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum

Plant Asteraceae Sonchus oleraceus

Plant Asteraceae Sphagneticola trilobata

Plant Asteraceae Taraxacum officinale Plant Asteraceae Tithonia diversifolia Plant Asteraceae Wedelia trilobata Plant Balsaminaceae

Plant Basellaceae Boussingaultia baselloides Plant Begoniaceae Begonia cucullata

Plant Begoniaceae Begonia sp.

Plant Begoniaceae Begonia ulmifolia Plant Berberidaceae Nandina domesticaPlant Bignoniaceae Crescentia cujete Plant Bignoniaceae Jacaranda mimosifolia Plant Bignoniaceae Kigelia africana Plant Bignoniaceae Macfadyena unguis-cati 1

Plant Bignoniaceae Podranea ricasoliana Plant Bignoniaceae Spathodea campanulata Plant Bignoniaceae Tabebuia heterophylla 1

Plant Bignoniaceae Tecoma stans Plant Bignoniaceae Tecomaria capensis 1

Plant Boraginaceae Cordia dentata Plant Boraginaceae Cordia sebestena Plant Brassicaceae Brassica nigra Plant Brassicaceae Coronopus didyma

Plant Brassicaceae Erysimum officinale Plant Brassicaceae Lepidium campestre Plant Brassicaceae Matthiola incana Plant Buddlejaceae Buddleia madagascariensisPlant Buddlejaceae Polypremum sp. Plant Burseraceae Bursera simarubaPlant Buxaceae Buxus sp. Plant Cactaceae Cereus grandiflorus Plant Cactaceae Cereus undatus Plant Cactaceae Opuntia cochenillifera Plant Cactaceae Pereskia aculeata Plant Caesalpinaceae Cassia fistula

Plant Caesalpinaceae Cassia floribunda Plant Caesalpinaceae Cassia javanica

Plant Caesalpinaceae Delonix regia Plant Caesalpinaceae Parkinsonia aculeata

Wedelia trilobata; Silphium trilobatum; Thelechiticonia trilobata

Impatiens sp.

Begonia cucullata var. hookeri; Begonia semperflorens


Plant Caesalpinaceae Tamarindus indica Plant Cannaceae Canna generalis Plant Cannaceae Canna indica Plant Caprifoliaceae Lonicera japonica

Plant Caprifoliaceae Lonicera sempervirens Plant Caprifoliaceae Sambucus nigra Plant Caricaceae Carica papaya Plant Caryophyllaceae Alsine media Plant Caryophyllaceae Cerastium viscosum Plant Caryophyllaceae Cerastium vulgatum Plant Caryophyllaceae Minuartia hybrida Plant Casuarinaceae Casuarina cunninghamianaPlant Casuarinaceae Casuarina equisetifolia 1

Plant Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium album

Plant Clusiaceae Calophyllum antillanum

Plant Clusiaceae Calophyllum calaba Plant Clusiaceae Calophyllum inophyllum Plant Combretaceae Conocarpus erectus Plant Combretaceae Quisqualis indica Plant Combretaceae Terminalia catappaPlant Combretaceae Terminalia muelleri

Plant Commelinaceae Rhoeo discolor Tradescanthia discolor 1

Plant Commelinaceae Rhoeo spathacea Tradescanthia spatacea

Plant Commelinaceae Setcreasea pallida Plant Commelinaceae Tradescantia fluminensis 1

Plant Convolvulaceae Ipomoea batatas Plant Convolvulaceae Ipomoea dissecta Plant Convolvulaceae Merremia tuberosaPlant Convolvulaceae Turbinia corymbosa Plant Crassulacae Bryophyllum pinnatum Kalanchoe pinnata 1

Plant Crassulaceae Kalanchoe flammea Plant Crassulaceae Kalanchoe tubiflora Plant Cucurbitaceae Sechium edule Plant Cupressaceae Cupressus sempervirens Plant Cupressaceae Juniperus silicicola Plant Cycadopsida Cycas circinalis

Plant Cycadopsida Cycas revoluta Plant Cyperaceae Cyperus alternifolius 1

Plant Cyperaceae Cyperus papyrus Plant Elaeagnaceae Elaeagnus angustifolia 1

Plant Euphorbiaceae Acalypha wilkesiana

Plant Euphorbiaceae Aleurites fordii Vernicia sp.Plant Euphorbiaceae Breynia nivosa 'Variegata'Plant Euphorbiaceae Codiaeum variegatum Plant Euphorbiaceae Croton monanthogynus Plant Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia hirta Plant Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia hypericifolia Plant Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia milii var. splendens

Plant Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia prostrata Plant Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia pulcherrima

Plant Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia tirucalli Plant Euphorbiaceae Jatropha integerrima Plant Euphorbiaceae Manihot esculenta Plant Euphorbiaceae Mercurialis annua

Plant Euphorbiaceae Poinsettia cyathophora Plant Euphorbiaceae Ricinus communis

Plant Euphorbiaceae Sapium sebiferum

Plant Euphorbiaceae Tithymalus peplus Plant Fabaceae Acacia salicinaPlant Fabaceae Adenanthera pavonina

Plant Fabaceae Bauhinia acuminata Plant Fabaceae Bauhinia variegataPlant Fabaceae Clitoria ternatea Plant Fabaceae Desmodium canadense Plant Fabaceae Dolichos lablab

Plant Fabaceae Erythrina caffra

Plant Fabaceae Indigofera suffruticosa Plant Fabaceae Lathyrus japonicus Plant Fabaceae Lonchocarpus sp. Plant Fabaceae Medicago hispida Plant Fabaceae Medicago lupulina

Plant Fabaceae Melilotus indica

Plant Fabaceae Peltophorum pterocarpum

Plant Fabaceae Prosopis julifloraPlant Fabaceae Pueraria montana

Plant Fabaceae Sabinea cardinalis Plant Fabaceae Vicia angustifolia

Plant Fabaceae Vicia cracca

Plant Fabaceae Vicia sativa Plant Fabaceae Vicia sylvatica Plant Fabaceae Wisteria sinensis

Plant Filicopsida

Plant Flacourtiaceae Flacourtia indica

Plant Fumariaceae Fumaria muralis Plant Gentianaceae Centaurium pulchellum Plant Gentianaceae Eustoma exaltatum Plant Geraniaceae Geranium pusillum Plant Geraniaceae Pelargonium x hortorum Plant Goodeniaceae Scaevola sericea

Plant Iridaceae Freesia refracta-alba Plant Iridaceae Gladiolus italicus Plant Iridaceae Lapeirousia cruenta

Plant Lamiaceae Clinopodium calamintha Plant Lamiaceae Lamium amplexicaule Plant Lamiaceae Rosmarinus officinalis Plant Lamiaceae Salvia coccinea Plant Lamiaceae Stachys arvensis Plant Lauraceae Camphora camphora Plant Lauraceae Cinnamomum camphoraPlant Lauraceae Persea americana Plant Liliaceae Aloe arborescens Plant Liliaceae Aloe sp. Plant Liliaceae Aloe succotrina Plant Liliaceae Aloe vera Plant Liliaceae Asparagus densiflorus Asparagus sprengeri

Plant Liliaceae Asparagus falcatum Plant Liliaceae Asparagus officinalis

Plant Liliaceae Asparagus setaceous

Plant Liliaceae Hemerocallis fulva Plant Liliaceae

Plant Liliaceae Narcissus tazetta

Glycine sinensis; Rehsonia sinensis; Wisteria chinensis

Blechnum occidentale? brasiliensis?

Scaevola taccada var. sericea; Scaevol frutescens

Asparagopsis setacea; Asparagus plumosus; Proasparagus plumosus

Lilium longiflorum var. ensiforme

Plant Liliaceae Nothoscordum gracile Plant Liliaceae Ophiopogon japonicus Plant Lygodiaceae Lygodium japonicumPlant Lythraceae Lagerstroemia indica Plant Magnoliaceae Magnolia grandiflora Plant Malvaceae Abutilon theophrasti Plant Malvaceae Hibiscus rosa sinensis Plant Malvaceae Hibiscus tiliaceus

Plant Malvaceae Malvastrum coromandelianum

Plant Malvaceae Malvaviscus arboreus Plant Malvaceae Sida carpinifolia Plant Malvaceae Sida rhombifolia Plant Malvaceae Thespesia populnea

Plant Marantaceae Maranta arundinacea Plant Meliaceae Melia azedarachPlant Meliaceae Swietenia mahagoni Plant Mimosaceae Albizia lebbeck 1

Plant Mimosaceae Desmanthus virgatus Plant Mimosaceae Leucaena leucocephala 1

Plant Moraceae Ficus benghalensis Plant Moraceae Ficus benjamina Plant Moraceae Ficus carica Plant Moraceae Ficus elastica Plant Moraceae Ficus lyrata Plant Moraceae Ficus macrophyllas Plant Moraceae Ficus pumila Plant Moraceae Ficus religiosa Plant Moraceae Ficus retusa Ficus microcarpa; Ficus nitida

Plant Moraceae Ficus sycomorus Plant Moraceae Morus nigra Plant Moraceae Morus rubra Plant Musaceae Musa acuminata x paradisiaca

Plant Musaceae Musa paradisiaca Plant Myrsinaceae Ardisia acuminata Ardisia guianensisPlant Myrtaceae Callistemon citrinius Plant Myrtaceae Eucalyptus camaldulensis Plant Myrtaceae Eugenia unifloraPlant Myrtaceae Melaleuca quinquenervia

Plant Myrtaceae Pimenta dioica

Plant Myrtaceae Psidium cattleianum Psidium littoralePlant Myrtaceae Psidium guajavaPlant Myrtaceae Syzygium cumini

Pimenta officinalis; Myrtus dioica; Myrtus pimenta

Plant Myrtaceae Syzygium jambos 1

Plant Nephrolepidaceae Nephrolepis cordifolia Polypodium cordifolium

Plant Nyctaginaceae Bougainvillea glabra Plant Nyctaginaceae Mirabilis jalapa

Plant Oleaceae Jasminium simplicifolium 1

Plant Oleaceae Ligustrum lucidumPlant Oleaceae Ligustrum sinensePlant Oleaceae Noronhia emarginataPlant Oleaceae Olea europea 1

Plant Onagraceae Epilobium obscurum Plant Orchidaceae Zeuxine strateumatica Plant Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata Plant Oxalidaceae Oxalis intermedia Plant Oxalidaceae Oxalis martiana Plant Oxalidaceae Oxalis pes-caprae

Plant Pandanaceae Pandanus utilis 1

Plant Papaveraceae Agrimone mexicana Plant Papaveraceae Papaver dubium Plant Papaveraceae Papaver somniferum Plant Passifloraceae Passiflora coerulea Plant Phytolaccaceae Rivina humilis Plant Pinaceae Cedrus libani Plant Pinaceae Pinus caribaea Plant Pinaceae Pinus halepensis Plant Pittosporaceae Pittosporum tenuifolium 1

Plant Pittosporaceae Pittosporum tobira

Plant Pittosporaceae Pittosporum undulatum 1

Plant Plantaginaceae Plantago lanceolataPlant Plantaginaceae Plantago major Plant Platanaceae Platanus acerifolia Plant Plumbaginaceae Plumbago auriculata Plant Poaceae Andropogon glomeratus Plant Poaceae Arundo donaxPlant PoaceaePlant Poaceae Briza media Plant Poaceae Briza minor Plant Poaceae Chaetochloe verticillata Plant Poaceae Cynodon dactylon 1

Plant Poaceae Eleusine indica Plant Poaceae Elymus virginicus Plant Poaceae Gigantochola vertiallata

Avena sativa (subsp. fatula)

Plant Poaceae Panicum barbinode 1

Plant Poaceae Panicum barbinodes Plant Poaceae Panicum dichotomiflorum 1

Plant Poaceae Paspalum conjugatum Plant Poaceae Pennisetum purpureum

Plant Poaceae Pennisetum setaceum Phalaris setaceaePlant Poaceae Poa annua Plant Poaceae Polypogon fugax Plant Poaceae Saccharum officinarum Plant Poaceae Setaria palmifolia Plant Poaceae Urochloa maxima Panicum maximum 1

Plant PoaceaePlant Podocarpaceae Podocarpus macrophyllus Plant Podocarpaceae 1

Plant Polygonaceae Antigonon leptopusPlant Polygonaceae Rumex longifolius Plant Polypodiaceae Phymatosorus scolopendria

Plant Pontederiaceae Eichhornia crassipes

Plant Primulaceae Anagallis arvensis Plant Proteaceae Grevillea robusta Plant Pteridaceae Pteris longifolia 1

Plant Punicaceae Punica granatum Plant Ranunculaceae Clematis flammula

Plant Ranunculaceae Ranunculus muricatus Plant Rosaceae Eriobotrya japonicaPlant Rosaceae Laurocerasus caroliniana Plant Rosaceae Prunus caroliniana Plant Rosaceae Prunus persica Plant Rosaceae Rosa bracteata Plant Rosaceae Rosa chinensis mutabilis Plant Rosaceae Rosa chinensis semperflorens

Plant Rosaceae

Plant Rosaceae Rosa chinensis viridiflora Plant Rosaceae Rosa hybrid musk Plant RosaceaePlant Rosaceae

Panicum purpurescens; Panicum muticum; Bracheri mutica; Urochloa mutica; Brachiaria glabrinodis; Brachiaria purpurascens

Zoysia sp.

Podocarpus macrophyllus "Maki"

Piaropus crassipes; Pontaderia crassipes; Pontederia crassipes; Eichhornia speciosa; Heteranthera formosa; Piaropus mesomelas

Rosa chinensis sp.

Rosa noisette sp. Rosa odorata sp.

Plant Rosaceae Rubus trivialis Plant Rutaceae Citrus aurantiifolia Plant Rutaceae Citrus sinensis Plant Rutaceae Citrus sp. Plant Rutaceae Murraya paniculata 1

Plant Salviniaceae Salvinia molesta Salvinia rotundifolia

Plant Salviniaceae Salvinia olfersiana Plant Salviniaceae Salvinia rotundifolia Plant Sapindaceae Cardiospermum halicacabum Plant Sapindaceae Koelreuteria paniculata Plant SapindaceaePlant Sapotaceae Manilkara zapota Achras zapotaPlant Scrophulariaceae Cymbalaria muralis Plant Scrophulariaceae Maurandya erubescens Plant Scrophulariaceae Russellia equisetiformis Plant Scrophulariaceae Verbascum virgatum Plant Scrophulariaceae Veronica arvensis Plant Solanaceae Brunfelsia americana Plant Solanaceae Cestrum nocturnumPlant Solanaceae Datura arborea Brugmansia arboreaPlant Solanaceae Datura metel Plant Solanaceae Nicandra physaloides Plant Solanaceae Nicotiana tabacum Plant Solanaceae Physalis peruviana Plant Solanaceae Solandra maxima 1

Plant Solanaceae Solanum robustum Plant Sterculiaceae Brachychiton acerifolius Plant Sterculiaceae Dombeya wallichii Plant Sterculiaceae Sterculia apetalaPlant Strelitziaceae Ravenala madagascariensis Plant Strelitziaceae Strelitzia reginae Plant Tamaricaceae Tamarix gallica

Plant Tetragoniaceae Tetragonia expansa Plant Tropaeolaceae Tropaeolum majus Plant Urticaceae Pilea microphylla Plant Urticaceae Pilea sp. Plant Urticaceae Urtica dioica Plant Verbenaceae Citharexylum spinosumPlant VerbenaceaePlant Verbenaceae Duranta erecta Duranta repensPlant Verbenaceae Lantana aculeata Plant Verbenaceae Lantana camara 1

Plant Verbenaceae Lantana involucrata

Plant Verbenaceae Verbena bonariensis Plant Verbenaceae Verbena rigida Plant Verbenaceae Vitex agnus-castus Plant Violaceae Viola odorata

Koelreuteria sp.

Solandra hartwigii; Solandra nitida

Clerodendrum sp.

Plant Vitaceae Vitis vinifera Plant Zingiberaceae Alpinia zerumbet 'Variegata' Plant Zingiberaceae Zingiber officinale Plant ZingiberaceaeVertebrate Amphibian Bufo marinus 1

Vertebrate Amphibian Eleutherodactylus gossei

Vertebrate Amphibian Eleutherodactylus johnstonei

Vertebrate Bird Anas platyrhynchos Vertebrate Bird Cardinalis cardinalis

Vertebrate Bird Carduelis carduelis

Vertebrate Bird Columba livia 1

Vertebrate Bird Corvus brachyrhynchos 1


Vertebrate Bird Estrilda melopoda

Vertebrate Bird Gallus gallus Gallus domesticus 1

Vertebrate Bird Passer domesticus 1

Vertebrate Bird Pitangus sulphuratus 1

Vertebrate Bird Sturnus vulgaris 1

Vertebrate Fish Gambusia holbrooki Gambusia affinis 1

Vertebrate Fish Lutjanus analis

Vertebrate Fish Pterois volitans 1

Zingiber sp.

Eleutherodactylus martinicensis

Vertebrate Mammal Felis catus 1


Vertebrate Mammal Rattus norvegicus

Vertebrate Mammal Rattus rattus 1

Vertebrate Reptile Anolis extremus Anolis roquet

Vertebrate Reptile Anolis grahami grahami 1

Vertebrate Reptile Anolis leachi

Vertebrate Reptile Malaclemys terrapinVertebrate Reptile Trachemys scripta elegans 1

50

Common name(s)

terrestrial amphipod

American house spiderGulf Coast tick

comb-footed spidersac spidersheet-web weaver

comb-footed spider

orb weaverbranch tip spiderdysderid spider

orb weavercrab spider

southern house spider

venusta orchard spiderviolin spider; brown spider

metaphid jumping spider

lynx spider

brown dog tick

spitting spider

long-jawed orb weaver

Status (CABI)

CABI comment

Status (FLEPPC)

FLEPPC comment

Status (GISD)

GISD comment

tailless whipscorpion; whipspider

F1

Status (CABI): The pages for the Caribbean Territories have an extra field (‘Status (CABI)’) which includes their classification on the CABI database (as exotic, naturalised or invasive). The Gibraltar page contains a similar column, describing the status of some plant species derived from the Upper Rock Nature Reserve Management Plan. The Falklands Islands and Cayman Islands pages also have columns containing classifications made by local experts. Species in these Territories that are not included on these lists have no entry for this field, nor do the other Territories. No decisions were made when compiling the data as to whether species are ‘invasive’ or not.

G1


L1


comb-footed spider

1

Bermuda centipede

lesser mealwormblack fungus beetle

furniture carpet beetlecarpet beetlevaried carpet beetle

common water beetle

sweet potato flea beetle

gulf fireworm

larder beetlehide beetle

donkey beetle

tobacco flea beetle

b hardback

wharf borer

merchant grain beetlesawtoothed grain beetle

pea leaf weevilrice weevilmaize weevil

West Indian sweet potato weevil

red flour beetleconfused flour beetle

hairy fungus beetle

ring legged earwigriparian earwig

1

greenbottle fly

red boring spongecedar bug; cedar berry bug

southern chinch bughuman bedbug

tobacco suckfly

garden fleahopper

tarnished plant bug

insidious pirate bug

spined soldier bug

assassin bugcyanophyllum scaleyellow rose aphid

cottony bamboo mealybugrhodesgrass mealybugscowpea aphidcorn root aphidbuckthorn aphidoleander aphidrumex aphid

spirea aphid

oleander scalespined scaleoleander pit scalefoxglove aphidbamboo pit scale

1minute cyprus scale

barnacle wax scalewater grass scaleFlorida red scaledictyospermum scale

brown soft scalelong brown scalegreen scalepalmetto scale

fennel aphidtulip bulb aphidgray sugarcane mealybugpineapple mealybug

Araucaria mealybugtessellated scale

latania scalegreedy scalemining scale

cottony cushion scale

bamboo diaspidid scalepurple scalecroton muscle scaleturnip aphid

whitefly

coconut mealybug

Ruth's scalegreenhouse orthezia

nigra scale

Madeira mealybug

fern scalelesser snow scale

citrus mealybugHall's mealybug

pyriform scalewhite peach scalelongtailed mealybug

green shield scaleurbicola soft scalehemispherical scaleMexican black scaleCaribbean black scaleblack scale

yellow clover aphid

citrus snow scaleland nemertean

honey beeA. m. scutella (Africanised honey bee)

1 Invasive 1 Argentine ant

1 pharaoh ant

fig wasp

1 bigheaded ant

P. longicornis

red bee

mud dauber wasp

lesser wax moth

almond moth

canna skipper

christmas berry webwormmelonwormlantana tortricid moth

little sulphur

greater wax moth

(Solenopsis x 4 on GISD list)

potato pinwormlantana plume moth

European grain moth

banana mothpotato tuber mothcabbage butterflyIndian meal mothmeal moth

webbing clothes moth

1 Invasive 1 rosy wolf snail, cannibal snail

apple snail

spiral snail

P. canaliculata

ant lion

land planarianland planarianland planarianland planarianshrimp plantred justiciaOdontonema s.

1 Exotic 1

kings mantle1 thunbergia

1 Naturalised

1 Naturalised yellow edge century plant

1 Naturalised 1 sisal; sisal hemp; agave

tree dracaenaMadagascar dragon treegiant false agave

1 Invasive

1 ice plant African blue lilybeach Alternantheracrinum lilyspider lilyatamasco lilymango

1 Invasive 1 1 Brazil pepper; Mexican pepper

purple shower; Mexican petunia; Ruellia

green century plant; century plant; maguey; American aloe; century plant (grey)

mother-in-law's tongue; snakeplant

1 sugar applemay weed; bishop's weedparsley; wild parsleyfennelgarden parsleyalexanders; horse parsley

knotted hedge parsley

Natal plum

1 Naturalised oleander1 Exotic

1 Naturalised

Bermuda holly1 Invasive 1

elephant's eararrow leaved philodendron

1 Exotic 1 1 water lettucesyngonium

1 Exotic 1

1 calla lily (white)1 English ivy; European ivy

aralia1 Naturalised 1 1

rice paper plantmonkey puzzle treeNorfolk Island pine

Queen Anne's lace; erect hedge parsley

allamanda; common allamanda; golden trumpet

Madagascar periwinkle; red periwinkle; old maid

bloodhorn; mangrove Ochrosia; wedge apple; berrywood treefrangipanni white; white trumpet-flowerfrangipanni pink; red fragipanni; nosegay; red plumeria; Spanish jasmine butterfly gardenia; crape jasmine; crape gardenia; pinwheel flower; adam's apple; flowers-of-love; East Indian rosebay; broadleaved rosebay

yellow oleander; lucky nut; luck-seed; cathartic-bark; French trumpet-flower

variegated philodendron; pothos vinelocust and wild honey; Swiss cheese plant

Syngonium podophyllum = 1

malanga; elephant ear; arrowleaf

umbrella tree; umbrella plant; octopus tree; Queensland umbrella tree

queen palmfish tail palmdwarf palmbutterfly/bamboo palmcoconut palmprincess palmgru gru palmbottle palmspindle palm

1 Invasive 1 Chinese fan palm1 Canary Island date palm

date palm1 Naturalised 1 Senegal date

dwarf date palmFiji fan palm

1 Naturalised 1 solitaire palm

lady palmCuban royal palmthatch palmWashingtonia palm

1 Exotic 1 Dutchman's pipe

1 Exotic rubber vine

white beggar's ticks

hairy horse-weedsmooth horseweedJapanese hawksbeard

1 Naturalised glandular Eupatorium

dog fennel; French fennel1 Naturalised small white Eupatorium

gallant soldiergazaniawood cudweedhorse-weed fleabane

1 parthenium; santa maria

milkweed; butterfly weed; wild ipecac; blood-flower

Cryptostegia madagascarensis = 2

C. grandiflora

ox-eye daisy; white daisy; white-weed daisychicory; wild succory; blue sailors

daisy fleabane; sweet scabious; white-top

gaillardia; showy gaillardia; fire wheels; Indian blanket

spiny sow thistle; sharp-fringed sow thistle; prickly sow thistle

1 Invasive 1 1 Wedelia

1 dandelion1 Mexican sunflower

wedelia; trailing wedeliaimpatiens sp.

madeira vine; bridal wreath1 Exotic 1 1 wax begonia

begonia sp

elm leaved begonia1 Exotic 1 Nandina; heavenly bamboo

calabash treeJacarandasausage tree

1 Naturalised 1 1 cat's claw vine

pink trumpet vine1 African tulip tree

1 Exotic 1 white cedar (trumpet tree)

1 yellow tecoma1 Naturalised Cape honeysuckle

white cordiascarlet cordiamustard; black mustard

hedge mustardwild pepper grasswild stock; gilliflower

1 Invasive Buddleiapolypremum

1 Naturalised West Indian birchboxwoodqueen of the nightnight blooming cereuscochineal cactusBarbados gooseberry

everlasting senna

royal poinciana; flamboyantJerusalem thorn

sow thistle; annual sow thistle; hare's lettuce

I. walleriana

Begonia cucullata = 2

lesser wart cress; star-of-the-earth

golden shower; pudding pipe tree; Indian laburnum; golden-rain; purging fistula

pink shower; apple-blossom cassia; apple- blossom senna

tamarindcanna lily (yellow)

1 canna lily (red)1 Exotic 1 1

trumpet honeysuckleelderberry; West Indian elderpaw-paw (papaya)common chickweedmouse-ear chickweedlarge mouse-ear chickweedfine-leaved sandwort

1 Naturalised 1 walking Casuarina1 Invasive 1 1

1 Exotic 1

1 santa maria (galba)1 kumani

buttonwoodRangoon creeper

1 Exotic 1 West Indian almond1 Exotic 1

1 Naturalised 1 canoe plant; oyster plant

1 Exotic 1 1 oyster plant; Moses in the boat

purple passion; purple heart1 Naturalised 1 1 wandering Jew

sweet potatocut leaved morning glory

1 Exotic 1 1 wood rosewhite morning glory

1 Naturalised 1 1 flopper; life plant

kalanchoespeckled kalanchoe

1 christophineItalian cypressDarrell's cedarsago palm

Japanese honeysuckle; yellow Japanese honeysuckle; Chinese honeysuckle

Casuarina; horsetail tree; beefwood; south sea ironwood

pig weed; lamb's quarters; goose-footmast wood; Alexandrian laurel; Santa Maria; Antilles Calophyllum

Australian almond; Mueller's Terminalia

Tradescantia spathacea

Kalanchoe pinnata

sago palm ( Japanese)1 Naturalised 1

papyrus1 Naturalised 1 Russian olive

1 Exotic 1 tung oil treesnow bushcrotonsingle - fruited crotonhairy spurgehypericum - leaved spurgecrown of thorns

prostrate spurge

milk bush; pencil treespicy jatropha; peregrinacassava; cassava manihot

poinsettia (annual)1 1

1 Exotic 1

petty spurge

1 Exotic 1 1

bauhinia; dwarf white bauhinia1 Exotic 1 poor man's orchid; orchid tree

blue peashowy tick trefoil

wild indigobeach pealonchocarpus speciestoothed medic

smaller yellow melilot

umbrella sedge; umbrella flat sedge

match me if you can; jacob's-coat; copper leaf; fire-dragon; beefsteak plant

poinsettia; garden poinsettia; christmas star; christmas flower; lobster plant; Mexican flameleaf; painted leaf

stinkweed; herb mercury; mockery

castor oil plant; castor-bean; palma christiChinese tallow tree; vegetable tallow; white wax berry; popcorn tree

coral bean tree; red sandalwood; red bead tree; bead tree; false wiliwili

black bean; hyacinth bean; bonavistsword tree; cape sword-flower; coral tree

black medic; hop medic; blackseed hop clover; nonesuch

yellow poinciana; yellow-flame

1 Exotic 11 Exotic 1 1 kudzu

Carib wood

common vetch; pebble-vetchwood vetch

1 Exotic 1 1

hammock fern?

1 Exotic 1 1

fumitorypink centuriumKey West gentiancranesbill ( small flowered)geranium (zonal pelargonium)

1 Exotic 1 half flower; beach naupaka

freesiacorn flag gladiolus

calaminthenbit; dead nettlerosemaryscarlet sagefield woundwortcamphor

1 Exotic 1 1avocado pearcandelabra aloealoealoe bittertrue aloe

1 Invasive 1 1 Asparagus d.; asparagus fern

long leaf asparagus fern1 Invasive

1 Exotic

day lilyBermuda easter lily

narcissus (bunch flowered)

P. m. varlobata

narrow-leaved vetch; smaller common vetchtufted vetch; bird vetch; cow vetch

Chinese wisteria; Glicina; Glicine; Primavera

Madagascar plum; governor's plum; key apple

pink bermudiana; star of the veldt

Asparagus o.; long leaf asparagus fernAsparagus s.; wedding fern; ornamental asparagus; plumosa; climbing asparagus fern

false garliclily turf grass

1 Exotic 1 1 Japanese climbing fernqueen of shrubs; crape myrtlegiant flowered magnoliaIndian mallowhibiscus

1 Exotic 1

false mallow

sleeping hibiscus (Turks cap)wire weedrhombic-leaved sida

1 Exotic 1

arrowroot1 Naturalised 1 1 Chinaberry; pride of India

mahogany tree1 Naturalised 1 1

virgate mimosa1 Invasive 1 1

ban yan treeweeping figedible figIndian rubber treefiddle leaf figAustralian ban yancreeping figpeepul tree (sacred fig)

1 Invasive 1

sycamore ficusmulberryred mulberrybanana (edible)

plantain banana1 Invasive Ardisia

bottle brushred river gum tree

1 Invasive 1 1 Surinam cherry1 Exotic 1 1

1 Invasive allspice

1 Exotic 1 1 strawberry guava1 Invasive 1 1 guava1 Exotic 1 1 jambolan; Java plum

beach hibiscus; cottonwood; mahoe; sea hibiscus

seaside mahoe; cork tree; Spanish cork; tree hibiscus

black ebony; woman's-tongue tree; whistling-bean; singer-tree

wild mimosa; jumbie bean; jimbay; cowbush; jump-and-go; acacia

Indian laurel; Chinese banyan; Malayan banyan; Cuban laurel fig

Melaleuca; bottlebrush, paper bark

1 Exotic 1 1 rose apple

1 Exotic 1 1

red bougainvillea

1 Naturalised jasmine

1 Naturalised 1 1 green privet; giant privet1 Exotic 1 1 Chinese privet1 Naturalised Madagascar olive1 Naturalised European olive; olive

thin runner willow herbterrestrial orchidwood sorrelCuban purple wood sorrelpurple wood sorrel

1 Naturalised screw palm

prickly poppy (Mexican)smooth-fruited poppyopium (garden poppy)passion flowerrouge plant; wild tomatoLebanon cedar

1 Caribbean pine treeAleppo pine (Jerusalem pine)

1 Naturalised thin leaved Pittosporum

1 Naturalised 1 undulating Pittosporum

English plantain common (great) plantain London plane

blue plumbagobeard grass

1 Invasive 1 cow cane; giant reedoat; wild oatcommon quaking grasslesser quaking grassfox tail grass

1 Naturalised Bermuda grass

wire grassrye grassbamboo cane

Boston fern; fishbone fern; erect swordfern; tuberous swordfern

marvel of Peru; four-o'clock; morning rose

yellow wood sorrel (Bermuda buttercup)

Japanese Pittosporum; victoria box)

1 Naturalised para grass

para grass1 Naturalised cane grass; fall panic grass

two-spiked paspalum1

1 Exotic 1 1 fountain grassannual meadow grassbeard grasssugar canepalm grass

1 Naturalised 1 1 Guinea grass

Zoysia spyew

1 Naturalised Japanese yew

1 1 corallita vinelong-leaved dock

1 Invasive

1 Invasive 1 1 water hyacinth

scarlet pimpernel1 silk oak

1 Naturalised long-leaved brake

pomegranate1 Naturalised

spiny fruited crowfoot1 Naturalised loquat (Japanese)

Carolina laurel cherryCarolina laurel cherrypeach

1 Macartney rosemutabilis rose

green rosekathleen 'mystery rose'lamarqueshell rose

fodder grass; elephant grass; napier grass

creeping fern; maile-scented fern

traveller's joy; fragrant virgin's bower

Archduke Charles or belfield roseagrippina; old blush parson's pink

southern dewberrylimeorangecitrus sp.

1 Naturalised 1

1 Invasive 1 water fern

Olfers' salviniawater fernballoon vine

1 varnish treegolden rain tree

1 Exotic 1 sapodillacoliseum ivyroving sailorheath fire crackertwiggy mulleinwall speedwelllady of the night

1 Invasive 1 Cestrum; lady of the nightangel's trumpetprickly burrapple of Peru (shoo fly plant)tobaccoCape gooseberry

1 Naturalised chalice cup vine

cockroach poisonflame treedombeya

1 Naturalisedtraveller's treebird of paradisetamarisk, French tamarisk

New Zealand spinach nasturtium

lace plant (artillery plant)round-leaved pileastinging nettle

1 Invasive 1 fiddlewood1 Invasive Clerodendrum; glory bower

pigeon berryprickly pink sage bush

1 Exotic 1 1 wild sage bush; shrub verbena

common sage bush

South American vervain1 stiff verbena

chaste treesweet violet

mock orange; orange jessamine; Chinese box

common grape vineshell ginger (zingiber)common gingerginger sp.

1

whistling frog

1 Exotic 1 whistling frog

1 mallardnorthern cardinal; redbird

European goldfinch

1 Invasive 1 rock dove; pigeon

American crow

common waxbill

orange-cheeked waxbill

1 Invasive chicken; domestic hen

1 Invasive 1 house sparrow

1 Invasive great kiskadee

1 Invasive 1

1 eastern mosquitofish

mutton snapper

1 Exotic 1 lion fish

cane toad; marine toad; giant toad

common starling; European starling

1 Invasive 1 cat; domestic cat

1 house mouse

1 Invasive 1 Norwegian rat; brown rat

1 Invasive 1 black rat

Antiguan anole; Warwick lizard

diamond-back terrapin1 Invasive 1

112 65 82

Barbados anole; Somerset lizard

Jamaican anole; common lizard

red-eared slider; red-eared terrapin

Broad habitat Date of introduction

Terrestrial First noted in 1936 (200).TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial Before 1953 (151).TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

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N1


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TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

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TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialMarine ?TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial Before 1949 (151).TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

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TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial Before 1956 (151).TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial 1942 (151).TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

TerrestrialTerrestrial Before 1959 (151).TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial Before 1921 (151).TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial Before 1901 (151).TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial Before 1950 (151).TerrestrialTerrestrial Before 1926 (151).TerrestrialTerrestrial Before 1968 (151).TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial Before 1951 (151).TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial Before 1917 (151).TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial Before 1953 (151).TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

Terrestrial

TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial Arrived in 1616 (200).

TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial 1949 (141).

TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

Terrestrial

TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

TerrestrialTerrestrial At least 1902 (151).TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial Before 1910 (151).TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial Before 1931 (151).TerrestrialTerrestrial Before 1624 (200).TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial 1958-1960 (42)

Terrestrial 1968 (151).TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial First mentioned in 1877 (200).TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial 1928 (151).TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

TerrestrialTerrestrial About 1876 (151).


TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

First mentioned as a pest species in 1619 (200).

Terrestrial Before 1950 (151).TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial Before 1938 (151).TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial


Terrestrial

Terrestrial Before 1918 (151).

TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial Before 1918 (151).

TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial 1950’s? (73).

TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial Recorded by Britton 1918 (73).TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial before 1914 (151).



Terrestrial 1790 (73).Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

TerrestrialTerrestrial After 1918 (151).

Terrestrial

TerrestrialTerrestrialFreshwaterTerrestrial

Terrestrial



TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial Recorded by Britton 1918 (73).TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial before 1914 (151).


Terrestrial

Terrestrial Recorded by Britton 1918 (73).Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial Before 1918 (151).TerrestrialTerrestrial Recorded by Britton 1918 (73).Terrestrial

Terrestrial

TerrestrialTerrestrial Before 1918 (151).

Terrestrial


Terrestrial Recorded by Britton 1918 (73).

Terrestrial After 1918 (73).

Terrestrial Before 1918 (151).TerrestrialTerrestrial After 1918 (151).Terrestrial


Terrestrial


TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial Before 1918 (151).



TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial




TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial 1616 (151).TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial Recorded by Britton 1918 (73).

Terrestrial

Terrestrial


Terrestrial

Terrestrial


TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial 1813 (151).




Terrestrial

TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

Terrestrial Before 1918 (151).Terrestrial



Terrestrial


TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

Terrestrial

TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial Before 1918 (151).Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial



Terrestrial


Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial Before 1918 (151).TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial After 1918 (151).

TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

Terrestrial After 1918 (151).Terrestrial

Terrestrial


Terrestrial

1875, probably by Lefroy (Britton 1918) (73). Before 1914 (151).

Recorded by Britton 1918 (73). After 1918 (151).

TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial Before 1918 (151).Terrestrial

Terrestrial

TerrestrialTerrestrial before 1669 (151).TerrestrialTerrestrial before 1879 (151).

TerrestrialTerrestrial 1790 (Collett 1987) (73).TerrestrialTerrestrial

TerrestrialTerrestrial Recorded by Britton 1918 (73).

TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial After 1918 (73).


TerrestrialTerrestrial 1873 (151).TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial 1790 (Collett 1987) (73).Terrestrial



Terrestrial

Terrestrial


Terrestrial 1840 (151).


TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial Before 1918 (151).TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

Terrestrial

TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial Before 1918 (151).TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial


Terrestrial

Terrestrial Recorded by Britton 1918 (73).TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial After 1918 (151).TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial Before 1918 (151).

TerrestrialTerrestrial Before 1905 (151).Terrestrial

Terrestrial

TerrestrialTerrestrial Recorded by Britton 1918 (73).


TerrestrialTerrestrial Before 1918 (151).TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial



Freshwater After 1918 (73).

TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial 1875 (151).


TerrestrialTerrestrial 1856 (151).TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

Terrestrial


TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial After 1918 (151).

Freshwater After 1918 (73).

FreshwaterFreshwaterTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial


TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial 1830 (Britton 1918) (73).Terrestrial Before 1918 (151).TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

Terrestrial


Introduced before 1883. Planted as hedges to shield coastal roads (200).

before 1800 (151). May have been introduced between 1739 and 1750 but may be native (200).

TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial/ Marine

Terrestrial Around 1906 (120).

Terrestrial

Terrestrial/ Freshwater 1960 (200).Terrestrial

Terrestrial 1875-1890 (123).

Terrestrial

Terrestrial



Terrestrial

Terrestrial 1870 and 1874 (123).

Terrestrial 1957 (49)

Terrestrial

Freshwater 1928 (151).

Marine 1920s (151).

Marine First collected here in 2000 (48).

1885 (49). C. 1875 or 1885 (maybe 1812) (141).

1886 (151). 1880 (200).

About 1800 (123). Around 1700 (200).

Probably introduced by first settlers, but have only really increased in number in the last 30 years (123).

Probably in 1838 (123). Possibly 1848 (200).

First nesting records from the early 1950s (123). 1954 (200).

Terrestrial

Terrestrial Early 1600's (151).

Terrestrial

Terrestrial 1613 (8). 1612 or before (151).

Terrestrial


Terrestrial c. 1940 (89). 1956 or before (151).

FreshwaterFreshwater 1960's (151).

'end of the 18th century' (8). Mid 1700s (151).

First recorded in 1953 (89). Estimated date of introduction around 1940 (120).


O1


P1


Competes with another highly invasive ant species, Pheidole megacephala (141).

Predates native snail species (141).

Potentially invasive/ shows signs of becoming invasive (101).

Potentially invasive/ shows signs of becoming invasive (101).Potentially invasive/ shows signs of becoming invasive (101).










Overshades native coastal plants, promotes coastal erosion, easily uprooted during hurricanes causing damage to other trees and plants, dense mat of fallen needles smothers native vegetation and is unlikely support full native invertebrate community, affects coastal tropic bird nest sites (114).






Biological/ Environmental impact (122).


Biological/ Environmental impact (122). Elsewhere displaces local flora by successfully competing for light (122).







Social - economic impact recorded (122).






Biological/ Environmental impact (122).



Competes with native bluebirds for nest sites (39)

Competes for food with native bluebirds (123).

Implicated in decline of CR Bermudian Skink (49). Create nusiance by drowning in domestic water tanks and polluting water supply (141).

Invades the nests of longtail topic birds and displaces them (101).

Farmers are concerned by pigeons competing with cows for grain feed. Others concerned about them contaminating rooftops used for water collection. (123)

Damage crops and affect breeding success of local birds (esp. tropicbirds) by taking eggs and chicks (123).

Destroys native crops and native plants (101,102).

Predate CR Bermudian skink (49). Threat to native breeding birds by eating eggs or predating young (123).

Competes with and preys upon two endemic species of killifish (Fundulus relictus and F. bermudae) (200).

Lion fish are still only present in low numbers in the Atlantic, but they have shown they are able to breed there, and may cause ecological problems if their numbers increase. Potential problems may result from the lack of predators in their new range, and their posionous spines (48).

Prey on bird life (101). Kill native tropicbirds (123).

Known to preferentially eat seeds of Bermuda palmetto, Sabal bermudana (EN), thus assisting spread of invasive Chinese fan palm (Livistonia chinensis). Also thought to predate endemic Bermuda skink (Eumeces longirostris). Likely to also predate wide variety of other species including endemic invertebrates (25 of which are CR) (114).

Likely to predate Audubon's shearwaters (Puffinus lherminieri), Blacked-capped petrels (Pterodroma hasitata) and CR Cahow petrels (P. cahow) if it reached their nesting islands (strongly implicated in their decline on mainland, and known to predate similar burrow nesting seabirds) (in 8). May also affect endemic Bermuda skink, also found on offshore islands.(2)

Known to predate on young CR Bermudian skinks (49).

May be a threat to endemic fish species in brackish ponds (101).


Q1


R1


Unintentional (141).

Deliberately introduced to control an introduced snail pest species (42).

Appears to have been brought in with plants from Tenerife (200).

Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).

Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).

Deliberately introduced as souce of fibres (122).


Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).

Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).

Introduced (151).Introduced (151).


Introduced (151).

Introduced (151).

Introduced (151).

Introduced (151).

Introduced (151).


Introduced (151).


Introduced (151).



Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).


Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).


Introduced (151).


Introduced (151).


Introduced (151).


Introduced (151).


Introduced (151).

Introduced (151).

Introduced (151).





Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).





Introduced (151).

Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).

Introduced (151).





Introduced (151). as shade tree. Widely planted following Cedar blight of 1940s (114).

Not thought to produce many juvenile plants. Mostly distributed by deliberate planting, especially around houses and on golf courses (114).



Introduced (151).





Introduced (151).

Introduced (151).


Introduced (151).


Introduced (151).

Introduced (151).


Introduced (151).


Introduced (151).





Introduced (151).

Introduced (151).


Introduced (151).



Introduced (151).




Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).



Introduced (151).

Introduced (151).


Introduced (151).

Introduced (151).



Introduced (151).

Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).

Introduced (151).

Introduced (151).

Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).










Introduced (151).


Extensively planted by Bermuda Parks Dept to bind dunes (122).


Introduced (151).

Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).



Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).Introduced (151).


Introduced (151). May have been introduced from the Bahamas as firewood, but may be native (200).



Brought in as a domestic duck (200).

Escaped from captivity (123).



Natural dispersal (48).

Deliberately introduced to control cockroaches (49).

May have been deliberately introduced from Grenada by an Admiral's wife who liked the noise they made (200).

Two individuals introduced from Nova Scotia as pets (123).

Deliberately introduced in an unsuccessful attempt to control flies in towns (123). Brought from Europe via the USA (200).Deliberately introduced to control introduced anole lizards (49).

Probably self introduced from the North American population (which was deliberatley introduced there in 1890) (123).Deliberate introduction from Washington DC (200).

Deliberately introduced from the Bahamas for sport/ angling (167).Believed to have been accidentally introduced on the east coast of the USA (via aquarium escapes or possibly in ballast water) and then dispersed naturally into the western Atlantic (48)

Via sailing ships in 17th Century (2).



Accidentally introduced from Barbados through ships in Dockyard (120).

Deliberately introduced to control scale insects on crops (49). Introduced to control Mediterranean fruit fly, a pest of citrus (200).

Natural dispersal, combined (initially at least) with human assisted dispersal (89).

Dispersal may have been assisted by humans (deliberately or accidentally) (89).

Released into captivity when no longer wanted as pets (122).


S1


T1


Found in gardens (151).

Found in gardens (151).Found in upland hillsides (151).

Found in arable fields and pastures (151).Found in arable fields and pastures (151).Found in upland coastal habitats (151).Found in gardens (151).

Found in gardens (151).Found in arable fields and pastures (151).Found in gardens (151).

Found on beaches and dunes (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in gardens (151).

Found in upland hillsides (151).Found in upland hillsides (151).Found in arable fields and pastures (151).Found in upland hillsides (151).Found in upland coastal habitats (151).

Found in salt marshes (151).

Found in peat marshes (151).Found in upland hillsides (151).

Found in upland hillsides (151).Found in gardens (151).


Found in upland hillsides (151).




Found in peat marshes (151).


Found in gardens (151).Found in gardens (151).


Found in hedgerows (151).Found in upland hillsides (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in upland hillsides (151).

Found in gardens (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in hedgerows (151).

Found in arable fields and pastures (151).Found in arable fields and pastures (151).Found in arable fields and pastures (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in upland hillsides (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in upland coastal habitats (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in upland hillsides (151).

Found in gardens (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in gardens (151).

Found in upland coastal habitats (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in gardens (151).


Found in rocky coastal habitats (151).

Found in hedgerows (151).Found in wayside habitats (151).Found in arable fields and pastures (151).Found in salt marshes (151).

Found in arable fields and pastures (151).

Found in peat marshes (151).Found in hedgerows (151).

Found in upland coastal habitats (151).

Found in upland hillsides (151).Found in upland hillsides (151).Found in hedgerows (151).Found in hedgerows (151).Found in upland hillsides (151).Found in arable fields and pastures (151).

Found in hedgerows (151).

Found in rocky coastal habitats (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in arable fields and pastures (151).Found in gardens (151).

Found in wayside habitats (151).


Found in salt marshes (151).

Found in peat marshes (151).Found in upland hillsides (151).Found in hedgerows (151).Found in upland hillsides (151).

Found in gardens (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in hedgerows (151).


Found in upland hillsides (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in upland hillsides (151).Found in gardens (151).

Found in upland hillsides (151).Found on beaches and dunes (151).

Found in arable fields and pastures (151).Found in wayside habitats (151).Found in upland hillsides (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in gardens (151).Found on beaches and dunes (151).


Found in upland hillsides (151).Found in upland hillsides (151).

Found in gardens (151).Found in upland coastal habitats (151).

Found in gardens (151).Found in upland hillsides (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in gardens (151).

Found in gardens (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in hedgerows (151).Found in arable fields and pastures (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in upland hillsides (151).


Found in upland hillsides (151).Found in upland hillsides (151).Found in salt marshes (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in hedgerows (151).

Found in gardens (151).Found in peat marshes (151).

Found in upland coastal habitats (151).Found in wayside habitats (151).

Found on beaches and dunes (151).

Found in upland hillsides (151).Found in upland hillsides (151).Found in upland hillsides (151).Found in arable fields and pastures (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in gardens (151).

Mainly coastal (115). Found in salt marshes (151).

Found in gardens (151).Found in peat marshes (151).


Found in peat marshes (151).

Found in upland coastal habitats (151).Found in arable fields and pastures (151).Found in hedgerows (151).Found in upland hillsides (151).Found in upland hillsides (151).Found on beaches and dunes (151).

Found in arable fields and pastures (151).Found in rocky coastal habitats (151).

Found in upland hillsides (151).Found in hedgerows (151).Found in hedgerows (151).Found in upland hillsides (151).

Found in gardens (151).Found in arable fields and pastures (151).


Found on beaches and dunes (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in gardens (151).


Found in gardens (151).Found in wayside habitats (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in upland hillsides (151).Found in upland hillsides (151).

Found in hedgerows (151).

Found in upland hillsides and upland coastal habitats (151).


Found in arable fields and pastures (151).Found in gardens (151).



Found in arable fields and pastures (151).Found in hedgerows (151).Found in arable fields and pastures (151).Found in arable fields and pastures (151).Found in hedgerows (151).


Found in upland coastal habitats (151).Found in peat marshes (151).Found in salt marshes (151).Found in arable fields and pastures (151).Found in gardens (151).

Found in gardens (151).Found in arable fields and pastures (151).Found in salt marshes (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in gardens (151).





Found in upland hillsides (151).Found in gardens (151).

Found in hedgerows (151).Found in hedgerows (151).Found in upland hillsides (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in gardens (151).


Found in hedgerows (151).Found in upland hillsides (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in peat marshes (151).

Found in hedgerows (151).Found in arable fields and pastures (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in upland coastal habitats (151).

Found in upland hillsides (151).Found in arable fields and pastures (151).

Found in arable fields and pastures (151).Found in upland hillsides (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in upland hillsides (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in gardens (151).



Found in arable fields and pastures (151).Mainly in Paget Marsh (3)Found in upland hillsides (151).Found in upland hillsides (151).Found in gardens (151).



Found in peat marshes (151).Found in upland hillsides (151).




Found in hedgerows (151).Found on beaches and dunes (151).Found in peat marshes (151).Found in peat marshes (151).Found in peat marshes (151).Found in arable fields and pastures (151).


Found in upland hillsides (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in upland hillsides (151).Found in arable fields and pastures (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in gardens (151).



Found in upland hillsides (151).Found in upland hillsides (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in hedgerows (151).Found in gardens (151).Found on beaches and dunes (151).Found in upland hillsides (151).Found on beaches and dunes (151).

Found in arable fields and pastures (151).Found in arable fields and pastures (151).

Found in arable fields and pastures (151).Found on beaches and dunes (151).Found in arable fields and pastures (151).

Clearwater, John Smith's, Devonshire Bays (122).

Found in wayside habitats (151).Found in hedgerows (151).

Found in arable fields and pastures (151).Found in arable fields and pastures (151).

Found in gardens (151).Found in salt marshes (151).Found in arable fields and pastures (151).Found in arable fields and pastures (151).Found in upland hillsides (151).

Found on golf courses (151).Found in upland hillsides (151).Found in salt marshes (151).

Found in peat marshes (151).Found in upland hillsides (151).Mainly in gardens (3) Also threatens limestone sink habitats (3)


Found in salt marshes (151).Found in upland coastal habitats (151).

Found in peat marshes (151).Found in peat marshes (151).

Found in hedgerows (151).Found in arable fields and pastures (151).Found in peat marshes (151).

Found in upland hillsides (151).Found in peat marshes (151).Found in gardens (151).


Found in gardens (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in gardens (151).

On rock walls, sometimes terrestrial, Found in peat marshes (151). (151).

Found in gardens (151).Found in arable fields and pastures (151).Found in salt marshes (151).Found in arable fields and pastures (151).Found in upland hillsides (151).

Also threatens freshwater brackish ponds (3)

Found in upland hillsides (151).FBPFound in upland hillsides (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in upland hillsides (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in hedgerows (151).Found in hedgerows (151).Found in hedgerows (151).Found in hedgerows (151).Found in arable fields and pastures (151).

Found in wayside habitats (151).Found in arable fields and pastures (151).Found in upland hillsides (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in wayside habitats (151).

Found in arable fields and pastures (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in arable fields and pastures (151).

Found in gardens (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in gardens (151).

Found in upland coastal habitats (151).Found in rocky coastal habitats (151).Found in hedgerows (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in arable fields and pastures (151).


Found in upland hillsides (151).Found in wayside habitats (151).


Found in arable fields and pastures (151).Found in upland hillsides (151).Found in gardens (151).Found in peat marshes (151).

In peat marshes (3) Found in upland hillsides (151).

Found in gardens (151).Found in upland hillsides (151).Found in arable fields and pastures (151).Found in gardens (151).

Widespread (123).

Found throughout Bermuda (123).

Fresh water and brackish water ponds (151).

May have been extirpated (151).

South shore (48)

Widespread, with the exception of some offshore islands (49). Wide variety of terrestrial habitats, especially close to ponds and drainage ditches (151).

Thought to have become extinct in the 1990s (123).Wide variety of terrestrial habitats, prefering moist places (151).

Very common at one time but has declined due to competition from other introduced bird species and habitat modification (123).Found throughout Bermuda in parks, gardens and golf courses (123).Nests on cliff sites, especially along South Shore. Large flocks found on dairy farms and in the city of Hamilton (123).

Found throughout Bermuda in small groups, but will form large roosts at a few sites (123).

Believed to be confined to Devonshire Marsh. Very rare and may no longer be breeding (123).Localised and uncommon. Mostly in marshes and overgrown dumps (123).

Widespread in towns and countryside.Large flocks found on farms (123).

Could colonise offshore islands (116).

Northwestern parts of Bermuda (89).

Wide variety of terrestrial habitats, including buildings (151).Wide variety of terrestrial habitats, including buildings (151).Throughout main islands (116). Wide variety of terrestrial habitats, including buildings (151).

Known to occur on all the contiguous islands and some outlying islands, sometimes at high density (89). Found on walls, fences, trees and shrubs island-wide (151).

Found throughout the middle part of the island (89).


U1


V1

Actions planned. Any information on planned measures against invasive or non-native species measures. Can include proposed eradication/ control projects, education programmes etc.

Seedlings and saplings removed from coastal nature reserves by volunteers. Value of native trees promoted by various government initiatives (114).

Control attempts ongoing (101).

Controlled by shooting on Nonsuch Island (116).

Actively searched for and removed from Nonsuch Island (116).

Pigeons are being culled and artificial burrows are being used to protect tropic birds (101).

Unlike most birds, the American crow is not protected by law and is subject to periodic culls (123).

Low level trapping activity ongoing (101).

Ongoing capture-neuter-release program in many areas, though the ecological effects of this are unrecorded and questionable (101,102)

Legislation is planned to licence cat ownership (101).

Eradicated from Nonsuch Island in 1960's. Quarantine measures in place to prevent reintroduction to Nonsuch and introduction to Castle Harbour islands (116).

Continue quarantine measures on offshore islands (116).

Desired outcomes Native range

Seychelles (200).

W1


Barbados (89).

Jamaica (89)

Antigua (89).


Invertebrate Annelida

Invertebrate Collembola Folsomia candida

Invertebrate Collembola Hypogastrura viatica 1

Invertebrate Collembola

Invertebrate Diptera Eretmoptera murphyi

Invertebrate Diptera

Invertebrate Diptera Parochlus steineni

Plant Poaceae Poa annua

Plant Poaceae Poa pratensis

TOTAL 1

Status (JNCC)

Christensenidrilus blocki (144,145)

Christensenia blocki (144)

Protaphorura sp.

Lycoriella sp.

A1

Taxon: Each species has been assigned to a taxon category: plants by family, vertebrates by class and invertebrates by order. This approach seemed to give reasonable sized groups, with (for the most part) relatively familiar sounding names. This field was originally meant to use the same format as the ‘organism type’ field from the CABI database where species are described as, for example, plant – tree/creeper/shrub, or vertebrate – bird/mammal/reptile. However, for species not included on the CABI database (Kairo et al., 2003) it was not always obvious into which category they should be placed (e.g. some plants were classed as shrubs in one place and trees in another)

C1


D1


Status (GISD) Common name(s) Broad habitat

an enchytraeid worm Terrestrial

a springtail Terrestrial



a chironomid midge Terrestrial

a fly Terrestrial

a midge Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

0

G1


H1



1967 (143).

1967 (143)

1954-1955 (146)

First reported from the Arctowski Polish Polar station in 1985/6 (226).

I1


J1



In soil as part of a plant transplant experiment taking vascular plants from South Georgia and transplanting them to Signy Island (143)

This species or its congeners have become aggressive invasive species on some subantarctic islands including South Georgia and Macquarie (228).

In soil as part of a plant transplant experiment taking vascular plants from South Georgia and transplanting them to Signy Island (143)

Seeds probably brought to the island on boots (226). Genetic analysis suggests multiple sources of origin (227).Originated from Nothofagus transplants from Tierra del Fuego in 1954-1955 (146).

K1


L1

Routes of entry into a Territory: How the species is known or suspected to have arrived in the Territory. Again, this field might contain information from two or more contradictory sources


Signy Island in the South Orkney Islands (146).

Signy Island in the South Orkney Islands (146).

Cierva Point, northern Antarctic Peninsula (146).

Deception Island (South Shetland Islands). Not currently known whether this species has persisted (228).Recorded from the South Shetland Islands and Leonie Island (Marguerite Bay). Not currently known whether this species has persisted (228).

Deception Island (South Shetland Islands). Not currently known whether this species has persisted (228).

Had been known from within station buildings at the continental station Casey (229).

A few localities in the South Shetland Islands (146).King George Island in the South Shetland Islands (146). Inhabits areas of the Arctowski oasis (226).

M1


N1



An eradication program was conducted at Casey station in April 2005, and in 2006 appeared to have been successful (229).

Colonises places where natural vegetation has been destoyed and/ or soil structure disturbed. Capable of rapid colonisation in suitable areas (226).

There have been some partial attempts at removal (228).

O1


P1



Q1


R1


Native range

Falkland Islands, South Georgia

Cosmopolitan

Taxon 1 Taxon2 Scientifc name Synonyms

Plant Acanthaceae Hemigraphis alternataPlant Acanthaceae Hypoestes verticillarisPlant Agavaceae Cordyline fruticosaPlant Agavaceae Dracaena fragransPlant Agavaceae Dracaena marginataPlant Agavaceae Sanseveria trifasciataPlant Amaranthaceae Aerva lanataPlant Amaranthaceae Amaranthus viridisPlant Amaryllidaceae Crinum asiaticumPlant Amaryllidaceae Crinum latifoliumPlant Amaryllidaceae Hippeastrum puniceumPlant Amaryllidaceae Hymenocallis littoralisPlant Amaryllidaceae Scadoxus multiflorusPlant Amaryllidaceae Zephyranthes roseaPlant Anacardiaceae Mangifera indicaPlant Apiaceae Centella asiaticaPlant Apiaceae Hydrocotyle bonariensisPlant Apocynaceae Catharanthus roseusPlant Apocynaceae Cerbera manghasPlant Apocynaceae Nerium oleanderPlant ApocynaceaePlant Araceae Aglaonema commutatumPlant Araceae Alocasia macrorrhizaPlant Araceae Alocasia plumbeaPlant Araceae Caladium bicolorPlant Araceae Colocasia esculentaPlant Araceae Epipremnum pinnatumPlant AraceaePlant Araceae Syngonium angustatumPlant AraliaceaePlant Araucariaceae Araucaria columnarisPlant Araucariaceae Araucaria heterophyllaPlant Arecaceae Cocos nucifera

Plant ArecaceaePlant Arecaceae

Plant Arecaceae Roystonea regiaPlant Asclepiadaceae Asclepias curassavicaPlant Asteraceae Ageratum conyzoidesPlant Asteraceae Bidens pilosaPlant Asteraceae Conyza canadiensisPlant Asteraceae Eclipta prostrataPlant Asteraceae Gaillardia pulchellaPlant Asteraceae Helianthus annuusPlant Asteraceae Mikania micranthaPlant Asteraceae Synedrella nodifloraPlant AsteraceaePlant Asteraceae Tridax procumbensPlant Asteraceae Vernonia cinereaPlant Asteraceae Vernonia grandis

Plumeria sp.

Philodendron sp.

Polyscias sp.

Hyphaene sp.Phoenix sp.

Tagetes sp.

A1


C1


D1


Plant Asteraceae Wollastonia bifloraPlant Asteraceae Zinnia elegansPlant Balsaminaceae Impatiens balsaminaPlant Bignoniaceae Tabebuia pallidaPlant Bombacaceae Ceiba pentrandaPlant Boraginaceae Heliotropium indicumPlant Boraginaceae Heliotropium ovalifoliumPlant Brassicaceae

Plant Caesalpiniaceae Senna occidentalis Cassia occidentalisPlant Caesalpiniaceae Tamarindus indicaPlant Campanulaceae Laurentia longifloraPlant Capparaceae Cleome rutidospermaPlant Capparaceae Cleome viscosaPlant Caricaceae Carica papayaPlant Combretaceae Terminalia catappaPlant Commelinaceae Commelina benghalensisPlant Commelinaceae Commelina diffusaPlant Commelinaceae Rhoeo spathacea

Plant Commelinaceae Tradescantia zebrinaPlant Convolvulaceae Ipomoea aquaticaPlant Convolvulaceae Ipomoea batatasPlant Convolvulaceae Ipomoea pes-tigridisPlant Convolvulaceae Ipomoea trilobaPlant Crassulaceae Kalanchoe pinnataPlant Cucurbitaceae Cucumis meloPlant Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita moschataPlant Cucurbitaceae Luffa acutangulaPlant Cupressaceae Thuja orientalisPlant Cyperaceae Bulbostylis puberulaPlant Cyperaceae Cyperus compressusPlant Cyperaceae Cyperus difformisPlant Cyperaceae Cyperus dubiusPlant Cyperaceae Cyperus eragrostis

Plant Cyperaceae Cyperus iriaPlant Cyperaceae Cyperus ligularisPlant Cyperaceae Cyperus rotundusPlant Cyperaceae Cyperus sphacelatusPlant Cyperaceae Cyperus surinamensisPlant Cyperaceae Kyllinga brevifoliaPlant Cyperaceae Kyllinga monocephalaPlant Cyperaceae Kyllinga nemoralisPlant Cyperaceae Kyllinga polyphyllaPlant Cyperaceae Pycreus polystachyosPlant Dioscoreaceae

Plant Euphorbiaceae Acalypha indicaPlant Euphorbiaceae Breynia distichaPlant Euphorbiaceae Codiaeum variegatum

Brassica sp.

Dioscorea sp.

Plant Euphorbiaceae Croton hirtusPlant Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia cyathophoraPlant Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia heterophyllaPlant Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia hirtaPlant Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia hypericifoliaPlant Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia prostrataPlant Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia stoddartiiPlant Euphorbiaceae Pedilanthus tithymaloidesPlant Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus amarusPlant Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus maderaspatensisPlant Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus urinaria

Plant Euphorbiaceae Ricinus communisPlant Fabaceae

Plant Fabaceae Alysicarpus ovalifoliusPlant Fabaceae Alysicarpus vaginalisPlant Fabaceae Calopogonium mucunoidesPlant Fabaceae Canavalia roseaPlant Fabaceae Crotolaria pallidaPlant Fabaceae Delonix regiaPlant Fabaceae Desmodium triflorumPlant Fabaceae Enterolobium cyclocarpumPlant Fabaceae

Plant Fabaceae Indigofera hirsutaPlant Fabaceae Macroptilium lathyroidesPlant Fabaceae Sesbania bispinosaPlant Gesneriaceae Episcia cupreataPlant GesneriaceaePlant Hernandiaceae Gyrocarpus americanusPlant Lauraceae Persea americana Plant Lemnaceae Lemna aequinoctialisPlant LiliaceaePlant Liliaceae Asparagus plumosusPlant Liliaceae Chlorophytum comosumPlant Malvaceae Abutilon indicumPlant Malvaceae Gossypium hirsutumPlant Malvaceae Hibiscus rosa-sinensisPlant Malvaceae Hibiscus tiliaceusPlant Malvaceae Sida acutaPlant Mimosaceae Albizia lebbeckPlant Mimosaceae Leucaena leucocephalaPlant Mimosaceae Mimosa pudicaPlant Mimosaceae Pithecellobium samanPlant Mimosaceae Pithecellobium unguis-cati

Plant Moraceae Artocarpus altilisPlant Moraceae Ficus benghalensisPlant Moraceae Ficus nautarumPlant Moraceae Ficus religiosaPlant Moraceae

Plant Moraceae Morus alba

Aeschynomene americana var. glandulosa

Erythrina variegata var. orientalis

Saintpaulia sp.

Allium sp.

Ficus sp.

Plant Moringaceae Moringa oleiferaPlant Musaceae Musa sapientumPlant Myrtaceae Eugenia javanicaPlant Myrtaceae Psidium guajavaPlant Nephrolepidaceae Nephrolepis hirsutulaPlant Nyctaginaceae Bougainvillea spectabilisPlant Nyctaginaceae Mirabilis jalapaPlant Olacaceae Ximenia americanaPlant Orchidaceae Vanilla planifoliaPlant Oxalidaceae Averrhoa bilimbiPlant Pandanaceae Pandanus tectoriusPlant Passifloraceae Passiflora suberosaPlant Phytolaccaceae Rivina humilis

Plant PiperaceaePlant Plantaginaceae Plantago majorPlant Poaceae Andropogon bicornisPlant Poaceae Bambusa vulgarisPlant Poaceae Bothriochloa bladhiiPlant Poaceae Brachiaria subquadriparaPlant Poaceae Cenchrus echinatusPlant Poaceae Chloris barbataPlant Poaceae Cynodon dactylonPlant Poaceae Dactyloctenium ctenoidesPlant Poaceae Dichanthium annulatumPlant Poaceae Digitaria horizontalisPlant Poaceae Digitaria longifloraPlant Poaceae Digitaria setigeraPlant Poaceae Eleusine indicaPlant Poaceae Eragrostis atrovirensPlant Poaceae Eragrostis subaequiglumisPlant Poaceae Eragrostis tenella var. insularis

Plant Poaceae Eriochloa proceraPlant Poaceae Eustachys petraeusPlant Poaceae Leptochloa uninerviaPlant Poaceae Lolium perennePlant Poaceae Melinis repensPlant Poaceae Panicum maximumPlant Poaceae Paspalum nutansPlant Poaceae Paspalum vaginatumPlant Poaceae Pennisetum polystachyonPlant Poaceae Schizachyrium condensatumPlant Poaceae Sorghum halepensePlant Poaceae Sporobolus pyramidalisPlant Poaceae Sporobolus virginicusPlant Poaceae Stenotaphrum dimidiatumPlant Poaceae Zea maysPlant Pteridaceae Pteris tripartitaPlant Pteridaceae Pteris vittataPlant Rhamnaceae Ziziphus mauritianaPlant Rhizophoraceae Rhizophora mucronataPlant Rubiaceae Dentella repensPlant Rubiaceae Ixora coccinea

Peperomia sp.

Plant Rubiaceae Oldenlandia corymbosaPlant Rubiaceae Pentas lanceolataPlant Rubiaceae Spermacoce assurgensPlant Rutaceae Citrus aurantifoliaPlant Rutaceae Citrus aurantiumPlant Rutaceae Citrus limonPlant Rutaceae Triphasia trifoliaPlant Sapindaceae Dodonaea viscosaPlant Sapotaceae Manilkara zapotaPlant Sapotaceae Mimusops coriaceaPlant Scrophulariaceae Buchnera hispida

Plant Scrophulariaceae Mecardonia procumbensPlant Scrophulariaceae Scoparia dulcis

Plant Scrophulariaceae Striga asiaticaPlant Solanaceae Capsicum annuumPlant Solanaceae Capsicum frutescensPlant Solanaceae Lycopersicon esculentumPlant Solanaceae Solanum anguiviiPlant Solanaceae Solanum melongenaPlant Solanaceae Solanum nigrumPlant Solanaceae Solanum tuberosumPlant Sterculiaceae Melochia pyramidataPlant Sterculiaceae Waltheria indicaPlant Thelypteridaceae Amphineuron opulentumPlant Tiliaceae Corchorus aestuansPlant Turneraceae Turnera ulmifoliaPlant Typhaceae Typha domingensisPlant Urticaceae Pilea microphyllaPlant Urticaceae Pipturus argenteusPlant Verbenaceae Lantana camaraPlant Verbenaceae Stachytarpheta jamaicensisPlant Verbenaceae Stachytarpheta utricifoliaPlant Zingiberaceae Zingiber spectabileVertebrate Amphibian Bufo marinus

Vertebrate Bird Gallus gallus



TOTAL



amaryllis TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

oleander Terrestrialfrangipani Terrestrial


1 coconut Terrestrial


royal palm TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

sunflower Terrestrial1 Terrestrial


Status (JNCC)

Status (GISD)

GISD comments

P. canariensis

H1


I1



1 Terrestrialsilk cotton Terrestrial


Terrestrialtamarind Terrestrial


1 TerrestrialTerrestrial

1 Terrestrial



1 TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial



croton Terrestrial

B. elongata & B. tournefortii


D. bulbifera, D. oppositifolia



TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial


avocado TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

spider plant TerrestrialTerrestrial

cotton TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

1 Terrestrial1 Terrestrial1 Terrestrial


breadfruit TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

Terrestrial

F. rubiginosa


1 guava TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

carambola (star fruit?) TerrestrialTerrestrial



1 TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial


1 Terrestrial1 Terrestrial



1 TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial



sapodilla TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial


1 TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

tomato TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

a fern TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

1 TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

1 cane toad Terrestrial/ Marine/ Freshwater

domestic chicken Terrestrial

1 1 cat; domestic cat Terrestrial


3 23


c. 1770 (15) Impedes regeneration of native vegetation (15) . May provide year-round food source for introduced rats.

J1


K1


1986 - 1993 (15)

Presumed to be between 1980 and 1989 (141)

pre-1840 (8). First causing concern in 1790 (225).

Seabird nest density on most rat infested islands is significantly lower than on rat-free islands. On some islands 30-40% of eggs in sooty tern colonies show signs of rat predation (16).


Listed as 'probably native' (15), but deliberately spread over a large proportion of BIOTs land area for farming.

L1


M1


Unknown (15)

Turtle nesting populations likely to be at risk (30)

Turtle nesting populations likely to be at risk (30)


3 islands (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).2 islands (15)1 island (15).3 islands (15).3 islands (15).3 islands (15).3 islands (15).3 islands (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).4 islands (15).1 island (15).2 islands (15)2 islands (15)1 island (15).5 islands (15).5 islands (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).Distribution unknown (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).2 islands (15)Distribution unknown (15).On 'all the larger islands' (15)

1 island (15).1 island (15).

1 island (15).2 islands (15)1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).3 islands (15).12 islands (15).1 island (15).

N1


O1


2 islands (15)1 island (15).1 island (15).2 islands (15)1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).

1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).11 islands (15).10 islands (15).5 islands (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).

1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).13 islands (15).1 island (15).2 islands (15)1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).4 islands (15).1 island (15).

1 island (15).45 islands (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).10 islands (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).2 islands (15)1 island (15).

2 islands (15)6 islands (15).3 islands (15).

1 island (15).3 islands (15).1 island (15).11 islands (15).1 island (15).9 islands (15).1 island (15).3 islands (15).13 islands (15).30 islands (15).2 islands (15)

3 islands (15).1 island (15).

1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).17 islands (15).1 island (15).2 islands (15)1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).

1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).2 islands (15)1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).2 islands (15)2 islands (15)19 islands (15).4 islands (15).1 island (15).4 islands (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).

3 islands (15).7 islands (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).

1 island (15).

2 islands (15)3 islands (15).1 island (15).3 islands (15).2 islands (15)1 island (15).1 island (15).3 islands (15).4 islands (15).3 islands (15).1 island (15).32 islands (15).4 islands (15).

1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).2 islands (15)1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).10 islands (15).1 island (15).13 islands (15).1 island (15).3 islands (15).3 islands (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).

1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).9 islands (15).1 island (15).2 islands (15)1 island (15).2 islands (15)1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).

2 islands (15)1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).4 islands (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).2 islands (15)

1 island (15).1 island (15).

8 islands (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).2 islands (15)1 island (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).4 islands (15).1 island (15).11 islands (15).5 islands (15).14 islands (15).29 islands (15).1 island (15).21 islands (15).1 island (15).1 island (15).

Diego Garcia, Eagle Island (115).

Large parts of Diego Garcia. Spreading rapidly (15).

Diego Garcia. Described as abundant, widespread and continuing to expand their range (141).

Thought to be on 36 of 47 islands (16). Present on Diego Garcia but not on the islands in the mouth of the DG lagoon (27).


P1


Q1


Some sporadic control on DG when numbers get too high around the military base (115).Ongoing cat eradication program in place on DG, carried out by staff on US Military base. Uses trapping only (27).Study carried out into feasibility of removing rats from Eagle Island (17).Some local control on Diego Garcia. Rat eradication planned to start on DG immediately following successful conclusion of cat eradication (27). A rat eradication project was carried out in 2006 (219) but found to have failed during a follow up visit in 2007 (220).


If Eagle Island rat eradication goes ahead, some control of coconut trees may also be carried out (17).

R1


S1


Does not yet seem to have had an impact on a native plant with a similar niche (15)

Continue eradication program on DG until successful (27).

Total eradication on DG, thereby preventing risk of cats reaching other islands (27).

Native range

Throughout the tropics (129).

South America (129).

Madagascar (129).

Asia (129).

Tropical America (129).Tropical America (129).New World tropics (129).Temperate and tropical regions (129).Worldwide (129).


Tropical America (129).Throughout the tropics (129).

Lesser Antilles (129).Greater Caribbean (129).Tropical America (129).

Tropical America (129).Tropical Africa (129).

West Africa (129).Old World tropics (129).

Malaysia (129).Asia (129).Caribbean, Central and South America (129).


Africa (129).

Tropical America (129).Throughout the tropics (129).

Tropical and sub-tropical America (129).

Tropical Asia (129).

Tropical and sub-tropical seashores (129).Throughout the tropics (129).


Tropical Asia (129).

Tropical Africa and Asia (129).

Old World native (129).

Throughout the tropics (129).Tropical Asia (129).Tropical America (129)Tropical America (129).

Florida, through the Caribbean to Venezuela (129).

South America (129).


Asia and Africa (129).

Southern USA, Central America and the Caribbean down to Argentina (129).

Tropics worldwide (129).


South East Asia (129).


Southern USA and Tropical America (129).Native to the Americas (129).



Greater Caribbean (129).Southern USA and Tropical America (129).

Virtually throughout the tropics and sub-tropics (129).


Invertebrate Coleoptera Scyphophorus acupunctatus

Invertebrate Coleoptera Sternochetus mangiferae


Invertebrate Homoptera Paracoccus marginatus

Invertebrate Hymenoptera Paratrechina longicornis

Invertebrate Hymenoptera Solenopsis geminataInvertebrate Hymenoptera Solenopsis invictaPlant Euphorbiaceae Ricinus communis

Plant Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica

Plant Bignoniaceae Tabebuia heterophylla


Plant Fabaceae Leucaena leucocephala

Plant Fabaceae Prosopis julifloraPlant Fabaceae Senna multijugaPlant Meliaceae Azadrachta indicaPlant Pontederiaceae Eichhornia crassipes

Plant disease Protozoan Phytomonas staheliVertebrate Amphibian Bufo marinus

Vertebrate Amphibian Osteopilus septentrionalis


Vertebrate Mammal Bos taurus


Piaropus crassipes; Pontaderia crassipes; Pontederia crassipes; Eichhornia speciosa;

A1


C1


D1






Vertebrate Mammal Herpestes auropunctatus Herpestes javanicus





Vertebrate Reptile a non-native rock iguana (139)

Vertebrate Reptile Geochelone carbonaria

Vertebrate Reptile Hemidactylus mabouia

1

1 Exotic

1 1 Invasive

1 1 Invasive

1 Exotic 1

11 Invasive 1

1

1 Exotic

1 Naturalised 1

1 1 1

1 Exotic 1 1

1 Exotic 11 Exotic

1 1

1 Exotic1

1 Invasive 1

1 Invasive 1

1 1

Status (JNCC)

Status (CABI)

CABI comment

Status (FLEPPC)

FLEPPC comment

Status (GISD)

GISD comment

F1


G1


1 1 Invasive

1 1

1 1

1 1 Invasive 1

1

1

1

1 1

1 1

11 15 3 21

H. javanicus


agave weevil Terrestrial

Terrestrial


papaya mealybug Terrestrial Between 1994 and 1997 (78).

Terrestrial

fire ant Terrestrialred imported fire ant Terrestrial Before 1996 (79)

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

casuarina, whistling pine Terrestrial

Leucaena Terrestrial

Mexican thorn; mesquite TerrestrialTerrestrial

neem Terrestrialwater hyacinth Freshwater

Terrestrial First reported in 1997 (103).cane toad Terrestrial/ Freshwater/ Marine

Cuban tree frog Terrestrial

sparrow, house sparrow Terrestrial Recent (117).

cow Terrestrial

First noted 2001, but suspected to have been present for some years (149).

mango seed weevil; mango weevil; stone weevilhibiscus mealybug; pink mealybug


L1


M1


N1


domestic dog Terrestrial

goat Terrestrial

donkey Terrestrial

cat; domestic cat Terrestrial 1884 (141).

Terrestrial


sheep Terrestrial

brown rat; Norway rat Terrestrial


Terrestrial

red footed tortoise Terrestrial

house gecko Terrestrial

Small Indian mongoose; Indian mongoose; Javan mongoose


Devastates native agaves. In some locations more than 90% of plants are dead (149).

Pest on several crop species (76). General agricultural and tree pest (99).Causes serious damage to tropical fruit, especially papaya (78). An agricultural invasive threatening crops and ornamentals (104).

Anegada - if not managed this species will become a complete forest cover, suppressing native understory species and possible causing the extinction of iguanas and many native birds (13).

Believed to be the major factor in changing food availablility to CR Anegada rock iguanas on Anegada. Vegetation changes caused by grazing cattle will also be affecting birds lizards and bats (13).

O1


P1


Listed as one of the predators of native iguanas e.g. Anegada rock iguana (38).

Having a major detrimental influence on vegetation of Anegada (13) and other islands where they are present. Also impact on the largest colony of Magnificent Frigate birds in the E. Caribbean (14).

Contribute to vegetation damage caused by cattle on Anegada (13).Believed to be predating young CR Anegada rock iguana on Anegada island (13)

On Anegada rats will be having a detrimental impact on birds, lizards and frogs through competition for food and predation of eggs, young and adults (13).

May predate young Anegada rock iguana on Anegada, and also compete with them for food resources (13).

On Sandy Cay (nr Tortola), rats were seen eating a variety of plant material, especially growing tips of shrubs and small tree (115).


Probably arrived from the US Virgin islands (149). Disperse naturally, at least in part (149).

Unintentional/ accidental (79).

Intentional (141).

Arrived on shipping (117).


Imported on shipment of potted plants from Florida (81).

Deliberately introduced throughout the tropics as a fodder crop (122).

Anegada - planted near a number of buildings (13).

Anegada - some deliberate planting, but is also starting to spread naturally (13).

Q1


R1


Intentional (141).

Acciental introduction from Africa (70).

Probably introduced by pre-Columbian Indians (156, 157)


Most parts of the territory except Anegada (149). All parts of the territory (149).

Tortola (80)

Guana Island (79)Present in small and very localised patches (139).

Anegada - near buildings (13).

Tortola (141), elsewhere?

Introduced to Virgin Gorda (156, 157).

Tortola (117).

Unclear whether this species ever established here (122)..

Anegada - capable of growing in all parts of the island (13).

Abundant in disturbed habitats, such as beside roads and bulldozed tracks. Does not appear to penetrate reasonably undisturbed habitats (139).

Described as 'prevalent', especially on Beef Island in one of the airport drainage systems (140).

S1


T1


Anegada (13), elsewhere?

Anegada (13), elsewhere?

Tortola (115), elsewhere?

Anegada (13), Tortola (115), elsewhere?

Peter Island and Tortola (156, 157).

Present at a number of houses in Anegada (13). Elsewhere?

Possibly on Anegada. Common around North Sound on Virgin Gorda (139).

Widespread - found on at least six islands in early 1980s (157) and probably even more widespread by now (158).


An ongoing project is working to document the spread and impacts of this species (149).

Effective biological control agents are available (76). Not sure if they have been used in BVI.

Informal monitoring of expanding population (117).

U1


V1


Feral dogs were eradicated from Anegada between 1994 and 1999, although some are still kept there as pets (70).Eradication attempt in progress on Great Tobago Island (c. 95ha) (ref?)

Rats eradicated from 5 ha Sandy Cay (nr Tortola) in 2002 (83).


Central and parts of South America (149).Eradication is desirable, but considered unlikely (149).

For Anegada - remove all casuarina from the island (13).

Eradication before it spreads to other parts of Tortola and to other islands (117).

For Anegada - contain cattle that people wish to manage in enclosures and remove them from the rest of the island (13).

W1


For Anegada - removal of all goats from the island is desirable, but not supported by island residents (13).

For Anegada - remove all donkeys from the island (13).For Anegada - all cats should be removed and no more brought to the island (13)

For Anegada - total removal is desirable but not essential for conservation of native species (13).For Anegada - contain sheep within fenced areas and remove all others (13).For Anegada - all rats should be removed from the island and actions taken to minimise possible re-invasion (13).


Invertebrate Hemiptera Maconellicoccus hirsutus

Invertebrate Annelida Pontodrilus littoralis

Invertebrate Diptera Aedes aegypti

Invertebrate Diptera Aedes albopictus

Invertebrate Homoptera Aleurocanthus woglumi

Invertebrate Homoptera Aspidiotus destructor

Invertebrate Hymenoptera Solenopsis invicta

Invertebrate Mollusca Orthalicus undatus

Invertebrate Mollusca Zachrysia provisoria

Plant Acanthaceae Asystasia gangetica

Plant Agavaceae Sansevieria hyacinthoides


Plant Anacardiaceae Schinus terebinthifolius

Plant Apocyanaceae Catheranthus roseus

Plant Arecaceae Cocos nucifera

Plant Asclepiadaceae Calotropis procera

Plant Asclepiadaceae Cryptostegia grandifloraPlant Asteraceae Dyssodia tenuiloba

Plant Asteraceae Emilia fosbergiiPlant Asteraceae Launaea intybacea

A1


C1


D1


Plant Bignoniaceae Spathodea campanulataPlant Bignoniaceae Tabebuia heterophylla

Plant Bignoniaceae Tecoma stans

Plant Brassicaceae Lepidium virginicum


Plant Combretaceae Terminalia catappa

Plant Commelinaceae Rhoeo spathacea

Plant Convolvulaceae Ipomoea cairicaPlant Crassulaceae Bryophyllum pinnatum

Plant Cucurbitaceae Momordica charantiaPlant Euphorbiaceae Ricinus communisPlant Fabaceae Abrus precatorius

Plant Fabaceae Acacia farnesianaPlant Fabaceae Adenanthera pavonina

Plant Fabaceae Alysicarpus vaginalisPlant Fabaceae Clitoria terneataPlant Fabaceae Desmodium incanum


Plant Fabaceae Haematoxylum campechianum

Plant Fabaceae Indigofera tinctoriaPlant Fabaceae Lablab purpurea


Plant Fabaceae Prosopis juliflora

Plant Fabaceae Sesbania grandiflora

Plant Fabaceae Stylosanthes hamataPlant Fabaceae Tamarindus indica

Plant Goodeniaceae Scaevola seriacea

Plant Liliaceae Crinum amabilePlant Liliaceae Crinum americanumPlant Liliaceae Crinum zeylanicumPlant Malvaceae Sida stipularisPlant Myrtaceae Psidium guajavaPlant Nephrolepidaceae Nephrolepis multiflora

Plant Oleaceae Jasminum fluminense

Plant Orchidaceae Oeceoclades maculata

Plant Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata

Plant Poaceae Arundo donaxPlant Poaceae Axonopus compressus

Plant Poaceae Bothriochloa pertusa

Plant Poaceae Cynodon nlemfuensisPlant Poaceae Digitaria ciliaris

Plant Poaceae Digitaria setigeraPlant Poaceae Eragrostis tenellaPlant Poaceae Oplismenus hirsutus

Plant Poaceae Panicum maxiumum

Plant Poaceae Panicum repensPlant Poaceae Paspalum arundinaceumPlant Poaceae Paspalum notatum

Plant Poaceae Paspalum setaceum

Plant Poaceae Pennisetum purpureum

Plant Poaceae Rottboellia cochinchinensis

Plant Poaceae Sorghum bicolorPlant Poaceae Urochloa decumbensPlant Poaceae Urochloa mutica

Plant Poaceae Urochloa subquandripara

Plant Poaceae Zoysia tenuifoliaPlant Polygonaceae Antigonon leptopus

Plant Pontederiaceae Eichhornia crassipes

Plant Rhamnaceae Zizyphus mauritiana

Plant Rhamnaceae Colubrina asiatica

Plant Rubiaceae Morinda citrifoliaPlant Sapindaceae Melicoccus bijugatus

Plant Sapotaceae Manilkara zapota

Plant Scrophulariaceae Bacopa monnieri

Plant Solanaceae Solanum torvum

Plant Sterculiaceae Sterculia apetala

Vertebrate Amphibian Bufo marinus

Vertebrate Amphibian Gastrophryne carolinensis

Vertebrate Bird Aix sponsa

Vertebrate Bird Amazona ochrocephala

Vertebrate Bird Anas platyrhynchos

Vertebrate Bird Aratinga erythrogenysVertebrate Bird Columba liviaVertebrate Bird Gallus domesticus

Vertebrate Bird Myiospitta monachus

Vertebrate Bird Psittacula krameriVertebrate Bird Streptopelia risoria

Vertebrate Fish Pterois volitans


Vertebrate Mammal Dasyprocta punctata





Vertebrate Reptile Anolis equestris

Vertebrate Reptile Anolis maynardi

Vertebrate Reptile Anolis sagrei sagrei

Vertebrate Reptile Cyclura nubila caymanensis

Vertebrate Reptile Diadophis punctatus punctatus

C108

The literature reference of C. n. caymanensis being introduced to Grand Cayman pre 1940 is most likely an erroneous observation which was recorded and has been perpetuated. Endemic Cyclura lewisi on Grand Cayman look extremely similar to C. n. caymanensis when not displaying characteristic body colours - both species mask their colors with dull grey when cold or seeking to rmain unobserved. Modern DNA work shows no sign of hybridization in wild C. lewisi.

Vertebrate Reptile Elaphe guttata

Vertebrate Reptile Hemidactylus mabouia


Vertebrate Reptile Ophisaurus ventralis

Vertebrate Reptile Rhamphotyphlops braminus

Vertebrate Reptile Trachemys scripta

1

1

1 1

1 1 Exotic

1

1 1

1

1 1 1

1 1

1 1 1

1

Status (JNCC)

Status (CABI)

CABI comment

Status (FLEPPC)

FLEPPC comment

Status (GISD)

GISD comment

F1


G1


11 1 Naturalised 1

1 1

1 1 1

1 1

1 1 1

11 1 1

1 11

1 Exotic 11 1 Naturalised 1 1


Kalanchoe pinnata = 2

Kalanchoe pinnata

1 1

1 1 Exotic 1

1 Exotic 1

1 Exotic

1

1 1

1 1

1

1

1

1

1 1

1 1

1

1

1

1 1 1

1 1 1

1

1 1 1

1 Exotic 1

1 1

1 1

1

1

1

11

1 1

1 1

1

1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

1

1

1

1

1 1

1 1

46 8 21 39

Common name(s)

Pink hibiscus mealybug

Naturalised??? ???

Naturalised citrus blackfly

Naturalised coconut scale

Naturalised fire ant

Naturalised (a large tree snail)

Naturalised (a Cuban garden snail)

Naturalised ganges rose

1 Invasive bowstring hemp; lion's tongue

Naturalised mango

Potentially invasive

Naturalised

Naturalised coconut

Naturalised

Naturalised1 Invasive


Status (acc. F. Burton &/or M. Cottam)

F.Burton &/ or M.Cottam comment

Brazilian pepper; aroeira; Florida holly; rose pepper; Christmasberry

periwinke; burying ground flower; ramgoat rose

N1


Possibly invasive African tulip tree

1 Invasive Shamrock

1 Invasive

1 Invasive

Naturalised Indian almond

1 Invasive boat lily

Naturalised1 Invasive leaf of life, curiosity plant

Naturalised cerasee; seraseeNaturalised castor-oil plantNaturalised john crow bead, liquorice


NaturalisedNaturalisedNaturalised

Native, but an exotic variety from Florida is becoming naturalised

white cedar; whitewood; trumpet tree; pink Tecoma

Australian pine, Casuarina, weeping willow, beefwood, whistling pine

coral bean tree; red sandalwood tree; red bead tree; bead tree; false wiliwili

1 Invasive logwood

Naturalised indigoNaturalised bonavist

1 Invasive Leucaena, wild tamarind

Not established ? mesquite; Mexican thorn

Not established picashia, Spanish armada

Naturalised donkey weed, lucy julia1 Locally invasive tamarind

1 Invasive

Naturalised giant lilyNaturalised seven sistersNaturalisedNaturalisedNaturalised guavaNaturalised

Naturalised Jasmine

1 Invasive (a ground orchid)

1 Invasive

NaturalisedNaturalised

Naturalised



1 Invasive

beach naupaka, sea lettuce, Scaevola

Naturalised Guinea Grass

NaturalisedNaturalisedNaturalised

Naturalised

Naturalised elephant grass, napier grass

Naturalised

Naturalised guinea corn, sorghumNaturalisedNaturalised

Naturalised

NaturalisedNaturalised corallila

Possibly naturalised water hyacinth

Naturalised cooly plum

1 Invasive

Naturalised mulberry; hog appleNaturalised Ginep

Naturalised Naseberry

1 Invasive

Naturalised

Becoming naturalised

nakedwood; snakewood; greenheart; hogplum

Possibly naturalised Cane Toad

1 Invasive eastern narrow mouth toad

wood duck

Naturalised yellow-crowned parrot

Possibly naturalised mallard

Naturalised red-masked conureNaturalised rock dove/ pigeon

domestic chicken

1 Invasive monk parakeet

Naturalised rose-ringed parakeetPossibly naturalised

1 Invasive Lion fish

dog

Naturalised Central American red agouti

Not recorded as breeding (96)

collared dove, runged turtle-dove

Naturalised cat

Naturalised house mouse

Naturalised Norway/ brown rat

Naturalised black rat

Cuban knight anole

Naturalised little cayman green anole

Naturalised

Not established Sister Isles Rock Iguana

southern ringneck snake

Cuban brown anole; bush lizard

Apparently has not persisted

1 Invasive North American corn snake

1 Invasive

1 Invasive green iguana, common iguana

eastern glass lizard

1 Invasive Brahminy blind snake

red-eared slider

25

tropical house gecko, amerafrican house gecko

Apparently has not persisted.


Terrestrial

Terrestrial? pre-1985 (32)

1900's (112).

1990's (112).

Terrestrial

Terrestrial around 1950 (35)

Terrestrial Unknown (112).



Terrestrial Prior to 1940's (112).

Terrestrial

Terrestrial Probably 16th or 17th century (112).

Terrestrial First noted in this area 2008 (161).

terrestrial Prior to 1940's (112).

Coastal Unknown (112).


Terrestrial Probably 16th or 17th century (112).Terrestrial First recorded in 2001 (92)

Terrestrial Prior to 1938 (112).Terrestrial First recorded in 1994 (91)

After 12 years of monitoring for this invasive, PHM was first recorded in Grand Cayman 19 June 2006 (161).

First recorded in 1942 (90), date of introduction not known

O1


P1



Terrestrial

Terrestrial First recorded in 1994 (91)

Terrestrial (coastal)

Coastal Prior to 1940's (112).

Terrestrial

Terrestrial Prior to 1940's (112).terrestrial Prior to 1940's (112).

Terrestrial Prior to 1940's (112).Terrestrial Prior to 1940's (112).Terrestrial

TerrestrialTerrestrial Unknown, 16th century or later (112).


The introduced variety has become popular in ornamental landscaping since the mid 1900's and is becoming naturalised (112).

Probably second half of 19th century (90)

Terrestrial Late 18th/ early 19th century (37)

Terrestrial Prior to 1940's (112).Terrestrial Prior to 1940's (112).

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

TerrestrialTerrestrial Probably 16th or 17th century (112).

Terrestrial - coastal

coastal sands Prior to 1940's (112).sandy areas Prior to 1940's (112).inland soils Prior to 1940's (112).TerrestrialTerrestrial Probably 16th or 17th century (112).Epiphytic in terrestrial settings Unknown (112).

Terrestrial

Terrestrial First recorded in 1990's (112).


TerrestrialTerrestrial First recorded in 2001 (92)

Terrestrial

Terrestrial First recorded in 2001 (92)Terrestrial First recorded in 1996 (91)

Terrestrial First recorded in 2001 (92)TerrestrialTerrestrial First recorded in 1990's (112).

Not established in the Cayman Islands (112).Does not appear to have persisted in Cayman Islands (112).

First recorded in 1992 (91) but was probably introduced much earlier.

Terrestrial

Terrestrial First recorded in 2001 (92)TerrestrialTerrestrial First recorded in 2001 (92)


Terrestrial


TerrestrialTerrestrial First recorded in 2001 (92)Fresh water seasonal wetlands



fresh water aquatic Unknown (112).


Terrestrial

Terrestrial Prior to 1940's (112).Terrestrial Probably 16th or 17th century (112).


Fresh water wetlands 1900's? (112).


Terrestrial

Fresh water wetlands

Terrestrial/ Freshwater pre 1986 (33)

Terrestrial/ Freshwater 1987 (34).

Terrestrial ca. 1991 (96)

Terrestrial/ Freshwater 1983 (34).

Terrestrial 1992 (96)Terrestrial 1984 (96)Terrestrial


Terrestrial First recorded in 1984 (34).Terrestrial ca. 1990 (96)

Marine


Terrestrial c. 1900 (36)

First recorded June 1999 (97). Before 1887(died out) and reintroduced before 1995 (141).

First reported Feb 2008, Little Cayman (161).


Terrestrial

Terrestrial Presumably in 1500's (112).

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial First seen in 1987 (33).

Soon after the discovery of the islands in 1503 (36).

Soon after the discovery of the islands in 1503 (36).

Individual found in Ritz landscaping was first report for the islands 05 June 2007 (161).

Endemic to Little Cayman, introduced to Cayman Brac around mid 1970s (33).

c.1980 (in 20), though also recorded in 1940 (33). Another subspecies, A. sagrei luteosignifer (the Cayman Brac brown anole) is restricted to Cayman Brac where it is native (33).

Native to Little Cayman and Cayman Brac, reported introduced to Grand Cayman pre 1940 (33) but this is based on a single fleeting sight observation which is unlikely to have allowed correct identification. DNA work shows no sign of hybridization in C. lewisi. However in recent years 3 escaped pets have been captured in George Town and repatriated to Little Cayman. (112).



Terrestrial Late 1900's (112).



Freshwater


Vector of Yellow Fever and Dengue (112).

Vector of Yellow Fever and Dengue (112).

Pest of citrus (35)

Pest of coconut (35)

Unknown (112).

None known (112).

None known (112).

None known (112).

Damaging to a wide variety of plants and trees (161).

Predator of a wide range of soil invertebrates (including earthworms), kills and consumes sick or disabled vertebrates. Bite humans aggressively, and so are considered a serious pest. (112).

May invade nests of endangered Cycluran iguanas, anecodotal evidence suggests they are severe predators on eggs of Anolis lizards, and geckoes, whose populations recover when control measures are implemented. Carry seeds (including native and introduced weeds) into nests, with various potential effects on plant communities (112).

A garden pest, consuming a range of herbaceous vegetation (112).

Can form a dense ground cover, presumably competing with native species (112).Forms dense ground cover inhibiting native herbaceous flora (112).

Reported from outside of CI: S. terebinthifolius produces shady habitats that repel other plant species and discourage colonisation by native fauna and alter the natural fire regime. It's fruit has a 'paralysing effect' on birds and even grazing animals when ingested (161).

Q1


R1


Hybridization with native variety (112).

Forms ground cover in affected areas (112).

None known (112).None known (112).

Locally invasive, displacing native vegetation (112).

Invasive in agricultural areas, especially grazed land on Cayman Brac and on road verges. Can form dense stands competing with native vegetation (112).

Aggresively colonizes sandy beaches where it forms monocultures with deap leaf litter killing native vegetation. Shallow root system leaves trees prone to uprooting in storms, accelerating coastal erosion. Subject of extremely expensive eradication efforts in Florida for these reasons. (112). Forms a shallow dense mat of roots below the surface of the ground which is inpenetrable to the digging of nesting turtles (198).

Can become dominant in coastal thickets, presumably competing with native vegetation (112).

Forms dense ground cover inhibiting native herbaceous flora (112).

Potential to overun local endemic Verbesina caymananesis (161)

None known (112).None known (112).

None known (112).None known (112).None known (112).

Aggresively colonizes seasonally flooded areas after clearing or disturbance of natural vegetation, and in many situations forms a monoculture hostile to recolonization by native species (112).

Aggressively invasive in cleared or disturbed areas, preventing re-establishment of native vegetation (112).

Locally invasive in abandoned agricultural areas near transition to seasonally flooded wetlands, displacing native vegetation (112).Displaces the native Scaevola plumieri on coastal sands (112). Forms dense, bushy hedges, readily engulfing and overgrowing slower-growing native species (198).

One of the two primary exotic grasses which form fire-maintained savannahs in abandoned agricultural areas , impeding or preventing regeneration of native forest (112).

Locally escaping from gardens (112). None known (112).

None known (112).

None known (112).

Unlikely to become invasive (112).

One of the two primary exotic grasses which form fire-maintained savannahs in abandoned agricultural areas , impeding or preventing regeneration of native forest (112).

Forms a fire-maintained marsh savannah in areas where native Conocarpus forest has been cleared (112).

Becomes a pest in fresh water lakes etc in many contries, but does not appear to thrive in the wild in the Cayman Islands (112).

Invasive in beach ridges and roadsides, forming dense monospecific stands excluding native vegetation (112). Establishes and spreads in seaside thicket (161).

Competes for habitat with coastal shrubland species. (161)

A voracious omnivorous predator capable of alterning tropic structure in freshwater marshes (112).

Known to predate small beetles, ants and termites (33).

May compete for nest cavities with native Amazona leucocephala caymanensis (112).

Foraging likely to have a significant impact on native invertebrates and seeds (161).

Builds large stick nests in electricity transmission lines (112).

Ravenous predators, Lionfish eat juvenile fish and crustaceans in large quantities. They have no known native predators. Lionfish reach sexual maturity at 1-2 years of age, and reproduce year-round. They are generally resistant to parasites and tend to grow quickly, out competing native species for food and habitat (161).

Major cause of decline in Cyclura lewisi on Grand Cayman, and Cyclura nubila caymanensis on Cayman Brac (95). Also predates on ground nesting birds (112).

Cause damage to agricultural crops and gardens (36).

Known to be a predator of smaller anoles (161).

None (112).

Severe predator of subadult Cyclura lewisi (a major factor in this species near extinction) and C. nubila caymanensis, also takes a wide range of other native wildlife including lizards, snakes, birds, crabs, insects etc (112).

Implicated in the extinction of a number of native species of small mammals, birds and reptiles (36).

Predator on native snakes and lizards, including hatchling rock iguanas, and nesting birds (112).

Also likely to be having impacts on regeneration of native flora due to seed consumption (112).

Implicated in the extinction of a number of native species of small mammals, birds and reptiles (36).

Potential for competiion with native Anolis sagrei luteosignifer (112).

Originally replacing native Anolis conspersus in Grand Cayman, through predation of juveniles, but now apparently in balance. Also shown to predate native Sphaerodactylus geckoes (20).

Suggested to be competing for food with endemic A. maynardi on Little Cayman (33).

Hybridization with Grand Cayman's critically endangered endemic Cyclura lewisi is a severe risk if C. n. caymanensis does ever become established in Grand Cayman (112).

Known to predate native Anolis conspersus (33) Potential predator of hatchling Cyclura, and nesting birds (112).

Causing confusion by being mistaken for the critically endangered Cyclura lewisi, weakening the public awareness effort for the latter species (112). There have been two reliable reports of iguanas eating birds eggs, one in a (very large) aviary, one in a residential garden in 2008. (161)

May compete for resources with endemic Cyclura lewisi on Grand Cayman, if the ranges overlap in the future (112).

Has the potential to hybridise with native Taco River slider (Trachemys decussata angusta) (161).


Likely in imported landscaping (161).

Gravid females on boats (112). Winged adults (112).

Gravid females on boats (112). Winged adults (112).

Winged reproductives (112).

Imported as an ornamental (112). Seed (112).

Imported for ornamental use (90)

Deliberate introduction as a fruit tree (112).

Unknown (161).

Introduced as ornamental (112). Seed (112).

Probably a deliberate introduction (112). Airborn seed (112).

Imported as an ornamental (112). Wind-dispersed seed, horticulture (112).Probably as weeds in nursery stock (112). Seeds (112).

Probably as weeds in nursery stock (112). Seed (112).Probably as weeds in nursery stock (112). Seeds (112).

Likely to have come in from the Southern US in soil attached to plants or vegetables (32).

Likely to have arrived in imported turf or potted plants (112).

Probably from Florida or Jamaica as juveniles on potted plants (112).Originally from Cuba, introduced to Florida, and probably reached Grand Cayman from Florida with plants for the nursery trade (112).

stolons transported in garden waste, vegetative spread rapid (112).Seed, often distributed incidentally by humans consuming the fruit (112).

Presumably introduced deliberately as a food source (112).

Seeds itself in coastal sands, also deliberately planted in various inland settings (112).

S1


T1


Imported from Florida as nursery stock (112). Sets abundant seed (112).

Probably introduced as an ornamental (112). Sets abundant seed (112).

Probably as weeds in nursery stock (112). Seeds (112).

Seed (112).

Imported for ornamental use (90)

Seed, vegetative spread (112).Introduced for medicinal value (112). Vegetative spread (112).

Probably introduced as a medicinal herb (112). Seeds spread by birds (112).

Unknown (112). Sets abundant seed (112).

Seed (112).Seeds abundantly (112).

Seed (112).Seed (112).

Adhesive seeds on clothing (112). Adhesive seeds on clothing (112).

Viable seeds dispersed by sea (112). Each tree produces large numbers of seeds (198).

Probably deliberately imported as a shade tree & ornamental (112).

stolons transported in garden waste, vegetative spread rapid (112).

Probably a deliberate introduction as an ornamental, most likely via Jamaica (112).

Introduced as dye plant (112). Seeds (112).Unknown (112). Seeds (112).

Seeds abundantly (112).

Seed (112).Deliberate introduction as a fruit tree (112). Sets abundant seed (112).

Introduced as ornamental (112). Seed and vegetative division (112).Introduced as ornamental (112). Seed and vegetative division (112).Introduced as ornamental (112). Seed and vegetative division (112).

Seed (112).Deliberate introduction as a fruit tree (112). Seed, probably spread by birds (112).

Spores (112).

Seeds spread by birds, vegetative spread (112).

Airborn seeds, becoming pantropical (112). Airborn seeds (112).

Seeds (112).

Deliberately introduced as a pasture grass (112). Seed (112).

Introduced deliberately for use as dye wood (112).

Seeds abundantly and also spreads naturally by stolons (37).

Cultivated ornamental, not invasive to date in the Cayman Islands (112).

Introduced by the nursery trade for landscaping coastal properties (112).

Seed (112). This species is commonly used in coastal landscaping (198).

Accidentally imported as weeds in nursery stock (112).

Proabably as adhesive seeds on visitors' footwear (112).

Moved along footpaths on walkers footwear (112).

Deliberately introduced as a pasture grass (112).

Deliberately introduced as a pasture grass (112). Seed (112).

Vegetative spread (112).Imported as an ornamental (112). Vegetative spread (112).

Probably introduced as an ornamental (112).

Planted as ornamental fruit tree (112). Seeds (112).

Unknown (112). Seed? (112).

apparently by fruits floating in the sea (90) Seed (112).Deliberate introduction as a fruit tree (112).

Deliberate introduction as a fruit tree (112). Seed, and occasional planting (112).

Unknown (112). Seed (112).


Seed (112).

Seed, often distributed incidentally by humans consuming the fruit (112).

Apparently deliberately imported as an ornamental (112).

Unknown (112).

Introduced deliberately (34).


Deliberately introduced (34).

Escaped from captivity (96).Escaped from captivity (34).


Escaped from captivity (34).Escaped from captivity (34).

Deliberate introduction as a game species (112).

Probably shipped to George Town in the root systems of exotic plants from Florida (33)

How lionfish became established in the Atlantic remains unknown, however, it is accepted that several fish were introduced into the marine waters of Biscayne Bay, Florida, as a result of Hurricane Andrew, 1992. Lionfish have now been documented along the US east coast, from Florida through Massachusetts, east to Bermuda, and south throughout the Bahamas, and the Caribbean, including Turks and Caicos, Jamaica and Cuba (161).

Domestic pet, free roaming and occasionally feral (112).

Domestic pet gone feral (112).

On vessels (112).

On vessels (112).

On vessels (112).

Imported landscaping material (161).

Endemic within the Cayman Islands (112).

Suggested to have been introduced on commodities shipped from Little Cayman (33).

Probably introduced in shipments of ornamental plants from South Florida (33).

People transporting hatchlings from Little Cayman (as pets); hatchlings accidentally transported between islands on frieght barge (112).

Probably introduced in shipments of ornamental plants from South Florida. First found at construction sites in the Seven Mile Beach area (33).

Found in the root system of an introduced ornamental plant at Seven Mile Beach (33).

Rumoured by locals to have been introduced from Honduras (33), more recently juveniles are being imported in the pet trade.

Probably introduced in shipments of ornamental plants from South Florida. First found at construction sites in the Seven Mile Beach area (33).

Probably in soil with potted plants imported for nursey trade (112).

Probably introduced into the wild as escaped pets (161).


Grand Cayman, formerly Cayman Brac (112). All 3 islands (112).

Grand Cayman (112). All 3 islands (112).

Grand Cayman (35) Other islands?

Grand Cayman and Little Cayman (35)

All 3 islands, in all dry habitats (112).

Grand Cayman (112). All three islands (112).

Grand Cayman (112). All three islands (112).

Cayman Brac (90), Grand Cayman All 3 islands (112).

All 3 islands (90)

All 3 islands (112).Pantropical (112).

Grand Cayman (90)Pantropical (112).

Widely established in Grand Cayman, despite biological control efforts (161).In 1985 specimens were found in a garden in George Town, at Furtherland Farm and at the southern end of South Sound Swamp (32).

All three islands, in fruit orchards and persisting after cultivation (112).Single area is known, growing in disused quarry in Cayman Brac (161)

Should be limited on Cayman Brac due to few wet areas (161).

All 3 islands, persisting and escaping from cultivation (112).All 3 islands, mostly on beach ridges but also planted widely inland (112).Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac (90) persisting in disturbed areas near dwellings (112).

Grand Cayman, spreading rapidly from centre of introduction (112).

Grand Cayman, spreading rapidly in disturbed areas (112).

U1


V1


Increasing around Grand Cayman (161)All 3 islands (112).

Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac (112).

Pantropical (112).

All 3 islands (112).

Grand Cayman (90)

Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac (90)All 3 islands, in disturbed areas (90)

Already occupying all available habitats (112).

Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac (112).

In disturbed habitats on all 3 islands (112). All suitable habitats already colonized (112).In disturbed habitats on all 3 islands (112). Already occupying all available habitats (112).

All suitable habitats already colonized (112).

Grand Cayman, probably also Cayman Brac (112).

Likely to spread to Little Cayman (if not already the case) (112).

Grand Cayman, spreading rapidly in disturbed areas (112).All three islands, becoming increasingly dominant on sandy beaches everywhere. Also planted inland for ornamental purposes, and is invasive in such settings if on sand or wetlands filled with carbonate 'marl'. (112). Based on 2004 aerial data, in Grand Cayman alone there were 5,082 stands of Weeping willow, covering approximately 320 acres, and representing ten’s of thousands of individual trees. TOTAL AREAS GC 320.11ac, CB 12.55ac, LC 7.7ac.(198).

Capable of establishing in both coastal and inland areas. Also colonises along roadsides and disturbed patches within native vegetation (198).

Grand Cayman, and probably in gardens on all 3 islands. In one locality is spreading aggressively in pristine dry forest. (112).

All 3 islands, spreading from present and past areas of habitation (especially in drier areas) (112).

Throughout natural and disturbed areas on dry land throughout all three islands (112).

Grand Cayman, mostly in western and central districts. (112).

Could become established also on Cayman Brac and Little Cayman (112).

All three islands, extremely common in suburban areas and in farm land (112).

Grand Cayman, Little Cayman (90) All 3 islands (112).All 3 islands (112).

In disturbed habitats on all 3 islands (112). All suitable habitats already colonized (112).All 3 islands (112).

Grand Cayman (90)Grand Cayman (90)Grand Cayman, Little Cayman (90)In disturbed habitats on all 3 islands (112). All suitable habitats already colonized (112).All 3 islands, persisting after cultivation (112).Grand Cayman (112). All three islands (112).

All three islands, in natural dry forests (112).

Grand Cayman, in disturbed areas (112).

Grand Cayman, in pastures (92)Grand Cayman, throughout disturbed areas (92)

Grand Cayman, George Town (112).

Covers many acres of land in the central part of Grand Cayman. Not recorded on Cayman Brac or Little Cayman. (112).

Some habitat in Little Cayman is vulnerable to invasion by this species (112).

Grand Cayman, probably also in the other 2 islands but not recorded (112).Grand Cayman and Cayman Brac (90), especially abundant in road verges.

All 3 islands, now much commoner than S. plumeri on most sandy beaches (112).

Grand Cayman, rampant in roadside verges and hedgerows, also invading second growth forests (112).

Rapidly colonizing all forests with sufficient soil or leaf mold to support the species (112).Rapidly colonizing suburban areas and wastelands (112).

Grand Cayman, dispersing along forest trails and roadsides (92)Grand Cayman and Cayman Brac, in dry areas (112).

Grand Cayman, central and eastern districts (112).

Could become established also on Cayman Brac and Little Cayman (112).

All three islands, in damp areas (112).

Grand Cayman, roadsides and wastelands (92)Grand Cayman, in pastures (92)

Grand Cayman, rare in roadsides (92)

Grand Cayman, in lawns and roadsides (92)Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac (90)

Coastal thicket (161).

All 3 islands, mostly near coasts (112).

Little Cayman (112).

Unlikely to become invasive (112).

Grand Cayman, in roadsides, pastures and lawns (92)Grand Cayman, in roadsides, pastures and lawns (92)

Grand Cayman, in roadsides, abandoned lots and wastelands (92)

Grand Cayman, in seasonally flooded areas where Conocarpus forest has been cleared to create cattle grazing (112).Grand Cayman, spreading on roadsides, pastures and lawns (92)

May easily spread to Little Cayman via deliberate introduction (112).

Grand Cayman (90), Little Cayman, mostly persisting after cultivation (112).Grand Cayman, in clearings on beach ridges, near mangroves and along roadsides in damper areas (112). Increasing around Grand Cayman (161).

Grand Cayman, Little Cayman, Cayman Brac, in fruit orchards and persisiting after cultivation (112).Grand Cayman, Little Cayman, Cayman Brac, in fruit orchards and persisiting after cultivation (112).In wet pastures and on margines of ponds, Grand Cayman (112).Grand Cayman, in Gorge Town and in the Frank Sound area (112).Becoming established in a single locality (Lower Valley), Grand Cayman (112).

Grand Cayman (34).

Grand Cayman (96)

Grand Cayman (96)

Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac (96)Widespread (161).

Grand Cayman (96)

Grand Cayman (34).Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac (96)

All 3 islands (112).

Grand Cayman only (36).

Persisted in Grand Cayman for an estimated 6 years at least, but no records in the last 2 years. Maximum distribution recorded was from West Bay to Boddentown (97). Two brought in with landscaping shipment 2007. (161)

In damp areas throughout Grand Cayman, in both natural and suburban settings (112).

Since first report, some 26 individuals have been removed from a variety of dive sites around the Islands by DoE staff. Rapidly increasing in waters around the islands since initial sighting (161).

Red lionfish favour coral reefs and rocky outcrops - found in depths ranging from 30-260 feet (161)

Could become established on Little Cayman and Cayman Brac (112).

All 3 islands, with large feral populations (112). Already occupying all available habitats (112).

On all three main islands (36).

Throughout all 3 islands, especially in populated areas (112).

On all three main islands (36), especially in forested areas including otherwise undisturbed dry forests (112).One individual found in landscaping plants at the Ritz Carlton hotel, another found in a shipment of landscaping plants. Both removed (161).

Probably has the potential to establish widely on all three islands. (161)

In the vicinity of the airport along the northwestern part of Cayman Brac's coastal platform (33).

Common anole in urban areas and other relatively open habitats', so far only on Grand Cayman. Largely in habitats already disturbed by humans (20). Another source reports A. sagrei sagrei as common on Little Cayman and Owen Island, particularly in association with human disturbance (33)

In its natural range, endemic to Cayman Brac and Little Cayman (112).

Could become established in Grand Cayman from escaped pets (112).

Grand Cayman, in built up areas (112). All 3 islands (112).

Could become established in all 3 islands (112).

All 3 islands, wherever there is soil (112).

Found mostly in the vicinity of George Town, Grand Cayman (33). Young have now been observed in various locations in George Town (112). Numbers and reports increasing since 2006 (161).

Presently very abundant in mangrove areas in western Grand Cayman, but has been recoded from locations throughout the island. Possibly the wetter environments in western Grand Cayman are more suited to this species than the drier eastern districts (112). Numbers and reports increasing significantly since 2006 (161).

No recent records, may not have become established (112).

Grand Cayman, now widespread and very abundant in garden soils, extent of invasion of native habitats is unknown (112).


Maintain control (161).

High level of control being achieved (112).

None (112).

Slug pellet treatments by homeowners (112).

None (112).

None (161). Removal of known stand (161).

Biological control employed on detection - however, the species remains persistent (161).

Intensive monitoring, eradication / control efforts ongoing by CI Government's Mosquito Research & Control Unit (112).

High level of control being achieved, eradications followed by new introductions (112).

Intensive monitoring, eradication / control efforts ongoing by CI Government's Mosquito Research & Control Unit (112).Two parasitic wasps introduced for biological control (35).Three biological control agents introduced to supplement natural predators (35).Populations are controlled around inhabited areas with a wide variety of commercially available insecticides (112).

W1


X1


Routinely cut and burned in cattle pastures (112).

None (112).

None (112).

Native variety is been grown at the newly established Native Tree Nursery, to supply local landscaping demand (161).

Species Action Plan (SAP) for endemic Verbesina caymananesis includes action item:SM5. Instigate weeding of the cliff-face habitat of Verbesina caymanensis, to remove and deter establishment of invasive species: Shamrock Tacoma stans and Leaf-of-Life Bryophyllum pinnatum. (161)

Initial attempts at education not very successful because the tree is admired for its drooping foliage and shade (112). The distribution of Casuarina has been mapped from satellite imagery (198). A HAP action plan was developed for Needle-leaved evergreen woodland (Casuarina) and Scaevola sericea, as part of the 2009 Cayman Islands BAP (161).

May be subject to future control or eradication in the future Barkers National Park on Grand Cayman (112). Mapping baseline has been established as part of the SAP, towards determining spread and effect of management attempts (161). The distribution of Casuarina has been mapped from satellite imagery (198).

Species Action Plan (SAP) for endemic Verbesina caymananesis includes action item:SM5. Instigate weeding of the cliff-face habitat of Verbesina caymanensis, to remove and deter establishment of invasive species: Shamrock Tacoma stans and Leaf-of-Life Bryophyllum pinnatum.(161)

None (112).

Some selective removal in parts of the QE II Botanic Park on Grand Cayman (112).

Control is desirable in parts of the Mastic Reserve on Grand Cayman (112).

A Habitat Action Plan (HAP) was developed for Invasive coastal plants (inc. Casuarina and Scaevola sericea), as part of the 2009 Cayman Islands BAP. Based on 2004 aerial data. Total areas: GC 20.68ac, CB 1.91ac, LC 0.74ac. Native variety (S. plumieri) is being grown at the newly established Native Tree Nursery, to supply local landscaping demand (161).

HAP. Action Item: SM2. Initiate eradication of invasive coastal plants from CIG protected areas, prioritizing coastal shrubland, to be accompanied by habitat restoration through planting of native trees. (161)

Removal from selected soil basins in nature reserves is under consideration by the National Trust (112).

None (112).

None (112).

Removal from selected soil basins in nature reserves is under consideration by the National Trust (112).

Eradication from future Barkers National Park on Grand Cayman has been discussed (112).

Widespread local publicity when the species was first recorded (112). The two arrivals in 2007 were removed by DoE staff before introduction to wild (161).

Department of Agriculture currently catch feral chickens in baited traps and distribute them to people who keep chickens(161).Local utility company removes nests from tranmission wires and transformer poles (112). In a concerted eradication effort 2007-2008, 63 of a total population of 73 parakeets (86%) either died or were removed by DoE staff. It is planned that the remainder will be removed this year. (161).

DoE staff attempt to removal all reported individuals. To date 44 reports have resulted in 26 removals. (161).

SAP developed for P. volitans as part of Cayman Islands NBAP - this incorporates the establishment of an equipped volunteer network to monitor, record and remove all Lionfish sighted in Cayman waters.(161)

Exclusion from protected areas, especially the QE II Botanic Park on Grand Cayman, where a restored population of critically endangered endemic Cyclura lewisi is established (112).

Exclusion fencing around areas supporting re-established populations of Cyclura lewisi (112).

Government used to offer bounty on agouti heads until relatively recently (36).

None (112).

Trapped in the QE II Botanic Park on Grand Cayaman, where a restored population of critically endangered endemic Cyclura lewisi is established (112). In 2008, DoE staff in collaboration with DoA and CSL UK commenced eradication of feral cats from Little Cayman using trapping. 28 feral cats were removed. All domestic cats on the island were spayed and pit-tagged as part of the project. Top-up removal of ferals now required. (161)

Exclusion fencing around areas supporting re-established populations of Cyclura lewisi (112).

Environmental Health Section of the Government maintains a rodent control program (36) in populated areas only.Environmental Health Section of the Government maintains a rodent control program (36) in populated areas only. The Blue Iguana Recovery Programme carries out additional control to protect hatchling iguanas in the QE II Botanic Park on Grand Cayman (112).

Environmental Health Section of the Government maintains a rodent control program (36) in populated areas only.Both known / reported individuals have been removed (161)

March 2009. Survey of A. maynardi and A. sagrei sagrei on Little Cayman and Cayman Brac to determine numbers and potential for competition by DoE and Harvard collaborators (161).

March 2009. Survey of A. maynardi and A. sagrei sagrei on Little Cayman and Cayman Brac to determine numbers and potential for competition by DoE and Harvard collaborators (161).

Any specimens found in Grand Cayman are euthanized or repatriated to Little Cayman (112).

Environmental legislation probibiting inter-isle transport of iguanas (112).

None (112). None (112).

Education efforts as part of the Blue Iguana Recovery Programme's awareness activities (National Trust for the Cayman Islands). Specimens found in Cyclura lewisi habitats are trapped and removed. (112). Individuals found in Sister islands have been removed by DoE staff to-date (161).


No potential for disease vector activity (112).

No potential for disease vector activity (112).

No significant impacts known (112).

Y1


Replacement with native variety in local landscaping trade (112).

Prevention of spread to Little Cayman or Cayman Brac (112).

Prevention of spread to Little Cayman (112).

Prevention of spread to Little Cayman or Cayman Brac (112).

Replace with S. plumieri in local nursery trade (112).

Restoration of native shrubland suitable for iguanas (112).

Prevention of spread to Little Cayman or Cayman Brac (112)..

No significant impacts known (112).

Restoration of native shrubland suitable for iguanas (112).

Long-term supression (or eradication) in areas supporting re-established populations of Cyclura lewisi (112).

Taxon 1 Taxon 2 Scientific name Synonyms

Common name(s) Broad habitatStatus (DAISIE 100)

Status (GISD)

Date of introduction Ecological effects (known) Ecological effects (suspected or potential)


Current distribution in territory

Actions plannedPotential distribution in territory

Actions so far (control, education, research)



Fungi Agaricaceae Agaricus augustusFungi Agaricaceae Agaricus porphyrizonFungi Agaricaceae Agrocybe fimicolaFungi Bolbitiaceae Conocybe pubescensFungi Boletaceae Suillus aff. luteusFungi Boletaceae Suillus cf. punctatipesFungi Boletaceae Suillus sp. 1 (granulatus grp.)Fungi Clavicipitaceae Claviceps purpureaFungi Coprinaceae Coprinus cordisporusFungi Coprinaceae Coprinus ephemeroides

Fungi Coprinaceae Coprinus latisporusFungi Coprinaceae Coprinus miserFungi Coprinaceae Coprinus niveusFungi Coriolaceae Coriolus versicolor

Fungi Corticaceae Cerocorticium confluensFungi Dacrymycetaceae Dacrymyces stillatusFungi Hydnangiaceae Hydnangium carneumFungi Hypocreaceae Fusarium graminearum

Fungi Nectriaceae Nectria cinnabarinaFungi Nectriaceae Tubercularia vulgarisFungi Otideaceae Cheilymenia fimicolaFungi Otideaceae Cheilymenia granulataFungi Strophariaceae Panaeolus antillarum

Fungi Strophariaceae Panaeolus fimicola

Fungi Strophariaceae Phaeogalera stagninaFungi Tremellaceae Tremella mesenterica

Fungi Tricholomataceae Clitocybe cf. vibecinaFungi Tricholomataceae Clitocybe nitrophila

Fungi Tricholomataceae Flammulina velutipesInvertebrate Arachnida Diplocephalus cristatus

Invertebrate Arachnida Lepthyphantes leprosus

All the information on this page has been provided by Andy Douse (121) of the Falkland Islands Government, with the exception of those comments followed by a number in brackets (relating to an entry in the 'References' page).

A2


C2


D2


Invertebrate Arachnida Sanogasta backhauseni

Invertebrate Arachnida Steatoda grossa

Invertebrate Arachnida Tegenaria duellica

Invertebrate Arachnida Tegenaria saeva

Invertebrate Arachnida Tenuiphantes tenuis Lepthyphantes tenuis

Invertebrate Coleoptera Microplophorus magellanicus

Invertebrate Coleoptera Otiorhyncus sp.

Invertebrate Coleoptera Taurocerastes patagonicusInvertebrate Dermaptera Forficula auricularia

Invertebrate Diptera Lucilia sericataInvertebrate Diptera Protophormia terraenovaeInvertebrate Hymenoptera Sirex sp.Invertebrate Lepidoptera Tyria jacobaeaePlant Agavaceae Phormium tenax

Plant Amaryllidaceae Narcissus pseudonarcissus

Plant Apiaceae Conium maculatum

Plant Aspleniaceae Phyllitis scolopendrium

Plant Asteraceae Bellis perennis

Plant Asteraceae Calendula officinalis

Plant Asteraceae Carduus tenuiflorusPlant Asteraceae Centaurea cyanusPlant Asteraceae Cirsium arvense

Tomophises backhauseni; Gayenna trilineata

Tegenaria proquinqua; Tegenaria gigantea

Plant Asteraceae Cirsium vulgare

Plant Asteraceae Crepis capillaris

Plant Asteraceae Gnaphalium luteoalbumPlant Asteraceae Hieracium aurantiacum

Plant Asteraceae Hieracium pilosellaPlant Asteraceae Hypochaeris radicata

Plant Asteraceae Leontodon hispidusPlant Asteraceae Leucanthemum vulgare

Plant Asteraceae Matricaria discoidea

Plant Asteraceae Senecio jacobaea

Plant Asteraceae Senecio squalidus

Plant Asteraceae Senecio viscosus

Plant Asteraceae Senecio vulgaris

Plant Asteraceae Silybum marianumPlant Asteraceae Sonchus asper


Plant Asteraceae Tanacetum parthenium

Plant Asteraceae Tanacetum vulgarePlant Asteraceae Taraxacum officinale

Plant Asteraceae Tripleurospermum inodorum

Plant Berberidaceae Berberis buxifolia

Plant Boraginaceae Myosotis arvensisPlant Boraginaceae Myosotis discolor

Plant Brassicaceae Brassica napusPlant Brassicaceae Brassica oleraceaPlant Brassicaceae Brassica rapa

Plant Brassicaceae Capsella bursa-pastoris

Plant Brassicaceae Cardamine glacialis

Plant Brassicaceae Cardamine hirsutaPlant Brassicaceae Cochlearia officinalis

Plant Brassicaceae Erysimum cheiri

Plant Brassicaceae Erysimum cherianthoidesPlant Brassicaceae Hesperis matronalisPlant Brassicaceae Raphanus sativusPlant Brassicaceae Sinapsis albaPlant Brassicaceae Sisymbrium officinale

Plant Campanulaceae Campanula rotundifolia

Plant Caprifoliaceae Lonicera periclymenumPlant Caprifoliaceae Sambucus nigraPlant Caryophyllaceae

Plant Caryophyllaceae Cerastium glomeratum

Plant Caryophyllaceae Sagina procumbens

Plant Caryophyllaceae Silene dioicaPlant Caryophyllaceae Silene latifoliaPlant Caryophyllaceae Silene vulgarisPlant Caryophyllaceae Spergula arvensis

Plant Caryophyllaceae Stellaria media

Plant Celastraceae Maytenus magellanica

Plant Chenopodiaceae Atriplex prostrataPlant Crassulaceae Sedum acre

Plant Cupressaceae Cupressus macrocarpa

Plant Cyperaceae Carex flaccaPlant Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris dilatataPlant Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris filix-masPlant Ericaceae Calluna vulgarisPlant Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia helioscopia

Plant Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia peplusPlant Euphorbiaceae Mercurialis annuaPlant Fabaceae Lotus corniculatusPlant Fabaceae Lotus peduncularisPlant Fabaceae Lupinus arboreusPlant Fabaceae Trifolium arvensePlant Fabaceae Trifolium aureumPlant Fabaceae Trifolium campestre

Cerastium fontanum ssp. vulgare

Plant Fabaceae Trifolium dubium

Plant Fabaceae Trifolium fragiferumPlant Fabaceae Trifolium hybridumPlant Fabaceae Trifolium pratensePlant Fabaceae Trifolium repens

Plant Fabaceae Ulex europaeus

Plant Fabaceae Vicia craccaPlant Fabaceae Vicia hirsutaPlant Fabaceae Vicia sativaPlant Fabaceae Vicia sepiumPlant Fagaceae Nothofagus betuloides

Plant Fumariaceae Fumaria officinalisPlant Gentianaceae Centaurium pulchellum

Plant Geraniaceae Erodium cicutarium

Plant Geraniaceae Geranium mollePlant Geraniaceae Geranium robertianum

Plant Grossulariaceae Ribes magellanicumPlant Grossulariaceae Ribes nigrum

Plant Grossulariaceae Ribes uva-crispaPlant Hyacinthaceae Hyacinthoides non-scriptaPlant Hyacinthaceae Muscari armeniacum

Plant Juncaceae Juncus bufoniusPlant Juncaceae Juncus effususPlant Juncaceae

Plant Lamiaceae Lamium amplexicaule

Plant Lamiaceae Lamium hybridum

Plant Lamiaceae Lamium purpureumPlant Lamiaceae Mentha spicataPlant Lamiaceae Mentha x piperita

Plant Lamiaceae Mentha x villosa

Plant Onagraceae Fuchsia 'Corallina'

Plant Onagraceae Fuchsia magellanicaPlant Onagraceae Prunella vulgaris

Plant Papaveraceae Papaver dubium ssp. dubiumPlant Papaveraceae Platystemon californicus

Plant Pinaceae Picea sitchensis

Luzula campestris agg.

Plant Plantaginaceae Plantago lanceolataPlant Poaceae Arrentherum elatiusPlant Poaceae Avena fatuaPlant Poaceae Avena sativaPlant Poaceae Bromus condensatusPlant Poaceae

Plant Poaceae Ceratochloa cathartica

Plant Poaceae Cynosurus cristatus

Plant Poaceae Cynosurus echinatusPlant Poaceae Dactylis glomerata

Plant Poaceae Elytrigia juncea

Plant Poaceae

Plant Poaceae

Plant Poaceae Festuca pratensisPlant Poaceae

Plant Poaceae Festuca rubra ssp. commutata

Plant Poaceae Festuca rubra ssp. rubraPlant Poaceae Holcus lanatus

Plant Poaceae Hordeum comosumPlant Poaceae Hordeum jubatum

Plant Poaceae

Plant Poaceae Leymus arenarius

Plant Poaceae Lolium multiflorumPlant Poaceae Lolium perenne

Plant Poaceae Phalaris arundinacea 'Picta'Plant Poaceae Phalaris canarensisPlant Poaceae Phleum pratensePlant Poaceae Poa annua


Plant Poaceae Poa trivialis

Plant Poaceae Puccinellia glaucescensPlant Poaceae Vulpia bromoides

Plant Polygonaceae Persicaria maculosa

Plant Polygonaceae Polygonum aviculare

Bromus hordeaceous ssp. hordeaceous

Elytrigia repens ssp. repens var. aristataElytrigia repens ssp. repens var. repens

Festuca rubra agg.

Hordeum murinum ssp. murinum

Plant Polygonaceae Rheum x hybridumPlant Polygonaceae

Plant Polygonaceae Rumex crispus

Plant Polygonaceae Rumex obtusifolius

Plant Portulacaceae Montia fontana

Plant Portulacaceae Montia perfoliata

Plant Ranunculaceae Claytonia perfoliataPlant Ranunculaceae Ranunculus repens

Plant Rubiaceae Aphanes arvensisPlant Rubiaceae Galium aparine

Plant Rubiaceae Galium saxatile

Plant Rubiaceae Potentilla anserina

Plant Rubiaceae Rubus idaeusPlant Rubiaceae Sorbus aucupariaPlant Salicaceae Populus albaPlant Scrophulariaceae Hebe x franciscanaPlant Scrophulariaceae Veronica agrestis

Plant Scrophulariaceae Veronica arvensis

Plant Scrophulariaceae

Plant Solanaceae Solanum tuberosumPlant Urticaceae Urtica dioicaPlant Urticaceae Urtica urensPlant Valerianaceae Valerianella locusta

Plant Violaceae Viola arvensisVertebrate Bird Anas platyrhynchos

Vertebrate Bird Anser anser


Vertebrate Fish Salmo trutta

Rumex acetosella (ssp acetosella & ssp pyrenaicius)

Veronica serpyllifolia ssp. serpyllifolia



Vertebrate Mammal Dusicyon australis


Vertebrate Mammal Lama guanicoe

Vertebrate Mammal Lepus europaeus

Vertebrate Mammal Lontra felina

Vertebrate Mammal Lycalopex griseus


Vertebrate Mammal Oryctolagus cuniculus


Dusicyon griseus griseus, Pseudalopex culpaeus

Vertebrate Mammal Rangifer tarandus



Vertebrate Mammal Sylvilagus spp.

1 Invasive

1 Invasive1 Invasive

1 Invasive

1 Invasive

1

Status (JNCC)

Status (from Douse)

Douse comment

Status (GISD)

GISD comment

Background report SAIS

J2

This column includes species listed in the SAIS Falklands Background report (ref 207). These species were decided in consultation with various stakeholders

1

1 1

1 1

1 1 Invasive1 1 Invasive

1 Invasive

1 1 1

1 1 1

1

1 1 1

1 1

1 Invasive

1 Invasive

1 1

1 Invasive 1

1

1 Invasive

1 Invasive

1 Invasive 1

1 Invasive 1

1

1 Invasive 1 1

1

1 Invasive

1

1 Invasive 1

1

1 Invasive

1 Invasive

1

1 Invasive

1

1 Invasive

1

1 1

1

1 1 1

1 1

1 1 1

1

1 1 Invasive 1 1

1 1

1 1

1

1 1 1

1 1 1

1 1

1 1 1

1 1 Invasive 1 1

1 1 Invasive 1 1

1

27 25 27 20


the prince TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

slippery jack TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial



coral spot fungus TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrialyellow brain fungus Terrestrial


velvet shank Terrestriala spider (family Linyphiidae) Terrestrial

a spider (family Linyphiidae) Terrestrial

K2


L2


a spider (family Anyphaenidae) Terrestrial

a spider (family Theridiidae) Terrestrial

a spider (family Agelenidae) Terrestrial

a spider (family Agelenidae) Terrestrial

a spider (family Linyphiidae) Terrestrial

Terrestrial

a weevil (family Curculionidae) Terrestrial

a rove beetle (family Scarabaeidae) TerrestrialEuropean earwig Terrestrial

a greenbottle (family Calliphoridae) Terrestriala greenbottle (family Calliphoridae) Terrestriala wasp (family Siricidae) Terrestriala tiger moth (family Arctiidae) TerrestrialNZ flax Terrestrial

daffodil Terrestrial

hemlock Terrestrial

hart's-tongue Terrestrial

daisy Terrestrial

pot marigold Terrestrial

slender thistle Terrestrialcornflower Terrestrialcreeping thistle Terrestrial

a longhorn beetle (family Cerambycidae)

spear thistle Terrestrial

smooth hawk's-beard Terrestrial

Jersey cudweed Terrestrialorange hawkweed Terrestrial

mouse-ear-hawkweed Terrestrialcat's-ear Terrestrial

rough hawkbit Terrestrialoxeye daisy Terrestrial

pineappleweed Terrestrial

European ragwort Terrestrial

Oxford ragwort Terrestrial

sticky groundsel Terrestrial

groundsel Terrestrial

milk thistle Terrestrialspiny sow-thistle Terrestrial

smooth sow-thistle Terrestrial

feverfew Terrestrial

tansy Terrestrialdandelion Terrestrial

scentless mayweed Terrestrial

calafate, Magellan barberry Terrestrial

field forget-me-not Terrestrialchanging forget-me-not Terrestrial

swede Terrestrialcabbage Terrestrialturnip Terrestrial

shepherd's-purse Terrestrial

bitter-cress Terrestrial

hairy bitter-cress TerrestrialEnglish scurvygrass Terrestrial

wallflower Terrestrial

treacle mustard Terrestrialdame's-violet Terrestrialradish Terrestrialwhite mustard Terrestrialhedge mustard Terrestrial

harebell Terrestrial

honeysuckle Terrestrialelder Terrestrialcommon mouse-ear Terrestrial

sticky mouse-ear Terrestrial

procumbent pearlwort Terrestrial

red campion Terrestrialwhite campion Terrestrialbladder campion Terrestrialcorn spurrey Terrestrial

chickweed Terrestrial

pickwood Terrestrial

{recorded as spear leaved orache} terrestrialbiting stonecrop Terrestrial

Monterey cypress Terrestrial

glaucous sedge Terrestrialbroad buckler-fern Terrestrialmale-fern Terrestrialheather Terrestrialsun spurge Terrestrial

petty spurge Terrestrialannual mercury Terrestrialbird's-foot-trefoil Terrestrialgreater bird's-foot-trefoil Terrestrialtree lupin Terrestrialhare's-foot clover Terrestrialgolden clover Terrestrialhop clover Terrestrial

lesser trefoil Terrestrial

strawberry clover Terrestrialalsike clover Terrestrialred clover Terrestrialwhite clover Terrestrial

gorse Terrestrial

tufted vetch Terrestrialhairy tare Terrestrialcommon vetch Terrestrialbush vetch Terrestrialsouthern beech Terrestrial

common fumitory Terrestriallesser centaury Terrestrial

common stork's-bill Terrestrial

dove's-foot crane's-bill Terrestrialherb robert Terrestrial

Fuegian currant Terrestrialblackcurrant Terrestrial

gooseberry Terrestrialbluebell Terrestrialgrape-hyacinth Terrestrial

toad rush TerrestrialSoft rush Terrestrialfield wood-rush Terrestrial

henbit Terrestrial

cut-leaved dead-nettle Terrestrial

red dead-nettle Terrestrialspearmint Terrestrialpeppermint Terrestrial

apple-mint Terrestrial

large-flowered fuchsia Terrestrial

fuchsia Terrestrialself-heal Terrestrial

long-headed poppy Terrestrialcream-cups poppy Terrestrial

sitka spruce Terrestrial

ribwort plantain Terrestrialfalse oat-grass terrestrialwild oat terrestrialoat terrestrialcondensed brome Terrestrialsoft brome Terrestrial

rescue brome Terrestrial

crested dog's-tail Terrestrial

rough dog's-tail Terrestrialcock's-foot Terrestrial

sand couch Terrestrial

couch Terrestrial

couch Terrestrial

meadow fescue Terrestrialred fescue Terrestrial

Chewing's fescue Terrestrial

red fescue TerrestrialYorkshire fog Terrestrial

hairy barley Terrestrialfoxtail barley Terrestrial

wall barley Terrestrial

lyme-grass Terrestrial

Italian rye-grass Terrestrialperennial rye-grass Terrestrial

ribbon-grass Terrestrialcanary-grass Terrestrialtimothy Terrestrialannual meadow-grass Terrestrial

smooth-stalked meadow-grass Terrestrial

rough-stalked meadow-grass Terrestrial

glaucous saltmarsh-grass Terrestrialsquirreltail fescue Terrestrial

redshank Terrestrial

knotgrass Terrestrial

rhubarb Terrestrialsheep's sorrel Terrestrial

curled dock Terrestrial

broad-leaved dock Terrestrial

blinks Terrestrial

spring beauty Terrestrial

springbeauty Terrestrialcreeping buttercup Terrestrial

parsley-piert terrestrialcleavers Terrestrial

heath bedstraw Terrestrial

silverweed Terrestrial

raspberry Terrestrialrowan Terrestrialwhite poplar Terrestrialhedge veronica Terrestrialgreen field speedwell Terrestrial

wall speedwell Terrestrial

thyme-leaved speedwell Terrestrial

potato Terrestrialstinging nettle Terrestrialsmall nettle Terrestrialcorn salad Terrestrial

field pansy Terrestrialmallard Terrestrial

feral domestic goose Terrestrial

house sparrow Terrestrial

brown trout Freshwater/ Marine

cattle Terrestrial - grass & dwarf shrub heath

goat Terrestrial

warrah or Falkland wolf Terrestrial

domestic cat Terrestrial

South American guanaco Terrestrial

European hare Terrestrial

Fuegian marine otter or sea otter Terrestrial & marine - coastal

Patagonian fox (Argentine grey fox) Terrestrial


European rabbit Terrestrial

sheep Terrestrial - grass & dwarf shrub heath

reindeer Terrestrial

brown or Norway rat Terrestrial


North American cotton-tail rabbit Terrestrial


unknown unknownunknown unknownunknown unknownunknown unknownunknown unknownunknown unknownunknown unknownunknown unknownunknown unknownunknown unknown

unknown unknownunknown unknownunknown unknownunknown unknown


unknown unknownunknown unknownunknown unknownunknown unknownunknown unknown

unknown unknown

unknown unknownunknown unknown


unknown unknownpre-1974 (130). unknown

First collected 2004 (235).

M2


N2



First mature specimen collected 2004 (235).

unknown unknown

unknown unknown

unknown unknownRecent (207).

unknown pest of sheep (fly strike)unknown pest of sheep (fly strike)unknown unknownunknown unknownsometime 19th century? unknown

sometime 19th century? unknown





sometime 19th century? unknownsometime 19th century? unknownsometime 19th century?

First collected 2006, but spiders of same size and appearance had been present for several years previously (235).

First collected 2004 (130). Seems to have arrived in the 1980s (235).

Spread over agricultural land and contaminate fleeces (207).

sometime 19th century?


sometime 19th century? unknownsometime 19th century? unknown





late 20th century? unknown




sometime 19th century?






sometime 19th century? unknownsometime 19th century? unknownsometime 19th century? unknown

Spread over agricultural land and contaminate fleeces (207).

unknown. Spread over agricultural land and contaminate fleeces (207).





sometime 19th century? unknownsometime 19th century? unknownsometime 19th century? unknownsometime 19th century? unknownsometime 19th century? unknown





sometime 19th century? unknownsometime 19th century? unknownsometime 19th century? unknownsometime 19th century? unknown






sometime 19th century? unknownsometime 19th century? unknownsometime 19th century? unknownsometime 19th century? unknownsometime 19th century? unknownsometime 19th century? unknownsometime 19th century? unknownsometime 19th century? unknown



















sometime 19th century? unknownsometime 19th century? unknownsometime 19th century? unknownsometime 19th century? unknownsometime 19th century? unknownsometime 19th century? unknown








unknown unknown

unknown unknownsometime 19th century? unknown
























sometime 19th century? unknown1930s none

Earliest introduction 1765

1919 from Uruguay none

Known to prevent Magellanic penguins from landing at Gypsy Cove. Can cause a severe impact on small tussac stands / re-introduced tussac and more grazing damage than native geese (207).

1948 and several subsequent introductions (19)

Native zebra trout have suffered massive declines since the introduction of brown trout and remain largely in restricted areas where brown trout have not yet invaded (including some land-locked freshwater populations) (19).

Late 1980s (207)

unknown

1830s but possibly earlier

1930s Staats Island. unknown

late 18th century probably none

1930s none

reduced ground nesting bird populations

late 18th century none

1764 or 1770 on Saunders Island none

~1840

1839 on West Falkland, earlier on East Falkland

Implicated in loss of tussac grass, fachine and changes in vegetation composition

major impact on distribution of ground nesting birdsBreeding of the Tussock bird and the Southern house wren has become restricted to cat- and rat-free islands (in 8). major impact on distribution of ground nesting birds. Feral cats carry sarcocytis and toxoplasma, which can harm the health of sheep (207).

1930s Weddell, Beaver, Split & Staats. Later on Sedge and River Islands

Implicated in loss of tussac grass, fachine and changes in vegetation composition

2001 from South Georgia none

1725-1833 (8). late 18th century

late 18th century

late 18th century probably onto New Island none

Likely to have destroyed whole poulations of VU Cobb's wren and many other land and seabirds, especially burrowing petrels (11, 12)). Breeding of the Tussock bird and the southern house wren has become restricted to cat- and rat-free islands. Reduction of small petrels including Antarctic prion has occurred on rat-inhabited islands (In 8). The presence of rats on islands is negatively correlated with the presence of seven species of native passerines (41). Pre- and post-eradication surveys on Outer, Double and Harpoon Islands showed that rat eradication was followed by increases in the number of songbird species on all three islands (206).

major adverse impacts on seabird and songbird populations






unknown unknown



unknown unknownHas become a dominant species in New Zealand (131). Has taken over pasture land throughout New Zealand. May become of greater concern when the local climate warms as a result of global warming (235).

May have come directly from Europe or from New Zealand, where it is also introduced (130).

May have been imported direct from the UK with household goods, or possibly from Chile (235).

O2


P2


Probably arrived from Europe in furniture (130).

accidental introduction: timber probably

unknown accidental introduction


no effects on wildlife known accidental introductionno effects on wildlife known accidental introductionunknown accidental introduction: timber importsunknown accidental introductionunknown deliberate introduction

unknown deliberate introduction





unknown accidental introductionunknown accidental introductionunknown accidental introduction

A recent natural arrival or introduction is possible. May have come with material brought from Argentina in 1982 (though this does not explain specimen found in 1961) (235).

Probably arrived in packaging from the UK, but could be from South America or St Helena (235).

Described as the greatest threat to indigenous species, though does not appear to be causing problems at present. Ecologically similar to several local species including two endemics. A successful colonist of natural communities in Chile and Argentina (235).

Probably from Europe, but listed in ref (132) as established in Chile.

PWD highlighted as a possible problem in timber framed buildings. Seen as a rarity by many (207).

Due to the lack of strict biosecurity controls between the Falklands and South Georgia there is a risk that this insect could become a pest in South Georgia (207).

Believed to have arrived in building materials (207).



unknown accidental introductionunknown accidetental introduction

unknown accidetental introductionunknown accidental introduction

unknown accidental introductionunknown accidental introduction


accidental introduction












unknown. Highly toxic to horses, sheep and cattle (207).

unknown. Highly toxic to horses, sheep and cattle (207).





unknown accidental introductionunknown deliberate introductionunknown deliberate introductionunknown accidental introductionunknown accidental introduction


unknown deliberate introductionunknown deliberate introductionunknown accidental introduction



unknown accidental introductionunknown accidental introductionunknown accidental introductionunknown accidental introduction





unknown accidental introductionunknown accidental introductionunknown accidental introductionunknown deliberate introduction?unknown accidental introduction

unknown accidental introductionunknown accidental introductionunknown deliberate introductionunknown deliberate introductionunknown deliberate introductionunknown deliberate introductionunknown deliberate introductionunknown deliberate introduction


unknown deliberate introductionunknown deliberate introductionunknown deliberate introductionunknown deliberate introduction


unknown deliberate introduction?unknown deliberate introduction?unknown deliberate introduction?unknown deliberate introduction?unknown deliberate introduction




unknown deliberate introductionunknown deliberate introduction

unknown deliberate introductionunknown deliberate introductionunknown deliberate introduction




unknown accidental introductionunknown deliberate introductionunknown deliberate introduction



unknown deliberate introductionunknown accidental introduction



unknown accidental introductionunknown accidental introduction?unknown deliberate introduction?unknown deliberate introduction?unknown accidental introductionunknown accidental introduction







unknown accidental introductionunknown deliberate introduction







unknown deliberate introductionunknown deliberate introductionunknown deliberate introductionunknown deliberate introduction?

unknown deliberate introduction?

unknown deliberate introduction?

unknown accidental introductionunknown accidental introduction?



unknown deliberate introductionunknown accidental introduction









unknown deliberate introductionunknown deliberate introductionunknown deliberate introductionunknown deliberate introductionunknown accidental introduction



unknown deliberate introductionunknown accidental introductionunknown accidental introductionunknown deliberate introduction?

unknown accidental introductionnone deliberate introduction

deliberate introduction

none deliberate introduction

possible competition & introgression with sheldgeese

The introduced trout are migratory and it is considered likely that they will eventually invade all the streams currently inhabited only by zebra trout. (19)

Introduced deliberately on several occasions (19) (for food and/or sport?)

Possible role in extinction of some plant species deliberate introduction

Deliberate introduction for agriculture (207).



none as density so low deliberate introduction

Deliberate introduction


possible local effects on grazing land deliberate introduction

Possible role in extinction of some plant species deliberate introduction

Goats have a varied diet and are able to utilise a larger number of plant species than other feral livestock. The reduction of vegetation reduces shelter options for native animals. Overgrazing in native communities leads to ecosystem degradation (207).

may have lead to much reduced populations of some species

possible accidental introduction from Tierra del Fuego by aboriginal indians

may have lead to much reduced populations of some vulnerable species

deliberate introduction. There are reports of farmers introducing cats into the wild to control rats and rabbits (207).

possible impacts on native vegetation through grazing

possible grazing effects but as densities are so low effects are probably minimal. Re-planted tussac tillers need protection from hares (207).

may have lead to much reduced populations of some species

possible impacts on some smaller bird species. Potential imapcts on invertebrates, plants and birdlife (207).



possible vegetation effects accidental introduction

possible local effects on grazing land deliberate introduction

may be grazing impacts similar to those on South Georgia.


natural & anthropogenic Introduced, possibly local and scarce. natural & anthropogenic Introduced, possibly local and scarce. natural & anthropogenic Possibly introduced, local and scarce.natural & anthropogenic Widespread, common, possibly introduced.natural & anthropogenic Introduced, widespread and locally common.natural & anthropogenic Possibly introduced, local and scarce.natural & anthropogenic Probably introduced, local and scarce.natural & anthropogenic Widespread and common, possibly introduced. natural & anthropogenic Widespread and common, possibly introduced.natural & anthropogenic

natural & anthropogenic Probably introduced, local and scarce.natural & anthropogenic Widespread and common, possibly introduced.natural & anthropogenic Probably introduced, local and scarce.natural & anthropogenic

natural & anthropogenic Introduced, possibly local and scarce. natural & anthropogenic Introduced, possibly local and scarce. natural & anthropogenic Introduced, possibly local but common.natural & anthropogenic

natural & anthropogenic Possibly introduced, local and scarce.natural & anthropogenic Probably introduced, local and scarce.natural & anthropogenic Introduced, widespread and common.natural & anthropogenic Probably introduced, possibly local and scarce.natural & anthropogenic

natural & anthropogenic

natural & anthropogenic Possibly introduced, local and scarce.natural & anthropogenic

natural & anthropogenic Probably introduced, local and scarce.natural & anthropogenic

natural & anthropogenic Introduced, possibly local and scarce. unknown

Widespread, probably introduced; local and scarce.

Introduced, possibly local and scarce on imported timber.

Probably introduced, widespread but possibly scarce.

Widespread, possibly introduced, local and scarce.Widespread, possibly introduced, local and scarce.

Widespread and locally common, probably introduced.

Widespread, possibly introduced, local but common.

Spreading slowly and has apparently now disappeared from Stanley. Not common (130). Has only been found close to habitation (235).

Only one specimen found so far, in a garden at Hill Cove Settlement (235).

Q2


R2


timber movements?

unknown

unknown introduced, recorded from East Falkland

unknown Introduced?unknown Introduced?unknown Introduced with imported timberunknown Introduced, non-residentnatural & anthropogenic






natural & anthropogenic local and rare. Present in one 10km square.natural & anthropogenic extinct. Recorded from one 10km square.natural & anthropogenic

This species has been recorded from Stanley, Mount Pleasant, near Stanley Airport, Long Island, near Green Patch, Princes Street, Gypsy Cove and Hill Head (near Swan Inlet?). 'Numerous' near Stanley Airport (235).

A single female has been recorded, from a house in Stanley (235).

Found in the main greenhouse at Stanley Growers, just east of Stanley (235).

Known from two specimens in houses in Stanley (130).

A common aeronaut, able to disperse over considerable distances (235).

Spreading into natural communities (Douse). Established at Christina Bay, Gypsy Cove and Stanley but is not numerous (130). Found in Murrell Valley in 2004-5, some distance from Stanley and has spread to the Cape Pembroke peninsula (235).

uncertain, few records, East and West Falkland, introduced. Records mainly from Hill Cove area, but thought to be more widespread (207).

uncertain, recorded from Mt. Alice, presumed introduced

Found in homes in Stanley and slowly starting to make its way into Camp. Several houses at Fox Bay Village are also badly infested (207).

very local and very rare, Carcass. Present in one 10km square. local and rare to scarce. . Present in 14 10km squares. very local and very rare. Present in one 10km square. very local and very rare. Present in one 10km square. widespread and common. Present in 84 10km squares. very local and very rare. Present in one 10km square.

local and scarce. Present in four 10km squares.Limited to Stanley, Mount Pleasant / Mare Harbour and Fox Bay Village (207).


natural & anthropogenic local and scarce. Present in three 10km squares.

natural & anthropogenic local and scarce. Present in six 10km squares.natural & anthropogenic local but common. Present in five 10km squares.

natural & anthropogenic local and rare. Present in three 10km squares.natural & anthropogenic

natural & anthropogenic local and rare. Present in five 10km squares.natural & anthropogenic local and scarce. Present in nine 10km squares.






natural & anthropogenic extinct. Recorded from one 10km square.natural & anthropogenic



natural & anthropogenic local and rare. Present in five 10km squares.natural & anthropogenic

natural & anthropogenic local and scarce. Present in three 10km squares.


natural & anthropogenic local and rare. Present in one 10km square.natural & anthropogenic

natural & anthropogenic local and rare. Present in two 10km squares.natural & anthropogenic local and scarce. Present in one 10km square.natural & anthropogenic local and rare. Present in one 10km square.

local but common. Present in four 10km squares. Limited to Stanley, Mount Pleasant / Mare Harbour and Saunders Island. Possibly present on Philimore Island (207).

widespread and common. Present in 26 10km squares.

widespread and scarce to common. Present in 23 10km squares. very local and very rare. Present in two 10km squares. Only recorded in the Mount Pleasant / Mare Harbour area (207). local but common. Present in two 10km squares. Only recorded in the Mount Pleasant / Mare Harbour area (207). widespread and common. Present in 51 10km squares. widespread and common. Present in 67 10km squares.

widespread and common. Present in 27 10km squares. local and rare. Present in one 10km square. Widespread (207).

very local and very rare. Present in one 10km square.


local and scarce. Present in seven 10km squares. The original bushes were planted at Cantera, Port Sussex and environs, and Island Harbour. Has taken over all the valleys in the paddocks around Port Sussex Farm homestead and has spread for seven kilometres along Sussex Mountain (207).

widespread but scarce. Present in two 10km squares.



natural & anthropogenic local and rare. Present in two 10km squares.natural & anthropogenic


natural & anthropogenic extinct? Recorded from one 10km square.natural & anthropogenic local and rare. Present in one 10km square.natural & anthropogenic extinct? Recorded from one 10km square.natural & anthropogenic extinct? Recorded from one 10km square.natural & anthropogenic


natural & anthropogenic local and rare. Present in one 10km square.natural & anthropogenic local and rare. Present in ten 10km squares.natural & anthropogenic

natural & anthropogenic local and scarce. Present in two 10km squares.


natural & anthropogenic local and rare. Present in two 10km squares.natural & anthropogenic local and rare. Present in one 10km square.natural & anthropogenic local and rare. Present in two 10km squares.natural & anthropogenic


natural & anthropogenic very local and rare. Present in one 10km square.

unknown local & rare. Present in four 10km squares.natural & anthropogenic


natural & anthropogenic local and rare. Present in one 10km square.natural & anthropogenic very local and very rare, last seen 1909-11natural & anthropogenic very local and very rare, last seen 1909-11natural & anthropogenic local and rare. Present in two 10km squares.natural & anthropogenic

natural & anthropogenic extinct. Recorded from one 10km square.natural & anthropogenic extinct. Recorded from one 10km square.natural & anthropogenic local and rare. Present in two 10km squares.natural & anthropogenic local and rare. Present in one 10km square.natural & anthropogenic local and rare. Present in one 10km square.natural & anthropogenic extinct. Recorded from one 10km square.natural & anthropogenic extinct. Recorded from one 10km square.natural & anthropogenic extinct. Recorded from one 10km square.

widespread and common. Present in 37 10km squares.widespread & common. Present in 49 10km squares.

local and scarce to common mainly in NW. Present in nine 10km squares. very local and very rare. Present in one 10km square.

very local and very rare. Present in one 10km square. very local and very rare. Present in one 10km square.

near ubiquitous and v. common. Present in 104 10km squares.


local and scarce. Present in eleven 10km squares. widespread and common. Present in 40 10km squares.

local and scarce to common, West Point. Present in one 10km square. local and rare to scarce. Present in nine 10km squares.



natural & anthropogenic extinct. Recorded from one 10km square.natural & anthropogenic local and rare. Present in three 10km squares.natural & anthropogenic local and rare. Present in three 10km squares.natural & anthropogenic


natural & anthropogenic local and rare. Present in one 10km square.natural & anthropogenic local and rare. Present in one 10km square.natural & anthropogenic local and rare. Present in one 10km square.natural & anthropogenic local and rare. Present in one 10km square.natural & anthropogenic

natural & anthropogenic local and scarce. Present in ten 10km squares.natural & anthropogenic


natural & anthropogenic local and scarce. Present in five 10km squares.natural & anthropogenic

natural & anthropogenic local and rare. Present in seven 10km squares.natural & anthropogenic

natural & anthropogenic local and rare. Present in seven 10km squares.natural & anthropogenic local and rare. Present in one 10km square.natural & anthropogenic

natural & anthropogenic local and rare. Present in one 10km square.natural & anthropogenic local and rare. Present in two 10km squares.natural & anthropogenic



natural & anthropogenic extinct? Recorded from one 10km square.natural & anthropogenic local and rare. Present in one 10km square.natural & anthropogenic local and scarce. Present in four 10km squares.



natural & anthropogenic local and rare. Present in four 10km squares.natural & anthropogenic




widespread and common. Present in 32 10km squares. widespread and common. Present in 50 10km squares.

very local and very rare, Keppel. Present in one 10km square.

very local and very rare, Surf Bay. Present in one 10km square. widespread but scarce. Present in 11 10km squares.

very local and very rare. Present in two 10km squares.

very local and very rare, Keppel. Present in one 10km square.


widespread and very common. Present in 51 10km squares. local and very rare. Present in two 10km squares. local but common. Present in three 10km squares.

very local and very rare. Present in one 10km square. very local and very rare. Present in one 10km square.


very local and very rare Carcass. Present in one 10km square.very local and very rare. Present in one 10km square.

natural & anthropogenic local and rare. Present in eight 10km squares.unknown local and rare. Present in three 10km squares.unknown local and rare. Present in one 10km square.unknown local and rare. Present in three 10km squares.natural & anthropogenic local and rare. Present in one 10km square.natural & anthropogenic local and scarce. Present in two 10km squares.


natural & anthropogenic local and scarce. Present in four 10km squares.

natural & anthropogenic extinct. Recorded from one 10km square.natural & anthropogenic


natural & anthropogenic see below

natural & anthropogenic local but common. Present in five 10km squares.

natural & anthropogenic local and rare. Present in three 10km squares.natural & anthropogenic

natural & anthropogenic ?

natural & anthropogenic ?natural & anthropogenic

natural & anthropogenic local and rare. Present in two 10km squares.natural & anthropogenic



natural & anthropogenic local and rare. Present in one 10km square.natural & anthropogenic local but common. Present in one 10km square.

natural & anthropogenic extinct. Recorded from one 10km square.natural & anthropogenic extinct. Recorded from one 10km square.natural & anthropogenic local and rare. Present in three 10km squares.natural & anthropogenic


natural & anthropogenic local and scarce. Present in eight 10km squares.




very local and very rare. Present in one 10km squares.

widespread and common. Present in 26 10km squares. very local and very rare. Present in one 10km square.



local and scarce to common. Present in five 10km squares. very local and very rare. Present in one 10km square. widespread and common. Present in 21 10km squares.

widespread and common. Present in 63 10km squares. widespread and very common. Present in 102 10km squares.

widespread and common. Present in 32 10km squares.very local and very rare. Present in one 10km square. local and very rare. Present in two 10km squares.

natural & anthropogenic local and rare. Present in four 10km squares.natural & anthropogenic


natural & anthropogenic local but common. Present in 16 10km squares.


natural & anthropogenic local but common. Present in two 10km squares.

natural & anthropogenic local but commonnatural & anthropogenic

unknown local & scarce. Present in six 10km squares.natural & anthropogenic very local and rare. Present in one 10km square.



natural & anthropogenic local and rare. Present in five 10km squares.natural & anthropogenic local and rare. Present in one 10km square.natural & anthropogenic local and rare. Present in six 10km squares.natural & anthropogenic local and rare. Present in one 10km square.natural & anthropogenic local but common. Present in one 10km square.



natural & anthropogenic local and rare. Present in one 10km square.natural & anthropogenic local and rare. Present in three 10km squares.natural & anthropogenic local and scarce. Present in 14 10km squares.natural & anthropogenic

natural & anthropogenic local and rare. Present in 4 10km squares.none




local and scarce to common. Present in 12 10km squares.

widespread and common.Present in 41 10km squares.

local but common. Present in eight 10km squares.

widespread and common. Present in 17 10 km sqaures. local but common. Present in two 10 km squares.

very local and very rare. Present in one 10km square. widespread but scarce. Present in 48 10km squares.


Local and rare. Recorded in two 10 km squares. Associated with fresh water.Widespread but scarce. Recorded in 17 10km squares. Associated with coasts and fresh water.

Breeding resident but only numerous in Stanley. Recorded in 18 10km squares.

Thought to be non-migratory when introduced, but this has proved not to be the case. Hence they migrate to the sea and then disperse into other streams.Also may be some human-assisted movement of trout into new waters (19)

Found throughout the northern two thirds of West Falkland. Also widespread in the norther and central sectors of East Falkland (19).

natural & anthropogenic Main wild cattle herds on East Falkland

unknown, may have been on main islands only

anthropogenic

no dispersal so far

natural East Falkland. Found in 16 10km squares.

natural

anthropogenic




A herd of cashmere goats was initially introduced onto Pebble Island but there are now herds at other locations throughout the islands. A pair of goats escaped from Wine Glass station and are believed to be living feral on Mt Usborne (207).

Extinct. Uncertain origin may have been very early (Indian) introduction.Mainly around coasts and near settlements. Present on most but not all inhabited offshore islands. Found in 73 10km squares. Island wide with the exception of some islands (207).

Introduced. On Staats Island. Population may be of some conservation value if South American status as poor as is suggested. Around 400 animals on Staats Island (209)

South west islands but only recent sighting is San Carlos in 2001.On Beaver, Weddell, Split, River & Staats Islands. Suspected sighting at Point Purvis in 2008 (near River Island) but no further sign found (213).

Stanley, settlements & camp. Widespread. Found in 37 10km squares.

East Falkland, Saunders, West Tyssen, Rabbit Islands, south west of West Falkland Found in 11 10km squares. Mainly restricted to offshore islands, although they are present at Cape Dolphin, Port Louis and Volunteer Point (207).

Abundant, except on some offshore islands where either removed or never established.

no dispersal so far


no dispersal so far

Recently introduced from South Georgia into Beaver Island (& Stanley) for commercial reasons. Located in the Cape Meredith area of Albermarle Station. Some wethers from this herd have been moved to Weddell Is. There is one animal being kept as a pet in Stanley. There were two introductions from South Georgia to Beaver Island and this herd is now just under 100 animals There appear to be no feral reindeer in the Falklands (207).

Swim from mainland to islands and also between islands (9). Historically also likely to have been moved around by boat traffic. Still may be a risk of rats getting to islands on larger boats (9). natural & anthropogenic

Main islands. Also on many of the c. 778 offshore islands - work is continuing to ascertain which islands are infested (9). Common and widespread in settlements and in camp (no reliable evidence on distribution of separate species). Found in 47 10km squares. Island-wide with the exception of some offshore islands (207).

Only definitely known from New Island. Found in 2 10km squares.May remain on New Island. Found in 2 10 km squares.






unknown unknown



unknown unknownunknown none

S2


T2


unknown none

unknown none

unknown none

same as sheep? some farmers control flystrikesame as sheep? some farmers control flystrikeunknown noneunknown noneunknown none

unknown none

unknown none

unknown none

stable - increase none

unknown none

unknown noneno change likely noneincrease?

This is the only introduced spider species showing signs of establishing and expanding (235).

Some control of earwigs has taken place at Stanley Growers, including the introduction of some biological control agents (238).

local control. Some limited control in the Stanley area by Dept of Agriculture & PWD plus local residents (207).

increase?

unknown none

unknown noneunknown none

unknown nonestable - increase none



unknown none

unknown none



no change likely nonestable - increase none

unknown

unknown none


unknown none

increase?


unknown noneunknown noneunknown none

local control. Some trials were undertaken by the DoA at Saunders Island during 2000 but have not been followed up (207).

none. Some limited control in the Stanley area by Dept of Agriculture & PWD plus local residents (207).

Some trials were undertaken by the DoA at Island Harbour during 2000 but have not been followed up (207).




unknown none

no change likely noneunknown noneno change likely noneno change likely noneunknown none

unknown none

unknown noneunknown nonestable - increase none

unknown none


unknown noneunknown noneunknown noneunknown none


unknown none


unknown none

unknown noneno change likely noneno change likely noneunknown noneunknown none

no change likely noneno change likely noneunknown noneunknown noneunknown noneno change likely noneno change likely noneno change likely none


no change likely noneunknown noneunknown nonestable - increase none

unknown noneunknown noneunknown noneunknown noneunknown none


unknown none




unknown noneunknown nonestable - increase none

unknown none

unknown none


unknown none

unknown none



unknown none

stable - increase. With the lack of labour on the farms it is starting to spread out of control (207).

local control (e.g. Keppel). Controlled by cutting or burning by farmers (207)

unknown noneunknown noneunknown noneunknown noneunknown noneunknown none

unknown none

unknown none


unknown none

unknown none

unknown none



stable - increase nonestable? none


unknown none



no change likely noneno change likely noneunknown nonestable - increase none


unknown none

unknown nonestable - increase? none

unknown none

unknown none


unknown none

unknown none


unknown none




unknown none

unknown noneunknown noneunknown noneunknown noneunknown none

unknown none


unknown noneincrease? noneincrease? noneunknown none

unknown nonelikely extinct none

likely to increase & spread Listed as a bird that can be killed at any time

unlikely to expand range & distribution none

It is possible that they will eventually get into all the streams and rivers of both islands. Only a few landlocked water bodies may remain free of naturally dispersing trout, though these may be at risk from deliberate introduction. (19)

None. Brown trout are seen as an economic asset in the Falklands (207).

Likley to remain stable or possible decline Some removal from offshore islands

extinct none

unlikely to expand range & distribution

no change likely

none

no change

stable - increase possible possible local control

Likley to remain stable or possible decline

some local action to reduce or eliminate cats. Random control by some landowners (207). Feral cats have been controlled and pet cats micro-chipped around the military site on Mount Pleasant. Cats are also monitored periodically by the Department of Agriculture at the rubbish dump and controlled when necessary (238).

none. The species has been subject to culling and recreational hunting in the past (209)

may expand but confined to mainland East Falkland

none. Up until the early 1960s was shot as game on Stanley Common. Local control by farmers (207).

no reason why this species should not be commoner

controlled on Beaver. Eradication attempts were made on Beaver and control was undertaken on Weddell during the late 90’s but ultimately failed due to lack of follow up resources (207). A potential sighting on 2008 at Port Purvis was extnsively followed up but no further sign found. A form for reporting unusual animal sightings was produced in 2008, aimed at detecting incursions of foxes into previosuly fox-free areas (213).

may expand but poorer camp ground & hills appear to act as barriers to spread

local control only. No formal controls undertaken, although some farmers release cats into the wild as a control measure (207).

Some removal from offshore islands. A fence has been set up around a colony of black browed albatrosses in order to exclude sheep at Penguin Point, Hope Harbour, funded by the South Atlantic Invasive Species Project (208).

May be farmed none

stable - increase possible

no change likely selective trapping & research programme

no change likely possible local control

Eradication projects carried out on 9 islands in 2001. Also some educational work done at this time and some data collected on bird numbers on these islands (9). Document produced to assist with prioritising islands for rat eradication (10). selected control programme (Falklands Conservation). Research has been carried out carried out by Bath University and the RSPB's South Atlantic Invasive Species project comparing the ecosystem functions on rat-free, rat-infested and rat-eradicated islands in order to infrom the future of rat eradication in the islands (155). Attempts to eradicate rats have been made on more than 20 islands with only one recorded failure (206). Ongoing control by PWD at Eliza Cove tip. Ongoing control at FIPASS and Stanley waterfront and local control on many farms (207).

Actions planned or needed Desired outcomes

unknown monitoring of statusunknown monitoring of statusunknown monitoring of statusunknown monitoring of statusunknown monitoring of statusunknown monitoring of statusunknown monitoring of statusunknown monitoring of statusunknown monitoring of statusunknown monitoring of status

unknown monitoring of statusunknown monitoring of statusunknown monitoring of statusunknown monitoring of status

unknown monitoring of statusunknown monitoring of statusunknown monitoring of statusunknown monitoring of status

unknown monitoring of statusunknown monitoring of statusunknown monitoring of statusunknown monitoring of statusunknown monitoring of status

unknown monitoring of status

unknown monitoring of statusunknown monitoring of status

unknown monitoring of statusunknown monitoring of status

unknown monitoring of statusnone monitoring of status

U2


V2


none monitoring of status



none eradicationnone eradicationnone monitoring of statusnone monitoring of statusnone monitoring of status






none monitoring of statusnone no further introductionfurher control & possible eradication eradication

Ref (235) recommends monitoring the distribution of this species.

furher control & possible eradication eradication


none monitoring of statusnone monitoring of status








none no further introductionnone monitoring of status





none possible control at specific sites


none monitoring of statusnone monitoring of statusnone monitoring of status





none no further introductionnone monitoring of statusnone no further introductionnone no further introductionnone monitoring of status





none monitoring of statusnone monitoring of statusnone monitoring of statusnone monitoring of status





none monitoring of statusnone no further introductionnone no further introductionnone monitoring of statusnone monitoring of status

none no further introductionnone no further introductionnone monitoring of statusnone monitoring of statusnone monitoring of statusnone no further introductionnone no further introductionnone no further introduction


none no further introductionnone monitoring of statusnone monitoring of statusnone monitoring of status

local control possible further local control

none monitoring of statusnone monitoring of statusnone monitoring of statusnone monitoring of statusnone monitoring of status















none monitoring of statusnone monitoring of statusnone monitoring of statusnone monitoring of statusnone monitoring of statusnone monitoring of status














none no further introductionnone no further introductionnone monitoring of statusnone monitoring of status















none monitoring of statusnone monitoring of statusnone monitoring of statusnone monitoring of statusnone monitoring of status



none monitoring of statusnone monitoring of statusnone monitoring of statusnone monitoring of status

none monitoring of statusnone no further introductions

possible removal from NNRs limited spread and possible removal from sensitive sites

possible census in Stanley. no further introductionsNeed more detailed information about distribution of zebra and brown trout, in particular, how are their distributions changing over time (19).

Prevent or at least decrease the chances of brown trout entering the last strogholds of zebra trout - lakes and the rivers running into Philomel Harbour and Lafonia. Legislate against deliberate release of brown trout into waters they do not already inhabit (19)

possible elimination due to bovine TB risk

none no further introductions

eradication was suggested in 1970 but opposed. Maintain population on Staats only.

none no further introductions


no action other than existing control removal from Beaver and possibly other islands

removal from sensitive sites

no change

decline in stock numbers may be reversed

no further introductions to sensitive sites (e.g. tussac islands)

possibility of selective eradication at some localities needs to be considered.

reduced cat population in or near sensitive sites and eradication elsewhere.

no further introductions especially to sensitive sites

no further introductions especially to sensitive sites

no further introductions to sensitive sites (e.g. tussac islands)

value of animals for farming will determine fate

Further selective trapping & possible control

no change

possible restriction until ecological effects better known

Further rat eradications, including from high-priority 305ha North-East Island (9, 10). A workshop on rat eradication in FI held in 2008 identified a number of islands as priorities for rat eradication projects, others as priorities for rodent surveys, as well as making a number of recommendations on logistics and preventing rat invasions (206).

Eradication from all sensitive sites (mainly islands)

Eradication from all New Island may be considered in futureno further introductions especially to sensitive sites

Native range

Europe (130).

Northern Europe (235).

Probably of Eurasian origin (235).

Europe (130).

Europe (130).

South American. Found in east Argentina, Uruguay and Chile (235).


Invertebrate Maxillopoda Elminius modestus

Plant Agavaceae Agave americana

Plant Agavaceae Agave ghiesbreghtii

Plant Aizoaceae

Plant Aizoaceae Disphyma crassifolium

Plant Amaranthaceae Amaranthus blitoidesPlant Amaranthaceae Amaranthus muricatusPlant Amarylladaceae Amaryllis belladonna

Plant Amarylladaceae Leucojum autumnale

Plant Amarylladaceae Narcissus tazetta

Plant Apiaceae Petroselinum crispum

Plant Apocyanaceae Nerium oleander

Plant Araceae Dranunculus vulgarisPlant Araceae Zantedeschia aethiopica

Plant Arecaceae Phoenix canariensis

Plant Asteraceae Conyza albida

Plant Asteraceae Conyza bonariensis

Plant Asteraceae Senecio angulatus

Plant Asteraceae Senecio bicolor cinerarea

Plant Bignoniaceae Tecoma capensis Tecomaria capensis

Carpobrotus carpobrotus x edulis

A1


C1


D1


Plant Cactaceae Opuntia ficus-indica


Plant Convolvulaceae Ipomoea cairica

Plant Convolvulaceae Ipomoea purpurea

Plant Crassulaceae Aeonium arboreum

Plant Crassulaceae Aeonium haworthii

Plant Euphorbiaceae Ricinus communis

Plant Fabaceae Acacia cyanophylla

Plant Fabaceae Acacia cyclops

Plant Fabaceae Acacia retinoides

Plant Fabaceae Albizzia lophantha

Plant Fabaceae Robinia pseudacacia

Plant Fabaceae Spartium junceum

Plant Fabaceae Wisteria sinensisPlant Geraniaceae

Plant Iridaceae Chasmanthe floribunda

Plant Iridaceae Iris albicans

Pelargonium inquinans/ P.x hybridum

Pelargonium inquinans x P. zonale

Plant Liliaceae Aloe arborescens

Plant Liliaceae Aloe brevifolia

Plant Liliaceae Aloe saponaria

Plant Liliaceae Aloe vera

Plant Liliaceae Antholyza aethiopica

Plant Liliaceae Dracaena draco

Plant Liliaceae Freesia refracta

Plant Myporaceae Myoporum laetum

Plant Myrtaceae Eucalyptus camaldulensisPlant Myrtaceae Eucalyptus globulus

Plant Oleaceae Fraxinus angustifolia

Plant Oxalidaceae Oxalis articulata

Plant Oxalidaceae Oxalis pes-caprae

Plant Papaveraceae Papaver somniferum

Plant Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca americana

Plant Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca dioica

Plant Pinaceae Pinus halpensis

Plant Pinaceae Pinus pinea

Plant Plumbaginaceae Plumbago auriculata

Plant Plumbaginaceae Plumbago capensis

Plant Poaceae Arundo dorax

Plant Poaceae Pennisetum clandestinum

Plant Portulacaceae Talinum caffrum

Plant Simaroubaceae Ailanthus altissima

Plant Solanaceae Cestrum parqui

Plant Solanaceae Datura innoxia


Plant Tamaricaceae Tamarix gallica

Plant Tamaricaceae Tamarix parviflora

Plant Tropaoelaceae Tropaeolum majus

Plant Ulmaceae Ulmus minor

Plant Valerianaceae Centranthus ruberPlant Verbenaceae Lantana camara

Vertebrate Amphibian Bufo bufo

Vertebrate Amphibian Hyla meridionalis

Vertebrate Amphibian Pleurodeles waltl

Vertebrate Amphibian Rana perezi

Vertebrate Reptile Chamaeleo chamaeleonVertebrate Reptile Emys orbicularis

Vertebrate Reptile Mauremys leprosa

Vertebrate Reptile Natrix maura

Vertebrate Reptile Testudo graeca

Vertebrate Reptile Trachemys scripta

1

1 1 Slightly problematic

1 1 Potentially problematic 1 C. edulis

1

1

1 1 Very problematic


Status (JNCC)

Status (DAISIE 100)

Status within URNR

Status within Upper Rock Nature Reserve

Status (GISD)

GISD comment

1 1 1 Potentially problematic

1

1

1

1

1 1

1Not Problematic

1 1 Problematic


1

Not Problematic

1 1 1 Problematic

Not Problematic

1

1 1

1 1 1 Potentially problematic 1

1

1 1 Potentially problematic 1

1 1 1

16 5 10 13


a barnacle Marine Prior to 1966 (125).

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial



Terrestrial

parsley (UK name) Terrestrial

Terrestrial


Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

canary creeper Terrestrial

silver ragwort (UK name) Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Hottentot fig (UK name for C. edulis)

Probably between 1846 and 1888 (74).

Believed to be fairly recent (74).

Late 19th or early 20th century (74).

K1


L1


M1


Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

false acacia (UK name) Terrestrial

Spanish broom (UK name) Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial


Terrestrial

pink oxalis (UK name) Terrestrial Since 1914? (74).

Bermuda buttercup (UK name) Terrestrial

opium poppy (UK name) Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Has been present for hundreds of years (74).

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

tree of heaven Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

tamarisk (UK name) Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

small leaved elm (UK name) Terrestrial

red valerian (UK name) TerrestrialTerrestrial

common toad Terrestrial/ Freshwater

Terrestrial

Terrestrial/ Freshwater

Iberian green frog; Perez's frog Terrestrial/ Freshwater

Mediterranean chamaeleon TerrestrialFreshwater

Mediterranean treefrog; stripeless treefrogsharp-ribbed newt; Spanish ribbed newt; Iberian ribbed newt

European pond turtle; European pond terrapin

Mediterranean pond turtle Freshwater

viperine snake Terrestrial

spur-thighed tortoise Terrestrial

red-eared slider terrapin Freshwater


Competes with native barnacles (125).

Can form relatively dense stands which might exclude indigenous flora (52).

Replaces and excludes native flora once ot has formed a 'reasonably sized' patch (52). Has a particularly adverse effect on parts of the east sand slopes and on cliffs in the south west littoral (74). Problematic in littoral areas (176).

Creeping plant that covers native trees and bushes, reducing the amount of light they receive. Spreads rapidly and dominates extensively. Described as 'very aggressive' (52). Excludes native climbers (74).

Where stands occur, this species dominates over and covers native bushes, but this does not appear to be common (52).

N1


O1


Threat to native flora probably minimal (52).

Can form extensive stands that dominate over native flora. Already poses a threat to the indigenous plants on the western cliffs of the Upper Rock Nature Reserve (52).

Has caused 'considerable trouble' on the east side sand slopes (52).

Has caused 'considerable trouble' on the east side sand slopes (52). Very problematic and is now spreading into the recently restored vegetation on the Great Sand Slopes on the east side of the rock (176).

Outcompetes and excludes indigenous bulbous species (52).

Threat to native flora probably minimal (52).

Can form large stands that exclude native flora, though this is not common (52).

Is spreading rapidly to the exclusion of native vegetation (74).

May exclude indigenous orchids and other bulbous species (52)

Spreads rapidly and excludes native trees (52).

Aggressive species forming dense mats, smothering and excluding indigenous flora. Also releases allelopathic chemicals that kill most plants (52).

Not caused any problems yet, but the seeds germinate readily and the species is spreading fast in some parts of the Upper Rock Nature Reserve (52).

Seems to out-compete introduced European species (176).


Planted as a sand and scree stabiliser (74).

Sets seed readily (74).


Presumably escaped from cultivation (74).

May be native (74).

Introduced as an ornamental plant (74).

Does not spread rapidly by natural means (52).

Adults transported on ships' hulls and also possibly pelagic larvae in ballast water (125).

Small scale dispersal by pelagic larvae, longer dispersal through adult transport on ships' hulls (125).Slow natural spread (52). Reproduces by means of plantlets developing on flower spikes (74).

Reproduces by means of plantlets developing on flower spikes (74).

Introduced primarily as a sand and scree stabiliser, but also a garden escapee (52).

Propagates locally by means of runners (52). Does not set seed on Gibraltar (74).

Sets seed naturally, but germinates only in irrigated areas of gardens (74).

Rarely sets seed in Gibraltar, but will multiply vegetatively (74).Seeds germinate readily in garden situations and possibly elsewhere (74).

Rapid natural spread (52). Spreads vegetatively and by setting seed (74).

P1


Q1


May be native (74).

Propagates by seeds and suckers (74).

Apparent garden escape (74).

Introduced as a garden plant 974). Will set seed which germinate in gardens (74).Natural dispersal abilities are limited (52).

Natural dispersal (52).

Introduced as a garden plant, then escaped from cultivation (52).


Most are planted. Seedlings rarely occur (74).

Introduced as an ornamental plant (74).

Limited natural dispersal abilities (52).

Presumably deliberately planted (74).

Spreads slowly and vegtatively. Does not set seed and does not spread to new sites by natural means (52).

Introduced as a garden plant, but has recently escaped from cultivation (74).

Fruits readily and sometimes seeds in gardens (74).Most are planted, but seedlings and saplings occur near mature trees in some areas (74).

Most mature specimens probably planted, but some young plants appear spontaneous (74).

Does not produce fertile seed here, and can only reproduce by bulbils. Spread is facilitated by the way in which roadsides are being cleared, which promotes colonisation by this species and spreads bulbils into nearby areas (52).

Widely planted, occasionally seed germinates but plant is not naturalised here (74).Deliberately planted. Little natural regeneration (74).Deliberately planted. Little natural regeneration (74).

Spreads by vegetative means within gardens but does not set seed (74).

Rapidly spreads by natural means (52).

Rapid natural spread by suckers and seeds (52)


Seeds spread by birds (52).

Presumed introduced (159, 160).

Probably introduced from Morocco (159, 160).


Planted as windbreaks and as an ornamental (74).

Planted as windbreaks and as an ornamental (74).

Some trees apparently planted, but some may have established naturally (74).


Introduced from Morocco (159, 160).

Escaped pets (176).

Probably extinct in Gibraltar by mid 1900s and subsequently reintroduced (159, 160).


Widely naturalised (74).Widely naturalised (74).

Well established, but limited in distribution (74).

Large stands within and around Upper Rock (52).

Naturalised at various sites in Gibraltar, mostly on the east side (74). Limited distribution within Upper Rock (52).Only on a few sites on the east side of the rock (74).Restricted range within Upper Rock, occurs mainly outside the nature reserve boundary (52).

Planted at one site on Europa Advance Road (74).

Naturalised within the Alameda gardens and some other gardens, but not found in truly wild places (74).Found on the Upper Rock at Willis's and on the lower slopes below Ince's (74).Naturalised in several areas, always close to cultivation and gardens (74).Naturalised on the bare rocky slopes on the northwesternmost part of the Upper Rock (74).Common in gardens and roadside flowerbeds. Not well established (74).

Well established in the Alameda Gardens and other gardens, but not fully naturalised (74).Appears to be becoming established on the east sand slopes. Also found in gardens (74).Widespread in gardens and on waste ground (74).Widespread in gardens and on waste ground (74).

Common in the Europa area and around Governor's cottage (74).Widespread in gardens, especially in the South District. In the Upper rock Nature Reserve it is found in the PSA and Lower Rock gardens (52).

R1


S1


East side sand slopes (52).

Only found in gardens (74).Found at a few sites within Upper Rock (52).

A few stands exist within Upper Rock, but they appear to be spreading steadily. It is especially abundant on the cliffs of the western edge of the reserve (52). Largest concentration is on the upper Europa Advance area, also on Europa Foreshore (74).

May also spread to other areas in the lower reaches of the Upper Rock Nature Reserve (52).

Several specimens well established on sand slopes on eastern suide, but no evidence yet of naturalisation (74).Quickly outgrows gardens, but not yet spreading away from where it has been planted (74).

Quickly outgrows gardens, but not yet spreading away from where it has been planted (74).

Fully naturalised on the south western and south eastern cliffs of the Rock (74).Established and apparently naturalised around Catalan Bay. Also some plants in isolated locations on south eastern and south western scree slopes (74).

Only a few wild plants left on Gibraltar, mainly in the South District (74).East side sand slopes and elsewhere, including areas adjacent toUpper Rock Nature Reserve (52).

A population is established on the east sand slopes (74).

Growing mainly on parts of the lower western slopes (74).Currently only within garden areas, notably the Alameda Gardens (74).Only found near human habitation. Particularly well established at the north end of Windmill Hill Flats (74).

Grows in some open areas of Upper Rock. Also in some parts of the South District. Mostly concentrated around gardens (52). Established within several places in the Upper Rock Nature Reserve, especially on the firebreak near St Michael's Cave (239).

Some small stands established on the Upper Rock and Windmill Hill (74).

Mainly in and around South District gardens (74).

Spontaneous in and around gardens (74).

Gardens and on the Upper Rock (74).

Gardens and on the Upper Rock (74).

Within gardens (74).

Large stands occur where they ave been planted throughout Gibralatar. Localised within Upper Rock (52).

Three very small stands occur at Europa Advance (74).Stands occur on Europa Point Foreshore and at Europa AdvanceVery small population of these on the eastern sand slopes, which does not appear to be spreading (74).Fully naturalised in gardens and firebreaks on the Upper Rock (74).Established in the wild in various parts of Gibraltar (74).Widespread within Upper Rock (52). Also found in gardens (74).Only in gardens. Does not appear to be becoming established (74).

Locally common and naturalised, especially in and around gardens (74).

Extremely widespread and common on Upper Rock and elsewhere in Gibraltar. Often found in areas that have been recently disturbed by humans (e.g. roadsides) (52).

Already almost spread to its full capacity in Upper Rock Nature Reserve (52).

Naturalised in waste ground, rarely found in gardens (74).

A few bushes on Upper Rock, mainly around Upper Rock gardens and Jew's gate (52).

Various places on Gibraltar, including Europa Pass and North Front Cemetary (74).

May spread to different parts of Upper Rock (52).

Found in and around gardens (74).

Single record only (159, 160).

Several sites, including one that is currently only 100m from the southern entrance of the Upper Rock Nature Reserve (52).

In gardens, especially in areas receiving water in summer (74).Fully naturalised in Gibraltar, especially in and around gardens of the South District. In the Upper Rock Nature Reserve it is found within PSA gardens (52).

Naturalised. Rare on waste ground in some parts of Gibraltar (74).Naturalised. Grows on sandy areas on Windmill Hill Flats (74).Naturalised. Grows in walls and waste ground (74).Not naturalised. Found mainly in windswept areas such as Windmill Hill, east side, Europa Point (74).Not naturalised. Found mainly in windswept areas such as Windmill Hill, east side, Europa Point (74).Not fully naturalised. Found in gardens, and as a garden escapee (74).

Spreading into Upper Rock from peripheral gardens (52). Widespread in and near cultivation (74)

Population in Gibraltar Botanic Gardens (159, 160).Population in Gibraltar Botanic Gardens (159, 160).

Populations in Botanic Gardens and other sites (159, 160).

Population in Gibraltar Botanic Gardens (159, 160).

Found in the Botanic Gardens (159, 160).

Populations in Botanic Gardens and other sites (159, 160).

Escaped individuals occasionally found (159, 160).Population in Gibraltar Botanic Gardens (159, 160). Confined to artificial ponds (176).


Can be scraped off ships' hulls and buoys (125). (Not sure if this is specifically being done in Gibraltar).

No action considered necessary within the Upper Rock Nature Reserve (52).

Being removed by the MOD in the Windmill Hill flats area (52).

The Upper Rock Management Plan recommends legislation prohibiting growing or keeping this species in gardens and homes within the reserve (52).

GONHS volunteers are actively removing this species from some parts of the Upper Rock reserve (52).

Upper Rock Management Plan recommends that a concerted effort is made to eliminate this species from the reserve, and that planting it in gardens within the reserve be prohibted (52).

GONHS volunteers are actively removing this species from some parts of the Upper Rock reserve (52).

Upper Rock Management Plan recommends clearing stands of this species that occur outside gardens, and that garden owners should be responsible for ensuring stands of this plant do not spread beyond their gardens (52).

T1


U1


Upper Rock Management Plan recommends eradicating this species from accessible areas within the nature reserve. Also recommends legislation prohibiting growing or keeping this species in gardens and homes within the reserve(52).

Upper Rock Management Plan recommends plants of this species close to the reserve boundary should be eradicated to prevent them invading the reserve (52).

The Gibraltar Ornithological and Natural History Society (GONHS) have begun removing the African corn flag (Chasmanthe floribunda) from parts of the Upper Rock Nature Reserve where it has become established (239).

Upper Rock Management Plan recommends elimination of feral populations within and around the nature reserve boundary, and also to prohibit or restrict growing this species in private gardens within the reserve (52).

Upper Rock Management Plan recommends monitoring stands of this plant within the reserve to ensure it does not become a problem in the future (52).

Upper Rock Management Plan recommends making an effort to limit the spread of this species, primarily through altering the way roadsides are cleared (52).

Upper Rock Management Plan recommends plants of this species close to the reserve boundary should be eradicated to prevent them invading the reserve. Also recommends legislation prohibiting growing or keeping this species in gardens and homes within the reserve (52).

GONHS (Gibraltar Ornithological and Natural History Society) volunteers are discussing the possibility of tackling this species, though this is dependent on suitable financial support. The Upper Rock Management plan recommends legislation prohibiting growing or keeping this species in gardens and homes within the reserve (52).

Upper Rock Management Plan advises beginning the removal of individuals of this species while their distribution is still limited, rather than waiting for problems to occur. It also recommends legislation prohibiting growing or keeping this species in gardens and homes within the reserve (52).


Australasia (125).

Mexico (74).

Mexico (74).

South Africa (74).

South Africa (74).

Americas (74).Americas (74).South Africa (74).

Western Mediterranean (74).

Mediterranean/ Asia (74).

Southeast Europe, Western Asia (74).

Mediterranean (74).

(Eastern?) Mediterranean (74).South Africa (74).

Canary Islands (74).

South America (74).

South America (74).

South Africa (74).

Medterranean (74).

South Africa (74).

Eradication within the Upper Rock Nature Reserve (52).

V1


Mexico (74).

Mexico (74).

Tropical West Africa (74).

West Indies (74).

Morocco (74).

Canary Islands (74).

Tropical Africa (74).

Australia (74).

Western Australia (74).

North America (74).

Western Mediterranean (74).

Asia (74).South Africa (74).

Arabia (74).

Eradication within the Upper Rock Nature Reserve (52).

South Africa (74).

South Africa (74).

South Africa (74).

South Africa (74).

South Africa (74).

Canary Islands and Madeira (74).

Australia (74).

Australia (74).Australia (74).

Southern Europe (74).

Central and Southern America (74).

North America (74).

Argentina (74).

Mediterranean (74).

Mediterranean (74).

South Africa (74).

Asia, ?Mediterranean (74).

Prevent further spread within the Upper Rock Nature Reserve (52)

Montane East Africa (74).

South Africa (74).

North China (74).

South America (74).

America (74).

Argentina/ Chile (74).

Mediterranean (74).

Mediterranean (74).


Mediterranean (74).

Mediterranean (74).

Southern USA (176).


Invertebrate Amphipoda Arcitalitrus dorrieni

Invertebrate Coleoptera Anoplophora chinensis

Invertebrate ColeopteraInvertebrate Coleoptera Harmonia axyridis

Invertebrate Coleoptera Leptinotarsa decemlineata

Invertebrate Crustacea Architalitrus dorrieni

Invertebrate Crustacea Elminius modestus Invertebrate Heteroptera Leptoglossus occidentalis

Invertebrate Homoptera Cacopsylla fulguralisInvertebrate Mollusca Crassostrea gigas Invertebrate Mollusca Crepidula fornicataInvertebrate Mollusca Mercenaria mercenaria Invertebrate Mollusca Potamopyrgus antipodarum Invertebrate Mollusca Urosalpinx cinerea Invertebrate Nemertea Geonemertes dendyiInvertebrate Platyhelminthes Australoplana sanguineaInvertebrate Platyhelminthes Kontikia ameliaeInvertebrate Platyhelminthes Kontikia andersoniInvertebrate Platyhelminthes Kontikia ventrolineataInvertebrate Platyhelminthes Oligocladus sanguinolentusInvertebrate Platyhelminthes Stylochoplana maculataPlant Acanthaceae Acanthus mollisPlant Acanthaceae Acanthus spinosusPlant Aceraceae Acer campestrePlant Aceraceae Acer opalus/velutinePlant Aceraceae Acer platanoidesPlant Agavaceae Agave americanaPlant Agavaceae Phormium tenaxPlant Aizoaiceae Aptenia cordifoliaPlant Aizoaiceae Carpobrotus glaucescensPlant Aizoaiceae Drosanthemum floribundumPlant Aizoaiceae Lampranthus roseus

Plant Aizoaiceae Oscularia deltoidesPlant Aizoaiceae Tetragonia tetragonioidesPlant Amaranthaceae Amaranthus albusPlant Amaranthaceae Amaranthus blitum

Plant Amaranthaceae Amaranthus deflexusPlant Amaranthaceae Amaranthus retroflexus

Plant Anacardiaceae Rhus typhinaPlant Apiaceae Smyrnium olusatrumPlant Apocyanaceae Vinca majorPlant Apocyanaceae Vinca minor

Chrysolina americana

A1


C1


Plant Araceae Acorus calamusPlant Araceae Dracunculus vulgarisPlant Araceae Helicodiceros muscivorus

Plant Araceae Lysichiton americanusPlant Araceae Zantedeschia aethiopicaPlant Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia clematitisPlant Asteraceae Ambrosia artemisiifoliaPlant Asteraceae Anaphalis margaritaceaPlant Asteraceae Anthemis cotulaPlant Asteraceae Aster novi-belgiiPlant Asteraceae Aster subulatusPlant Asteraceae Calendula officinalisPlant Asteraceae Carthamnus tinctorusPlant Asteraceae Centaurea asperaPlant Asteraceae Centaurea calcitrapaPlant Asteraceae Centaurea cyanusPlant Asteraceae Centaurea dilutaPlant Asteraceae Centaurea jaceaPlant Asteraceae Centaurea x moncktoniiPlant Asteraceae Conyza bilbaoanaPlant Asteraceae Conyza bonariensisPlant Asteraceae Conyza canadensisPlant Asteraceae Conyza sumatrensis

Plant Asteraceae Cotula dioicaPlant Asteraceae Erigeron glaucusPlant Asteraceae Erigeron karvinskianusPlant Asteraceae Erigeron speciosusPlant Asteraceae Felicia bergerianaPlant Asteraceae Galinsoga parvifloraPlant Asteraceae Galinsoga quadriradiataPlant Asteraceae Gazania rigens

Plant Asteraceae Helianthus annuusPlant Asteraceae Helichrysum petiolarePlant Asteraceae Nemophila menziesiiPlant Asteraceae Olearia macrodontaPlant Asteraceae Olearia paniculataPlant Asteraceae Olearia traversiiPlant Asteraceae Onopordum acanthiumPlant Asteraceae Osteospermum jucundumPlant Asteraceae Petasites fragransPlant Asteraceae Senecio cinerariaPlant Asteraceae Senecio grandiflorusPlant Asteraceae Silybum marianumPlant Asteraceae Solidago canadensisPlant Asteraceae Solidago gigantea

Plant Asteraceae Spilanthes leptophyllaPlant Asteraceae Tanacetum partheniumPlant Asteraceae Tragopogon porrifoliusPlant Asteraceae Tussilago farfaraPlant Balsaminaceae Impatiens glandulifera

Plant Basellaceae Andredera cordifolia

Plant Berberidaceae Berberis darwiniiPlant Berberidaceae Berberis vulgaris x thunbergiPlant Berberidaceae Mahonia aquifoliumPlant Betulaceae Betula pendulaPlant Betulaceae Betula pubescensPlant Betulaceae Carpinus betulusPlant Betulaceae Corylus avellanaPlant Boraginaceae Echium pininanaPlant Boraginaceae EchiumPlantagineum

Plant Boraginaceae Symphytum officinalePlant Boraginaceae Symphytum orientalePlant Boraginaceae Trachystemon orientalisPlant Brassicaceae Arabis caucasiaPlant Brassicaceae Armoracia rusticana

Plant Brassicaceae Aubrieta deltoideaPlant Brassicaceae Camelina sativaPlant Brassicaceae Hesperis matronalisPlant Brassicaceae Isatis tinctoriaPlant Brassicaceae Lunaria annuaPlant Brassicaceae Malcolmia maritimaPlant Bromeliaceae Fascicularia bicolor ssp bicolorPlant Buddlejaceae Buddleya davidiiPlant Buddlejaceae Buddleya globosaPlant Campanulaceae Campanula fragilisPlant Campanulaceae Campanula portenschlagianaPlant Campanulaceae Campanula poscharskyanaPlant Campanulaceae Campanula pyramidalisPlant Campanulaceae Trachelium caeruleumPlant Cannabaceae Cannabis sativaPlant Caprifoliaceae Leycesteria formosaPlant Caprifoliaceae Lonicera japonicaPlant Caprifoliaceae Symphoricarpos albusPlant Caprifoliaceae Viburnum lantanaPlant Caryophyllaceae Agrostemma githagoPlant Caryophyllaceae Cerastium tomentosumPlant Caryophyllaceae Dianthus deltoidesPlant Caryophyllaceae Lychnis coronariaPlant Caryophyllaceae Myosoton aquaticumPlant Caryophyllaceae Saponaria officinalisPlant Caryophyllaceae Vaccaria hispanicaPlant Celastraceae Euonymus europaeusPlant Celastraceae Euonymus japonicusPlant Chenopodiaceae Atriplex halimusPlant Clusiaceae Hypericum androsaemumPlant Clusiaceae Hypericum calycinumPlant Clusiaceae Hypericum hircinumPlant Clusiaceae Hypericum x inodorumPlant Commelinaceae Tradescantia fluminensisPlant Cornaceae Cornus albaPlant Cornaceae Griselinia littoralis

Plant Crassulaceae Sedum albumPlant Crassulaceae Sedum confusum

Plant Crassulaceae Sedum praealtumPlant Crassulaceae Sedum rupestrePlant Crassulaceae Sedum stoloniferumPlant Cupressaceae Cupressus macrocarpaPlant Cupressaceae X CupressocyparisPlant Cupressaceae X Cupressocyparis leylandiiPlant Curcubitaceae Ecballium elateriumPlant Dryopteridaceae Cyrtomium falcatumPlant Dryopteridaceae Woodwardia radicansPlant Eleagnaceae Elaeagnus macrophyllaPlant Eleagnaceae Elaeagnus pungensPlant Eleagnaceae Elaeagnus umbellataPlant Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia corallioidesPlant Fabaceae Galega officinalisPlant Fabaceae Lathyrus latifolius

Plant Fabaceae Lupinus arboreusPlant Fabaceae Pisum sativumPlant Fabaceae Robinia pseudoacaciaPlant Fagaceae Castanea sativaPlant Fagaceae Fagus sylvaticaPlant Fagaceae Quercus cerrisPlant Fagaceae Quercus ilexPlant Geraniaceae Geranium canariensePlant Geraniaceae Geranium columbinumPlant Geraniaceae Geranium herreraePlant Geraniaceae Geranium lucidum

Plant Geraniaceae Geranium maderensePlant Geraniaceae Geranium rotundifoliumPlant Geraniaceae Geranium rubescensPlant Grossulariaceae Escallonia macranthaPlant Grossulariaceae Ribes nigrumPlant Grossulariaceae Ribes sanguineumPlant Grossulariaceae Ribes uva-crispaPlant Gunneraceae Gunnera tinctoriaPlant Gunneraceae Lythrum hyssopifoliaPlant Gunneraceae Lythrum junceumPlant Hippocastanaceae Aesculus hippocastanumPlant Hydrocharitaceae Elodea canadensisPlant Hydrocharitaceae Elodea nuttalliiPlant Hydrophyllaceae Nemophila menziesiiPlant Hydrophyllaceae Phacelia tanacetifoliaPlant Iridaceae Crocosmia x crocosmiifloraPlant Iridaceae Crocus vernus

Plant Iridaceae Freesia refractaPlant Iridaceae Gladiolus communis subsp byzantinusPlant Iridaceae Gladiolus x colvilliiPlant Iridaceae Iris germanicaPlant Iridaceae Libertia formosa

Plant Iridaceae Romulea rosea var australisPlant Iridaceae Sisyrinchium montanumPlant Lamiaceae Galeopsis tetrahitPlant Lamiaceae Marrubium vulgarePlant Lauraceae Laurus nobilisPlant Liliaceae Agapanthus praecoxPlant Liliaceae Allium molyPlant Liliaceae Allium neapolitanumPlant Liliaceae Allium roseumPlant Liliaceae Allium schoenoprasumPlant Liliaceae Allium subhirsutumPlant Liliaceae Allium ursinumPlant Liliaceae Amaryllis belladonnaPlant Liliaceae Asparagus officinalisPlant Liliaceae Crinum powelliiPlant Liliaceae Hemerocallis fulvaPlant Liliaceae Hyacinthoides hispanicaPlant Liliaceae Kniphofia uvariaPlant Liliaceae Leucojum aestivumPlant Liliaceae Lilium candidumPlant Liliaceae Muscari neglectumPlant Liliaceae Nerine sarniensisPlant Liliaceae Nothoscordum borbonicumPlant Liliaceae Ornithogalum angustifoliumPlant Liliaceae Ornithogalum arabicumPlant Liliaceae Polygonatum x hybridumPlant Liliaceae Scilla peruvianaPlant Liliaceae Scilla pushkinoidesPlant Liliaceae Sternbergia luteaPlant Liliaceae Tristagma uniflorumPlant Malvaceae Lavatera olbiaPlant Moraceae Ficus caricaPlant Nyctaginaceae Mirabilis jalapaPlant Oleaceae Jasminum officinalePlant Oleaceae Ligustrum ovalifoliumPlant Oleaceae Syringa vulgarisPlant Onagraceae Epilobium brunnescensPlant Onagraceae Epilobium ciliatumPlant Onagraceae Fuchsia magellanicaPlant Onagraceae Oenothera biennisPlant Onagraceae Oenothera cambrica

Plant Onagraceae Oenothera glazioviana

Plant Onagraceae Oenothera strictaPlant Oxalidaceae Oxalis corymbosaPlant Oxalidaceae Oxalis debilisPlant Oxalidaceae Oxalis dilleniiPlant Oxalidaceae Oxalis exilisPlant Oxalidaceae Oxalis megalorrhizaPlant Oxalidaceae Oxalis stricta

Plant Oxalidaceae Oxalis tetraphyllaPlant Papveraceae Eschscholzia californica

Plant Papveraceae Glaucium corniculatum

Plant Papveraceae Meconopsis cambricaPlant Papveraceae Papaver somniferumPlant Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca acinosaPlant Pinaceae Larix deciduaPlant Pinaceae Pinus muricataPlant Pinaceae Pinus nigra ssp laricioPlant Pinaceae Pinus nigra ssp nigraPlant Pinaceae Pinus radiataPlant Pinaceae Pinus sylvestrisPlant Platanaceae Platanus x hispanicusPlant Poaceae Arundinaria distichaPlant Poaceae Avena barbataPlant Poaceae Avena fatuaPlant Poaceae Avena sativaPlant Poaceae Avena sterilisPlant Poaceae Avena strigosaPlant Poaceae Briza maximaPlant Poaceae Ceratochloa carinataPlant Poaceae Ceratochloa catharticaPlant Poaceae Cortaderia selloana

Plant Poaceae Cynodon dactylonPlant Poaceae Gaudinia fragilis

Plant Poaceae Panicum miliaceumPlant Poaceae Phyllostachys nigraPlant Poaceae Pseudosasa japonicaPlant Poaceae Sasa palmataPlant Poaceae Sasa veitchiiPlant Poaceae Sinarundinaria ancepsPlant Poaceae Sorghum halepensePlant Poaceae Sorghum saccharatumPlant Poaceae Zea maysPlant Polygonaceae Fagopyrum esculentumPlant Polygonaceae Fallopia baldschuanicaPlant Polygonaceae Fallopia convolvulusPlant Polygonaceae Fallopia x bohemicaPlant Polygonaceae Muehlenbeckia complexa

Plant Polygonaceae Persicaria amplexicaulisPlant Polypodiaceae Phymatosorus diversifoliaPlant Portulaceae Calandrinia ciliataPlant Portulaceae Claytonia perfoliataPlant Portulaceae Portulaca oleraceaPlant Primulaceae Cyclamen coumPlant Primulaceae Cyclamen hederifoliumPlant Primulaceae Lysimachia nummularia

Plant Primulaceae Lysimachia thyrsiflora

Plant Ranunculaceae Aconitum lycoctonum ssp. vulpariaPlant Ranunculaceae Adonis annuaPlant Ranunculaceae Anemone appeninaPlant Ranunculaceae Anemone nemorosaPlant Ranunculaceae Aquilegia vulgarisPlant Ranunculaceae Caltha palustrisPlant Ranunculaceae Clematis balearicaPlant Ranunculaceae Consolida ajacisPlant Rosaceae Aphanes arvensis

Plant Rosaceae Cotoneaster franchetiiPlant Rosaceae Cotoneaster frigidusPlant Rosaceae Cotoneaster horizontalisPlant Rosaceae Cotoneaster integrifoliusPlant Rosaceae Crataegus persimilisPlant Rosaceae Duchesnea indicaPlant Rosaceae Filipendula camtschaticaPlant Rosaceae Fragaria ananassa

Plant Rosaceae Malus domesticaPlant Rosaceae Mespilus germanicaPlant Rosaceae Prunus aviumPlant Rosaceae Prunus cerasusPlant Rosaceae Pyrus communisPlant Rosaceae Pyrus pyrasterPlant Rosaceae Rosa luciaePlant Rosaceae Rosa multifloraPlant Rosaceae Rosa x albaPlant Rosaceae Sorbus aucupariaPlant Rosaceae Sorbus intermediaPlant Rosaceae Spiraea japonicaPlant Rubiaceae Asperula arvensisPlant Salicaceae Populus albaPlant Salicaceae Populus nigraPlant Salicaceae Populus tremulaPlant Salicaceae Populus x canescensPlant Salicaceae Salix albaPlant Salicaceae Salix auritaPlant Salicaceae Salix daphnoidesPlant Salicaceae Salix viminalis (S. x rubra)Plant Salicaceae Salix x calodendronPlant Salicaceae Salix x multinervis

Plant Salicaceae Salix x smithianaPlant Saxifragaceae Bergenia spPlant Saxifragaceae Saxifraga cymbalariaPlant Saxifragaceae Saxifraga granulataPlant Saxifragaceae Tellima grandifloraPlant Scrophulariaceae Antirrhinum majusPlant Scrophulariaceae Asarina procumbensPlant Scrophulariaceae Calceolaria integrifoliaPlant Scrophulariaceae Cymbalaria muralis

Plant Scrophulariaceae Erinus alpinus

Plant Scrophulariaceae Hebe x franciscanaPlant Scrophulariaceae Linaria purpureaPlant Scrophulariaceae Mimulus guttatus

Plant Scrophulariaceae Mimulus moschatusPlant Scrophulariaceae Verbascum nigrumPlant Scrophulariaceae Verbascum phoeniciumPlant Scrophulariaceae Veronica filiformisPlant Solanaceae Datura stramonium

Plant Solanaceae Lycium barbarumPlant Solanaceae Lycopersicon esculentumPlant Solanaceae Nicandra physalodesPlant Solanaceae Salpichroa origanifoliaPlant Solanaceae Solanum capsicastrumPlant Solanaceae Solanum chenopodioidesPlant Solanaceae Solanum laciniatumPlant Solanaceae Solanum rostratumPlant Solanaceae Solanum sisimbriifoliumPlant Tamaricacae Tamarix gallicaPlant Taxaceae Taxus baccataPlant Thymelaeaceae Daphne laureolaPlant Tiliaceae Tilia cordataPlant Tiliaceae Tilia platyphyllosPlant Tiliaceae Tilia vulgarisPlant Tropaeolaceae Tropaeolum majusPlant Urticaceae Parietaria judaicaPlant Urticaceae Soleirolia soleiroliiPlant Violaceae Viola odorataPlant Vitaceae Parthenocissus quinquefoliaPlant Vitaceae Vitis viniferaPlant Woodsiaceae Davallia canariensisPlant Woodsiaceae Onoclea sensibilisPlant Aceraceae Acer pseudoplatanus

Plant Aizoaceae Carpobrotus edulis

Plant Crassulaceae Crassula helmsii

Plant Haloragaceae Myriophyllum aquaticum

Plant Liliaceae Allium triquetrum

Plant Oxalidaceae Oxalis articulata


Plant Oxalidaceae Oxalis incarnata

Plant Oxalidaceae Oxalis latifolia

Plant Oxalidaceae Oxalis pes-caprae

Plant Polygonaceae Fallopia japonica

Plant Sargassaceae Sargassum muticum

Plant Valerianaceae Centranthus ruberVertebrate Reptile Lacerta bilineata

Common name(s)

a landhopper

1 citus long horn beetle

rosemary beetle1 1 harlequin ladybird

1 colorado potato beetle

(a sand hopper)

(a barnacle)

11 1 Pacific oyster1 1 1 slipper limpet

American hard-shelled clam1 Jenkin's spire snail1 American oyster drill

bear's breechspiny bear's breechfield maplea maple

1 Norway maple centuryplantNew Zealand flaxheart leaf icePlantangular sea figpale dewplantrosy dewplant

deltoid leaved dewplantNew Zealand spinachwhite pigweedGuernsey pigweed

perennial pigweedcommon amaranth

sumac1 alexanders

1 greater periwinklelesser periwinkle

Status (JNCC)

Status (DAISIE 100)

Status (English Nature)

Status (GISD)

GISD comment

J1


sweet flagdragon arumfriar's cowl

American skunk cabbagealtar lilybirthwort

1 1 ragweedpearly everlasting stinking chamomileconfused michaelmas daisyannual saltmarsh asterpot marigoldsafflowerrough star thistlestar thistlecornflowerlesser star thistlebrown knapweeda hybrid knapweed

Canadian fleabaneGuernsey fleabane

hairless leptinellaseaside daisy

1 Mexican fleabanegarden fleabanekingfisher daisygallant soldier shaggy soldier treasureflower

sunflowerhelichrysumbaby blue eyesNew Zealand hollyakirahoake ake

1 cotton thistleosteospermum

1 Guernsey coltsfootsilver ragwortpurple ragwortmilk thistle

1 Canadian goldenrodearly goldenrod

spilanthesfeverfewsalsify

1 colt's foot1 1 1 Indian balsam

Madeira vine

Darwin's barberry1 Berberis thunbergi

oregon grapesilver birchdowny birchhornbeamhazelgiant echiumpurple viper's bugloss

common comfrey

Abraham Isaac Jacobgarden arabishorse radish

aubretiagold of pleasuredame's violetwoadhonestyVirginia stockrhodostachys

1 butterfly bush

Italian bellfloweradria bellflowertrailing bellflowerchimney bellflowerthroatworthempHimalayan honeysuckle

1 Japanese honeysuckle1 snowberry

wayfaring treecorncocklesnow in summermaiden pinkrose campionwater chickweedsoapwortcowherbspindleeuonymusshrubby orachetutsanrose of sharonstinking tutsantall tutsan

1 wandering jewwhite dogwoodNew Zealand broadleaf

white stonecroplesser Mexican stonecrop

greater Mexican stonecropreflexed stonecroplesser Caucasian stonecrop

leyland cypresssquirting cucumberhouse holly fernchain fernborad leaved elaeagnus

1 spiny oleaster1 elaeagnus

coral spurgegoat's ruebroad leaved everlasting pea

tree lupingarden pea

1 1 false acaciasweet chestnutbeech

1 Turkey oak1 evergreen oak

long stalked crane's billAlderney geraniumshining crane's bill

giant herb robertround leaved crane's billgreater herb robertescalloniablack currantflowering currantgooseberry

1 1 giant rhubarbgrass polyfalse grass polyhorse chestnut

1 1 Canadian waterweed1 nuttall's waterweed

baby blue eyesphaceliamontbretiaspring crocus

freesiagladiolusColvill's gladiolusbearded irisChilean iris

onion grassAmerican blue eyed grasscommon hemp nettlewhite horehoundbayagapanthusyellow garlicNeapolitan garlicrosy garlicchiveshairy garlicramsonsJersey lilygarden asparagusPowell's cape lilyorange day lily

1 Spanish bluebellred hot pokersummer snowflakemadonna lilygrape hyacinthGuernsey lilyhoneybellsstar of bethlehemArabian star flowergarden solomon's sealPortuguese squillRussian squillwinter daffodilspring starflowerFrench mallowfigmarvel of Perujasminegarden privetlilacNew Zealand willowherbAmerican willowherb

1 fuchsiacommon evening primrose

fragrant evening primrosesmall pink oxalis

1 large flowered pink sorrelsussex yellow sorrelleast yellow sorrelfleshy yellow sorrelupright yellow sorrel

four leaved oxalisCalifornian poppy

small flowered evening primroselarge flowered evening primrose

red horned poppy

Welsh poppyopium poppyIndian pokeweed

bishop pine1 Corsican pine1 Austrian pine

Monterey pine1 Scots pine

London planeoroshima chikuslender oatwild oatoatanimated oatbristle oatgreater quaking grassCalifornia bromerescue brome

1 1 1 Pampas grass

Bermuda grassFrench oat grass

common milletha chiku

1 arrow bamboobroad leaved bambooveitch's bambooanceps bamboo

1 johnson grassa milletmaizebuckwheatRussian vineblack bindweeda hybrid Japanese knotweed

1 wireplant

red bistortkangaroo fernred maidsspringbeautycommon purslaneeastern sowbreadsowbreadcreeping jenny

tufted loosestrife

wolf's banepheasant's eyeblue anemonewood anemonecolumbine

winter clematislarkspurparsley piert

Franchet's cotoneastertree cotoneaster

1 wall cotoneaster1 entire leaved cotoneaster

broad leaved cockspurthorn1 yellow flowered strawberry

giant meadowsweetgarden strawberry

applemedlarwild cherrydwarf cherrypearwild pearmemorial rose

1 many flowered rosewhite rose of YorkrowanSwedish whitebeam

1 Japanese spiraeablue woodruff

1 white poplarblack poplaraspengrey poplarwhite willoweared sallowEuropean violet willowosierholme willowa hybrid sallow

silky leaved osier

celandine saxifragemeadow saxifragefringe cupssnapdragontrailing snapdragonblue water speedwell ivy leaved toadflax

fairy foxglove

hedge veronicapurple toadflaxround leaved fluellen

muskdark mullein

1 slender speedwellthorn apple

Duke of Argyll's tea treetomatoapple of Perucock's eggschristmas cherrytall nightshadekangaroo applebuffalo bur

1 red buffalo burrtamariskyewspurge laurelsmall leaved limelarge leaved limelimenasturtiumpellitory of the wallmind your own businesssweet violetVirginia creepergrape vinehare's foot fern

1 sycamore

1 1 1 1 Hottentot fig

1 1 Australian swamp stonecrop

1 1 1 parrot's feather milfoil

1 three cornered leek

1 pink sorrel

1 procumbent yellow sorrel

1 pale pink sorrel

1 garden pink sorrel

1 1 Bermuda buttercup

1 1 1 Japanese knotweed

1 1 1 a seaweed sp.

red valerianwestern green lizard

10 14 27 33


Terrestrial


Terrestrial First records 2008 (197).Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial Late 1980s (197).

MarineTerrestrial

Terrestrial Recent (118).MarineMarineMarineFreshwaterMarineTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

as Lampranthus roseus

lividus

hirta

Probably between 1900 and 1950 (84).

K1


L1


x drucei

ConyzaTerrestrial

ciliata

decumbens?

First recorded in wild in 1981 (118).

pitcairniifolia

biebersteinii

albiflora

hybridum

dendroideumreflexum

glabra

submolle

Tritoniapurpureus

inodorum, gracileumbellatum

Ipheion

adenocaulon

nova-scotiae

erythrosepala

europaea, dillenii

deppei

Bromus wildenowiiTerrestrial

see mc25 several changesArundinaria

Arundinaria jaunsarensis

aubertii

Microsorium

First recorded in wild in 1961 (118).

planted

ambigua

wichuraiana

Sark record 1934 error for chiloensis

sarrachoides, sublobatum

diffusa, muralisHelxine

Terrestrial

Terrestrial 19th century (118).

Freshwater 1980s (118).

Freshwater 20th century (118).

Terrestrial By 1847 (118).

Terrestrial 1800 onwards (118).





Terrestrial 20th century (118).

Marine First recorded 1981 (118).

Terrestrial By 1800 (118).Terrestrial


Attacks hedges of introduced Eleagnus (118).

Surprisingly difficult to pinpoint any ecological effects (197).

M1

Ecological effects (known). Any information on the ecological effects a species is known to be having in a specific Territory.

N1

Ecological effects (suspected or potential). Information on the ecological effects a species is suspected of having or which it potentially might have (perhaps if its range or numbers increase).

Outcompetes native vegetation (118).

Few (118).

Suppresses native coastal grassland vegetation (118).

Major problem in ponds and wetlands, where it has eliminated many native species (118).

May spread to important wetland area to the north of its current distribution (118).

Horticultural and garden pests spreading in natural habitats (118).

Few (118).Horticultural and garden pests spreading in natural habitats (118).Horticultural and garden pests spreading in natural habitats (118).Horticultural and garden pests spreading in natural habitats (118).Horticultural and garden pests spreading in natural habitats (118).

Appears to be occupying vacant niche in Guernsey, but is invasive in Normandy and Brittany (N. France) (118).

Does not appear to have caused any conservation problems (158).


Unknown (118).

From America via Italy (197).

Farmed (197).

Farmed? (197).

Introduced (197)Introduced (197)Introduced (197)Introduced (197)Introduced (197)Introduced (197)Introduced (197)

Can persist as a garden outcast (197).

Planted (197).

AllPlanted? (197).Self-seeds (197).

Garden escape (197). Can naturalize (197).

Few records, mainly escapes (197).

Garden escapes but persisting (197).Garden escapes but persisting (197).

Transported to northern hemisphere with semi-tropicalPlant material such as tree ferns (84).Imported with Acer saplings from the Netherlands (118).

Introduced to Southern France for biological control, spread from there (197).

O1


P1


occasional garden escape (197).

Garden escape (197).

Garden escapes? (197).

Garden escape (197).Bird seed alien, 1976 only (197).

Last record 1907,Planted occasionally (197).

Unknown (118). Seeds (118).

Can escape but does not persist (197).

Can naturalize on banks (197).

Planted (197).occasional seedlings seen (197).

Planted (197).

Garden escape, persisting at Fermain (197).

Usually an escape, can persist (197).

Several records 1958-1978, garden escapes? (197).

Can self-seed (197).Planted (197). Occasional seedlings (197).Planted (197). Occasional seedlings (197).

Some seedlings noted (197).Planted (197). Occasionally self-seeds (197).Garden escape (197).

Can self sow (197).Persisting from cultivation (197).

Self sows from gardens (197).Bird seed alien (197).Garden escape (197).

Can seed from gardens (197).Self sows from gardens (197).


oddPlants appear probably from birdseed (197).Self seeds, and persists a few years (197).

Garden escape, last record 1968 (197).Garden escape, last record 1979 (197).Garden escape (197).

Garden escape, can persist (197).Garden escape, last record 1971 (197).Planted (197).

AllPlanted (197).Planted (197). Can self-seed (197).MainlyPlanted (197).Planted as hedging (197). Can self-seed (197).originallyPlanted (197). Can persist (197).

Escaped and naturalized (197).

Planted as hedging (197).occasionally self seeded (197).occasionally self seeded (197).

Garden escape, can persist (197).

Survives for many years as Garden escape (197).

A few records, garden escapes (197).Spreads by suckers (197).

Planted (197).Planted (197). Occasional seedlings seen (197).Planted, occasional seedlings seen (197).Planted and self-seeding (197).

Can self-seed (197).

Self-sown (197).

Bird seed alien, 1979, 1981 (197).Seedlings sometimes reported (197).


Can escape, but does not persist (197).Relict of cultivation (197).

Self sown (197).

Readily spreads by seed (197).Garden escape, can persist (197).

Escapes &Planted (197).

Garden escape (197).Escapes can persist for a few years (197).

Escapes can persist for a few years (197).

Garden outcast 1958Garden escape (197).

Garden escapes 1970, 1976 (197).

2 records of garden escapes, 1971 (197).

Escapes, do not persist (197).

WidelyPlanted (197). Persists on its own (197).


occasionally seeds (197).

Often from bird seed (197).

Grain casual (197).

Grain casual (197).Gardens (118). Seeds (118).

Bird seed alien (197).

Spreads from rhizomes (197).Spreads from rhizomes (197).

Spreads from roots (197).Bird seed alien (197).

Germinates from bird seed (197).

Garden escape (197).MainlyPlanted (197).

occurs in gardens (197).

1 record in garden, notPlanted (197).

occasionally naturalizes (197).Garden escape (197).Planted (197).


Self-sown on Walls (197).


A few records, self- sownPlants (197).

either self-sown or relics (197).

Planted (197). also suckers (197).Planted (197).

1957 only, Garden escape (197).ManyPlanted (197).

occasional bird-seed alien (197).Planted (197).Planted (197).

ManyPlanted (197).

ProbablyPlanted only (197).Planted (197).

Recorded self sown (197).


Can self-seed (197).

Mainly garden escapes (197).

Seeds can germinate (197).Garden escapes, but not persisting (197).

Can seed itself and persist for a while (197).

Bird seed alien, 1 record 1989 (197).

Planted (197).occasionally self-seeds (197).2 records, possibly self-sown (197).

Planted (197).Planted (197).Planted (197).

Self seeds (118).

Escape from captivity (aquariumPlant) (40).

Escape from captivity (aquariumPlant) (40).

Self seeds (118).

Gardens (118). Seeds and bulbils (118).

Deliberately introduced and widelyPlanted as antidote to Portuguese man of war stings (118).

Is currently spreading widely by natural means.This species is sensitive to frost, but there has not been a frost serious enough to affect it since 1987 (118).





Escape from captivity (gardenPlant) (40)

Self seeds (118).Introduced from neighbouring Jersey (158).


May be extinct after eradication attempts (118). Widespread (118).

Widespread but scarce so far (197).Scarce in Guernsey (197).

Abundant everywhere (197).

Here and there (197).A few records from Guernsey and Alderney (197).

Becoming more common (197).

Scarce (197).1 record (197).

1975, La Garenne d'Anneville (197).

1 tree, Dell Nursery, 1976 (197).

Notably in Herm (197).

Fontenelles & Herm (197).Several records, somePlanted, last 1986 (197).

Lihou 2007 (197).1958 only (197).

St Sampsons; Bordeaux (197).

Mainly coastal, and roadsides (197).

Appears to occur wherever there is appreciable leaf litter accumulation (84).

Occasional stragglers reach the island. Occurs frequently in Brittany and Normandy (197).

Cliffs; Beaucette; outside Castel Cornet; Sark 1987 (197).

Plants turn up here and there, do not persist (197).

Plants turn up here and there, do not persist (197).

Q1


R1


Saumarez Park pond only (197).

Caledonia Nursery since 1967 (197).Fermain Valley (197).1 site since 1992 (197).1963, 2006 – Guernsey; 1988 - Sark (197).1898 only (197).1992 Bordeaux Infilling (197).

1998 only, wall in Vauxlaurens (197).

Rocquaine (197).1894, 1899 only (197).

Mont Cuet tip 1970 (197).1927 St. Saviours only (197).Grandes Rocques 1958 only (197).

In disturbed earth (197).abundant everywhere (118).

Walls island wide (197).Can naturalize on banks (197).1 record 1971, seedling Pembroke (197).Rue Mainguy; Ramée; Sandy Lane (197).occasional (197).

Several records 1973-2000 (197).3 recs & Alderney (197).1 record 1970 (197).In Jethou (197).JethouPlanted (197).

occurs now and then (197).

Banks and waste land (197).1890 - Guernsey; plenty in Alderney (197).

Small colonies at Jerbourg & Icart (197).

Fort Doyle 1923-1926 (197).

Bordeaux; Pembroke (197).Several sites island wide (197).Saints Bay Valley until mid-1990s (197).

Has occurred for some years in a garden in Forest, of unknown origin (197).

outside walls of Castle Cornet and occasioanllay coastal (197).

A few escapes (197).

Escapes can persist (197).one record (197).Petit Bôt (197).Also Brecqhou 1957 (197).Mostly sandy coastal sites, also Reservoir (197).

Rocque Poisson from at least 1969 (197).Escapes onto wasteland and walls (197).

Walls in Town (197).Walls (197).Walls (197).Walls, Baubigny (197).Walls in Town (197).

Survives in old gardens and hedges (197).1 record, Fermain, 1957 (197).1 record, Câtel, 1986 (197).Last record 1934 (197).

Several records from 1979 (197).

In several parts of the island (197).Used for hedging (197).

Le Tertre, Castel; Fermain (197).Mare de Carteret 1957; St. Andrews 1975

one site for at least 5 years, not seen for c. 10 years (197).

Several old records, St. Pierre du Bois 1980 (197).

Fort Saumarez 1978; Ruettes Brayes 1980 (197).

Pembroke; Icart (197).Walls and banks (197).Chalet Hotel, garden, 1986 (197).

Sark only, last 1990 (197).1 or 2Plants known at any one time (197).1 or 2 sites Iin S (197).

1 record, St. Sampsons 1980 (197).

Mostly in the North (197).

e.g. Fermain; St Sampsons (197).

Port Soif; Vaugrat Rd (197).Les Amarreurs; Les Hures (197).

Fermain; Calais Lane; Talbot Valley (197).Spreading from North to South (197).Les Domaines; Le Tertrev (197).On walls (197).Last record 1970 (197).On walls in several areas (197).House wall, St. Saviours (197).Petit Bôt; Moulin Huet (197).L'Islet garden, from 1988 (197).

In some quarries (197).Les Varendes 1987 (197).1 record 1970 (197).

Well established in several places (197).Les Vauxbelets; Divette; Candie Cemetery (197).

1971, Chouet (197).

Le Catioroc (197).

Three stations, Forest; Route Isabelle; Talbot Valley (197).

Le Guet (197).Moulin Huet (197).About 4 records, gardens and nurseries (197).3 records since 1922, last 1971 (197).

An escape from cultivation, banks (197).Mainly West coast, spreading inland (197).

Herm and Alderney (197).Jerbourg garden (197).Pulias; Jerbourg; Saints; Cobo; Jethou (197).Fermain; Vazon (197).

In many parts, particularly near gardens (197).

Fermain; Fosse André; Petit Bôt (197).

never notPlanted? (197).Base of walls, paths (197).Hedge banks, waste land, field edges (197).Near Vale Pond 1990 for a few years (197).

Vazon (197).

1912, 1969 only (197).Jerbourg; Port Soif (197).

From seed, and in Jethou (197).

Last record 1968 (197).Several records since 1971, increasing (197).A few records ofPlants in the wild (197).A few records, last 1975 (197).1 Record Alderney & Port Soif (197).

Albecq; Pembroke; L'Ancresse (197).

North of island only (197).

often in gardens (197).1 record, Sark 1957vEdges of paths, gardens (197).2 locationsone or two records, St. Pierre du Bois 1998 (197).

only one known site (197).Can naturalize for a short time (197).Fontenelles; Jethou (197).

Saumarez Park, has spread (197).Frequent (197).Sometimes a garden weed (197).Dumps, gardens etc. (197).1 record 1958 (197).

Mainly alongside cliff paths (197).1980 only, from sown leys (197).

Widespread (118).

Frequent (197).

Fermain (197).Commonest sp. in island (197).

Has spread along Valnord Lane (197).

Bordeaux 1973 (197).occasional escapes (197).Waste ground (197).Last record 1968 (197).Disturbed ground and garden weed (197).Chateau des Marais, Les Vicheries (197).

only record 1957, Sark (197).Mainly North of island (197).

Naturalized Saumarez Park (197).Naturalized in 1 or 2 places (197).Last record 1901, occurs in gardens (197).

Persisted at least 5 years at one site from 1936 (197).

Starting to spread especially in ruderal sites (118). Increasing, especially old vinery sites (197).

1970s-L'Ancresse; Mare de Carteret, now gone? (197).

Moulin Huet; Saints; Fontenelles; escaping from gardens (197).

A few old records (197).1 record 1971 (197).

2 records, 1969 (197).

2 records, on walls 1986 (197).1 record, Fermain, 1958 (197).On walls (197).3 records only (197).1Plant, St. Peter Port (197).Jerbourg, Fort George (197).1 site, Fermain (197).

SomePlants in quarries, some on cliffs (197).South of island (197).Fermain (197).

A few records, all on the cliffs (197).TwoPlants known, Petit Bot & Fermain (197).Fort Saumarez for many years (197).Can persist as at Cobo (197).Fort Saumarez for many years (197).1 record, Fermain 1969, self-sown (197).

1 record, St. Sampsons 1970 (197).

In Jethou (197).Several trees reported as this (197).

Planted (197).Last record 1969 (197).3 trees Rue Maingy since 1971 (197).

2 or 3 records (197).

St. Saviours 1972 (197).St. Andrew's Churchyard only (197).Naturalized in Caledonia Nursery 1969 (197).Walls, especially in Town (197).Wall, St. Saviours (197).1867 & 1953 (197).old walls (197).

Appeared in a garden, St. Saviours, first flowered 2000 (197).

Caledonia Nursery 1970; Kings Mills 1970-1971 (197).

Rocquaine; Grandes Rocques; Les Vicheries (197).

Mainly on walls (197).Established at Moulin Huet for many years (197).

one good record (197).Mainly garden escapes (197).1968, Candie Gardens only (197).Mainly in the South, increasing (197).

L'Erée; Vale Church; Fort Doyle (197).

West coast and one or two other sites (197).

Waste ground mainly in the North (197).Several records from 1973 on (197).

one record 2005 (197).

Can escape from gardens (197).Frequent (197).Shaded or wet places (197).Naturalized, Fermain; Saints; Le Vallon (197).Can escape and persist; Fort le Marchant (197).Can seed and persist; Port Soif (197).

Widespread (118).

Wall at Les Caches for many years, until re-pointed (197).

Mostly in potato fields, in all parts of the island (197).

Ubiquitous (118). Seeds itself everywhere possible e.g. Vazon beach under sea wall (197).Mainly coastal (118). Invasive, carpeting coastal areas, but cut back by heavy frost (197).

Wet places and ponds (118). Introduced into ponds and spreading (197).

Covers a large area at St Sampson's Marais on the east coast. Also common in dew ponds on L'Ancresse Common (118). Several ponds; St. Sampson's Marais (197).

Ubiquitous (118). Island wide, hedge banks, also edge of woodland (197).

Ubiquitous (118).

Ubiquitous on coast (118).

Walls (118).

Widespread (118). Island-wide, also var. atropurpurea (197).Widespread (118). Mainly in the South valleys (197).Widespread (118). Found with all Guernsey States beddingPlants, thus widespread (197).Widespread (118). Rozel Rd; Les Sages; Les Paysans (197).


Monitoring (118).Destruction of suspected infectedPlants, c. 20 adults found (118).

There was a serious invasion of this species in the late 1940s, which was quickly eradicated (197).

S1


T1


Some have been rooted out in Nature reserves (118). States Contractors working on Environment Department managed land are now instructed to advise States Environment Dept. of any Pampas grass found so that it can be eradicated. Pampas grass in public gardens is also being reduced steadily (234).

Attempts to control it are taking place in certain locations by mechanical means, uprooting etc. There is some local resistance to this as people are used to it in their gardens and do not recognise how invasive it is (118).

Removal at selected sites is to be included in the schedule of Community Service Offenders in 2009. The task is also being offered to any company appraoching the Environment Services Unit wishing to do a practical project (234).

Unsuccessful attempts to control it have been done at La Société Guernesiaise's nature reserve at La Grande Mare by herbicide and mechanical methods (118).

Successfully controlled by Société Guernesiaise at their reserve at La Grande Mare. Some attempts at control at St Sampson's Marais (118).

Some patches have been sprayed or injected with herbicide (118). A two year plan has been put in place to deal with knotweed at Chateau de Marais green field site, with a regime of mowing and monthly spraying (234).

Some agitation for control measures to be taken (118).

Recent study showed that coverage has not increased since 1999 (118).


Australia (84).

Eradication (18). China (118).

Southern Europe (197).Asia (197).

America (197).

Australia (197).

Australia (197).America (197).

East Asia (118).

America (197).America (197).New Zealand (197).America (197).

U1


Peru (118).

S. America (118).

South Africa (118).


S. Africa (118).

S. Africa (118).

S. Africa (118).

S. Africa (118).

S. Africa (118).

Japan (118).


127.1.1127.1.299.1.399.1.099.1.1160.2.1158.0.042.1.142.8.342.6.142.3.2

42.4.142.TET.tet44.1.644.1.bli

44.1.544.1.1

101.1.1107.10.1109.1.2109.1.1

Guernsey Biological Records Centre Number

147.1.1147.6.1147.6.0

147.2.1147.4.125.2.1135.74.1135.32.1135.55.3135.41.4135.41.0135.73.1135.11/12.0135.11.5135.11.4135.11.3135.11.0135.11.0135.11.7 x jac135.44.bil

135.44.1

135.61.3135.43.1135.43.4135.43.0135.0.0135.80.1135.80.2135.29.1

135.79.1135.34.0135.0.0135.45.2135.45.1135.45.3135.7.1135.ost.juc135.71.4135.62.1135.62.2135.8.1135.40.3135.40.4

135.0.0135.48.1135.19.2135.70.1105.1.4

45.1.ANR.cor

29.1.9

29.2.140.1.140.1.240.3.140.4.1116.2.4116.2.2

116.4.1 x 2116.4.or116.10.162.15.562.13.1

62.16.162.24.162.8.162.5.162.17.162.9.1156.1.1122.1.2

129.1.0129.1.9129.1.10129.1.8129.4.134.1.1131.5.1131.6.6131.3.1131.2.246.19.146.7.346.25.546.18.146.8.146.22.146.23.188.1.188.1.343.3.951.1.351.1.151.1.451.1.3x4149.1.285.1.385.3.1

73.5.1473.5.3

73.5.273.5.1073.5.8

60.2.117.2.117.0.078.2.078.2.078.2.191.2.377.2.177.15.9

77.21.177.15.077.1.139.3.139.1.139.4.239.4.3103.1.0103.1.10103.1.12103.1.18

103.1.22103.1.4103.1.2172.1.172.2.372.2.472.2.780.1.181.1.281.1.098.1.1138.4.1138.4.2115.0.0115.1.1159.13.3159.8.1

159.12.0159.9.2b159.9.0159.5.1159.1.0

159.7.2159.2.2118.6.4118.9.124.1.1158.27.1158.24.6158.24.4158.24.3158.24.1158.24.5158.24.10158.29.1158.34.1158.29.0158.5.1158.20.3158.6.1158.31.1158.12.can158.23.1158.29.0158.26.1158.18.2158.18.ara158.14.1 x 2158.19.6158.19.0158.30.1158.28.153.2.335.2.141.1.MIR.jal123.1/2.0123.4.2123.3.184.1.1284.1.884.5.184.4.384.4.4

84.4.1

84.4.5

102.1.10102.1.5102.1.3102.1.7102.1.6

102.1.1230.6.1

30.4.cor

30.2.130.1.341.1.1

20.7.020.7.2b27.2.a20.7.520.7.132.1.occ x ori153.6.0153.28.1153.28.3153.28.5153.28.4153.28.2153.17.3153.53.1153.53.3153.62.1

153.66.1153.29.1

153.67/68.0153.6.0153.5.1153.3.1153.3.2153.1.1153.72.1153.72.0153.72.047.3.147.5.347.5.447.5.1x247.6.1

47.1.711.2.145.CAL.cil45.2.145.1.169.3.269.3.169.4.2

69.4.7

28.6.228.14.128.9.228.9.128.16.128.1.128.12.028.7.175.20.1

75.32.3975.32.975.32.2175.32.1675.35.575.12.175.6.375.11.3

75.27.275.34.175.22.675.22.775.26.375.26.275.21.3x1075.21.175.21.4x1075.28.175.28.775.3.5130.5.061.1.161.1.1x261.1.361.1.261.2.361.2.1261.2.661.2.961.2.9x10x1161.2.11x12

61.2.9x1174.3.074.5.274.5.1574.8.1124.7.1124.10.1124.6.0124.11.1

124.15.1

124.17.124.13.3124.4.2

124.4.1124.1.9124.1.0124.16.23110.9.1

110.2.1110.7.1110.1.1110.5.1110.8.0110.8.2110.8.8110.8.0110.8.058.1.123.1.182.1.252.1.252.1.152.1.1 x 2104.1.maj36.2.136.3.157.1.193.2.193.1.116/1716.2.1

99.1.4

42.8.2

73.1.3

79.2.2

158.24.7102.1.8

102.1.3

102.1.14

102.1.11

102.1.13

47.5.1


Plant Aceraceae Acer pseudoplatanus

Plant Azollaceae Azolla filiculoides

Plant Balsaminaceae Impatiens glandulifera

Plant Buddlejaceae Buddleja davidii

Plant Crassulaceae Crassula helmsii

Plant Ericaceae Rhododendron ponticum

Plant Haloragaceae Myriophyllum aquaticum

Plant Hydrocharitaceae Elodea canadensis

Plant Iridaceae Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora

Plant Liliaceae Hyacinthoides hispanicaPlant Polygonaceae Fallopia japonica (Polygonum cuspidatum)

Vertebrate Bird Alectoris rufa

Vertebrate Bird Alopochen aeyptiacus

Vertebrate Bird Branta canadensis

Vertebrate Bird Garrulax formosus

Vertebrate Bird Lagopus lagopusVertebrate Bird Phasianus colchicusVertebrate Fish Carassius auratus auratus

A1


C1


D1


Vertebrate Fish Carassius carassius

Vertebrate Fish Cyprinus carpio

Vertebrate Fish Esox lucius

Vertebrate Fish Leuciscus idus

Vertebrate Fish Oncoryhnchus mykiss

Vertebrate Fish Perca fluviatilis

Vertebrate Fish Phoxinus phoxinus

Vertebrate Fish Rutilus rutilus

Vertebrate Fish Scardinius erythrophthalmus

Vertebrate Fish Tinca tinca

Vertebrate Mammal Erinaceus europaeusVertebrate Mammal Lepus europaeusVertebrate Mammal Lepus timidusVertebrate Mammal Macropus rufogriseus

Vertebrate Mammal Mus musculusVertebrate Mammal Mustela putorius furo

Vertebrate Mammal Rattus norvegicusVertebrate Mammal Vulpes vulpes

TOTAL

Status (GISD)

1 1

1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1

1 1 1

1 1 1

1 1 1

1 1 1

1

11 1 1 1

1 1 1

1 1

Status (JNCC)

Status (DAISIE 100)


GISD comment

1 1

1

1 1

1

1

1

1

1

1 11 1 Mustela furo

1 1 1 11 1

14 7 16 16


sycamore Terrestrial

water fern Freshwater

Himalayan balsam Terrestrial and freshwater

buddleia Terrestrial post-1890s (170).

New Zealand pigmyweed Freshwater

rhododendron Terrestrial

parrot's feather milfoil Freshwater Suspected 1990s import (170).

Canadian pondweed Freshwater 1915 (170).

montbretia Terrestrial Early 20thC (170).

Spanish bluebell TerrestrialJapanese knotweed Terrestrial

red-legged partridge Terrestrial

Egyptian goose Terrestrial

Canada goose Freshwater

red-winged laughingthrush Terrestrial

red grouse Terrestrialpheasant Terrestrialgoldfish Freshwater

"introduced sometime before 1760" (174). V. popular with Victorian foresters (170).

Imported by 1980s but not naturalised until 1990s (170).

Only really prevalent in late 20thC (170).

1980s? Not mentioned in ref. 174 (170).

Probably Victorian introductions (170).

Probably mid-20thC or earlier (170).

Present but no breeding in south of island 1968-72 (111), Breeding and more widely spread by 1988-91 (110).Recorded as present but not breeding in 1988-91 (110). Not present 1968-72 (111).Prior to 1981 (109). Not present 1968-72 (111)."Living in the wild for several years with breeding taking place since at least 1996" (108)

May have been among fish species anecdotally reported as being introduced by servicemen during WW2 (177)

J1


K1


L1


crucian carp Freshwater

common carp, mirror carp Freshwater

pike Freshwater

golden orfe Freshwater

rainbow trout Freshwater

perch Freshwater

minnow Freshwater

roach Freshwater

rudd Freshwater

tench Freshwater

hedgehog Terrestrial Introduced in antiquity? (168).brown hare Terrestrialmountain hare Terrestrial About 1910 (133).red-necked wallaby Terrestrial

house mouse Terrestrialpolecat ferret Terrestrial

brown rat Terrestrialred fox Terrestrial Believed to be 1986 (87).











Established perhaps 20-30 years ago (168).


Not known for certain (170).

No known serious impacts (170).

Currently limited impact (170).

Unknown (170).

Localised impact on hedge groundflora etc. (170). None suspected (170).

Absent now (170).

Not known (107). Not known (107).

Probably some localised impact on groundflora diversity in the more natural glens; probably out-competes regenerating native species in some areas (170).

Very limited impact; situation here is not ideal (170).

Likely to spread, esp. if climate changes and/or stronger genotypes evolve (170).

Localised impact on riparian vegetation diversity (170).

Likely to cause more problems as it spreads (170).

Potential to overtake species-rich limestone quarry (170).

Has smothered vegetation and affected fish in domestic ponds in at least three parts of the Island (170).

Likely to spread to semi-natural areas; already known from one freshwater site (170).

Localised impact on groundflora biodiversity and native tree regeneration (170).

Would reduce biodiversity in woodlands if it spread further (170).Likely to spread to semi-natural areas; could affect native myriophyllum spp. worst (170).

Can choke garden ponds but not usually a problem in the wild; could out-compete some of the more delicate native pondweeds (170).

Relatively minor; has displaced native riparian species, or at least reduced their density, alongside parts of river and stream valleys throughout the Island, but rarely takes over completely (170).

High potential for serious impact on the main river corridors (170).

Widespread negative impacts elsewhere in introduced range in Europe (107).

M1


N1


Grazing in wetland - not severe (170).

Taking eggs from ground nesting birds ? (170).May cause a conservation problem to terns and ground nesting raptors (87).


Forestry tree (170). Seeds fairly readily; frequently planted (170).

Water garden plant and contaminant (170).

Accidental transfer by humans? (170).


Garden plant; also planted in glens (170). Planted; spreads vegetatively (170).

Aquarium discard (170). Aquarium discards? machinery? (170).

Garden plant; also planted in glens (170).

Escaped from a wildlife park (108)

Discards; animals swimming (esp. dogs); machinery? (170).

Seeds readily and propels seeds some distance; carried on animals, passers by, watercourses etc. (170).

Escape from captivity (aquarium plant) (40). Water garden material contaminant (170).

Water garden purchases; birds?; machinery and human access; animals(170).

Escape from captivity (aquarium plant) (40). Water garden plant contaminant and probably aquarium supplies (170).

Garden plant contaminant, aquarium discards; birds? (170).

Planted, including on verges etc.; garden discard (170).

Garden escape; possibly also imported on plant and cars (170).

Discarded rubble; strimming alongside rivers and roads; linear roadworks; garden refuse; naturally good at spreading (170).

Spread from non-native population in mainland GB (107).

O1


P1


Probably brought to the island illegally (177).

Probably brought to the island illegally (177).

Deliberate introduction, probably for sport (133).

Escaped from a wildlife park (170).


Anecdotal report of ten jack pike introduced into Sulby reservoir (177)

Perch was thought to have been introduced in the 19th Century and is the only coarse fish species known to be ‘naturalised’ in at least two river catchments (177).

Feral population derived from escaped domestic animals (133).


Unlikely to spread much further (170).

Could spread a lot further (170).

Unlikely to spread further (170).

Unlikely to spread further (170).

Could spread a lot further (170).

Already at full extent of likely distribution (170).

In woods (170).

North and south of island only (110).

Increasing (110). Potentially all suitable habitat in territory (107).

Throughout; virtually every woodland on the Island has sycamore (170).

Found in ditches. Known from 4 10k squares out of 14; generally not very common (170).

Unknown; likely to thrive best by the coast and/or at the calcareous south of the Island (170).

Occasional throughout; rarely very extensive, but there are some problem areas (170).

Mostly far south of the Island as it's the only calcareous area. "widely naturalised, especially on quarry rubble" (174).In a few ponds. Known from 3 of the 14 10k squares (175).

Most still or slow-moving, non-brackish areas might be at risk (170).

Occasional throughout, mostly connected with planted areas (170).Found in ditches. Known from 3 10k squares, but few (less than ten) sites (170).

Throughout, but more often in domestic ponds than semi-natural habitats (170).

Occasional to frequent throughout, never overwhelmingly invasive (170).

Unlikely to spread further unless conditions change (170).

Spreading along rivers. Throughout, but nowhere forming the huge patches seen in e.g. Cornwall and South Wales (170).

Could spread a lot further along its existing river corridor stations (170).

Q1


R1


Seen at Ballagawne Dub (177).

One rainbow trout was caught at Lough Cranstal in 2008 (177)

Predominantly in the northern dubs (ponds) (177).

Anecdotal repoerts of tench being caught at Ballacunna (177).

Small colony live in an area of willow carr and hay meadow in the north of the island (168).


None known (170). Possible newsletter to garden suppliers? (170).

None (170).

Possible newsletter to garden suppliers? (170).

Occasional localised control (170). None (170).

Possible newsletter to garden suppliers? (170).

None known (170). None planned (170).

None known (popular local "wild" plant) (170). None planned (170).

None (it's a popular forestry tree here as it actually grows! Forestry division plant it regularly; no native woodlands as such on the Island and glens are all planted origin; however, some areas have good groundflora that may require protection) (170).

None planned at present; may be controlled as part of woodland ASSI management if necessary (170).

Forestry Division has undertaken some control measures; public informed at agricultural shows and via leaflet (170).

None planned, although the situation will be monitored in case it gets any worse (170).

None except very localised removal from one diverse limestone quarry (170).

Advice given to landowners with affected ponds (170).

Removed by hand from a couple of sites and disposed of (170).

Forestry Division is engaged in control trials; workshop held; information leaflet produced and publicly available; radio article; newspaper article; plant added to Injurious Weeds Act; spread in the wild legally prohibited under Wildlife Act (170).

Continuous updating of database; continued control trials and advice to landowners; possible more workshops and articles; factsheet will be updated as and when necessary (170).

S1


T1


Ref 87 recommends formulating contingency plans to limit impact of foxes on rare ground-nesting birds.


C & S Europe (170).

Tropical America (40)

Himalayas (170).

China (170).

Australasia (40)

No further spread into the wild (170). SE Europe/ Caucasus, Turkey etc. (170).

South America (40)

N. America (170).

No further spread into the wild (170). Garden hybrid (S. African parents) (170).

E. Asia (170).

No further spread into species-rich woodlands (170).

This plant needs to be limited to domestic settings and discouraged from sale (170).

No further spread into the wild, and reduction in current distribution (170).

Ideally this plant needs to be removed altogether (170).

This plant needs to be limited to domestic indoor settings (170).

Spread in the wild should not be encouraged (170).

This plant needs to be prevented from sale and from spread in the wild; current extent needs reducing; may be impossible to removed altogether (170).

U1



Invertebrate Annelida Janua brasiliensis 1

Invertebrate Annelida Pileolaria berkeleyana

Invertebrate Coleoptera Harmonia axyridis

Insect Lepidoptera Lymantria dispar 1

Invertebrate Lepidoptera Thaumetopoea processioneaInvertebrate Mollusca Crassostrea gigas

Invertebrate Mollusca Crepidula fornicata 1

Invertebrate Mollusca Tapes philippinarum

Plant Aizoaceae Carpobrotus edulis 1

Plant Crassulaceae Crassula helmsii 1

Plant Phaeophyceae Sargassum muticum 1

Plant Phaeophyceae Undaria pinnatifida 1

Plant Poaceae Cortaderia selloana

Status (JNCC)

A1


C1


D1


Plant Polygonaceae Fallopia japonica 1

Plant Rhodophyceae 1

Vertebrate Bird Aix galericulata

Vertebrate Bird Branta canadensis 1

Vertebrate Bird Phasianus colchicus

Vertebrate Mammal Sciurus vulgaris

10

Grateloupia filicina var. luxurians

Common name(s)

a tubeworn

a tubeworm

1 1 harlequin ladybird

1 Asian gypsy moth

oak processionary moth1 1 Pacific oyster

1 1 1 American slipper limpet

Manila clam

1 1 1 Hottentot Fig

1 1 New Zealand Pigmyweed

1 1

1 1 1 Japanese kelp; wakame

1 1 Pampas grass

Status (DAISIE 100)


Status (GISD)

GISD comment

Jap weed: wire weed; strangle weed

J1


1 1 1 Japanese Knotweed

a seaweed

Mandarin duck

1 1 Canada goose

pheasant

red squirrel

9 7 9


Marine

Marine

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial Arrived since 2004 (246).Marine

Marine

Marine

Terrestrial 20th Century ? (212).

Freshwater

Marine First recorded in Jersey 1980 (173).

Marine

Terrestrial Widely planted since the 1970s (246)

First recorded in the UK in 1974 (125).

First recorded in the UK in 1974 (125).

In 2002 a female was discovered (212).

First record in wild 1983 only 3 known locations but unfortunately in protected areas (212).

First recorded in St Helier Harbour in 1998 (173).

K1


L1



Marine Described as 'recent' in 1997 (125).



Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Present since at least 1981 (109). Not present 1968-72 (111).Prior to 1981 (109). Not present 1968-72 (111).


A fouling organism (125).

Severe damage to tree species (212).

Grows successfully on native seaweed Fucus serratus (125).

Undoubtedly displacing native creatures and also creates surface fouling problems (173).

Smothers all vegetation, damages cliffs. Increasing partly because of warmer winters (212).

Able to regenerate from small fragments, and can spread rapidly, often becoming completely dominant in wetland habitats. Forming very dense mats it out-competes all other aquatic plants and severely reduces the oxygen in the water. Thus threatens amphibians, inverts and native plants (212).

Causes physical displacement of native species through over-growing and shading underlying species (125).

A fouling organism - causes problems with recreational use of waterways, blocks propellers and intakes and affects oyster beds and commercial fishing activities (125).

Causes physical displacement of native species through over-growing and shading underlying species (125).

May displace native species. A fouling agent (125).

M1


N1


Invasive (212).

None (212). None known (107).

None (212).

May be capable of displacing other species on account of its large potential size (125).

Widespread negative impacts elsewhere in introduced range in Europe (107).

Routes of entry into territory

Egg mass on imported plants? (212).

Local spread by natural means (173).



Deliberately planted (212). seed and plant fragments (212).

From garden ponds? (212). Plant fragments (212).


Modes of transmission within territory

May have been introduced on ships' hulls or as an epiphyte of introduced seaweed Sargassum muticum(125).

Adults may disperse attached to drifting seaweed Sargassum muticum (125).

Probably as a fouling agent on ships' hulls, but possibly with introduced seaweed Sargassum muticum (125).

Deliberately introduced for aquaculture (173).

Introduced with oysters for aquaculture purposes (173).

Deliberately introduced for aquaculture (173).

Arrived in France with commercial introductions of oysters. Local spread by natural means (125).

Probably arrived in Europe with imported spat of Pacific oysters, but has also been deliberately introduced to France ( where it is cultivated for food) (125).

Short distance spread occurs through natural means, while coastal boat traffic and shipping are responsible for longer distance dispersal (125). Local spread through natural means (173).

Has only started to produce viable seed in recent years (246).

O1


P1


Introduced from France? (169).

Transferred from gardens in waste (212).

Plant fragments (212). The practice of cutting roadside banks with flails is probably assisting the spread of the species by distributing plant fragments over a large area (246.)

Probably arrived in France with oysters as an unintentional associated introduction (125).

Spreads very slowly by natural means (125).

Spread from non-native population in mainland GB (107).Illegally introduced by sportsmen (212).


Havre des Pas, St Helier (125).

Throughout (212).

In SE Coast Ramsar Site (173).

warmer SW cliffs (212).

3 sites (212). All waterbodies (212).

Reported from a marina (125).

A single specimen has been recorded from St Helier, epiphytic on Sargassum muticum, but may be more widely distributed (125).

Common (197). Already widespread (246).

Has spread from original site of introduction in SE Coast Ramsar Site and is now found throughout the Bailiwick living wild on natural Found in great abundance particularly off South and East coasts (173).

Havre des Pas (125). Now found extensively throughout the Bailiwick (173).

Q1


R1


Throughout but not common (212).

Widespread (169).

Scarce resident and rare breeder (212).

Potentially all suitable habitat in territory (107).


Use of "auto-confusion " by flooding area with pheromones seems to have halted population growth (212).

Herbicides ineffective, hand pulling and removal only effective control (212). The plant is being removed from accessible areas (largely using volunteer labour) but its presence on steep cliffs is tolerated due to the difficulties of removing it from these sites (246).

Covered with impermeable matting, 'waipuna' and hand pulling. Spot treatment of herbicide. Strict hygene controls, clean boots , nets etc . (212).

Can be temporarily removed by cutting and suction, but it quickly regrows (125). (No reports of any control techniques being used in Jersey).

S1


T1


S11

freemanm: Waipuna is organic hot foam method. Needs serious equiopment, pump etc which makes difficult when access poor http://www.waipuna.com/

None (212).

Strict disposal policy, stem injection, cut and remove (212).

Shooting under licence to control as agricultural pest (no closed season) (212).


Widespread in tropical areas (125).

Japan (125).

Japan and South-east Asia (173).

Japan (173).

Japan and China (125).

West coast of Japan (125).

Americas between Canada and Mexico (173).

U1


Pacific, Indian and warmer parts of the Atlantic oceans (125).


Fungus Chytridiomycota Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis

Invertebrate Coleoptera Sternochetus mangiferae

Invertebrate Homoptera Aleurodicus pulvinatusInvertebrate Homoptera Icerya purchasi




Plant Asclepiadaceae Calotropis proceraPlant Asclepiadaceae Cryptostegia madagascarensis

Plant Bignoniaceae Jacaranda mimosifoliaPlant Bignoniaceae Tabebuia heterophylla

Plant Caesalpiniaceae Hymenaea courbarilPlant Caricaceae Carica papaya


Plant Euphorbiaceae Aleurites moluccanaPlant Euphorbiaceae Jatropha curcasPlant Fabaceae Acacia farnesianaPlant Fabaceae Acacia leptocarpaPlant Fabaceae Acacia polystachyaPlant Fabaceae Adenanthera pavonina

Plant Fabaceae Bauhinia tomentosaPlant Fabaceae Erythrina poeppigianaPlant Fabaceae Gliricidia sepiumPlant Fabaceae Inga veraPlant Fabaceae Leucaena diversifoliaPlant Fabaceae Leucaena leucocephalaPlant Fabaceae Sesbania bispinosaPlant Meliaceae Azadirachta indica

Solenopsis sp.?

Had been misidentified as C.grandiflora


A1


C1


D1


Plant Moraceae Artocarpus altilis

Plant Musaceae

Plant Myrtaceae Melaleuca quinquenerviaPlant Myrtaceae Psidium guajava

Plant Myrtaceae Syzygium cuminiPlant Orchidaceae Spathoglottis plicata

Plant Sapotaceae Manilkara zapota Achras zapotaPlant Sterculiaceae Sterculia apetalaVertebrate Amphibian Bufo marinus

Vertebrate Bird Gallus gallus

Vertebrate Mammal Canis familiarisVertebrate Mammal Capra hircus

Vertebrate Mammal Dasyprocta sp. Dasyprocta antillensis (59)




Musa sp.


Vertebrate Mammal Sus scrofa

Vertebrate Reptile Geochelone carbonaria

1 1

1 Exotic

1 Exotic1 1 Exotic

1 1 Invasive

1 ?

1 1 Exotic

1 Exotic1 1 Invasive 1

1 Exotic1 Naturalised 1

1 Exotic1 1 Exotic

1 Exotic 1 1

1 Exotic 11 Exotic1 Exotic 11 Exotic1 Exotic1 Exotic 1 1

1 Exotic1 Exotic1 Exotic1 Exotic1 Exotic1 Exotic 1 11 Exotic1 Invasive

Status (JNCC)

Status (CABI)

CABI comment

Status (FLEPPC)

FLEPPC comment

Status (GISD)

GISD comment

4 Solenopsis sp. on GISD

F1


G1


1 1 Exotic

1

1 Exotic 1 11 1 1

1 Exotic 1 11

1 Exotic 11 Exotic

1 1 Invasive 1

1

1 1

1 Invasive

1 1

1

1 1

1 1

1 1

19 33 8 16


chytrid fungus Terrestrial 2009 (243)

Terrestrial

coconut whitefly Terrestrialcottony cushion scale Terrestrial c. 1960 (75)

Terrestrial

fire ant Terrestrial

mango Terrestrial

Terrestrialpurple allamanda; rubber vine Terrestrial


Terrestrialpapaya Terrestrial

Terrestrial



Leucaena TerrestrialTerrestrial

neem Terrestrial c. 1980 (105).

mango seed weevil;mango weevil; stone weevil

hibiscus mealybug; pink mealybug


Casuarina, Australian pine


L1


M1


N1


breadfruit; breadnut Terrestrial

banana Terrestrial

Melaleuca; bottle brush Terrestrialguava Terrestrial

jambolan; Java plum TerrestrialTerrestrial

? sapodilla TerrestrialTerrestrialFreshwater

chicken Terrestrial

dog Terrestrialgoat Terrestrial

Terrestrial

cat Terrestrial

sheep Terrestrial

brown rat; common rat Terrestrial

cane toad; marine toad; crapaud

c. 1900 (59). Before 1879 (141).

agouti; wild rabbit; mountain rabbit

Believed to have been introduced by Amerindians in pre-Columban times (155).


domestic pig Terrestrial

red footed tortoise Terrestrial Probably introduced in pre-Columban times (158).

Ecological effects (known)

The fungus has killed frogs on Montserrat, including the Critically Endangered mountain chicken (244)

Pest of citrus ornamentals and other plants. Caused serious losses to lime production in 1963 (75).Forms dense wooly colonies, resulting in plant deformity and damage (76). Pest on several crop species (80).Fire ants are a pest to humans in the Little Bay area, causing painful bites (243).

O1


Provides food for invasive rats and pigs (217).

Feral chickens predate native plant and animal species and stray into the ecologically sensitive Centre Hills (243).

Feral goats graze native plant species and stray into the ecologically sensitive Centre Hills (243).

Signs of cat predation on adult forest thrushes (globally threatened) and bridled quail-dove (restricted-range species) have been noted (155).

Feral sheep graze native plant species and stray into the ecologically sensitive Centre Hills (243).Ongoing rat control (of both R. rattus and R.norvegicus) in an experimental area has so far resulted in a steady increase in the abundance of tree frogs and dwarf geckos since rat control began in 2006, though the data have not yet been formally analysed (199).

Known to predate nests of globally threatened forest thrush and critically endangered endemic Montserrat oriole (155). Rat predation is a major factor in the decline of the oriole in recent years (155). Known to attack and kill mountain chicken (a near-endemic giant frog) though the population impact is not known (155). Ongoing rat control (of both R. rattus and R.norvegicus) in an experimental area has so far resulted in a steady increase in the abundance of tree frogs and dwarf geckos since rat control began in 2006, though the data have not yet been formally analysed (199).

Uproot patches of Heliconia caribbea plants, the main nest plants for Montserrat orioles and a valuable food source for nectarivorous birds and insects. Loss of this plant may also increase soil erosion and flooding downstream (155).

Ecological effects (suspected or potential)

Provide abundant food resource in Centre Hills forest, allowing numbers of some opportunistic omnivorous predators (including pigs and rats) to reach artificially high levels (155).

In the Silver Hills it grows almost as a monoculture at the expense of all other species (217).


P1


Likely to also eat other birds, herptiles and rats (155).



No major negative impacts have been observed yet but this species has the potential to corwd out native species especially in fragile habitats like Elfin woodland (217).

May compete with, predate or poison native frog (possesses numerous poison glands). Is also likely to heavily predate upon native invertebrates (58).

Ongoing rat control experiment (beginning 2006) in Centre Hills forest aims to measure impact of rats on various taxa including plant seedlings, invertebrates, reptiles, amphibians and birds (199).

Likely to be significant predators of other birds and herptiles (some endemic), and to affect forest ecology through predation of seeds, fruits, flowers, seedlings and invertebrates (155). Rats are also considered to be major agricultural and public health pests (155). Ongoing rat control experiment (beginning 2006) in Centre Hills forest aims to measure impact of rats on various taxa including plant seedlings, invertebrates, reptiles, amphibians and birds (199).

Believed to trample and predate turtle nests (119). In medium-long term they are likely to have a very major impact on forest ecology, in particular through arresting tree succession (by eating seedlings) (155). They are thought likely to predate slower moving herpetofauna, such as Mountain chicken, and perhaps, if they enter its range, the endemic Montserrat galliwasp Diploglossus montisserrati (a lizard) (155). Often reported as eating large numbers of terrestrial arthropods (though population impacts under-recorded) and likely to directly destroy mountain chicken nests by their extensive digging and wallowing along watercourses (155). May also disperse the seeds of invasive plants such as guava Psidium guajava and transmit wildlife diseases (210).



Widely planted for ornamental purposes, especially as an effective and colourful hedge. Escapee of cultivation (217).

Q1


R1


Escaped from cultivation (217). May be spread by feral pigs (210).

Thought to have escaped from cultivation in Puerto Rico and is gradually spreading throughout the Caribbean (217).

Deliberately introduced to control insect pests in sugar cane plantations (58).

Introduced by humans (59). Considered by many to be native (105).

Feral population is established from farm stock, and there are still periodic releases/ escapes from farms (155).

Became feral in mid 90s during the collapse of agriculture following the volcanic eruption (119).

Probably introduced by pre-Columban Amerindians for food (158).


Invasive in the north of the island (122). Covering large tracts of land in the Silver Hills (217).

It grows particularly well and is free seeding along the coast and in recently deposited volcanic ash deposits (217).

S1


T1

Potential distribution in a Territory: Any information on the maximum potential distribution of each species within each Territory (i.e. the total suitable habitat for each species – some plants may be restricted to areas with a particular climate, whilst commensal rodents might be found wherever there are humans).

Escaped tree of cultivation spreading rapidly outside the Centre Hills (e.g. Richmond Hill) and has been recorded within the Centre Hills (217).

Has the potential to become a major threat to the habitats of the Centre Hills whereabandoned plots of guava can quickly spread into other disturbed areas caused by feral mammals and volcanic activity (217).

Becoming well established within the Centre Hills and has been recorded in several forest types including Elfin woodland at the top of Katy Hill (217).

Widespread, with highest densities in disturbed areas (58).

Widespread, except for extremely wet, extremely dry, or inhabited areas (59).

Cats are occasionally seen in the Centre Hills but it is not known whether this is a true feral population or just wandering domestic cats (155).

Mainly in agricultural/ residential areas but may well be some in more natural habitats (155). Abundant in the Centre Hills forest (199). The number of exotic fruiting trees in the Centre Hills forest is positively correlated to the abundance of rats in an area (217).

Mainly in forests though there may be some present in agricultural and residential areas (155). Abundant in the Centre Hills forest (199). The number of exotic fruiting trees in the Centre Hills forest is positively correlated to the abundance of rats in an area (217).

Spread rapidly into the Centre Hills during at least 2000-2003 (following evacuation of humans from large parts of the island following the volcanic eruptions in the mid 90s) (155). Since 2000, feral pigs numbers have increased dramatically, following the escape of domestic stock from abandoned agricultural areas in the exclusion zone. Pigs have reached Katy Hill, the most pristine area of the Centre Hills (210).


Some mountain chickens have been placed in captive collections (244), while others have been moved to remote parts of Montserrat which have so far remained fungus free (243).

Successful biological control using an Australian Coccinellid (75).

Effective biological control agents are available (76) - not sure if they have been used on Montserrat

Now being monitored by RBG-Kew and MALHE staff (217).


U1


V1


Hunted for food and sport (59).



An experimental rat control programme is taking place in a 13ha patch of forest in the Centre Hills (Fogarty) to see if it is possible to control rats in an 'open system' (155).

Experimental rat control takes place at a small sample of Montserrat oriole nesting sites in the Centre Hills (155). An experimental rat control programme is taking place in a 13ha patch of forest in the Centre Hills (Fogarty) to see if it is possible to control rats in an 'open system' (155).

There are plans to revive rat control in agricultural areas (155).

Forestry Department has begun shooting pigs in some forest areas (119). This action appears to have either reduced numbers and range of pigs or caused them to become more shy, and the control effort has now largely ceased (155).

A Darwin Post-project proposal has been submitted. This aims to undertake a baseline assessment of the distribution and numbers of feral livestock in and around the Centre Hills. Data will be collected from pigs killed by hunters to learn more about the potenital population growth of pigs and their diet. The project will also devise a feral livestock plan aiming at reducing the numbers of feral pigs and goats in the Centre Hills to zero or to contain them at low numbers (210).


W1


Asia (217)

Eradication is considered imperative and is strongly recommended to be carried out in near future while numbers are still relatively low (155).


Invertebrate Arachnida Creugas ?cetratusInvertebrate Arachnida Cyrtophora moluccensis

Invertebrate Arachnida Heteropoda venatoria

Invertebrate Arachnida Nesticodes rufipes

Invertebrate Arachnida Odontodrassus javanus

Invertebrate Arachnida Physocyclus globosus

Invertebrate Arachnida Trachyzelotes kulczynskii

Invertebrate Diptera Bactrocera tryoni

Invertebrate Diptera Ceratitis capitata

Invertebrate Diptera sp?

Invertebrate Isopoda Lyprobius lentus

Plant Acanthaceae Thunbergia alataPlant Agavaceae Agave americanaPlant Agavaceae Cordyline fruticosa


Plant Amaranthaceae

Plant Amaranthaceae Alternanthera brasilianaPlant Amaranthaceae Amaranthus viridisPlant Amaranthaceae Celosia argenteaPlant Amaranthaceae Gomphrena globosaPlant Amaryllidaceae Clivia miniataPlant Amaryllidaceae Crinum asiaticumPlant Amaryllidaceae Eurycles amboinensisPlant Amaryllidaceae Hippeastrum x hortorumPlant Amaryllidaceae Zephyranthes candidaPlant Anacardiaceae Mangifera indicaPlant Anacardiaceae Spondias dulcisPlant Annonaceae Annona cherimolaPlant Annonaceae Annona reticulataPlant Annonaceae Annona squamosa

Achyranthes aspera var. pubescens

A1


C1


D1


Plant Apiaceae Apium graveolensPlant Apiaceae Apium leptophyllumPlant Apiaceae Daucus carotaPlant Apiaceae Petroselenium crispumPlant Apocynaceae Allamanda catharticaPlant Apocynaceae Catharanthus roseusPlant Apocynaceae

Nerium oleanderPlant Apocynaceae Plumeria rubraPlant Apocynaceae Stephanotis floribundaPlant Apocynaceae Vinca minorPlant Araceae

Alocasia macrorrhizaPlant Araceae

Colocasia esculentaPlant Araceae Monstera deliciosaPlant Araliaceae Polyscias guilfoyleiPlant Arecaceae Cocos nucifera

Plant Asteraceae Adenostemma laveniaPlant Asteraceae Arctotis stoechadifoliaPlant Asteraceae Bidens pilosaPlant Asteraceae Calendula officinalisPlant Asteraceae Centaurea cyanusPlant Asteraceae Chrysanthemum x morifoliumPlant Asteraceae Conyza bonariensisPlant Asteraceae Gaillardia aristata x pulchellaPlant Asteraceae Gerbera jamesoniiPlant Asteraceae Helichrysum bracteatumPlant Asteraceae Lactuca sativaPlant Asteraceae Leucanthemum vulgarePlant Asteraceae Sigesbeckia orientalisPlant Asteraceae Sonchus oleraceusPlant Asteraceae Synedrella nodiflora Plant Asteraceae Tagetes patulaPlant Asteraceae Taraxacum officinalePlant Asteraceae Vernonia cinereaPlant Basellaceae Boussingaultia gracilisPlant Begoniaceae Begonia sp.Plant Boraginaceae Cordia subcordata

Plant Brassicaceae Brassica junceaPlant Brassicaceae Brassica oleraceaPlant Brassicaceae Brassica rapaPlant Brassicaceae Coronopus didymusPlant Brassicaceae Lobularia maritimaPlant Brassicaceae Matthiola incanaPlant Brassicaceae Nasturtium sarmentosumPlant Brassicaceae Raphanus sativusPlant Bromeliaceae Ananas comosusPlant Cactaceae Epiphyllum sp.Plant Cactaceae Opuntia ficus-indica

Plant Caesalpinaceae Caesalpinia bonducPlant Cannaceae Canna sp. cult.Plant Caprifoliaceae Lonicera japonicaPlant Caricaceae Carica papayaPlant Caryophyllaceae Cerastium vulgatumPlant Caryophyllaceae Dianthus chinensisPlant Caryophyllaceae Stellaria mediaPlant Casuarinaceae Casuarina equisetifoliaPlant Chenopodiaceae Beta vulgarisPlant Chenopodiaceae Spinacia oleraceaePlant Clusiaceae Calophyllum inophyllumPlant Combretaceae

Terminalia catappaPlant Commelinaceae Commelina diffusa Plant Commelinaceae Zebrina pendulaPlant Convolvulaceae

Ipomoea batatusPlant Convolvulaceae Ipomoea brasiliensisPlant Convolvulaceae Ipomoea indicaPlant Cucurbitaceae Benincasa hispidaPlant Cucurbitaceae Citrullus lanatusPlant Cucurbitaceae Cucumis meloPlant Cucurbitaceae Cucumis sativusPlant Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita cf. maximaPlant Cucurbitaceae Curcubita pepoPlant Cucurbitaceae Sechium edulePlant Cyperaceae Cyperus javanicusPlant Cyperaceae Kyllinga brevifoliaPlant Cyperaceae Kyllinga nemoralisPlant Dioscoreaceae

Dioscorea alataPlant Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea bulbiferaPlant Dioscoreaceae

Dioscorea esculentaPlant Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea pentaphyllaPlant Ericaceae Arbutus unedoPlant Ericaceae Rhododendron cf. indicumPlant Euphorbiaceae Acalypha wilkesiannaPlant Euphorbiaceae Aleurites moluccana

Plant Euphorbiaceae Chamaesyce hirtaPlant Euphorbiaceae Codiaeum variegatumPlant Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia peplusPlant Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia pulcherrimaPlant Euphorbiaceae Manihot esculentaPlant Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus amarusPlant Euphorbiaceae Ricinus communisPlant Fabaceae Leucaena leucocephala

Plant Geraniaceae Pelargonium domesticumPlant Gramineae Coix lacryma-jobiPlant Gramineae Cynodon dactylon

Plant Gramineae Digitaria setigeraPlant Gramineae Eleusine indicaPlant Gramineae Oplismenus compositusPlant Gramineae Oplismenus hirtellusPlant Gramineae Paspalum orbicularePlant Gramineae Saccharum officinarumPlant Gramineae Schizostachyum glaucifoliumPlant Gramineae Sporobolus indicusPlant Gramineae Zea maysPlant Hydrangeacae Hydrangea macrophyllaPlant Iridaceae Gladiolus sp.Plant Iridaceae Iris sp.Plant Lamiaceae Ballota nigraPlant Lamiaceae Mentha arvensisPlant Lamiaceae Ocimum basilicumPlant Lamiaceae Salvia officinalisPlant Lamiaceae Salvia splendensPlant Lauraceae

Persea americanaPlant Leguminosae Abrus precatoriusPlant Leguminosae Adenanthera pavoninaPlant Leguminosae Albizia samanPlant Leguminosae Bauhinia monandraPlant Leguminosae Caesalpinia pulcherrimaPlant Leguminosae Cajanus cajanPlant Leguminosae Cassia septentrionalisPlant Leguminosae Centrosema pubescensPlant Leguminosae Clitorea ternateaPlant Leguminosae Delonix regiaPlant Leguminosae Desmodium tortuosumPlant Leguminosae Erythrina variegataPlant Leguminosae Inga edulisPlant Leguminosae

Lablab purpureusPlant Leguminosae Mucuna giganteaPlant Leguminosae Phaseolus limensisPlant Leguminosae Phaseolus vulgarisPlant Leguminosae Pisum sativumPlant Leguminosae Pisum vulgarisPlant Leguminosae Tephrosia purpureaPlant Leguminosae Vigna unguiculataPlant Leycithidaceae Barringtonia asiatica

Plant Liliaceae Allium ascalonicumPlant Liliaceae Allium cepaPlant Liliaceae Allium porrumPlant Liliaceae Asparagus setigerusPlant Liliaceae Canna indica

Plant Malvaceae Gossypium herbaceumPlant Malvaceae Hibiscus diversifoliusPlant Malvaceae Hibiscus hastatusPlant Malvaceae Hibiscus rosa-sinensisPlant Malvaceae Malvastrum coromandelianum

Plant Malvaceae Sida rhombifoliaPlant Malvaceae Thespesia populnea

Plant Marantaceae Maranta arundinaceaPlant Meliaceae Melia azadrachPlant Moraceae Artocarpus altilisPlant Moraceae Broussonetia papyriferaPlant Moraceae Ficus caricaPlant Moraceae Ficus elasticaPlant Moraceae Ficus prolixaPlant Moraceae Morus albaPlant Musaceae

Musa troglodytarumPlant Musaceae Musa x nanaPlant Musaceae

Musa x paradisiacaPlant Myrtaceae Eucalyptus sp.Plant Myrtaceae Eugenia uniflora

Plant Myrtaceae Metrosideros excelsaPlant Myrtaceae Psidium cattleianumPlant Myrtaceae Psidium guajava

Plant Myrtaceae Psidium malaccensisPlant Myrtaceae Syzygium jambos Eugenia jambos

Plant Nyctaginaceae Bougainvillea spectabilisPlant Nyctaginaceae Mirabilis jalapaPlant Oleaceae Jasminum grandiflorumPlant Oleaceae Olea europaeaPlant Oxalidaceae Oxalis bermudianaPlant Oxidalaceae Oxalis corniculataPlant Palmaceae

Cocos nuciferaPlant Palmaceae Phoenix dactyliferaPlant Pandanaceae Pandanus inermisPlant Pandanaceae Pandanus tectorius

Plant Passifloraceae Passiflora edulisPlant Passifloraceae Passiflora laurifoliaPlant Passifloraceae Passiflora maliformis

Plant Passifloraceae Passiflora quadrangularisPlant Pinaceae Pinus caribaeaPlant Piperaceae Piper sp.Plant Plantaginaceae Plantago major Plant Poaceae Cenchrus echinatus

Plant Poaceae Paspalum conjugatum

Plant Poaceae Setaria verticillata

Plant Poaceae Sorghum sudanense

Plant Poaceae Thuarea involuta

Plant Polygonaceae Antigonon leptopusPlant Polygonaceae Coccoloba uviferaPlant Portulacaceae Portulaca fosbergiiPlant Proteaceae Grevillea robustaPlant Proteaceae Macadamia integrifoliaPlant Punicaceae Punica granatumPlant Rosaceae Eriobotrya japonicaPlant Rosaceae Fragaria x ananassaPlant Rosaceae Malus domesticaPlant Rosaceae Prunus armeniacaPlant Rosaceae Prunus domesticaPlant Rosaceae Prunus persicaPlant Rosaceae Rosa sp.Plant Rubiaceae Coffea arabicaPlant Rubiaceae Gardenia jasminoidesPlant Rubiaceae Hedyotis romanzoffiensis

Plant RubiaceaeMorinda citrifolia

Plant Rutaceae Cirus paradisiPlant Rutaceae Citrus aurantifoliaPlant Rutaceae Citrus aurantiumPlant Rutaceae Citrus limoniaPlant Rutaceae Citrus reticulataPlant Rutaceae Citrus sinensisPlant Sapindaceae Cardiospermum halicacabumPlant Sapindaceae Dodonaea viscosaPlant Sapindaceae Sapindus saponariaPlant Sapotaceae Bumelia lanuginosaPlant Scrophulariaceae Angelonia bifloraPlant Scrophulariaceae Russelia equisetiformisPlant Solanaceae Capsicum frutescensPlant Solanaceae Cestrum nocturnumPlant Solanaceae Lycopersicon esculentumPlant Solanaceae Nicotiana tabacumPlant Solanaceae Petunia x hybridaPlant Solanaceae

Physalis peruvianaPlant Solanaceae Solanum americanum

Plant Solanaceae Solanum melongenaPlant Solanaceae Solanum nigrumPlant Solanaceae

Solanum tuberosumPlant Strelitziaceae Strelitzia reginae

Plant Taccaceae Tacca leontopetaloidesPlant Taxaceae Araucaria heterophyllaPlant Tiliaceae Corchorus echinatusPlant Verbenaceae Clerodendrum thomsonaePlant Verbenaceae Lantana camara

Plant Verbenaceae Verbena bonariensisPlant Verbenaceae Verbena littoralisPlant Vitaceae Vitis viniferaPlant Zingiberaceae Alpinia speciosaPlant Zingiberaceae Curcuma longaPlant Zingiberaceae Zingiber zerumbetVertebrate Mammal Capra hircus

Vertebrate Mammal Felis catusVertebrate Mammal Mus musculus

Vertebrate Mammal Rattus exulans

Vertebrate Reptile

Vertebrate Reptile Emoia cyanura

Vertebrate Reptile Gehyra mutilata

Vertebrate Reptile Hemiphyllodactylus typus

Vertebrate Reptile Lepidodactylus lugubris

Vertebrate Reptile Lipinia noctua

TOTAL

Cryptoblepharus poecilopleurus

Common name(s)

a spider, family Corinnidaea spider, family Araneidae

a spider, family Heteropodidiae

a spider, family Theridiidae

a spider, family Gnaphosidae

a spider, family Pholcidae

a spider, family Gnaphosidae

1 1 Queensland fruit fly

1 1 Mediterranean fruit fly

1 mosquito

11

1 1 Hottentot fig; ice plant

1 Crocus stuff

111 Cock comb1

1

Christmas Lily

1 Mango-Herbert; MangoVhe tree

1 Shere1 Custard apple1 1 Snow-fruit

Status (JNCC)

Status (PIER)

Status (GISD)

GISD comment

an isopod, family Porcellionidae

Ti; Tee; Tee-plant; Raw-tee; Ou-tee; Rauti

I1


Celery

Carrot1 Parsley1 Pu-pu1 Hilda-flower1

Frangi-panniStiffen-o-his

1 Binii flower1

1

Mock Coffeecoconut

White stuffAfrican daisy

1 Broom stuff; Broom stickCalendulaCorn flower

1

Knob everlastingLettuce

1 Nightshade1 White stuff11 Marigold1 1 Knacker food1

Madeira vine

Toa

1 MustardBiini Cabbage

1 Turnip11

1 RadishPineapple

1

Oleander; Mountain Rose; Holiandah

Ape; Appai; Yappa; Egyptian lilyWater taro; Dry land taro; Black tale; Red tale

Indian Shot1 1

Papaw; Jack-fruit; PapayaWinter weed

1 1 Chickweed1 1 Ironwood

Red beetSpinachTamanu

1 Cow grass; Water grass

1

Pa'hu'e

Calabash; Gourd; Hui1 Water melon

MelonCucumberSquashPumpkin; Hui

1 1 ChokoSkinner's shit; Skin-a-shit

11

1 1

Strawberry tree1

Red tree1 1

1

11

Manioka1 Mahamee1 1 Castor oil plant; Casta vine1 1 wild tamarind; lead tree

Geranium1 Job's tears1

Big Mango; Red-leaf tree; Mango

Sweet potato; Kumara; Deering; Flat Russell; White Sydney

Yam; Arrowroot; Ouhui; Mahoi; Bottleneck

Ofalei; Yam; Bottleneck; Palwa?

candlenut oil tree; Dudwi; Doodoe; Doodway; Tiaieri; Candlenut

Ladies grass1 Dog grass; Crow's foot1 Grass from Tonga1

To; Sugar Cane; Taiti CaneBamboo

1 Cat's tailCorn

Gladiola

Mint 1 Mint; Basil

Sage; Henry flower

1

11 1 Red seed

Rain tree1 Hattie11

Dorcas-flower1

Creeper1 Henry tree1

Monkey puzzle1 Beni-fruit1

PohuaLima bean; Big beansHitchie-beansPeasRed kidney bean; String beanBag ironCow peaUtu; Big seed

ScallionOnionLeekAsparagus

1 1 canna lily; Indian shot

1 NahueRed fautuCockscomb

1

Alligator pear, Alligator tree; Pear; Alligator

Wild bean creeper; Musical bean; Wild bean; Faat Faat

1 Big Jackmiro

Arrowroot1 1 Pride of India

Breadfruit; Bread; 'UruAuteFig

1Banyan; Big tree

Ha'I; China

1 1

1 Pohutukawa1 1 strawberry/ Chinese guava1 1 common guava

Mountain apple1 1 1 roseapple

Bougainvillea1 Low red shrub; Low white

Jassamine; Jasmy1 Olive tree

1 Biampree-creeper

1 Date palmPaoiri

1 1 Passion fruit; Granny bonnet1

1 1 1 hard-shelled passionfruit

1 Granadilla; Thornton1 1 Pine

1 Canary seed1 1

Mountain plantain; Fei; Fayee; Cooking banana

Banana; Plantain; Meia; Sydney

Surinam cherry; French cherry; Edmond fruit

Cocoa-nut; Coco nut palm; Heari; Palm tree; Cocknut

Grab-a-leg; bindy; Pilipili; Sticking grass

1

1 1 1 Fox-tail grass

1 1 Love lies bleedingPeru tree

1 1MacadamiaPomegranate

1 1 LoquatStrawberryAppleApricotPlumPeach

1 CoffeeTiritaini; Tioretaina

Grapefruit1 Lime

Sour orangeRough skinned lemonMandarin orangeOrange

1Tea tree

1 Soap tree

Depphi1 Bell flower11 1 Queen of the night1 Tomato1 Tobacco

1

1

Eggplant1 Obru; Obrew; Obro; Aubru

Bird of paradise flower

T-grass, sour paspalum; Austin grass; Charles Aute grass; Pulau grass

Sudan grass; Broom grass; Broom straw; Alwyn grass

Nanu; Nono; Nun-oo; Flower tree

Gooseberry; Cape gooseberry; Obra Cabbage

Irish Tatte; Spod; English Potato

Tahiti arrowrootNorfolk pine

Henry flower1 1 lantana

1 Wild verbena1

GrapeGinseyYellow ginsy; Tumeric; DjinziWhite ginsy; Ginger

1 1 goat

1 cat1 mouse

1 1 Pacific rat

snake-eyed skink

white-bellied

stump-toed gecko

Indopacific tree gecko

mourning gecko

moth skink

9 111 34


TerrestrialTerrestrial First recorded in 1934 (164).

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial c. 1984 (26)

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

CulNatPol

Nat

Pol

NatAdvCulCulCulCulCulNatCulCulPolCulCulCul

J1


K1


CulAdvCulCulCulCulCul

CulCulCulPol

Pol

CulCulTerrestrial

AdvCulAdvCulCulCulAdv 1960s (68).CulCulCulCulCulAdvAdvAdvAdvAdvAdvCulCulPol

CulCulCulAdvCulCulCulCulCulCulNat

TerrestrialCulCulNatAdvCulAdvCulCulCulPolPol

AdvNatPol

CulNatPolCulPolNatCulCulCulAdvAdvAdvPol

PolCul

PolCulCulCulPol

AdvCulAdvCulCulNatNatAdv

CulNatAdv

AdvAdvCulAdvAdvPolPolAdvCulCulCulCulAdvCulAdvCulCulNat

NatNatCulNatPolPolNatAdvCulCulAdvPolCulNat

CulCulCulCulCulPolCulPol

CulCulCulCulNat

CulPolCulPolAdv

AdvTerrestrial

CulCulPolPolCulCulPolCulPol

CulPol

CulNat

CulNatCul

NatNat Late 19th century (67)

CulNatNatCulAdvAdvPol

CulCulTerrestrial

NatNatNat

NatCulCulAdvCul

Adv

Adv

Adv

Terrestrial

CulCulCulCulCulCulCulNatCulCulCulCulCulNatCulTerrestrial

Pol

CulCulCulCulCulCulCulCulCulCulCulNatCulCulNatNatCulCul

Terrestrial

CulCulCul

Cul

First recorded from Henderson in 1987 (162).

1991-1992, first recorded 1997 (66).

First recorded from Henderson in 1991 (162).

PolCulCulCulNat

AdvAdvCulCulPolPolTerrestrial before 1843 (4)

TerrestrialTerrestrial c. 1942 (5)

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

During settlement by Polynesians, c. 700 AD ? (4)

'Within the last century', first recorded 1932 (172).


Damage to fruit trees, nuisance to humans (26)

'Abundant and irritating.' May deter tourists. (26).

A pest of Citrus sp. on Pitcairn Island (224).

Introduction of mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue fever would impact health of human population (26).

L1


M1


Invasive on Pitcairn Island (162). Potentially invasive (162).

Causing environmental damage (224).

Forms monospecific stands which contain few native species. The lack of ground flora in these stands results in soil erosion (237).

This species has rapidly spread into native plant comminities, forming dense thickets (67). There is some evidence that the spread of this species poses a threat to the islands endemic land snails (237).

An invasive weed on Pitcairn (162).

Deforestation, leading to soil erosion (5) If the goat problem is not dealt with on Pitcairn they will cause further coastal erosion and damage remnant stands of remaining native vegetation (224).

Attack citrus fruit trees on Pitcairn (5) Predate newly hatched chicks of Murphy's and Kermadec petrels on Henderson (6) Survival of several species of petrel is 'severely threatened' by rat predation (7)

Risk of reintroduicng rats to Ducie from Pitcairn (26).


Dispersed mostly through human activity (164).




Introduced by Polynesian settlers (66).

Presence on Henderson described as 'certainly due to human activity' (164).

Described as 'strictly synanthropic' (164) so presumably introduced by humans.

Described as 'strictly synanthropic' (164) so presumably introduced by humans.

Most probably due to recent dispersal by humans (164).

Possibly introduced by Polynesian settlers, but may be native or a casual introduction (162).

N1


O1


Accidentally introduced in packing material (68).

Seeds are dispersed by flotation (162).

Introduced by Polynesian settlers and again by Pitcairners (66).

Introduced by Polynesian settlers (66, though might be native (162).



Probably a Polynesian introduction (162).


Deliberate introduction for fuel wood (67) Natural dispersal (67).

Probably native but other cultivars introduced by Polynesian settlers (162).

On Henderson, believed to have been recently introduced by Pitcairners (66).

Introduced to Henderson by Pitcairners or members of Operation Raleigh (66).

Either native or introduced by Polynesian settlers (66).

Accidentally introduced from Oeno Island by members of the 1991-1992 expedition (66).

Probably introduced to Henderson by an avian vector (162).


Probably arrived as a stowaway in cargo (172).

Introduced in packing materials during WWII (in 4)

Likely to have been introduced by Polynesian settlers (66).Likely to have been introduced by Polynesian settlers (66).

May have been introuduced by Polynesian voyagers in prehistoric times (172).

Likely to have been introduced by Polynesian settlers (66).Likely to have been introduced by Polynesian settlers (66).


Known only from juveniles on Henderson (164).Present throughout Henderson (164).

Described as 'very common' on Henderson (164).

Pitcairn (164).

Single individual recorded from Ducie Atoll (164).

Pitcairn (26)

Henderson (164).

Cliffs and steep slopes (Pitcairn) (4)

Found on Pitcairn and at the North Beach camp on Henderson (164).Described as 'exceptionally frequent' on Henderson (164).

On Henderson, largely restricted to plateau margin, also found on Pitcairn (162).

Henderson population may be a sterile cultivar (no fruiting or flowering has been observed), so unlikely to spread (162).

Currently has restricted distribution on Pitcairn (68).Recorded from a very limited part of the plateau forest on Henderson Island (162).

P1


Q1

Potential distribution in a Territory: Any information on the maximum potential distribution of each species within each Territory (i.e. the total suitable habitat for each species – some plants may be restricted to areas with a particular climate, whilst commensal rodents might be found wherever there are humans).

Well-established groves on the North and Northwest beaches of Henderson, plus scattered others (162).

On Henderson, restricted to forests in sandy areas behind dunes on the North and East Beaches (162).

Henderson (66).

Probably extinct on Henderson (66).

Gardens on Pitcairn (4). Limited population size (237).

Small numbers of plants are found in the vicinity of Adamstown on Pitcairn (162).

Secondary forest gaps (Pitcairn) (4). Described as widespread and troublesome (68).

Gardens on Pitcairn (4).

Groves occur throughout Henderson Island (162).

Forest edges (Pitcairn) (4)

On Henderson, found in forests of the North and Northwest Beaches but apparently absent from plateau forests, also found on Pitcairn (162).

Pitcairn (4). Limited population size (237).Secondary scrub (Pitcairn) (4). Described as widespread and troublesome (68).

Forest (Pitcairn) (4). By 1990s (following a change in land use which promoted the spread of this species) it covered a large area of Pitcairn (67). Described as widespread and troublesome (68).

Secondary scrub (Pitcairn) (4)

Henderson (66).

Henderson, Oeno (66).

Common on Pitcairn, found on North Beach on Henderson (162).Grassland, fernland (Pitcairn) (4). Described as widespread and troublesome (68).

Common in littoral vegetation on Pitcairn, one specimen recorded on Henderson (162).

Pitcairn (4)

Still present on Pitcairn and Henderson (1). All islands (4).

Henderson (66).

Henderson (66, 172), Ducie, Oeno, Pitcairn (172).

Pitcairn (172).

Pitcairn (172).

Henderson (66, 172), Ducie, Oeno, Pitcairn (172).

Henderson (66, 172), Pitcairn (172)..

Forest, fernland (Pitcairn, Oeno) (4). Described as widespread and troublesome (68).

Pitcairn (4). A large increase in goat numbers was noted in 2005 (224).


The SPC (Secretariat of the Pacific Community) are continuing to work with Biosecurity Officer Jay Warren and Simon Young on the fruitfly (223).Pheromone traps are issued annually by the Conservation Officer. These traps emit a female fruit fly pheromone which attracts the male fruit flies where they are then trapped. This helps reduce the number of male fruit flies in the population available for breeding (224).

R1


Three year FCO-funded project began in 2003 investigating best methods of clearing rose apple and re-vegetating cleared areas (26). Roseapple control continuing in 2009 (223).

All specimens seen during 1991-92 were destroyed (66).

Rats were successfully eradicated from Ducie and Oeno in 1997 (1). Two eradication attempts on Pitcairn have failed (26).


Eradication is possible but expensive, and a detailed costing of this has been called for (26).

Total eradication, with good quarantine precautions in place to prevent reinvasion (26).

Elimination is desirable, but likely to be prohibitively expensive. Reduction in numbers (and nuisance caused) could be achieved through inexpensive means such as removal of suitable breeding sites (water-filled cans etc) (26).

S1


T1


No actions planned against this species as it is highly valued and used extensively by the Pitcairn population (66).

Reduction, not total elimination is the current goal, as the tree has a number of benefical uses (timber, nectar source) (26).

Ref. (162) recommends that efforts should be made to eliminate this species from Henderson.

The Management Plan recommends that plans should be drawn up and implemented to effectively control goats on Pitcairn, and that Local Government Regulations Part IV A: 1-4, Animals and Wildlife: Control of Domestic Animals be enforced (224).

Third attempt to eradicate rats from Pitcairn is being considered, using a helicopter to drop bait in less accessible areas (26). Henderson Management Plan suggests research to identify the level of rat predation on the island's seabirds (66). A feasibility study into the removal of rats from Henderson has been completed and in 2009 field work will be undertaken in order to finalise the operational plan. An eradication attempt could take place in 2011 (155).

Total eradication from Pitcairn, and to keep Ducie and Oeno rat-free (1, 26). Eradication from Henderson (155).

Native range

Mediterranean (164).

Probably native to tropical Asia (162).

Probably native to Old World tropics (162).

South East Asia (162).

Asia (172).

Widespread in South-east Asia, also recorded from five islands in the Society and Marquesas archipelagoes (172).


Invertebrate Arachnida

Invertebrate Arachnida

Invertebrate Arachnida Tegenaria domestica

Invertebrate Coleoptera Oopterus soledadinus

Invertebrate Coleoptera Trechisibus antarcticus

Invertebrate Collembola Hypogastura purpurescens

Invertebrate Collembola Hypogastura viatica

Invertebrate Diptera Lycoriella caesarInvertebrate Diptera Mycoma bifidaInvertebrate Diptera Parochlus steinenii

Invertebrate Diptera Psychoda parthenogenetica

Invertebrate Diptera Scatrope notata

Invertebrate Diptera Trichocera regelationis

Invertebrate Hemiptera Jacksonia papillata

Invertebrate Hemiptera Rhopalosiphum padi

Lepthyphantes sp.

Negayan sp.

A1


C1


D1


Micro-organism Pasturella multocida

Plant Apiaceae Anthriscus sylvestrisPlant Asteraceae Achillea millefoliumPlant Asteraceae Achillea ptarmicaPlant Asteraceae Hieraceum sp.

Plant Asteraceae Taraxacum officinale

Plant Brassicaceae Cardamine flexuosa

Plant Caryophyllaceae Cerastium fontanum


Plant Clusiaceae Hypericum sp.

Plant Cyperaceae Carex aquatilisPlant Cyperaceae Carex nigraPlant Empetraceae Empetrum rubrumPlant Ericaceae Vaccinium vitis-idaeaPlant Fabaceae Lotus corniculatus

Plant Fabaceae Trifolium repensPlant Juncaceae Juncus filiformisPlant Lobeliaceae Pratia repensPlant Poaceae Agropyron repensPlant Poaceae Agrostis canina

Plant Poaceae Agrostis tenuis

Plant Poaceae Anthoxanthum odoratumPlant Poaceae Deschampsia caespitosa

Plant Poaceae Deschampsia flexuosaPlant Poaceae Festuca ovinaPlant Poaceae Festuca rubraPlant Poaceae Nardus strictaPlant Poaceae Poa annua


Plant Poaceae Poa trivialisPlant Polgonaceae Rumex acetosella

Plant Ranunculaceae Ranunculus acrisPlant Ranunculaceae Ranunculus repensPlant Rosaceae Alchemilla monticolaVertebrate Mammal Mus musculus

Vertebrate Mammal Rangifer tarandus


TOTAL

Status (GISD) Common name(s) Broad habitat

Terrestrial

spider, family Anyphaenidae Terrestrial

Terrestrial

1 1 a beetle, family Trechidae Terrestrial

1 carabid beetle sp. Terrestrial

1 springtail sp. Terrestrial

1 springtail sp. Terrestrial

a fly, family Sciaridae (165). Terrestrial1 a fly, family Mycetophilidae Terrestrial

a winged chironomid midge Terrestrial

Terrestrial

a fly, family Scatopsidae (165). Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Status (JNCC)

GISD comment

a spider, possibly L.alacris

a spider, family Agelenidae (165).

a fly, family Psychodidae (165).

a fly, family Trichoceridae (165).an aphid, family Aphididae (165).an aphid, family Aphididae (165).

H1


I1


1 1 avian cholera Terrestrial

cow parsley (UK name)yarrow (UK name)

hawkweed sp (UK name)

1 dandelion sp (UK name)

1 wavy-leaved bittercress Terrestrial

1 chickweed

1

water sedge (UK name)

diddle dee (Falklands name)cowberry (UK name)

1 birdsfoot trefoil (UK name)

white clover (UK name)thread rush (US name)

Hieraceum floribundum

procumbent pearlwort (UK name)

Hypericum perforatum

1 annual meadow grass Terrestrial

1 Terrestrial

1 sheep's sorrel (UK name)

meadow buttercup (UK name)creeping buttercup (UK name)

1 1 house mouse Terrestrial

1 1 reindeer Terrestrial

1 1 brown rat Terrestrial

13 9



First recorded 1963 (231). 1

1

1

1

1

Status (JNCC)

A voracious predator of small insects and other invertebrates which has deeply modified the food web equilibrium, in which no comparable indigenous predators exist (231).

During or towards the end of the whaling era' (whaling ceased in 1965) (31). Probably in 1970s (152).

Preys on the smaller larvae of the endemic herbivorous beetle Hydromedion sparsutum (31). Has caused decline in abundance and increase in body size of this native beetle (165). A voracious predator of small insects and other invertebrates which has deeply modified the food web equilibrium, in which no comparable indigenous predators exist (231).

J1


L1


1

1969 or before (31)1969 or before (31)1969 or before (31)1969 or before (31).

1969 or before (31).

Probably 2000 or 2001 (121). 1

1969 or before (31). 1



1969 or before (31)1969 or before (31).1969 or before (31).1969 or before (31).1969 or before (31).

1969 or before (31).1969 or before (31).1969 or before (31).1969 or before (31)1969 or before (31)

Mortality in birds observed 2004 (230).

Hundreds of chinstrap penguins died at the Cooper Bay Colony from avian cholera in 2004 (230).

1969 or before (31)

1969 or before (31)1969 or before (31).

1969 or before (31).1969 or before (31).1969 or before (31).1969 or before (31).

1

1

1969 or before (31).1969 or before (31).

1969 or before (31).1969 or before (31).1969 or before (31)19th century (18) 1

1911 and 1926 (18) 1

c. 1800 (8). 1790s (148). 1

Probably during sealing era in 19th century (31).

Supports introduced reindeer. It is adapted to grazing and is recorded as 'locally spreading or beneficiary' as a result of the presence of reindeer (18). It is now dominant in some coastal areas (31). Supresses growth of indigenous beetle Hydromedion sparsutum (88).

Colonised ecological communities heavily grazed by reindeer (31).

Reported to eat native tussock grass (Poa flabellata) and invertebrates (18).

Reported as eating Parodiochloa flabellata (a species of tussock grass), Acaena magellanica (a heathland or herbfield species) and lichens, all of which are native and are classed as 'locally eliminated or reduced' by reindeer. Promote the spread of introduced Poa annua (18). Trample native tussac grassland, reducing its suitability for some tussac breeding bird species (31). Recent survey found consistently lower records for Acaena magellanica in sites with reindeer. Moss banks were found to have been trampled by reindeer (216)

Breeding of Antarctic pipits and South Georgia pintails has reportedly become restricted to rat-free habitats (in 8). However, other more recent sources say that although rats may have reduced pintail numbers and affected breeding success they have not eliminated them, and pintails are found all over South Georgia (121). Known to eat native plants (esp. Paradiochloa flabellata, a tussock grass), as well as invertebrates and carrion (18). Take eggs and young of most burrow-nesting small petrels, also eat penguin chicks (31). Other sources suggest they are only likely to predate weak or dead penguin chicks (121). South Georgia pipits have returned to Grass Island and white-chinned petrel numbers have increased following rat eradication there (204).


Described as an invasive alien (165).

Described as an invasive alien (165).

Accidentally transported from the Falkland Islands or South America (231).

Has been implicated in a selective alteration of life cycle characteristics in herbivorous beetles (231).

May have been introduced by whalers to the whaling stations in construction materials and/or fodder for animals (153). Alternatively, may to have been brought in on a yacht or military vessel from the Falkland Islands in the 1970s (152).

May outcompete native Collembola from certain habitats (31).

May outcompete native Collembola from certain habitats (31).

May be indigenous or have been introduced in water barrels of whaling and sealing ships (146).

M1


N1


Almost certainly deliberately introduced (31).

Almost certainly deliberately introduced (31).

Introduced from Falkland Islands (31).Almost certainly deliberately introduced (31).

Introduced from Falkland Islands (31).

Has spread rapidly in the area where it was first seen growing, so appears to be well adapted for survival in South Georgia's climate (121).

Probably in stores or on footwear from the Falkland Islands where it grows abundantly outside the Stanley hydroponic market garden (121). Possibly on vehicles brought to King Edward Point during rebuilding works in 2000 (214).

A rapid coloniser of bare ground where it may outcompete natives. Believed to have more colonising potential than P. pratensis (121).

Accidentally introduced by humans (18). Probably introduced by sealing vessels on ship wreckage and/ or with camp stores (148).

Deliberately introduced by humans as a source of fresh meat and as a 'sporting opportunity' (18)

Accidentally introduced by sealers and whalers (18). Risk of further rodent introductions through shipping is ever-present (165).


Known from two distinct locations (231).

Found inside buildings (probably reliant on the extra warmth associated with buildings) (139).

Found in one of the new buildings at Grytviken in March 2004 (154).

The adult beetle is flightless and disperses by crawling over the ground and vegetation (153).

North east of island in coastal lowlands, particularly in and around abandoned whaling stations at Husvik (31). Documented to be spreading rapidly during the 1990s, but there are no more recent survey data (231).

O1


P1


Only found at Cooper Bay so far (230).

Seeds are windborne and also moved around by reindeer (121).

Widespread within and up to at least 1km from former whaling stations (31).

Believed to have been trasported across the bay from King Edward Point by ducks (204). Seed capsules explode when ripe, dispersing seeds up to 500m. The seeds are sticky when wet and can be spread on clothing or by animals (214).

Adjacent to the research station at King Edward Point (121). In 2009 this species was also found at the other side of the bay. Recent survey work by Kew Gardens has found patches of this species beyond the previously known range (204).

Possibly windborne or bird assisted dispersal (121).

Widespread within and up to at least 1km from former whaling stations (31), but the data in Ref 31 is now over 20 years old (121). This species is now widespread at locations far removed from whaling stations and appears to be spreading to a range of sites along the north coast. Very common in festuca grassland areas adjacent to Stromness whaling station in particular (121).

The single specimen which was growing as Husvik is believed to have been killed since 1999 by trampling by fur seals (121).



Only alien plant species widely distributed around the island (31).

Around Stromness Bay (31). Also from other sites around South Georgia (121).


At three localities in the north-west of the island where a glacier separates the two populations (148). Possibly also at Grytviken (31).

Localised in two areas separated from each other by glaciers and large bays (121). The two populations are located on the Busen and Barff peninsulas (204).

Natural dispersal, though also still a risk of human-aided transportation (31). Recent genetic studies show that large glaciers present effective barriers to rat dispersal, thus restricting their range to individual bays on the main island (51), highlighting risks of global warming.

Widespread and abundant along the north-east coast and in the north-west of the island. Evidence of rat activity up to 3km in from the shore, with large numbers concentrated in and around abandoned whaling stations and king penguin colonies (31, 148). Most offshore islands are rat free (31).


Current climate warming trends might be expected to increase the rate of dispersal of this species, as well as the area of suitable habitat (231).

Current climate warming trends might be expected to increase the rate of dispersal of this species, as well as the area of suitable habitat (231).

Q1


R1


The site was immediately closed to visitors and did not re-open for the rest of the season. People landing at other sites were asked to remain vigilant for signs of illness in other colonies. Blood samples were also taken from other penguin species at other sites to ascertain levels of exposure to avian cholera (230).

Could colonise many other parts of the island. There has been a noticeable increase in its distribution in the past 15 years, likely to have been assisted by the warmer summers and longer growing seasons (121).

Has the potential to spread far and fast in waterways. Could colonise any coastal drainage system along the warmest area of South Georgia, the central north coast (121).

None (121). Efforts have been made to control/ eradicate this species but have so far been unsuccessful (204). It was sprayed with Green Up Weedfree in 2004-5, the most infected areas dug up and seed contaminated soil disposed of at seas. Spraying with Roundup occurred in 2005-6, with further digging up of satellite plants. Sodium chlorate was trialled by BAS in two of the worst affected areas, but these now have the highest concentration of plants. Trials with a variety of weedkillers were carried out in early 2008, with Weedol2 giving the best initial results, but glyphosate giving longer lastig control (214, 215).

Could spread to other parts of the island, especially with global warming and glacial retreat (121).

Could spread to other parts of the island, especially with global warming and glacial retreat (121).

Available habitat is likely to increase due to retreat of South Georgia's glaciers (165).

Following three translocations in 2001, 2002 and 2003, some reindeer have already been translocated to islands in the Falklands (121).

Could colonise many of the offshore islands, and also spread to other parts of the island, especially if global warning causes glaciers to retreat (31). With no quarantine legislation and no quarantine measures in place at the main point of entry in Grytviken, there is a real risk of new introductions from incoming vessels. This has reportedly already happened when a fishing vessel carrying rats and cockroaches was wrecked in Cumberland Bay in April 2003 (121).

Some pilot studies and a feasibilty study already carried out (50). A trial rat eradication has been carried out on 30ha Grass Island (204).


Government consider introduced invertebrates are of low priority for eradication, though this assessment will be reviewed after the collection of site specific baseline data (31).



S1


T1


Following the discovery of the extended range of this species in South Georgia the costs and benefits of continued control work must now be re-evaluated (204). Continued spraying and/ or use of weed matting is recommended for long term control (215).

Total eradication (31).

Government consider introduced plants are of low priority for eradication, though this assessment will be reviewed after the collection of site specific baseline data (31).

Government consider mice are of low priority for eradication, though this assessment will be reviewed after the collection of site specific baseline data (31).

Phased eradication will take place after the completion of the relocation project (31). A cull of animals at one the island's reindeer populations (Busen) is due to begin in January 2010, with the aim of reducing the population by between two-thirds and three-quarters while still maintaining its viability. A full scale reindeer eradication has been discussed but no final decision has yet been made (204).

More pilot studies and eradication projects planned (50).

Native range

Falkland Islands (165).

Chile or the Falkland Islands

Europe (165).


There are no known examples of human introduced flora or fauna on the South Sandwich Islands (163).

A1


C1


D1


Common name(s) Broad habitatStatus (GISD)

F1


G1


Date of introduction Ecological effects (known) Ecological effects (suspected or potential)

H1


I1


J1



Current distribution in territory

K1


L1


M1


Actions plannedPotential distribution in territory


N1


O1


P1



Q1



Invertebrate Amphipoda Talitroides alluaudi

Invertebrate Arachnida Anyphops stauntoni

Invertebrate Arachnida Chthonius ischnocheles

Invertebrate Arachnida Dysdera crocota Dysdera crocata

Invertebrate Arachnida Roncus lubricusInvertebrate Arachnida Segestria florentina

Invertebrate Arachnida Tegenaria domesticaInvertebrate Arachnida Tegenaria pagana

Invertebrate Arachnida Urozelotes rusticus

Invertebrate Arachnida Withius subruber

Invertebrate Blattodea Afrobalta decellei

Invertebrate Blattodea Calolampra signatura

Invertebrate Blattodea Euthyrrhapha pacifica

Invertebrate Blattodea Leucophaea maderae

Invertebrate Blattodea Nauphoeta cinerea

Invertebrate Blattodea Periplaneta australasiae

Invertebrate Blattodea Pynoscelus surinamensis

Invertebrate Blattodea Tivia oniscoides

Invertebrate Chilopoda Lithobius forficatus

Invertebrate Chilopoda Scolopendra morsitans

Invertebrate Coleoptera Acanthoscelides obtectusInvertebrate Coleoptera Adoretus versutus

Invertebrate Coleoptera Araecerus fasciculatus

Invertebrate Coleoptera Cosmopolites sordidusInvertebrate Coleoptera Dactylosternum abdominale

Invertebrate Coleoptera family Bostrichidae, 2 species

Invertebrate Coleoptera family Colydiidae, 1 species

ex Zelotes rusticus

A1


C1


D1


Invertebrate Coleoptera family Corylophidae, 2 species

Invertebrate Coleoptera



Invertebrate Coleoptera family Nitulidae, 3 or 4 species

Invertebrate Coleoptera family Ptinidae, 3 speciesInvertebrate Coleoptera

Invertebrate Coleoptera Gonipterus scutellatusInvertebrate Coleoptera Heteronychus sanctaehelenae

Invertebrate Coleoptera Necrobia rufipes

Invertebrate Coleoptera Oryzaephilus surinamensis

Invertebrate Coleoptera Stegobium paniceum

Invertebrate Coleoptera Trox rhyparoidesInvertebrate Diptera Ceratitis capitata

Invertebrate Diptera Dioxyna sororculaInvertebrate Diptera family Agromyzidae, 1 species

Invertebrate Diptera family Calliphoridae, 7 species

Invertebrate Diptera family Drosophilidae, 7 species


Invertebrate Diptera family Muscidae, 13 speciesInvertebrate Diptera family Phoridae, 3 speciesInvertebrate Diptera family Psychodidae, 3 species

Invertebrate Diptera family Scatopsidae, 1 species

Invertebrate Diptera family Scenopinidae, 1 species


Invertebrate Diptera Lamprolonchaea aurea

Invertebrate Diptera Lonchaea avida

Invertebrate Diptera Palexorista quadrizonula

family Cossyphodidiae, 1 species

family Endomychidae, 1 speciesfamily Lathridiidae, 2 or 3 species

family Rhizophagidae, 2 species

family Gasterophilidae, 1 species

family Sphaeroceridae, 10 species


Invertebrate Hemiptera

Invertebrate Hemiptera Brevicoryne brassicae


Invertebrate Hemiptera Icerya purchasi

Invertebrate Hemiptera Issus coleoptratus

Invertebrate Hemiptera Orthyzia insignis Orthezia insignis (43)

Invertebrate Hemiptera Trioza erytreae

Invertebrate Hymenoptera Ampulex compressa

Invertebrate Hymenoptera Anaphoidea nitens

Invertebrate Hymenoptera Apis mellifera

Invertebrate Hymenoptera Evania appendigaster


Invertebrate Hymenoptera Vespula vulgaris

Invertebrate Isopoda Armadillidium vulgare

Invertebrate Isopoda Cyclisticus convexus

Invertebrate Isopoda Haplophthalmus daniscus

Invertebrate Isopoda Oniscus asellus

Invertebrate Isopoda Porcellio laevis



Invertebrate Isopoda Trichoniscus pusillus

Aleurocanthus sp.

family Aphididae, 16 other species

ex Patasson nitens

Pheidole megacephala (plus 8 other ant species)


Invertebrate Isopoda Trichorhina tomentosa

Invertebrate Isoptera Cryptotermes brevis

Invertebrate Isoptera Heterotermes perfidus

Invertebrate Lepidoptera Cactoblastis cactorum

Invertebrate Lepidoptera Crocidosema plebejana

Invertebrate Lepidoptera Cryptophlebia leucotreta

Invertebrate Lepidoptera Diaphania indica



Invertebrate Lepidoptera Galleria mellonella

Invertebrate Lepidoptera Hellula undalis

Invertebrate Lepidoptera Herpetogramma licarsisalis

Invertebrate Lepidoptera Phthorimaea operculella

Invertebrate Lepidoptera Plutella xylostella

Invertebrate Lepidoptera Uresiphita gilvata

Invertebrate Mollusca family Arionidae, 2 speciesInvertebrate Mollusca

Invertebrate Mollusca family Ellobiidae, 1 species

Invertebrate Mollusca family Ferrusaciidae, 1 species

Invertebrate Mollusca family Limacidae, 1 speciesInvertebrate Mollusca family Zonitidae, 3 speciesInvertebrate Mollusca Helix aspersa

Invertebrate Mollusca Lauria cylindraceaInvertebrate Mollusca Vertigo pygmaea

Invertebrate Neuroptera Chrysopa squamosa

Invertebrate Neuroptera Chrysopa zastrowi


ex Olethreutes leucotreta

ex Phakellura indica and Margaronia indica

family Noctuidae, many species

family Oecophoridae, 1 species

ex Herpetogramma phaeopteralis

ex Meyna polygonalis, M. rusticalis

family Cochlicopidae, 1 species

Invertebrate Siphonaptera

Invertebrate Siphonaptera family Pulicidae, 5 species

Plant Aceraceae Acer pseudoplatanus

Plant Agavaceae Agave americanaPlant Agavaceae Agave luridaPlant Agavaceae Agave sisalanaPlant Agavaceae Furcraea gigantea

Plant Agavaceae Phormium tenax


Plant Aizoaceae

Plant Amaranthaceae Alternathera repensPlant AmaranthaceaePlant Anacardiaceae Harpephyllum caffrum

Plant Anacardiaceae Mangifera indicaPlant Anacardiaceae Pistacia terebinthusPlant Anacardiaceae Schinus molle

Plant Anacardiaceae Schinus terebinthifolius Schinus terebinthifolia

Plant Annonaceae

Plant Apiaceae Apium graveolens


Plant Apiaceae Foeniculum vulgare

Plant Apiaceae Petroselinum crispum

Plant Apocyanaceae Catharanthus roseus

Plant Aquifoliaceae Ilex aquifolium

Plant Araceae Colocasia esculenta


Plant Araceae Zantedeschia aethiopica

family Ceratophyllidae, 1 species

ex Agave angustifolia

Mesembryanthemum crystallinum

Amaranthus spp.

Annona spp.

ex Vinca rosea

Plant Araucariaceae Araucaria excelsa

Plant Arecaceae Phoenix dactylifera

Plant Asclepiadaceae Asclepias curassavicaPlant Asclepiadaceae Asclepias rotundifoliaPlant Aspleniaceae Asplenium compressum

Plant Asteraceae Ageratum conyzoides

Plant Asteraceae Chrysanthemoides moniliflora Chrysanthemoides monilifera

Plant Asteraceae Cineraria saxifraga


Plant Asteraceae Cotula australisPlant Asteraceae Cotula coronopifolia

Plant Asteraceae Eupatorium pallidum

Plant Asteraceae Gnaphalium luteo-album

Plant Asteraceae Helichrysum bracteatum

Plant Asteraceae Hypochaeris radicata

Plant Asteraceae Senecio mikanoides Delairea odorataPlant Asteraceae Tagetes minuta

Plant Bignoniaceae Jacaranda ovalifoliaPlant Bignoniaceae Tecoma capensisPlant Bignoniaceae Tecoma stans


Plant Brassicaceae Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum Nasturtium officnale

Plant Buddlejaceae Buddleiya brasiliensis

Plant Buddlejaceae Buddleiya lindleyiana

ex Araucaria heterophylla



Plant Buddlejaceae Buddleiya madagascariensis

Plant Cactaceae Opuntia cochinillifera


Plant Cactaceae Pereskia bleoPlant Caesalpinaceae Caesalpinia pulcherrimaPlant Caesalpinaceae Ceratonia siliquaPlant Caesalpinaceae Delonix regiaPlant Caesalpinaceae Schotia speciosaPlant Cannaceae Canna indica

Plant Caryophyllaceae Polycarpon tetraphyllumPlant Casuarinaceae Casuarina cunninghamiaPlant Casuarinaceae Casuarina equisetifoliaPlant Casuarinaceae Casuarina montanaPlant Casuarinaceae Casuarina strictaPlant Casuarinaceae Casuarina suberosaPlant Celastraceae Elaeodendron capensePlant Celastraceae Elaeodendron papillosumPlant Chenopodiaceae Atriplex nummularia

Plant Chenopodiaceae Atriplex semibaccata

Plant Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium ambrosiodes

Plant Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium murale


Plant Commelinaceae Commelina diffusa

Plant Convolvulaceae Dichondra repens

Plant Convolvulaceae

Plant Crassulaceae Bryophyllum pinnata Kalanchoe pinnata

Plant Cupressaceae Callitris ?cupressiformis

Plant Cupressaceae Callitris calcarata

Plant Cupressaceae Callitris endlicheriPlant Cupressaceae Callitris glauca

Plant Cupressaceae Callitris robustaPlant Cupressaceae Cupressus lawsonianaPlant Cupressaceae Cupressus lindleyiPlant Cupressaceae Cupressus lusitanica

Ipomoea sp.

Plant Cupressaceae Cupressus macrocarpa

Plant Cupressaceae Cupressus sempervivensPlant Cupressaceae Cupressus torulosaPlant Cupressaceae Juniperus bermudiana

Plant Cupressaceae Juniperus virginianaPlant Cupressaceae Thuja occidentalisPlant Cupressaceae Widdringtonia cupressoidesPlant Curtisiaceae Curtisia fagineaPlant Cyperaceae Cyperus rotundus

Plant CyperaceaePlant Cyperaceae Scirpus antarcticusPlant Ebenaceae Diospyros dicrophylla Royena pallens

Plant Euphorbiaceae Aleurites moluccanaPlant Euphorbiaceae Cluytia pulchella Clutia pulchella

Plant EuphorbiaceaePlant Euphorbiaceae Ricinus communis

Plant Fabaceae Acacia baileyanaPlant Fabaceae Acacia cyanophyllaPlant Fabaceae Acacia cyclopsPlant Fabaceae Acacia decurrensPlant Fabaceae Acacia elata

Plant Fabaceae Acacia giraffaePlant Fabaceae Acacia implexaPlant Fabaceae Acacia longifolia

Plant Fabaceae Acacia mearnsii

Plant Fabaceae Acacia melanoxylon

Plant Fabaceae Acacia pycanthaPlant Fabaceae Acacia spectabilisPlant Fabaceae

Plant Fabaceae Acacia suaveolens

Cyperus spp.

Euphorbia sp.

Acacia spp.

Plant Fabaceae Acacia verticillataPlant Fabaceae Albizia lopantha

Plant Fabaceae Bauhinea purpureaPlant Fabaceae Cassia alata

Plant Fabaceae Cassia laevigata

Plant Fabaceae Cassia occidentalis

Plant Fabaceae Erythrina caffra

Plant Fabaceae Erythrina corallodendronPlant Fabaceae Erythrina speciosaPlant Fabaceae Gleditschia sinensisPlant Fabaceae Leucaena glauca


Plant Fabaceae Prosopis julifloraPlant Fabaceae Psoralea pinnata

Plant Fabaceae Tamarindus indicaPlant Fabaceae Ulex europaeus

Plant Fagaceae Castanea sativaPlant Fagaceae Quercus cerrisPlant Fagaceae Quercus ilexPlant Fagaceae Quercus macrocarpaPlant Fagaceae Quercus roburPlant Fagaceae Quercus suberPlant Flacourtiaceae Doryalis caffra Aberia caffraPlant Fumariaceae Fumaria muralis

Plant Iridaceae Romulea rosea

Plant Iridaceae Watsonia iridifolia

Plant Juncaceae Juncus bufoniusPlant Juncaceae Juncus capillaceusPlant Juncaceae Juncus effususPlant Juncaceae Juncus tenuis

Plant Lamiaceae Leonotis nepetifolia

Plant Lamiaceae Leonurus sibiricusPlant Lamiaceae Mentha aquatica

Plant Lamiaceae Stachys arvensisPlant Lemnaceae Lemna minor

Albizia distachya; Albizia lophantha

Leucaena glauca; Piptadenia peregrina

ex Trichonema ochroleucum

Plant Lillaceae Aloe grandidentata

Plant Lillaceae

Plant Lillaceae Aloe vera Aloe barbadensis

Plant Loganiaceae Buddleja brasiliensisPlant Loganiaceae Buddleja davidiiPlant Loganiaceae Buddleja madagascariensisPlant Lythraceae Lagerstroemia flos-reginaePlant Magnoliaceae Liriodendron tulipifera Liriodendron tulipiferumPlant MagnoliaceaePlant Malvaceae Gossypium indicum

Plant Malvaceae Hibiscus diversifolius

Plant Malvaceae Sida cordifolia

Plant Meliaceae Cedrela australis


Plant Meliaceae Swietenia mahoganiiPlant Moraceae Ficus caricaPlant Moraceae Ficus indicaPlant Moraceae Ficus religiosaPlant Moraceae Ficus terebrata

Plant Moraceae Morus albaPlant Moraceae Morus nigraPlant MoraceaePlant MusaceaePlant Myristicaceae Myristica fragransPlant Myrtaceae Eucalyptus camaldulensisPlant Myrtaceae Eucalyptus cladocalyxPlant Myrtaceae Eucalyptus crebraPlant Myrtaceae Eucalyptus ficifoliaPlant Myrtaceae Eucalyptus globulus

Plant Myrtaceae Eucalyptus grandis Eucalyptus salignaPlant Myrtaceae Eucalyptus lehmannii

Plant Myrtaceae Eucalyptus leucoxylonPlant Myrtaceae Eucalyptus paniculata

Plant Myrtaceae Eucalyptus polyanthemosPlant Myrtaceae Eucalyptus viminalis

Plant Myrtaceae Eugenia jambos

Aloe spp.

Magnolia spp.

Morus spp.Musa spp.

Plant Myrtaceae Leptospermum laevigatumPlant Myrtaceae Myrtus communisPlant Myrtaceae Pimenta officinalisPlant Myrtaceae Psidium guajava

Plant Myrtaceae Syncarpia hilliiPlant Myrtaceae Syncarpia laurifoliaPlant Myrtaceae Tristania confertaPlant Nephrolepis exaltata

Plant Nyctaginaceae Mirabilis jalapa

Plant Oleaceae Olea africana

Plant Oleaceae Olea europaea

Plant Oleaceae Olea laurifoliaPlant Oliniaceae Olinia cymosaPlant Onagraceae Fuchsia boliviana

Plant Onagraceae Fuchsia coccinea

Plant Oxalidaceae

Plant Papaveraceae Argemone mexicanaPlant Pinaceae Cedrus atlanticaPlant Pinaceae Pinus canariensisPlant Pinaceae Pinus caribaeaPlant Pinaceae Pinus densifloraPlant Pinaceae Pinus halepensisPlant Pinaceae Pinus khasyaPlant Pinaceae Pinus longifoliaPlant Pinaceae Pinus patulaPlant Pinaceae Pinus pinaster

Plant Pinaceae Pinus pineaPlant Pinaceae Pinus rigidaPlant Pinaceae Pinus sylvestrisPlant Pittosporaceae Pittosporum tobiraPlant Pittosporaceae Pittosporum undulatum

Plant Pittosporaceae Pittosporum viridiflorumPlant Plantaginaceae Plantago major

Plant Poaceae Agrostis capillaris

Plant Poaceae Anthoxanthum odoratum

Nephrolepidaceae

ex Fuchsia corymbiflora

Oxalis spp.

ex Agrostis tenuis


Plant Poaceae Digitaria ciliaris

Plant Poaceae

Plant Poaceae Ehrharta erecta

Plant Poaceae

Plant Poaceae Panicum maximumPlant Poaceae

Plant Poaceae Paspalum scrobiculatum


Plant Poaceae Pennisetum macrourum

Plant Poaceae Plagiochloa oblitera

Plant Poaceae Setaria verticillataPlant Poaceae Sporobolus africanusPlant Poaceae Stenotaphrum secundatum

Plant Podocarpaceae Podocarpus elongata

Plant Polygonaceae Coccoloba uviferaPlant Polygonaceae Emex australisPlant Polygonaceae Polygonum glabrumPlant Polygonaceae Rumex acetosellaPlant Polygonaceae Rumex crispusPlant Polypodiaceae Phlebodium aureum

Plant Primulaceae Anagallis arvensisPlant Proteaceae Grevillea robusta

Plant Proteaceae Hakea purpurea

Plant Proteaceae Leucadendron argenteum

Plant Pteridaceae Adiantum raddianum

Plant Ranunculaceae Ranunculus bulbosus

Plant Ranunculaceae Ranunculus trilobus

Plant Rosaceae Eriobotrya japonica

Digitaria spp.

ex Erharta erecta

Ehrharta spp. ex Erharta

Panicum spp.

ex Gymnothrix caudata

Plant Rosaceae Rubus pinnatus

Plant Rosaceae Rubus rosifoliusPlant Rubiaceae Canthium lividum

Plant Rubiaceae Cinchona succirubra

Plant Rubiaceae Coffea arabica

Plant Rutaceae Calodendron capensisPlant Rutaceae

Plant Rutaceae Toddalia lanceolataPlant Salicaceae Populus alba

Plant Salicaceae Salix babylonica (?)

Plant Sapindaceae Nephelium lappaceumPlant Sapindaceae Nephelium litchiPlant Scrophulariaceae Maurandia erubescens

Plant Scrophulariaceae Verbascum virgatum

Plant Simaroubaceae Ailanthus altissimaPlant Solanaceae Cestrum laevigatum

Plant Solanaceae Datura fastuosaPlant Solanaceae Datura stramonium

Plant Solanaceae Datura suaveolens

Plant Solanaceae Lycopersicon esculentumPlant Solanaceae Nicandra physaloides


Plant Solanaceae Nicotiana tabacum

Plant Solanaceae Physalis peruviana

Plant Solanaceae Solanum mauritianum

ex Canthium huillense

Citrus spp

ex Lophospermum scandens

Plant Solanaceae

Plant SolanaceaePlant Taxodiaceae Cryptomeria japonicaPlant Taxodiaceae Cunninghamia sinensis

Plant Taxodiaceae Glyptostrobus lineatusPlant Taxodiaceae Taxodium distichum

Plant Theaceae Camelia japonicaPlant Thelypteridaceae Christella chaseanaPlant Thelypteridaceae Christella dentata

Plant Thelypteridaceae

Plant Tropaeolaceae Tropaeolum majusPlant Urticaceae

Plant Verbenaceae Lantana camara

Plant Verbenaceae Lippia nodiflorumPlant Verbenaceae Tectona grandisPlant Verbenaceae Verbena bonariensis

Plant Zingiberaceae Alpinia speciosa

Plant Zingiberaceae

Vertebrate Amphibian Rana grayi

Vertebrate Bird Acridotheres tristis

Vertebrate Bird Alectoris chukar

Vertebrate Bird Columba livia


Vertebrate Bird Foudia madagascariensis

Vertebrate Bird Geopelia striata



Possibly confused with Araucaria araucana

Christella parasitica (provisional identification)

Urtica spp.

ex Alpinia nutans

Hedychium chrysoleucum (or a related species)

Vertebrate Bird Padda oryzivora

Vertebrate Bird Phasianus colchicus

Vertebrate Bird Serinus flaventris









Vertebrate Reptile Hemidactylus frenatus

TOTAL


Terrestrial

a selenopid crab spider (71). Terrestrial

a pseudoscorpion (71). Terrestrial

1 Terrestrial

a pseudoscorpion (71). TerrestrialTerrestrial

a funnel web spider (71). Terrestriala funnel web spider (71). Terrestrial

Terrestrial

a pseudoscorpion (71). Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

1 Terrestrial

1 bean weevil Terrestrial1 vine beetle Terrestrial

Terrestrial

1 banana weevil Terrestrial1 Terrestrial

branch and twig borers (71). Terrestrial

a cylindrical bark beetle (71). Terrestrial

Status (JNCC)

Status (GISD)

GISD comment

a landhopper, family Talitridae (71).

a spider, family Dysderidae (71).

a spider, family Segestriidae (71).

a spider, family Gnaphosidae (71).

a cockroach, family Blatellidae (71).a cockroach, family Blaberidae (71).a cockroach, family Euthyrrhaphidae (71).a cockroach, family Oxyhaloidae (71).a cockroach, family Oxyhaloidae (71).a cockroach, family Blattidae (71).a cockroach, family Pycnoscelidae (71).a cockroach, family Euthyrrhaphidae (71).a stone centipede, family Lithobiomorpa (71).a centipede, family Scolopendromorpa (71).

a fungus weevil, family Anthribidae (71).

a water scavenger beetle, family Hydrophilidae (71).

H1


I1


minute fungus beetles (71). Terrestrial

a cossyphodid beetle (71). Terrestrial

1 a handsome fungus beetle Terrestrial

Terrestrial

sap beetles (71). Terrestrial

spider beetles (71). Terrestrialrhizophagid beetles (71). Terrestrial

1 eucalyptus snout beetle Terrestrial1 Terrestrial

Terrestrial

1 Terrestrial

1 a beetle, family Anobiidae (71). Terrestrial

a trogid, family Trogidae (71). Terrestrial1 1 Mediterranean fruit fly Terrestrial

a fruit fly, family Tephritidae Terrestrial1 a leafminer fly (71). Terrestrial

blowflies (71). Terrestrial

vinegar flies (71). Terrestrial

a horse bot fly (71). Terrestrial

house flies (71). Terrestrialhumpbacked flies (71). Terrestrialowl midges (71). Terrestrial

Terrestrial

a window fly (71). Terrestrial

small dung flies (71). Terrestrial

1 Terrestrial

1 Terrestrial

1 a tachinid fly (71). Terrestrial

minute brown scavenger beetles (71).

a scarab beetle, family Scarabaeidae (71).a checkered beetle, family Cleridae (71).a silvanid, family Silvanidae (71).

a minute black scavenger fly (71).

a spear winged fly, family Lonchaeidae (71).a spear winged fly, family Lonchaeidae (71).

Terrestrial

1 Terrestrial

1 cabbage aphid Terrestrial

aphids Terrestrial

1 cottony cushion scale Terrestrial

Terrestrial

1 jacaranda bug; Orthezia scale Terrestrial

1 citrus psylla Terrestrial

1 cockroach killer Terrestrial

Terrestrial

honey bee Terrestrial

Terrestrial

1 1 an ant, family Formidae (71). Terrestrial

1 1 common wasp

pill bug Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

a web-spinner, family Oligotomidae (71).a white fly (maybe more than one species), family Aleyrodidae (71).

a planthopper, family Issidae (71).

a chalcid, family Mymaridae (71).

A. m. scutellata

an ensign wasp, family Evaniidae (71).

a woodlouse, family Cyclisticidae (71).a woodlouse, family Trichoniscidae (71).a woodlouse, family Oniscidae (71).a woodlouse, family Porcellionidae (71).a woodlouse, family Porcellionidae (71).a woodlouse, family Porcellionidae (71).a woodlouse, family Trichoniscidae (71).

Terrestrial

1 dry wood termite Terrestrial

1 damp wood termite Terrestrial

1 1 Terrestrial

1 Terrestrial

1 Terrestrial

1 Terrestrial

1 noctuid moths (71). Terrestrial

an oecophorid moth (71). Terrestrial

wax moth Terrestrial

1 Terrestrial

1 Terrestrial

1 potato tuber moth Terrestrial

1 diamondback moth Terrestrial

Terrestrial

roundback slugs (71). Terrestrialan agate snail (71). Terrestrial

a hollow shelled snail (71). Terrestrial

a spire snail (71). Terrestrial

a keelback slug (71). Terrestrialglass snails (71). Terrestrial

1 Terrestrial

snail, family Pupillidae (71). TerrestrialTerrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

a woodlouse, family Platyarthridae (71).

a snout moth, family Pyralidae (71).a tortricid moth, family Tortricidae (71).

a tortricid moth, family Tortricidae (71).a snout moth, family Pyralidae (sometimes placed in Pyraustidae) (71).

a snout moth, family Pyralidae (71).a snout moth, family Pyralidae (71).

a snout moth, family Pyralidae (71).

common garden snail (UK name)

a whorl snail (Vertiginidae) (71).a lacewing, family Chrysopidae (71).

a lacewing, family Chrysopidae (71).

a ceratophyllid fla (71). Terrestrial

1 pulicid fleas (71). Terrestrial

sycamore Terrestrial

American aloe; century plant Terrestrialaloe; fence aloe Terrestrialsisal Terrestrial

Terrestrial

1 New Zealand flax; flax Terrestrial

1 1 Hottentot fig Terrestrial

ice plant Terrestrial

1 double gee TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

mango TerrestrialCypress turpentine tree Terrestrialwild pepper tree; pepper tree Terrestrial

1 1 Terrestrial

Terrestrial

wild celery Terrestrial


fennel Terrestrial

parsley Terrestrial

Terrestrial

holly Terrestrial

yam; taro Terrestrial

Terrestrial

1 arum; white arum lily; calla lily Terrestrial

English aloe; green aloe; Mauritius hemp (71).

sour date; China date; sour red date

Brazil pepper; Mexican pepper; wild mango

A. glabra, A. squamosa

various species of fruit trees (138).

venus rose; Madagascar periwinkle

fruit salad vine; Mexican breadfruit

Norfolk Island pine Terrestrial

date palm Terrestrial

milkweed; redhead Terrestrialsilk cotton; poppy Terrestrial

Terrestrial

blue weed; goatweed Terrestrial

1 1 wild coffee Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrialpagoda plant Terrestrial

whiteweed; white flower Terrestrial

Jersey cudweed Terrestrial

everlasting Terrestrial

1 dandelion; common cat's-ear Terrestrial

devil's guts Terrestrialbilly goat weed Terrestrial

jacaranda TerrestrialTerrestrial

1 pops Terrestrial

lesser swine cress Terrestrial

water cress Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

plastic fern; hen and chicks fern

Terrestrial

1 Terrestrial

Opuntia; prickly pear; red tungy Terrestrial


carob TerrestrialFlamboyant Terrestrialtamarind Terrestrial

1 lily shots Terrestrial

four-leaved allseed Terrestrialriver she-oak Terrestrial

1 TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

black she-oak Terrestrial1 white olive Terrestrial

wild olive Terrestrialsaltbush; orache Terrestrial

1 saltbush; orache Terrestrial

goosefoot Terrestrial

sowbane Terrestrial

Terrestrial

tallowvine; water grass Terrestrial


Terrestrial

1 lucky leaf; chandelier plant Terrestrial

Terrestrial

black cypress pine Terrestrial

cypress pine TerrestrialMurray River pine Terrestrial

common black cypress pine TerrestrialLawson cypress Terrestrial


Opuntia; prickly pear; English tungy; white tungy

I. Aquatica, I cairica

a vigorous blue flowered convolvulus (71).

Kalanchoe pinnata

macrocarpa; Monterey Cypress Terrestrial

Mediterranean cypress TerrestrialHimalayan cypress Terrestrial

1 Bermuda cedar; cedar Terrestrial

pencil cedar TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

Assengai Terrestrial1 nut grass Terrestrial

various sedges TerrestrialTerrestrial

poison peach Terrestrial

1 candlenut tree Terrestrial1 wild pepper Terrestrial

E. esula various euphorbia species Terrestrial1 castor oil; physic nut Terrestrial

Bailey's wattle Terrestrialblue leaved wattle Terrestrial

Terrestrialgreen wattle Terrestrialcedar wattle Terrestrial

camel thorn TerrestrialTerrestrial

1 Terrestrial

1 black and green wattle Terrestrial

1 Terrestrial

golden wattle TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

Terrestrial

Port Jackson willow; Sydney golden wattle (71). Coast wattle (138).

blackwood; Australian blackwood; blackwood acacia

A. coccinna, A. confusa, A. farnesiana, A. mangium, A. melanoxylon, A. nilotica

various acacias, wattles and mimosas have also been introduced

Terrestrialblack boy; plume Albizia Terrestrial


Terrestrial

stinking weed Terrestrial

thorn; thorn tree Terrestrial

coral tree TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

1 Terrestrial

1 mesquite Terrestrialgobblegheer Terrestrial

Terrestrial1 1 furze; gorse Terrestrial

sweet chestnut Terrestrialturkey oak Terrestrialholm oak Terrestrial

Terrestrialoak; common oak Terrestrialcork oak Terrestrialkei apple Terrestrial

Terrestrial

wild pansy Terrestrial

sour bulb Terrestrial

star grass Terrestrialbull grass Terrestrialsoft rush Terrestrial

1 bull grass Terrestrial

1 Nargy plant; lion's ear Terrestrial

Terrestrialwild mint; water mint Terrestrial

1 field woundwort Terrestrialcommon duckweed Terrestrial

seed work acacia; wild tamarind

chickweed; common ramping fumitory

wild sicreviver; sempervivum Terrestrial

Terrestrial

sicreviver; aloe vera Terrestrial

buddleia Terrestrial1 Terrestrial

1 buddleia Terrestrialpride of India Terrestrialtulip tree Terrestrial

Terrestrialcotton Terrestrial

rock rose Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Australian cedar Terrestrial

1 Terrestrial

Terrestrialedible fig Terrestrialbanyan Terrestrialpeepul Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrialmulberry Terrestrialmulberry species (probably 2) Terrestrialbanana, various species Terrestrial

Terrestrialred gum Terrestrialsugar gum Terrestrialnarrow leaved iron bark (138). Terrestrialred flowering gum Terrestrialblue gum Terrestrial

rose gum Terrestrial1 dry land tree Terrestrial

yellow gum Terrestrialgrey iron bark Terrestrial

red box Terrestrialmanna gum Terrestrial

SYZYGIUM? rose apple Terrestrial

several other species can be found growing wild on the island (71).

pride of India; bead tree; Persian lilac


all spice Terrestrial1 guava Terrestrial


pheasant tail fern Terrestrial

four o'clock; marvel of Peru Terrestrial

black olive Terrestrial

European olive; olive Terrestrial

purple flowering olive TerrestrialTerrestrial

1 giant fuchsia Terrestrial

fuchsia Terrestrial

Terrestrial

yellow thistle; prickly poppy TerrestrialAtlas cedar TerrestrialCanary Island pine Terrestrial

1 Caribbean pine Terrestrialred pine TerrestrialAleppo pine Terrestrial

Terrestriallong leafed pine Terrestrialspreading leaved pine Terrestrial

1 1 Terrestrial

stone pine TerrestrialNorthern pitch pine TerrestrialScots pine Terrestrial

Terrestrial1 1 sweet spoor Terrestrial

1 spoor TerrestrialTerrestrial

1 hay grass; common bent grass Terrestrial

hay grass; sweet vernal grass Terrestrial

various species are present (71).

pine; cluster pine; maritime pine

ground plantain; greater plantain

1 wire grass; Bermuda grass Terrestrial

tropical finger grass Terrestrial

Terrestrial

summer grass Terrestrial

Terrestrial

guinea grass TerrestrialP. repens Terrestrial

1 cow grass Terrestrial

1 Kikuyu grass Terrestrial

1 thatching grass Terrestrial

Terrestrial

1 love grass; rough-bristle grass Terrestrial1 cape grass; African dropseed Terrestrial

mat grass Terrestrial

cape yew Terrestrial

sea grape TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

1 sheep's sorrel Terrestrialcurled dock Terrestrial

Terrestrial

pimpernel TerrestrialTerrestrial

Terrestrial

silver leaf Terrestrial

maidenhair fern Terrestrial

buttercup; bulbous buttercup Terrestrial

Terrestrial

1 loquat; nispero Terrestrial

At least two more species are present (71).

Several other species are present on the island (71).

silk oak; golden pine; silver oak; silky oak

1 blackberry Terrestrial

1 raspberry Terrestrialprivet Terrestrial

1 quinine; Peruvian bark Terrestrial

coffee Terrestrial

Cape chestnut Terrestrialvarious citrus fruit trees (71). Terrestrial

Terrestrial1 poplar; white poplar Terrestrial

weeping willow Terrestrial

rambutan Terrestriallitchie TerrestrialMexican creeper Terrestrial

twiggy mullein Terrestrial

1 tree of heaven Terrestrialink; ink bush Terrestrial

Terrestrial1 thorny apple Terrestrial

Terrestrial

scrunchy apple; wild tomato Terrestrialapple of Peru; shoo-fly plant Terrestrial

wild tobacco Terrestrial

tobacco Terrestrial

1 Cape gooseberry (71). Terrestrial

1 1 bilberry Terrestrial

moonflower; ladies petticoats; Datura

Terrestrial

wild brinjal; Sodom apple TerrestrialJapanese cedar Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Chinese deciduous cypress TerrestrialTerrestrial

camelia TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial

Terrestrial

1 nasturtium Terrestrialnettle species Terrestrial

1 1 Terrestrial

FreshwaterTerrestrial

Argentinian vervain Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

1 grass frog Freshwater/ Terrestrial

1 1 Terrestrial

Chukar partridge Terrestrial

1 feral pigeon; rock dove; pigeon Terrestrial

1 Terrestrial

1 Terrestrial

Terrestrial

diddly dight; black nightshade (several closely related species are thought to have been introduced (71)).

Lantana; wild currant; black sage

ginger; large ginger plant; shell gingerginger; primrose flowered ginger lily

mynah bird; Indian mynah; common mynah

common waxbill; amadavat; averdavatMadagascar fody; cardinal; robin; red bird; Madagascar weaverpeaceful dove; zebra dove; barred ground dove; barred dove

Java sparrow Terrestrial

1 ring-necked pheasant Terrestrial

1 Terrestrial

1 dog Terrestrial

1 1 donkey Terrestrial

1 1 cat Terrestrial

1 1 mouse; house mouse Terrestrial

1 1 rabbit Terrestrial

1 1 sheep Terrestrial

1 1 brown rat Terrestrial


1 1 Java gecko Terrestrial

83 48

yellow canary; canary; yellow bird


Maybe shortly before 1940 (71).

Significant agricultural pest of beans (71).Major pest of vines in the 19th century, also attacks oaks and other trees (71).

Predatory beetle. May control introduced banana weevils (71).

J1


K1

Ecological effects (known): Any information on the ecological effects a species is known to be having in a specific Territory

Feeds on moulds (71).

Was a significant forestry pest (71).Larvae do some damage to pastures (71).

Recorded as a pest in 1904 (71).

Feed on fruit and vegetables (71).

Is eating the archives in the Castle in Jamestown (71).

One of the most important agricultural pests on the island (71).

Feed on fruit and vegetables, especially tomatoes and bananas (71).

1970s or 1980s (43)

1958 (71).

Occasionally reach plague proportions on green beans and other vegetables (71).

Serious agricultural pest of cabbages and cauliflowers (71).

Damaged plants including citrus, acacias and Gobblegheer (71).

Decimating last surviving stands of gumwood (22). Lives on Lantana camara (21).

Serious pest on citrus trees, causing severe galling and deformation of the foliage (71).Feeds on the honeydew secretions of scale insect and lays eggs in introduced cockroaches (71).

Introduced several times in 19th and 20th centuries (71).

Ants acting collectively are efficient predators on many other insects and may have led to the extinction of many native invertebrates (71).

Officially identified December 2007, but present since at least 2000 (194).

First recorded 1928 (71). Pest in construction timber and furniture (71).

1840 (in 22)

1971 (71).

Feeds on Malvaceae and other plants (71).

Pest of citrus, peaches and other crops (71).

Pest of crucifers (71).

Recently reported as a pest of pasture (71).

Does serious damage to potato tubers (71).

Can be a significant pest (71).

Widespread damage to buildings (22). Also damages some kinds of forest tree and horticultural crops (71).Introduced as a biological control agent for prickly pear cactus (71).

First collected in 19th century (71).

In the 1990s caused serious damage to brassicas in cultivated areas (71).

Appears to be a recent introduction (71).

18th century (71).

c.1870 (in 22)

19th century (71).

19th century (71).

19th century? (71).

17th century (71).

18th century (71).

Infest various introduced mammals and poultry (71).

Collected in 1810, but not seen by Melliss in 1875 (138).

Destroyed one of the best surviving patches of fern thicket (22). Forms an inpenetrable monoculture wherever it grows (23).

Weed of coastal grasslands and natural habitats in many countries (21).

Linked to respiratory disease in humans. Has invaded water courses in SH (21). Dense thickets in gullies and river bottoms make access difficult (71).

Has been growing wild since 1771 (71).

16th century (71).

About 1860 (71).

18th century (71).

Probably at the time of the Boer War (71).

1780-90 (71).

Grassland weed in California, Could have positive role in erosion control. (21)



Appears to discourage ground flora species, perhaps through soil modification (21).

Has been used as restoration species on the island. Likely to be aiding restoration of soil nutrients (nitrogen fixer). Very invasive in S. Africa, where it also increases frequency of fire. (21)

19th century (71).

Probably 18th century (71).

18th century (71). c. 1778 (72).

1749 (71).

Perhaps 18th century (71).

Probably in the 16th century (71).

Capable of competing with New Zealand flax and is a serious invader of pastures (71).

Reduces suitability of grasslands as wirebird nesting sites (25).

20th century, or possibly much earlier (71).


1678 and again in early 18th century (71).

Probably 19th century (71).

Late 18th century (71).

Probably late 17th century (71).

Economically important timber tree on SH, though severely invasive in South African nature reserves. Very successful on infertile soils. (21)

Serious weed internationally. Produces thick canopy and shades out undergrowth. May aid soil improvement, but may also pose a threat to endemics (21).

Probably in the early decades of the colony (71).

18th century (71). Invades land cleared of flax (71).

1934 (71).


1930s (71). Late 1930s (138).

Probably in the 19th century (71).

Several Digitaria species have recently been introduced (71).

c.1775 (71).

1868-9 (71).

Can be a serious weed here (71).

Sometimes invades land cleared of flax (71).

c. 1870 (71).

Destroyed one of the best surviving patches of fern thicket (22).

Apparently already growing on the island in 1697 (71).

Adversely affects indigenous vegetation on the central ridge (71). (Also invasive in Madagascar (71)).

19th century (71).

Shortly before 1883 (71). Feed on insects (71).

Around 1531 (71).

Around 1766 (71). 1820 (85). Feeds mainly on grass seeds (71).

Feed on nectar, insects and seeds (71).

Toxic to livestock. Host of Orthyzia insignis. Allelopathic to other species and can stop succession through forming dense carpets (21). Slows erosion, but can spread rapidly (71).

Probably 1885 (24). 1879 (71). 1820 (85).

Depredates fruit trees and other crops. Major dispersal agent for invasive exotic plant species such as Opuntia and Lantana. Competes with endemic wirebird for invertebrate prey (24). A study in 2007 filmed myna birds predating wirebird nests (195).

Likley to have been in the 16th or early 17th century (71).

Probably towards the end of the 18th century (71). 1850 (85).

Second half of the 18th century? (71).

Around 1531 (71).

Probably around 1776 (71). Feed on seeds, fruit and some invertebrates (71).

Known to be present in 1679 (71).

Known to predate seabirds on the island (71).

probably 1730-1800 (8)

Unknown (71). Predate invertebrates (71).

Established by 1776 (71). 1790 (85).

Within 150 yrs of island's discovery (24).

Feral population became established during the 16th century (71).First recorded in 1599, but likely to have been introduced earlier in 16th century (71).

Highly omnivorous, known to eat seeds, flowers and invertebrates, including giant ground beetles (71).

First introduced by Portuguese in 16th century, but went extinct. Reintroduced in 1770 (71).

Rabbits are known to eat fruits, flowers and both agricultural and native plants (196).

Possibly 1617, certainly by 1659 (71).

Although domesticated, sheep roam freely in some parts of the island and on occasion still seriously damage native vegetation (23). Highly omnivorous, eating plants, invertebrates and young birds (71).

1513-1665 (8). Recorded as present in 1599 (71).

Known to carry Weil's disease which can affect humans (71). Highly omnivorous, eating plants, invertebrates, young birds and expecially fruit and vegetables (71).


Introduced from Europe (71).

Introduced (71).


Has travelled round the world with humans (71).

Widely distributed by humans (71).

Likely to have arrived by ship (71).

Arrived by ship (71).








Introduced with foodstuffs or plants (71).Accidentally introduced (71).


Causes some (unspecified) damage (71).Doubtless introduced (71).


Tramp species carried to many parts of the world by humans (71).

Believed to have had a serious effect on the endemic invertebrates that also live under stones (71).

Widely distributed by humans in warm regions (71).

Believed to be at least partly responsible for the decline of the St Helena giant earwig, giant ground beetle and probably other endemic invertebrates (71).

Believed to have been introduced by ships from Southern Africa, though conceivably could have arrived by rafting (71).

L1


M1


Introduced with plants (71).


Probably transported on cargoes (71).

Probably introduced with grain (71).Introduced from Europe (71).


Introduced with cargoes of animal products (71).


All probably introduced (71).





Likely to be introduced (71).

Probably introduced with plants (perhaps from the Canaries) along with ants of the genus Pheidole (71).

Can be a major pest in stores of many kinds of food (71).

Capable of feeding on the leaves of many kinds of plants (71).

An internal parasite of horses, donkeys and mules, introduced in an infected animal (71).

Larvae are intestinal parasites of other insects (esp. caterpillars) which they eventually kill (71).

May be a natural colonist, or an accidental introduction (71).

Introduced, probably by ship (71).


Accidental introduction (43)

European in origin (71).

Clearly introduced (European in origin) (71).




A parasite of cockroaches, likely to have been introduced with them, probably carried around the world by ships (71).An egg parasite introduced as a biological control agent to combat the eucalyptus snout beetle (71).

Deliberate introdcution for production of honey (71).A parasite of cockroaches, likely to have been introduced with them (71).

Wasps are attracted to sugary foods, fruit and honeydew, which may have implications for St Helena honey production. Also predate wide range of insescts, which cause reduction in availability of food for the critically endangered wirebird. May impact on key insect pollinators and endemic invertebrates (194).

Introduced from the New World tropics (71).


Many noctuids are pests of crops (71).



Probably introduced from Britain (71).

Probably introduced from Britain (71).




Via timbers of a broken up Brazillian slave ship (22).

Unknown how much effect this species has had on prickly pear cactus (71).

Introduced as a biological control agent for prickly pear cactus (71).Quite likely to have been introduced with plants, though may have arrived naturally (71).

Elsewhere can be a pest of cucurbits, but apparently not on St Helena (71).

Many species of noctuid moths are likely to have been introduced by humans, although others may have arrived naturally (71).

May be introduced, or have reached the island naturally by air (71).Probably indigenous to Ascension, but more likely to be introduced to St Helena (71).

Larvae feed on plants of the family Solanaceae. Often a pest on crops, mining in the leaves and stalks (71).

May be a natural migrant, but has also been found in ships cargoes (71).



Introduced as a fibre crop (in 22)

A serious weed, especially at Longwood (71).

Introduced as a food for pigs (71).

Forms dense mats of vegetation which may become a threat to revegetation of endemic plants (21).

Severe invasive weed in a range of habitats in Florida. Heavily used by bees, but may decrease quality of honey.May have a role in erosion control (21).

Deliberately introduced for agriculture, then escaped (71).Possibly indigenous, but Cronk suggests it is introduced (71).Deliberately introduced for agriculture, then escaped (71).Deliberately introduced for agriculture, then escaped (71).

Introduced as a food crop (for many years this was the island's staple starch) (71).

Deliberate introduction by the Portuguese (71).

Introduced as a food crop (71).

Serious weed of native vegetation in Australia. Grows under and eventually displaces Acacia longifolia, and therefore may be a serious threat to native flora on SH. (21)

Suggested as conceivably indigenous (71).

Implicated in the spread of the invasive shrub wild currant (71).

Deliberate introduction as a food source for economically valuable cochineal bugs (71).

Forms thickets in waste places and is not eaten by stock (71).

Could move into common pasture land adjacent to the Wastes (21).

Can be invasive (71).

Deliberately introduced as a timber tree (23).

May eventually become dominant in parts of the Crown Wastes (71).

Can be a troublesome weed, growing very fast in warm conditions (71).

Deliberately introduced, mainly as an ornamental tree (138).

Deliberate introduction (71).Deliberate introduction (71).Deliberate introduction (71).Deliberate introduction (71).Deliberate introduction (71).Deliberately introduced as hedging plant (138).

Sometimes treated as probably indigenous (71).

A troublesome weed (71).Presumably introduced (71).

Deliberately introduced as an ornamental tree (138).Deliberately introduced as an ornamental shrub (138).Deliberately introduced as an ornamental shrub (138).

Deliberate introduction for fodder, fuel and stock fencing (71).

Appears to be spreading and is now dominant in much of Breakneck Valley, making it difficult to walk away from the paths (71).

Noted as invasive by Melliss in 1875 (71).

Used in erosion control in the Crown Wastes (71).

Deliberately introduced as a commercial crop (71).

Probably actively spreading in dry places (71).

Deliberate introduction (still used as a timber tree) (71).

May become significant forestry weed in more productive parts of the island. (21)



Described as an 'aggressive species' (71).

Deliberate introduction for timber (71).


May become significant invader in upper zones of the Wastes as soil improvement progresses. Shown in studies to have allelopathic effects on crop seedlings (21)

Deliberate introduction from Kew Gardens (71).

Considered to be 'assisting in the destruction of the indigenous flora' (Melliss, in 71).

Deliberately introduced in an attempt to produce qunine commercially (71).

Possibly indigenous (71).

Sometimes considered as a weed (71).

Deliberately introduced by the Portuguese (71).


Deliberately introduced, apparently as food for ducks (71).

May raid wirebird nests and eat hatchlings and eggs (known to predate nests of other small birds) (24). Implicated in the spread of the invasive shrub wild currant (71). Also implicated in spread of non-native Bermuda cedar (124).

Deliberate introduction, in a failed attempt to control cattle ticks (24).

May have been several deliberate introductions, though some animals have found their own way to the island from Africa (71).

Classed as pest in crops and gardens (124). Deliberately introduced by the Portuguese (71).

May predate wirebird chicks and eggs (24).



May predate wirebird chicks and eggs (24). Accidental introduction by humans (8).

Accidental introduction by humans (8).

Believed to have caused considerable damage to the native vegetation (71).Believed to be largely responsible for the demise of St Helena's historic seabird colonies (71).

May have been deliberately introduced by the Portuguese to control rats (71).

May predate wirebird eggs (known to eat eggs of ground nesting birds elsewhere in the world) (24). Implicated in the decline of endemic snails (Succinea spp.) , the giant earwig Labidura herculeana and other endemic invertebrates on the island (24).

Suspected of seriously affecting the distribution of certain endemic plants, perhaps especially salad plant (71).


Found in Fishers Valley (71).

Widely distributed in the interior of the island (71).

Widespread, found in all habitats (71).

Well distributed in the interior of the island (71).Often found in holes in walls (71).

Found only in dry areas (71).

Found only on Peak Hill and in Friars Valley (71).

Usually found under stones (71).

Common in houses and out of doors (71).

Apparently scarce on St Helena (71).

Widespread in the higher parts of the island (71).

Quite common in dry parts of the island (71).

Seems to be established (71).

Abundant, found from near the coast up to the summit of the central ridge (71).

Found in damp areas at middle and high levels; frequent in flax plantations (71).

Once common in Jamestown, but has not been found recently (71).

Common in houses in the lower parts of St Helena (71).Found in the open in many parts of the island (71).

Found out of doors under stones at low and middle levels (71).

Occurs especially in low and intermediate parts of the island (71).

N1


O1


Only in Ruperts valley (71).

Widespread (71).

One individual found in Lemon Tree Gut (71).

Found at only a few sites on the island (71).

Widespread (71).

Found at middle and high levels (71).

Common at low levels in the summer months (71).

Thought to still be in small numbers on the island. Wasps have been caught at Grapevine Gut and Sandy Bay and seen at Cuckold's point (194).

Found at all levels and is especially fond of rotting wood (71).

Collected from several sites (71).

Throughout the island (71).

Has been found on eggplant (71).

Associated with buildings (71).

Abundant in the lower parts of the island (71).

Common on cultivated land (71).

Released in Sandy Bay and Half Tree Hollow, now also found in Ruperts Valley (71).

Common in grassy and weedy places and the larvae have been found on cabbages and stocks (71).

Well established. Can be found living in clumps of creeper, for instance on Horse Point (71).

Found on house mice (71).

Said to occur only inside High Knoll Fort (71).

Locally common (71).

Once covered 1300ha (22) Current distribution?

Grows in dry places up to 400m (71).

Jamestown (138).

Locally in guts at lower levels (71).

Grows wild in 'a few places' (71).

Grows wild in 'a few places' (71).

Widely scattered, mainly high up (71).

Still common in dry places, especially around 400m (71).

Originally planted, but now spreads of its own accord (produces many wind-dispersed seeds) (23). Invades tree fern thicket through the copious production of seeds (240).

Seeds are abundant in animal droppings (21). Spreads naturally over arid dusty ground (71).

Occupies large areas in the Crown Wastes, especially in the north, up to about 400m (71).

Locally common in dry places around the coast. Occurs inland in some places (71).

Common at middle altitudes, especially near houses (71). Plantation grounds (138).

Grows in dry areas below about 550m and found near the sea in some places (71).Has spread in the last 100yrs and is now widespread in dry areas mainly between 300 and 500m. Forms dense thickets in gullies and valley bottoms (71).

Found in pastures, roadsides and crevices in walls at middle altitudes (71).

Local on hillsides and and in guts in dry parts in the south (71).

Grows wild in wet guts over a wide range of altitiudes (71).

Common along streams above 600m. Also found in some drier places (71).

Ornamental planting in old gardens (138).

Not been recorded in recent times (71).Common but local in dry areas (71).

Occurs as a weed around 400-600mGrows in dry rocky places around 200-400m (71).

Widespread in wooded areas (71).

Jamestown (138).

A common weed of gardens (71).

Frequently planted, but does not regenerate spontaneously on St Helena (71).

Some trees still found in James Valley, Sandy Beach and a few other places (71).

Locally common in damp shady places on the central ridge above c. 600m (71).Weed of cultivated ground, also common on roadsides, in gut bottoms and in dry scrub (71).

Seeds are dispersed throughout dry parts of the island by myna birds (71).

One of the commonest shrubs of barren ground, and seems to still be spreading (71). Comon in the north east (138).

Grows wild only locally in the southwest, in dry pastures and rocky places, especially around High Hill (71).Common weed of roadsides, but also occurs in remote areas (71).

Common invasive shrub in guts at mid altitudes (71).Widespread along roadsides and in dry places (71).Very common in dry areas at middle altitudes (71).Common in gardens and dry pasture around 500-700m (71).

Occurs mainly near the road at Ladder Hill and elsewhere in James Valley (71).

Seems to be still spreading in dry areas at fairly low elevations. Conspicuous mainly in James Valley (71). Naturalised in Jamestown area (138).

Grows at French's Gut, Sandy Bay beach and a few other places (71).

Oaklands, Briars (138).Castle gardens (138).Botanic Gardens and Castle Gardens (138).

A fairly frequent weed (71).Sandy Bay Agricultural Station (138).

Plantation and Prospect (138).Regenerates from seed (71).

Widely present on the Wastes (21).

Found in some dry areas at mid altitudes (71).

Established in a number of national forests (138).

Saddle National Forest (138).

Plantations (138).

Plantations, Kunjie Field (138).

Common in dry areas, perhaps especially in the northwest (71).Common in dry areas, covering whole hillsides in parts of the northwest (71).

Grows in guts and waste places in the uplands (71).

Very common in the uplands around 500-600m (71).Grown extensively on the Crown Wastes to provide forage (71).

Occurs locally on waste ground and as a weed in cultivated areas (71).Grows as a weed, and locally in the Crown Wastes, for instance at Great Stone Top (71).One at Castle Gardens, one in the Botanic Gardens (138).Common in damp, grassy places around 500-700m especially beside streams (71).Little Stone Top, the Barn and other dry places (71).

Recorded from Rosemary Hall and Prospect (138).

Usually deliberately planted (71).

Plantation (138).

Spread by myna birds (71).

Plantation and trees at Plantation N.F. (138).Plantation - large tree still alive in 1974 (138).

Planted in Harding's/ Cason's (138).Very common around 300-500m (71).

Occasional in dry pastures (71).

Growing in the old Botanic Gardens (138).Spreads by means of root suckers (71).

Bellstone N.F. (138).Planted at Plantation and Prospect N.F. (138).

Probably planted in Bellstone N.F. (138).

Planted extensively but also seeds itself (71).

Planted at Barren Ground and at Plantation (138).

Bellstone N.F. (138).

Widely planted and individuals grow wild in a few places (71). Old tree at Plantation and more recent plantations and shelterbelts (138).

Thrives at middle and high levels on the island (71). Widespread (138).

A common coloniser of dry land at middle altitiudes (71). Longwood (138).

Very common in dry places at middle altitudes, often under pines (71).

Grows mainly in the east of the island at elevations up to about 500m where it is local in scrubby places, especially in valley bottoms including near sea level in Broad Gut (71).

Planted at Cat Hole, Francis Plain and Bellstone N.F. and in gardens (138).Planted at Sandy Bay Agricultural Station and in Bellstone N.F. (138).

Planted at Thompson's Wood N.F. and at Bamboo Hedge over coffee (138).

Probably the commonest acacia on the island, especially at middle altitudes (71). Main species used in reforestation of eroded areas (138).

Extensively planted but also regenerates naturally through seeds or root suckers (71).

Very common at middle altitudes (71). Extensively planted at Harding's and Cason's, Thompson's Wood Plantation, High Peak, White Hill N.F. (138).

Widespread as a boundary tree (138).Terrace knoll, Hutt's gate (138).

Extensively planted in 18th century (72).

Rock Rose (138).Plantation (138).

Widespread in the uplands (71). Hardings (138).Scotland (138).Local distribution at low to mid altitudes (71).

Common in pastures above c. 400m (71).

Spreading naturally (25).

Occurs as a weed of cultivated ground (71).

A troublesome weed of higher land (71).

Fairly common at c. 500m (71). Fisher's Valley (138).

Now rare but evidently much more common in the last century in dry rocky places (71). Common in Lemon Valley (138). Common on land between 500 and 700m (71). Widespread as a boundary tree (138).

Grows frequently in dry areas in the north, from about 200-500m (71).

Occurs locally in fairly damp places in the southwest, but is also cultivated (71).

Thrives at medium to high levels (500-700m) (71). Common and naturalised (138).

A common weed of gardens at fairly high levels (71).Common in dry, grassy places such as Longwood and Rosemary Plain (71).Common along the central ridge at high elevations (71).

Appears to be quite widespread (Eight sites mentioned in ref. 25). Elsewhere?Spreading in the valleys of the northwest coast of the island (71).

Used to be abundant but is now relatively uncommon, occuring in brackish streams and sometimes in dry pastures (71).

Now only occasional in guts and standing water, or growing on the faces of waterfalls (71).

Locally at middle and high altitudes (71).Common in gardens (71).Found on the central ridge above 550m (71).Maldivia and Oakbank (138).Oakbank (138).

Now local in dry areas below c. 400m (71).

Sandy Bay (138).Jamestown (138).

Mulberry Gut, Longwood, Briars (138).

Widespread in sheltered valleys (71).

Plantation and Long Range (138).

Plantation, Long Range, High Peak (138).Plantation (138).

Planted (71).Crown wastes (71)

Plantation, Long Range (138).Plantation, Long Range (138).

Plantation (138).

Specimen at Rose Rock (138).

Occurs on waste ground and in dry places at middle levels (71).

Grows locally on waste ground at middle levels (71).

Roadsides, valley bottoms and in waste ground at all altitudes (71).Quite common in dry places near the sea in the northwest of the island (71).Two at Woodlands, planted at Scotland in 1930s (138).Widespread and occurs over a wide range of altitudes (71). In valleys above Sandy Bay (138).Several large specimens in the old Botanic Gardens

Planted as a shade tree in Jamestown and also present on the hillsides above (71). In the Castle moat (138).

The most widely planted species on the island (71).

Large tree recorded at Rock Rose by Melliss in 1875, who said it was then the most common (Eucalyptus?) species (138).

Rock Rose (138).Mount Pleasant (138).

High Banks/ Hardings (138).High Banks/ Hardings (138).Hardings (138).

Deliberately planted (71).

Long Range, Two Gun Saddle (138).Rock Rose and Plantation House (138).

Local in arid places near the sea to 200m (71).Plantation (138).Plantation, Prospect, Oakbank (138).

Terrace Knoll (138).

Pheasant Hollow (138).Plantation (138).Thompson's Wood, Saddle N.F. (138).

Oakbank (138).

Plantation, Mount Pleasant (138).

Seeds are dispersed by mynas (71). Probably actively spreading in dry places (71).

Jamestown valley. Local elsewhere in dry scrub (71).

Common near houses at 500-600m on the central ridge (71).Almost wild at lower altitudes, mainly in the Jamestown valley (71).Very common shrub of dry rocky areas at middle altitudes (71).Originally planted at the Briars, more recently at Bamboo Hedge. Has not spread far from habitations (71).

Common in shady places in the uplands around 500-700m (71).Well established in Sandy Bay and has now gone wild among the tree ferns above 700m on the central ridge (71).

Was widely planted in the past and is the only pine on the island to regenerate naturally (71).

Found on Wastes (21). Thrives between 500 and 750m (71). General distribution (138).

Much less common than P. viridiflorum. Has been seen at Long Range (71). Plantation (138).

Found mainly in damp places around 300-700m (71).Formerly abundant between 400 and 800m, but has now declined (71).One of the most abundant grasses in pastures from 400m to the summits of the ridges (71).

Creeping growth via stolons (71).

Found in shady places fairly high up (71).Very common at mid to high levels (71).

Regenerates by seeding in shady places (71).

Castle gardens (138).A weed of low altitudes (71).Cat Hole (71).Occurs in cultivations and damp places (71).Occurs in cultivations and damp places (71).

Occurs at a wide range of levels (71).

Widespread colonist (21). Common but local in dry areas (71).

Common in dry places around 200m as well as in the uplands (71).

Rocky and often dry places over a wide range of altitudes (71).

Common in pastures and invades land cleared of flax (71).Now the most abundant grass on the island. Main constituent of pastures between 400m and the summits (71).

Widespread in both dry pastures and damp gut bottoms (71).Occurs locally in dry places including High Knoll fort (71).

Very common in lawns and pastures from 300m to the summits of the ridges (71).Thrives at upper levels (71). General in the highlands (138).

Widespread but generally uncommon, mainly in cool, shaded places up to 600m (71).

Thrives over a wide range of altitudes (71). Planted in many areas (138).At Bishopsholme and on slopes of High Knoll (138).

Found locally in damp, shady places, including the Heart Shape Waterfall (71).Local on the central ridge in damp grassy places (71).Local on the central ridge in damp grassy places (71).

Formerly widely planted (as a fruit tree) but can also self seed (71).

Widely planted near houses at middle altitudes (71). Widespread (138).

Local at middle altitudes (71).Occurs locally at around 500m (71).

Stables at Plantation (138).

Plantation (138).Propagates by means of suckers (71).

Oakbank (138).

Growing in the old Botanic Gardens (138).

Wild and common (138).

Can be found on rocky hillsides (71).

Very local around 150-400m (71).

Now common mainly above 650m on the central ridge (71).

Scotland, Bamboo Hedge, Prospect, Plantation (138).

Very few trees are now present (affected by various pests and diseases) (71).

Locally at middle altitudes between about 400 and 550m (71). Plantation and Thompson's Wood in stream beds (138).Not certain that any trees still survive (71). Willowbank (138).

Mainly on banks and rocky places around the central ridge (71).Open places between 500 and 600m and is most often seen along roadsides (71).

Very common both in dry scrub and in damp gut bottoms, between about 400 and 650m altitude (71).

Fairly common in waste places and in cultivated ground, from about 100m to 500m (71). New Ground (138).Occurs locally in guts on the central ridge, especially near roads (71).

Occurs locally in dry places around 200-300m (71).Common in some of the driest parts of the Crown Wastes, from near sea level in guts to about 400m (71).

Common by paths and in waste places, sometimes invades land cleared of flax (71).Abundant in both dry areas and guts from about 600 to 700m (71).

Local at middle levels, in scrubby places (71).

Mount Pleasant (138).

Common in older gardens (138).Recorded from the central ridge (71).

Grows luxuriantly at all altitudes (71).

Found in the stream at Sandy Bay Beach (71).Bamboo Grove (138).

Now found wherever there is freshwater (71).

Common over much of the island (71).

Common on waste ground, but also occurs locally in dry places well away from cultivation (71).

Fish pond at Plantation - one still alive in 1974 (138).

Said to occur frequently on the central ridge, but confirmation is needed (71).Very common on roadside banks and has been found below 450m in Sandy Bay (71).

Nettles have only been seen in the Longwood area in recent decades (probably Urtica urens) (71).In many areas where this species was formerly abundant it is now dead and moribund following successful biological control (71).

Can grow in pastures and also in waterlogged situations (71).Common on the central ridge in guts and on roadsides (71).Found on the central ridge in guts and on roadsides (71).

Widespread, and probably the commonest bird on the island. Population appears to be increasing (24). Found everywhere, though scarce in the driest areas (71).

Widely distributed in the arid parts of the island, in rocky places with little vegetation (71).Common and widespread in the lower and central parts of the island (71).

Fairly common throughout the high parts of the island and in valleys with vegetation (71).

Abundant around settlements and throughout much of the island, though not in drier parts of the Crown wastes (71).

Few feral animals left (71).

Extensive natural dispersal (71).

Fairly common but with a patchy distribution, often seen in inhabited or agricultural areas (71).Frequently seen in gardens, agricultural areas and in woodlands (71).Currently very common, but records indicate that numbers have fluctuated (71).Numerous and concentrated around settlements. Since control measures were introduced most, if not all, free ranging animals are likely to be uncontrolled domestic dogs rather than true ferals (24). Ref. 71 (published in 2000) says few feral dogs are present.

Widespread, especially around settlements (24). Believed to have declined in numbers since 1989 (24)

Now found almost everywhere on the island (71). Numbers have been increasing recently, possibly due to increased vegetation growth and control of feral cats in certain areas. A baseline survey in 2008 estimated the number of rabbits as approx. 30000 (196).

Supposedly restricted to specified 'ranges', but there are few fences (23) and many have been poorly maintained (142). Widespread and common. Scarce in arid areas (24). In 1965 in Jamestowm this species was found to be concentrated in sewers, cellars and other spaces below floor level, as well as in farm buildings, flax, lantana scrub, and in coastal wasteland (71).

Widespread and common. Scarce in arid areas (24). In 1965 in Jamestown found in roof spaces and tall warehouses, as well as in farm buildings, flax, lantana scrub and in coastal wasteland (71).

Widespread from sea level to 300m asl, also plentiful around Jamestown in houses and gardens (71).


P1


Q1


Controlled by an introduced egg parasite (71).

The DfID funded Integrated Pest Managemenent Project (1997-2000) investigated the feasibility of eradicating this species. It was decided that it was feasible but funding problems meant that the eradication attempt did not continue (241).

Appear to go extinct from time to time (71).

Successful biological control is provided by the ladybird beetle, Rodolia cardinalis (71).

Widespread, since this scale insect can survive on a variety of plants (43).

A successful biological control programme began in 1993, using a predatory coccinellid beetle (43)

Wasp numbers could increase rapidly on St Helena due to the absence of cold weather and natural predators (194).

Public education poster has been produced and distributed on the island, inviting the public to report sightings of wasps and their nests (194). Some control of wasp nests has been conducted by ANRD and Public Health Departments (241).

Physical excluders have been added to bee hives to prevent moths getting in (241).

A number of its insect parasites have been introduced (71).

Resistant to pesticides, but several biological control agents are being used (71).

Since 1984 relict flax plantation has been cleared at High Peak. Implementation of a rescue plan for the tree fern thicket of Diana’s Peak began in 1995 when 8.4ha of thicket was cleared of flax and a 2ha restoration area set up (240).

Buddleia has been successfully removed from parts of the Diana's Peak National Park (only to be replaced with whiteweed in some areas) (242).



Could move into common pasture land adjacent to the wastes (21).

Can colonise arid and barren areas, may become dominant in parts of the Crown Wastes (71).

Successful on very infertile soils, but tends to avoid calcareous soils. Its spread on the waste is likely to be zoned (21).

Uncertain, as in some areas in can invade a variety of habitats (21)

May spread as soil improvement progresses (21).

Commonly planted in the past (71).

Formerly more widespread, including the best pasture lands (71).

In the early 19th century much effort was put into controlling this species (71).

Bilberry has been successfully removed from parts of the Diana's Peak National Park (only to be replaced with whiteweed in some areas) (242).

Hunted throughout the history of the island (71).

Urtica dioica recorded as common at middle levels in 19th century (71).

Spread rapidly after introduction to cover whole hillsides at low and medium altitudes (71).

Biological control programme initiated in 1970s, resulting in successful establishment of the tingid heteropteran bug Teleonemia scrupulosa (71).

An assessment of the threats posed by myna birds and possible management options is cureently underway as part of the South Atlantic Invasive Species Project (241).

Some hunting still occurs (71).

Previously widespread (71).

Has been the accidental victims of poison intended for rats on two occasions (71).

Previously recorded as numerous across the whole island (71).

Intensive shooting campaigns in recent years have greatly reduced numbers (24).

Efforts to eradicate the feral population have been largely successful (71).Some trapping carried out by Public Health Department (since 1989), but almost all around settlements (24).

Th rabbit population may increase as vegetation coverage and climate (i.e. increased rainfall) patterns change on the island. It would be possible for rabbit numbers to be much higher on St Helena given ideal conditions (196).

Survey of rabbit numbers and distribution carried out in 2008 (196).

Poisoning campaigns in the 1990s to control rats in towns (71). Ongoing baiting programme carried out by Environmental Health Department in rural areas (241).

Poisoning campaigns in the 1990s to control rats in towns (71). Ongoing baiting programme carried out by Environmental Health Department in rural areas (241).


R1


S1


Targeted control could reduce the impacts of rabbits at locations such as Longwood Farm and Sandy Bay but wider scale control would have to be part of an integrated programme controlling rabbits, feral cats and rats at the same time. Research into long term control methods needs to be investigated thoroughly under St Helena conditions. Currently it is an offence to lay poison baits for rabbits or introduce viruses to new locations in the UK (196).

Public opinion supports keeping rabbits on the island, though controlling damage to farms and gardens (196).

Native range

European species (71).

A northern hemisphere species (71).

Probably from West Africa (71).

From Australasia (71). Also found in Haiti (71).

Africa (71).

Probably from West Africa (71).

Widely distributed in tropics (71).

Probably from tropical Africa (71).

Oriental origins (71).

East Africa (71)

Widespread in warm parts of the world (71).

South Africa (71).

Africa

Australia (71).

Native to W. Europe and the Mediterranean (71).

Originated in Europe (71).



Originated in Europe (71).

Family originally restricted to Asia and Australasia (71).

May originate from N. Africa and has almost worldwide distribution (71).

Trinidad (71).

Now occurs throughout the tropics (71).

Afrotropical (71).

Europe (71).

Old World tropical migrant (71).

Europe and elsewhere (71).

European species (71).

European (71).


South Africa

Has New World origins (71).

From tropical Asia (71).

Australia and Norfolk Island (71).

From South Africa (71).


Native of Australia (71).




South African (71).

Originated in Madagascar (71).

Bermuda (71).

South Africa (71).

Probably from South Africa (71).


South Africa (71).

Europe (71).South America (71).

Occurs in Europe (71).

South Africa (71).

Africa (71).

South America (71).

Europe (71).

South Africa (71).

South America (71).

Africa (71).

European (71).

Introduced from the Cape (71).

Native to tropical Asia (71).

From the Andes (71).



Invertebrate Acarina Acarus siro

Invertebrate Acarina Rhipicephalus decoloratus Boophilus decoloratus

Invertebrate Annelida Allolobophoria chloroticaInvertebrate Annelida Allolobophoridella eiseniInvertebrate Annelida Aporrectodea turgidaInvertebrate Annelida Cognettia sphagnetorumInvertebrate Annelida Dendrodrilus rubidusInvertebrate Annelida Henlea sp.Invertebrate Annelida Lumbricus rubellusInvertebrate Annelida

Invertebrate Araneae Achearanea tepidariorumInvertebrate Araneae Lactrodectus hasseltiiInvertebrate Araneae Tegenaria domesticaInvertebrate Araneae Teutana grossaInvertebrate Blattodea Blattella germanica

Invertebrate Blattodea

Invertebrate Chilopoda Lithobius melanops

Invertebrate Coleoptera Cercyon depressusInvertebrate Coleoptera Cryptolestes pusilloides

Invertebrate Coleoptera Cryptophagus pseudodentatus

Invertebrate Coleoptera Harpalus agilis

Invertebrate Coleoptera Henoticus californicus

Invertebrate Coleoptera Hylotrupes bajulus

Invertebrate Coleoptera Hylurgus ligniperda

Invertebrate Coleoptera Lioadalia flavomaculata

Invertebrate Coleoptera Notolinus hottentottus

Lumbricus sp.

Deropeltis sp.

A1


C1


D1


Invertebrate Coleoptera Oryzaephilus surinamensis

Invertebrate Coleoptera Ptinus tectus

Invertebrate Coleoptera Quedius mesomelinusInvertebrate Coleoptera Sepedophilus filicornisInvertebrate Coleoptera Sitophilus oryzae

Invertebrate Coleoptera Sphaeriestes sculptilisInvertebrate Coleoptera Stegobium paniceum

Invertebrate Diplopoda Blaniulus guttulatusInvertebrate Diplopoda Brachyiulus pusillusInvertebrate Diplopoda Cylindroiulus latestriatus

Invertebrate Diptera Bradysia nocturnaInvertebrate DipteraInvertebrate Diptera Calliphora croceipalpisInvertebrate DipteraInvertebrate Diptera Coenosia trina

Invertebrate Diptera Dicranomyia distansInvertebrate Diptera Fannia albitarsisInvertebrate Diptera Fannia canicularis

Invertebrate Diptera Fucellia terginaInvertebrate Diptera Leptocera caenosaInvertebrate Diptera Limnophyes minimusInvertebrate Diptera Lucilia sericataInvertebrate DipteraInvertebrate DipteraInvertebrate Diptera Megaselia rufipes

Invertebrate Diptera Meoneura obscurellaInvertebrate Diptera Muschina stabulansInvertebrate Diptera Mycophila fungicolaInvertebrate Diptera Phthitia plumosulaInvertebrate Diptera Prosopantrum flavifronsInvertebrate Diptera Psychoda albipennisInvertebrate Diptera Pullimosina heteroneuraInvertebrate Diptera Sciophila parviareolataInvertebrate Diptera Spelobia parapusioInvertebrate Diptera Thoracochaeta brachystomaInvertebrate Diptera Thoracochaeta zosteraeInvertebrate Hemiptera Aulacorthum circumflexumInvertebrate Hemiptera Aulacorthum solaniInvertebrate Hemiptera Calocoris norvegicusInvertebrate Hemiptera Cavariella aegopodii

Bryophaenocladius sp.

Coelopa cf. africana

Lycoriella sp. A.Lycoriella sp. B.

Invertebrate Hemiptera Hemiberlesia rapaxInvertebrate Hemiptera Jacksonia papillataInvertebrate Hemiptera Lyctocoris campestrisInvertebrate Hemiptera Myzus ornatusInvertebrate Hemiptera Myzus persicaeInvertebrate Hemiptera Pentatomidae spInvertebrate Hemiptera Rhopalosiphum padiInvertebrate Hemiptera

Invertebrate Hemiptera Trialeuroides vaporariumInvertebrate Hymenoptera Aphidius colemaniInvertebrate Hymenoptera

Invertebrate Hymenoptera Hemiteles similis

Invertebrate Hymenoptera Hypoponera sp.Invertebrate Hymenoptera Ichneumon insulator

Invertebrate HymenopteraInvertebrate Hymenoptera Meloboris helminda

Invertebrate Hymenoptera Phaenoglyphis villosaInvertebrate HymenopteraInvertebrate HymenopteraInvertebrate Isopoda Porcellio scaber

Invertebrate Lepidoptera Endrosis sarcitrellaInvertebrate Lepidoptera Monopis crocicapitellaInvertebrate Lepidoptera Peridroma sauciaInvertebrate Mollusca Deroceras reticulatum

Invertebrate Mollusca Oxychilus alliariusInvertebrate Phthiraptera Pediculus humanus capitis

Invertebrate Psocoptera Cerobasis annulataInvertebrate Psocoptera Cerobasis guestfalicaInvertebrate Psocoptera Ectopsocus briggsiInvertebrate Psocoptera Lepinotus inquilinus

Invertebrate Psocoptera Liposcelis bostrychophila

Invertebrate Psocoptera Liposcelis decolor

Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominalis

Diadegma sp.

Kleidotoma sp.

Stilpnus sp.Trichopria sp.

Invertebrate Psocoptera Liposcelis pubescens

Invertebrate Psocoptera Psyllipsocus ramburii

Invertebrate Siphonaptera Pulex irritans

Invertebrate Thysanoptera Anaphothrips obscurusInvertebrate Thysanoptera Aptinothrips rufusInvertebrate Thysanoptera Frankliniella antarcticaInvertebrate Thysanoptera Merothrips brunneusInvertebrate Thysanoptera Thrips hawaiiensisInvertebrate Thysanoptera Thrips tabacilnvertebrate Mollusca Cochlicopa lubrica

lnvertebrate Mollusca Lauria cylindracea

lnvertebrate Mollusca Lehmannia valentiana

lnvertebrate Mollusca Milax gageteslnvertebrate Mollusca Vitrea contractaPlant ?



Plant Asteraceae Cirsium vulgare


Plant Asteraceae Conyza floribunda

Plant Asteraceae Lactuca serriola

Plant Asteraceae

Plant Asteraceae Senecio burchelli

Plant Asteraceae Sonchus asper


Plant Brassicaceae Brassica rapa

Plant Brassicaceae Raphanus sativus

Plant Caryophyllaceae Cerastium fontanum


Plant Caryophyllaceae Stellaria media

Plant Convolvulaceae Convolvulus arvensis

Plant Convolvulaceae

Plant Fumariaceae Fumaria officinalis

Plant Myrtaceae

Plant Onagraceae Oenothera indecora

Pseudognaphalium luteo-album

Convolvulus sp.

Eucalyptus spp.


Plant Pinaceae Pinus caribea

Plant Plantaginaceae Plantago lanceolataPlant Plantaginaceae Plantago major

Plant Poaceae ?

Plant Poaceae Agrostis castellana

Plant Poaceae Agrostis gigantea

Plant Poaceae Agrostis lachnantha

Plant Poaceae Agrostis stolonifera

Plant Poaceae Agrostis tenuis

Plant Poaceae Aira caryophyllea


Plant Poaceae Dactylis glomerata

Plant Poaceae Holcus lanatus

Plant Poaceae Lolium multiflorum

Plant Poaceae Mariscus congestus


Plant Poaceae Poa annua


Plant Poaceae Vulpia bromoides

Plant Polygonaceae Rumex acetosella

Plant Polygonaceae Rumex obtusifolius

Plant Rosaceae Malus domestica

Plant Salicaceae Salix babylonica

Plant Scrophulariaceae Veronica serpyllifolia

Plant Solanaceae Atropa belldonna


Plant Solanaceae Solanum nigrum

Plant Solanaceae Solanum tuberosum

Plant Verbenaceae Verbena bonariensis

Vertebrate Bird Anser anser

Vertebrate Bird







Vertebrate Mammal Sus scrofa

TOTAL


1 Acarid grain mite Terrestrial

blue tick Terrestrial

an earthworm Terrestrialan earthworm Terrestrialan earthworm Terrestrialan enchytraeiid worm Terrestrialan earthworm Terrestriala soil enchytraeid Terrestrialan earthworm Terrestrial

1 an earthworm Terrestrial

a spider Terrestrial1 Australian Red-backed spider Terrestrial

European house spider Terrestriala spidera cockroach Terrestrial

a cockroach Terrestrial

1 a centipede

a beetle Terrestriala beetle Terrestrial

a beetle Terrestrial

1 brown ground beetle Terrestrial


Old House Borer Terrestrial


little yellow and black ladybird Terrestrial


Status (JNCC)

Status (GISD)

GISD comment

H1


I1




a beetle Terrestriala beetle Terrestriala beetle Terrestrial

a beetle Terrestriala beetle Terrestrial

spotted snake millipede Terrestriala millipede Terrestrial

1 a millipede Terrestrial

a fly Terrestriala fly Terrestrialsouthern bluebottle Terrestriala fly Terrestrial

1 a fly Terrestrial

a fly Terrestriala fly Terrestriala fly Terrestrial

a fly Terrestriala fly Terrestriala fly TerrestrialGreenbottle sheep maggot fly Terrestriala fly Terrestriala fly Terrestriala fly Terrestrial

a fly Terrestriala fly Terrestriala fly Terrestriala fly Terrestriala fly Terrestriala fly Terrestriala fly Terrestriala fly Terrestriala fly Terrestriala fly Terrestriala fly Terrestriala bug Terrestriala bug Terrestrialpotato bug Terrestriala bug Terrestrial

Armoured scale insect Terrestriala bug Terrestrialdebris bug Terrestriala bug Terrestriala bug Terrestriala stink- or shieldbug Terrestriala bug Terrestriala bug Terrestrial

Glasshouse whitefly TerrestrialTerrestrial

1 Terrestrial

1 a parasitic wasp Terrestrial

1 ant, stingy flies Terrestrial1 a parasitic wasp Terrestrial

Terrestrial1 a parasitic wasp Terrestrial


1 Terrestrial


garlic snail (UK name) Terrestrialheadlouse Terrestrial

a booklouse Terrestriala booklouse Terrestriala booklouse Terrestriala booklouse Terrestrial

a booklouse Terrestrial


grey field slug, reticulated slug (snail: local name)



human flea Terrestrial

a thrip Terrestriala thrip Terrestriala thrip Terrestriala thrip Terrestriala thrip Terrestriala thrip TerrestrialSlippery little pillar snail Terrestrial

Chrysalis snail Terrestrial

1 snail /Valencia slug Terrestrial

1 black-keeled slug TerrestrialMilky crystal snail Terrestrialmilkweed Terrestrial

1 flax Terrestrial

Terrestrial

1 spear thistle (UK name) Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

prickly lettuce (UK name) Terrestrial

muck weed Terrestrial

Terrestrial

prickly sow thistle (UK name) Terrestrial

sow thistle Terrestrial

rape seed Terrestrial

garden radish (UK name) Terrestrial

common mouse ear (UK name) Terrestrial

1 1 procumbent pearlwort Terrestrial

1 common chickweed (UK name) Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

? Evening primrose (UK name) Terrestrial

yellow oxalis (UK name) Terrestrial

1 pine; Christmas tree Terrestrial

ribwort plantain (UK name) Terrestrialgreater plantain (UK name) Terrestrial

couch grass Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

1 1 Terrestrial

ryegrass Terrestrial

old bull grass Terrestrial

1 1 Kikuyu grass Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

1 sorrel dock; sour grass Terrestrial

dock Terrestrial

apple tree Terrestrial

willow tree Terrestrial

Terrestrial

deadly nightshade (UK name) Terrestrial

? Cape gooseberry Terrestrial

blackberry Terrestrial

potato Terrestrial

Terrestrial

domestic duck

domestic goose

1 cow

dog Terrestrial

thyme-leaved speedwell (UK name)

1 donkey

1 1 house mouse Terrestrial

1 sheep


1 pig

21 13


Before 1965

First collected in 2004

1950s (53)

First found in 1968 (183) Venomous (186).

Between 1956 and 1999 (63).

Between 1956 and 1999 (63).

Prior to 1956 (63).Between 1956 and 1999 (63).

Prior to 1956 (63).

Prior to 1956 (63).

Between 1956 and 1999 (63).

Prior to 1956 (63).

Prior to 1956 (63).

Pest of stored food, common in hay, grain and food. Can make food unpalatable and bites can irritate human skin (186).

J1


K1


Between 1956 and 1999 (63).

Between 1956 and 1999 (63).

Prior to 1956 (63).Between 1956 and 1999 (63).Between 1956 and 1999 (63).

Between 1956 and 1999 (63).Between 1956 and 1999 (63).

Prior to 1956 (63).Between 1956 and 1999 (63).Prior to 1956 (63).Between 1956 and 1999 (63).First recorded in 1965 (178)

Prior to 1956 (63).First recorded in 2005 (178).Prior to 1956 (178).

Prior to 1956 (63).Between 1956 and 1999 (63).Between 1956 and 1999 (63).Prior to 1956 (63).Between 1956 and 1999 (63).Between 1956 and 1999 (63).Prior to 1956 (63).

Prior to 1956 (63).Prior to 1954 (178)Between 1956 and 1999 (63).Prior to 1956 (63).Prior to 1956 (63).Prior to 1956 (63).Between 1956 and 1999 (63).Between 1956 and 1999 (63).Between 1956 and 1999 (63).Between 1956 and 1999 (63).Prior to 1956 (63).Prior to 1956 (63).Prior to 1956 (63).

Between 1956 and 1999 (63).

Prior to 1956 (63).

Between 1956 and 1999 (63).Between 1956 and 1999 (63).



Prior to 1956 (63).

Between 1956 and 1999 (63).Between 1956 and 1999 (63).Between 1956 and 1999 (63).Sometime after 1965 (54).

Prior to 1956 (63).Prior to 1956 (63).Prior to 1956 (63).1955-56 (65).

1998 - single incident (181)

Prior to 1956 (63).Between 1956 and 1999 (63).Prior to 1956 (63).Prior to 1956 (63).

Between 1956 and 1999 (63).

Between 1956 and 1999 (63).

Between 1956 and 1999 (63).

Between 1956 and 1999 (63).

Between 1956 and 1999 (63).Between 1956 and 1999 (63).Between 1956 and 1999 (63).Between 1956 and 1999 (63).Between 1956 and 1999 (63).Between 1956 and 1999 (63).

1983 (53).

Early in human settlement (183)

Unknown, but only recorded problem since c2000 (C. Miller, pers comm)

Considered to be a very bad problem by local respondents to a questionnaire. Reported impacts include growing on/ destroying potato patches, preventing crops from growing, covering grassland and outgrowing surrounding plants (236).

1983 (53).

Discovered in 1998 (63).

Found on Inaccessible in 1873 (54).

Considered a very bad problem by local respondents to a questionnaire. It reportedly spreads quickly and covers grassland (236).

Found on Inaccessible in 1873 (54).

Found growing as early as 1911 on Gough (53). Present from at least 1871 on Inaccessible (54).

1882 (8)

Known to be present by 1888 (53).

Known to predate larvae of endemic brachypterous moths, as well as other invertebrates and plants (62). Proven to predate chicks of great shearwater and Tristan albatross (155). The house mouse on Gough has also been recorded preying upon and killing chicks of the Vulnerable Atlantic petrel Pterodroma incerta. Circumstantial evidence suggests strongly that it also preys upon eggs and chicks of the Vulnerable endemic Gough bunting Rowettia goughensis (203).

Massive reductions of storm petrels Pelagodroma marina and Prions Pachyptila forsteri can be attributed to predation by cats (now eliminated) and rats (8). Important agricultural and food storage pest on Tristan (155).


With stored food (186).

With livestock (186).

Human activity - with plants/potatoes (186).Human activity - with plants/potatoes (186).

Human activity - with plants/potatoes (186).

Human activity - with plants/potatoes (186).

Predator of other insects (186).

Unknown. May affect nutrient cycling and peat formation (53). Provide main source of winter food for introduced house mice (62).

May have been introduced in supplies for expeditions, or in supplies of fresh vegetables (53).

Unknown. May affect nutrient cycling and peat formation, and also affect abundance of native invertebrates (53).

M1


Human activity (186).

Unknown. May affect nutrient cycling and peat formation, and also affect abundance of native invertebrates (53).

Could prey on endemic species; abundant in undisturbed habitats (178)

Winged alates sometimes bite people (183).

Accidental introduction on lettuce (65)

With a visitor to the Island (181)

Suspected parasite of moths and/ or butterflies, based on data from elsewhere (193)Suspected parasite of spider egg sacs, based on data from elsewhere (193)

Suspected parasite of noctuid moth pupae, based on data from elsewhere. May be impacting on some of Tristan's native flightless moths, which are already impacted by mouse predation on Gough and Tristan (193)

Suspected parasite of noctuidae moths, based on data from elsewhere (193)

Unknown. May affect nutrient cycling and peat formation, and also affect abundance of native invertebrates (53). May be competing with native isopod, with which it has an increasingly complementary distribution (65).

With cargo, possibly with chicken meal (186).

Pest - bores into potatoes (183)

Considered a pest at the Settlement on crops and in houses (236)

Has the potential to radically alter the vegetation of Inaccessible Island (54).

Accidentally introduced during construction work (53)

Accidentally introduced during construction work (53)

Forms dense mats which can greatly influence local biodiversity (63).

Accidental introduction probably from seeds on or in containers used to move goods to the island (65).

Appears to have the ability to exclude native species on Inaccessible (54).

Apparently not invasive (54). Deliberately introduced for food (54).

Introduced to supply ribs for longboats (54).




Introduced by a former expatriate agricultural officer (236).

Originally planted on Gough by sealers, and further tubers have probably been introduced recently around the Meteorological Station (52).




Probably have a significant effect on the island's invertebrate fauna (53). Believed to be a significant cause of mortality for near -endemic Atlantic petrel chicks and may inflict wounds on the chicks of larger species (in 62, 155). May pose significant threat to upland invertebrates and to ecosystem functioning on Gough (62). May retard recruitment of island trees (by seed predation) and be responsible for low densities of the endemic Gough bunting (by competing for food) (62, 65, 155).

Thought to have been accidentally introduced by sealers in the 19th century (53).

Likely to be preventing some seabirds from successfully recolonising Tristan, and also to be major predators of the island's landbirds, notably the rare Tristan thrush (155).

Accidentally introduced to Tristan after a shipwreck in 1882 (54).

Modes of transmission within territory Gough

With soil/plants (186). Yes: (180) in (179)With soil/plants (186). Probably: (180) in (179)

With soil/plants (186). Yes: (180) in (179)

With soil/plants (186). Yes: (180) in (179)

Yes - (183)

Gough (63).

Gough (63).

Gough (63).

On Gough, has gone from scarce to abundant in lowland areas since the 1950s (53).

Only recorded inside the meteorological station on Gough (64).Only recorded inside the meteorological station on Gough (64).

Only recorded inside the meteorological station on Gough (64).

Only recorded inside the meteorological station on Gough (64).Only recorded inside the meteorological station on Gough (64).Only recorded inside the meteorological station on Gough (64).

N1


O1


Gough (63).Gough (63).

Gough (63).

Yes - (183)

Gough (63).Gough (63).Gough (63).Gough (63).

Gough (63).

Gough (63).Gough (63).Gough (63).Gough (63).Gough (63).Gough (63).Gough (63).

Gough (63).

Gough (63).Gough (63).Gough (63).Gough (63).Gough (63).Gough (63).Gough (63).Gough (63).Gough (63).Gough (63).Gough (63).

Gough (63).




Nightingale, Inaccessible, Tristan and Gough (178)

Gough (63).




Gough (63).

Gough (63).Gough (63).Gough (63).Yes - (183)

Gough (63).Gough (63).Gough (63).

Abundant on Gough (62).

Gough (63).Gough (63).Gough (63).

Found over the whole of Gough (65).

Only recorded inside the meteorological station on Gough (64).Only recorded inside the meteorological station on Gough (64).Only recorded inside the meteorological station on Gough (64).

Gough (63).Gough (63).Gough (63).Gough (63).Gough (63).Gough (63).

Yes - (183)

May now be extinct on Gough (53).


May now be extinct on Gough (53)

Extinct? Only recorded once on Gough (53)

On Gough this species is fairly common on the coast and around the meteorological station, but scarce inland (53)

On Gough this species is fairly common along the coast and uncommon at disturbed sites inland or above 500m (53).

Extinct? Only collected once on Gough (53).

In the vicinity of the meteorological station on Gough (63).

Fairly common, scattered along east coast of Gough in disturbed sites (53).

Extinct? Only recorded at one site on Gough (53)


Gough (53)Uncommon on Gough, limited to a few landing sites (53).


Only recorded from 2 sites on Gough (53).Abundant in disturbed sites on Gough (53).

Collected twice at one site on Gough (53)

Extinct? Found at one site on Gough in the 1950s (53).Abundant in disturbed sites on Gough (53).


Not on Gough (115).

Not on Gough (115).

Not on Gough (115).

Common along lowland streams and penguin colonies and seal areas on Gough (53).

Uncommon on Gough, only collected from the Glen (53).

Extinct? Only recorded once on Gough (53). Abundant along the coast and at disturbed sites inland on Gough, especially stream banks up to 600m (53).

Scattered distribution along east coast of Gough (53). By the met station on Gough (171).

Extinct? Only one specimen collected from Gough (53)

Not on Gough (115).

Not on Gough (115).

Not on Gough (115).

Not on Gough (115).

Gough Island, but not thought to be on surrounding islets, rocks and stacks (53).

Inaccessible Nightingale Tristan

Yes - (183)

Yes - (183)Yes - (183) Yes: (179) Yes - (183)

Yes: (179)Yes: (184)Yes: (179)

Yes: (179)

Yes - (183)Yes - (183)Yes - (183)Yes - (183)

Yes - (183)

Recorded on Tristan by Holdgate. Single record, so may have failed to establish (185). Usually a parasite of a bovine host (186).

Widespread on Inaccessible (54).

Often found under stones or in soil on Tristan (186).

Associated with timber in houses on Tristan (183)

Confined to Tristan, mainly in agricultural areas

Yes - (183)Yes - (183) Yes - (183)

Yes - (183) Yes - (183)

Tristan (183)

Tristan, Nightingale (178) Tristan, Nightingale (178)


Tristan (183)


Yes - (183)

Occasionally recorded at the stores on Tristan (183)

Widespread on Inaccessible (54).




Nightingale (182). First collected on Nightingale in 2005 (186).

Yes (183)

Yes - (183)

Yes - (183)

Yes - (183)

Inaccessible (193)

Yes (193)

Occurs at dump site (186).

Yes (192). Yes (192).

Yes (193) Yes (193)

Yes - (183) Yes - (183)

Yes - (183) Yes - (183) Yes - (183)

Yes - (183)

May also be present on Inaccessible but this has not been verified (193)

The first ever specimen was found at the east landing area on Nightingale in 2005 (192)

Two further specimens were found on Tristan in 2005, above Molly Gulch, below Daylies Hill (192).

Abundant and widespread on Inaccessible (54).

Recorded at Tristan only (181) but most likely eradicated.

Yes - (183)

Common on Tristan - (183)

Localised on Nightingale (171).

Also on Tristan (171).

Common in Settlement gardens - (183)Common in Settlement gardens - (183)Tristan, especially at Settlement (186).

Common in the potato patches on Tristan, particularly when soil is disturbed (171).

On Inaccessible, largely restricted to one site, but is spreading onto the plateau (54).

Used as a hedging plant in Edinburgh settlement on Tristan, with a few plants found outside this area (171).

Extinct? Reported from one site on Inaccessible, and not since 1962 (54).

Common on the settlement plain, Tristan (171).

On Tristan, Inaccessible and Nightingale. Locally common, particularly on landslips (171).



Widespread on Inaccessible Islands (53). Appears to be decreasing in abundance on Inaccessible (54).

Widespread on Tristan da Cunha (53).

Also on Nightingale (171).

Present on Tristan (171).

Not on Inaccessible (115). Not on Nightingale (115).

Locally fairly common on Inaccessible. Appears to have decreased in abundance since 1989-90 (54).

Also on Tristan. Locally fairly common (171).

Common around the coast and up the West Road below the western plateau rim on Inaccessible, though virtually absent on the plateau (54).

Also on Tristan. Common on the settlement plain (171).

Localised on Inaccessible, but appears to have spread markedly between 1989 and 1999 (54).

Present on Tristan where it is restricted to patches on settlement plain (171).

Extinct? Recorded from one site on Inaccessible in 1938 and not since (54). On Inaccessible it is fairly common in disturbed areas along the western edge of the plateau but scarce elsewhere (54).

Also on Tristan. Described as fairly common (171).

Spreading along the settlement plain from the village on Tristan (171).

Also fairly common on Tristan (171).

Introduced recently and spreading from the settlement on Tristan (171).

Common around potato patches on Tristan (171).Form part of the plantation at Sandy Point, Tristan (171).

Localised on Inaccessible (54).

Present on Nightingale (171). Common on settlement plain (171).

Now scarce and local at sites between Pig Beach Hill and Salt Beach on Inaccessible (54).

Also on Tristan and Nightingale. Described as localised (171).

Also on Tristan and Nightingale. Described as localised (171).

Three individuals at Waterfall on Inaccessible. These produce cones but no seedlings (54).

Present and spreading at the plantation at Sandy Point, Tristan (171).

Common on parts of Inaccessible, but absent from the plateau (54).

Also on Tristan and Nightingale. Described as very common and widespread (171).

Also on Tristan and Nightingale. Described as very common and widespread (171).Common on agricultural land on Tristan (171).

Common on lowland grassland, restricted distribution on Nightingale (171)

Present on Tristan, common on lowland grassland (171).

Largely restricted to watercourses on Inaccessible, and is fairly widespread in eastern rivers (54).

Common on lowland grassland on Tristan (171).

Found at disturbed sites on Inaccessible and occurs patchily throughout the island (54). Wide distribution through islands, occurring patchily (171).

Wide distribution through islands, occurring patchily (171). Also present on Tristan and Nightingale (171).

Wide distribution through islands, occurring patchily (171). Also present on Tristan and Nightingale (171).

Localised on Inaccessible (54). Restricted to waterfall area on Inaccessible (171).

Restricted to settlement area on Tristan (171).

Widespread on the plateau of Inaccessible (54).

Also present on Nightingale (171).

Also present on Tristan. Widespread and common, forming single species stands in areas favoured by sheep (171).

Restricted to marshy areas east of Blenden Hall on Inaccessible. Has decreased in abundance since 1989-90 (54).

Localised on Nightingale (171).




Tristan (115).

Spreading from fields next to settlement throughout gardens and the coastal plain on Tristan (171).

Fairly common along the high western rim of the plateau on Inaccessible (54).

Also present on Tristan and Nightingale. Fairly common in higher areas, particularly bird-disturbed areas (171).

Also present on Tristan and Nightingale. Fairly common in higher areas, particularly bird-disturbed areas (171).

May occur at one site on Inaccessible (54).Fairly common on parts of western cliffs and along West Road on Inaccessible. Also in isolated patches on the plateau (54)

Also found on Tristan. Fairly common in isolated patches (171).

On Inaccessible known only from two isolated sites (54).

Common and widespread on the Tristan base (171).

Widespread on the plateau of Inaccessible, where it is the most widespread alien plant (54).

Also on Tristan and Nightingale. Widespread and common (171).

Also on Tristan and Nightingale. Widespread and common (171).

Present at Salt Beach and Blenden Hall on Inaccessible. Not spreading (54).

Also on Tristan and Nightingale. Present at several locations on all three islands (171).

Also on Tristan and Nightingale. Present at several locations on all three islands (171).

Two individuals at Salt Beach on Inaccessible (54).

Also at several locations on Tristan (171).

On Inaccessible it is fairly common in some places and patchy in others (54).

Also on Tristan. Fairly common, particularly on disturbed ground (171).Common on settlement plain on Tristan (171).

Extinct? Recorded once on Inaccessible in 1938 and not since (54).

Seen in Administrator's garden (187).

Localised and uncommon on Inaccessible (54).

Common around the settlement on Tristan (171).

On Inaccessible, restricted to one site (54). In the area by the hut on Inaccessible (171).

In patches on the settlement plain on Tristan (171).

All in captivity in the Settlement (115).All in captivity in the Settlement (115).Free ranging over part of the Settlement Plain. Some animals at Stony Point (115).


Not on Inaccessible (115). Not on Nightingale (115). Present (187).


Not on Inaccessible (115). Not on Nightingale (115). Tristan (54).


Free ranging over part of the Settlement Plain (115).

Free ranging over part of the Settlement Plain. Some animals free ranging on the Base (115).

All in captivity in the Settlement (115).


S1


T1


Immediate treatment leading to probable eradication (186).

RSPB/ University of Cape Town/ Government of Tristan had a project to eradicate flax from Inaccessible and Nightingale Islands during 2004 (155). Large plants were removed by cutting and treating the stumps with herbicide. A number of follow up visits have been and will continue to be made to remove seedlings. The project was funded by the FCO. Flax is also present on Nightingale Island and efforts are being made by the Tristan Agriculture & Natural Resources Department to control it. This project, funded by OTEP, aimed to eradicate flax from one of the ponds on the island (247).

Actively removed on annual weeding trips. Probably now extinct (53).

Actively removed on annual weeding trips. Probably now extinct (53).

All large plants were weeded in Nov 1999 and Feb 2000 (54).

Eradication programme rapidly set up following dicovery, including weeding, herbicide application, heat treatment of soil and replanting indigenous species in cleared area. This successfully eliminated visible plants (63). In 2008-9 more radical methods were used, including removing soil from cliffs where the species occurs as well as weeding (108).

Some control in buildings on Tristan (53). Feasibility study into remvoing mice from Gough has been completed (188). Further field research is being undertaken to resolveareas of uncertainty about whether it is technically feasible (155). Mice are controlled in the settlement on Tristan using a network of bait stations containing wax block rodent bait (201). A contingency plan is now in place for Nightingale Island, aimed at preventing mice establishing there (202).

Rats are now being controlled throughout the settlement using a network of bait stations containing wax block rat bait (201). A contingency plan is now in place for Nightingale Island, aimed at preventing rats becoming established there (202).


Inaccessible Island Management plan recommends work to assess the diversity of introduced macro-invertebrates and to assess their impact on native systems (54).

U1


V1




Total eradication (53)

Inaccessible Island Management Plan recommends that every attempt be made to control and eliminate this species (54).

Monitoring to continue to ensure these species have been eradicated (53)

Total eradication (53)Monitoring to continue to ensure these species have been eradicated (53)Management Plan recommends this species be weeded out from around the Meteorological Station on a regular basis (53).

Management Plan recommends this species be weeded out from around the Meteorological Station on a regular basis (53).

Inaccessible Island Management Plan recommends this species should be eradicated where possible to avoid possible future problems (54).

Long term and regular inspections of the area will be needed, plus further action if more plants are found (63)

Eradication is desirable but may not be possible (155).

Inaccessible Island Management Plan recommends monitoring these species to ensure no seedlings become established. No other actions planned, due to this species' cultural and historical interest (54).



Inaccessible Island Management plan recommends work to assess the impact of this and other alien plants on the native flora (54).

No actions planned, due to the value of this species to the Tristan community (54).

Inaccessible Island Management Plan recommends monitoring these species to ensure no seedlings become established. No other actions planned, due to this species' cultural and historical interest (54).

Management Plan recommends this species be weeded out from around the Meteorological Station on a regular basis (53).

Removal of mice from Gough remains a long term goal (53). Further assessments of the impacts of mice are required on Gough (62). If all goes well, a mouse eradication project may be carried out on Gough in 2012-2013 (155).

Rat eradication from Tristan via an aerial bait drop is not supported by the local community, so plans for total eradication have been shelved. Better control of rats around the Settlement and Patches is supported by the local community and steps to do this are now being taken (201).

Eradication of rats from Tristan would meet conservation, as well as socio-economic, needs (155).

Native range

EuropeanEuropeanHolearcticEuropean

European

South America



Invertebrate Homoptera Toumeyella parvicornis

Invertebrate Hymenoptera Solenopsis geminataInvertebrate Hymenoptera Solenopsis invictaPlant Agavaceae

Plant Anacardiaceae Schinus terebinthefolius

Plant Casuarinaceae Casuarina equisetilfoliaPlant Commelinaceae Rhoeo spathacea

Plant Crassulaceae


Plant Poaceae Panicum maximumPlant Verbenaceae Lantana camaraVertebrate Amphibian Osteopilus septentrionalisVertebrate Bird Bubulcus ibis Bulbucus ibisVertebrate Bird Gallus gallusVertebrate Fish Pterois volitans



Sanseveria spp.

Kalanchoe spp.

A1


C1


D1




Vertebrate Mammal Equus caballus


Vertebrate Mammal Rattus norvegicusVertebrate Mammal Rattus rattus


TOTAL

1

1

11 Invasive 1

1 1

1 11 1

1 Exotic 1 1

11 1

11 Invasive 1

1

1 1 Exotic 1

1 1 Invasive

Status (JNCC)

Status (CABI)

CABI comment

Status (FLEPPC)

FLEPPC comment

Status (GISD)

GISD comment

Sanseveria hyacinthoides=2


Kalanchoe pinnata =2

Kalanchoe pinnata

F1


G1


1 1 Invasive 1

1 1 Invasive 1

1

1 1 Invasive 1

11 1

1

9 8 6 17


pink hibiscus mealybug Terrestrial

pine tortoise scale Terrestrial

fire ant Terrestrialred imported fire ant Before 2001 (79).mother-in-law's tongue Terrestrial

Brazilian pepper Terrestrial

Australian pine Terrestrialoyster plant Terrestrial

Terrestrial

cow bush Terrestrial

Guinea grass Terrestrialred lantana TerrestrialCuban treefrog Terrestrialcattle egret Terrestrialdomestic chicken Terrestriallion fish Marine

domestic cow Terrestrial

domestic dog Terrestrial

"Sometime within the last few years" (comment made 2009) (113).

Terrestrial

love leaf, life leaf, devil's backbone, chandelier plant

L1


M1


N1


goat Terrestrial

donkey Terrestrial

horse Terrestrial

domestic cat Terrestrial

brown rat Terrestrialblack rat Terrestrial

green iguana Terrestrial


Seems to have run its course by killing off the majority of the ornamental Hibiscus rosa-sinensis but hasn't affected native Hibiscus species or other Malvaceae yet (113).

Impact on North Caicos is over 90% mortality of the native pine Pinus caribaea var. bahamensis with little or no recruitment. Middle Caicos and Pine Cay are faring slightly better, respectively, with some recruitment on both islands (113).

May compete for grazing with or trample burrows of native rock iguanas (38). Pose a serious threat to the CR Turks & Caicos rock iguana, presumably through competition for food plants, altering the vegetational composition of habitats and trampling soft substrates where iguanas burrow or nest (134).

Known to predate native rock iguanas (38). On Pine Cay in the 1970s a small number of dogs systematically killed a large number of iguanas (69).

O1


P1




Pose a serious threat to the CR Turks & Caicos rock iguana, presumably through competition for food plants, altering the vegetational composition of habitats and trampling soft substrates where iguanas burrow or nest (134).

Predates CR Turks & Caicos rock iguana Cyclura carinata (38). Contributed to extirpation of iguanas from Pine Cay and others, and also known to predate other native reptile and bird species (69, 166).

Likely to strongly limit populations of West Indian whistling ducks (155).


Unintentional/ accidental (79).

The suspected route of entry was on live cut Christmas trees, as this insect is an obligate true pine parasite (113).

Considered by some sources to have reached South America from Africa, and then dispersed into the Caribbean indpendently of man (82).

Deliberately introduced as a fodder crop throughout much of the tropics (122).

Introduced to some islands by builders and other workers (69).

Q1


R1


Introduced to some islands by builders and other workers (69). People on some islands still release live-trapped feral cats onto uninhabited islands (166).


7 sites in Providenciales (79).

Caicos Islands (113).

Ambergris Cays (113).Confirmed in TCI waters (113).

Distribution is currently being mapped but it is thought to be completely widespread throughout all populations of Pinus caribaea var. bahamensis on the three islands where the species occurs in TCI: Pine Cay, Middle Caicos, and North Caicos (113).

1995 report mentions Grand Turk, Salt Cay, South Caicos, East Caicos, Hog Cay and Bay Cay as being 'particularly inundated' with free ranging or feral cattle (166).

All inhabited islands (113). A list of islands inhabited by this species is given in ref. 69, but this may be out of date (published in 1978).

S1


T1


All islands (113).All islands (113).

Turks Islands (113).

1995 report mentions Cotton Cay and Bay Cay as being 'particularly inundated' by free-ranging or feral goats (166). Feral goat populations (described as 'not abundant' in 1995) recorded from Major Hill Cay and Parrot Cay (166).

A list of islands inhabited by this species is given in ref. 69, but this may be out of date (published in 1978). 1995 report mentions some islands as being 'particularly inundated' with free ranging or feral donkeys - Grand Turk, Salt Cay, South Caicos, East Caicos and Hog Cay (166).

1995 report mentions Grand Turk and South Caicos as being 'particularly inundated' with free ranging or feral horses (166).

All islands (113). A list of islands inhabited by this species is given in ref. 69, but this may be out of date (published in 1978).


Ongoing research into distribution and potential methods of control (218).

There is an active hunting programme by the Department of Environment and Coastal Resources to catch and kill as many lion fish as possible, particularly from beach areas and dive sites (113).

Initiative to contol feral dogs is underway in Grand Turk (106).

U1


V1


Successful cat eradication project carried out on 111ha Long Cay in 1999, using 1080 poison. Public information announcements about the problems cats cause have been aired (38).

Further eradication projects planned, dependent on finding suitable islands (38).


1995 report recommends preventing the introduction of feral animals to more islands, removing them from uninhabited islands, controlling feral animals and restricting the movement of livestock on inhabited islands, and educating the public on the destruction caused by non-natives (166).


W1


Eurasia (133).



1995 report recommends preventing the introduction of feral animals to more islands (166).


Taxon 1 Taxon 2 Scientific name

Plant Malvaceae Abelmoschus esculentusInvertebrate Homoptera Abgrallaspis cyanophylli Plant Fabaceae Abrus precatoriusPlant Malvaceae Abutilon indicumPlant Malvaceae Abutilon theophrasti Plant Fabaceae Acacia baileyanaPlant Fabaceae Acacia cyanophyllaPlant Fabaceae Acacia cyclopsPlant Fabaceae Acacia decurrensPlant Fabaceae Acacia elataPlant Fabaceae Acacia farnesiana

Plant Fabaceae Acacia giraffaePlant Fabaceae Acacia implexaPlant Fabaceae Acacia leptocarpaPlant Fabaceae Acacia longifolia

Plant Mimosaceae Acacia macracanthaPlant Fabaceae Acacia mearnsiiPlant Fabaceae Acacia melanoxylon

Plant Mimosaceae Acacia niloticaPlant Fabaceae Acacia polystachyaPlant Fabaceae Acacia pycanthaPlant Fabaceae Acacia retinoidesPlant Fabaceae Acacia salicina

Plant Fabaceae Acacia spectabilisPlant Fabaceae Acacia suaveolensPlant Fabaceae Acacia verticillataPlant Euphorbiaceae Acalypha indicaPlant Euphorbiaceae Acalypha poiretiiPlant Euphorbiaceae Acalypha wilkesiana

Invertebrate Coleoptera Acanthoscelides obtectusPlant Aceraceae Acer pseudoplatanusInvertebrate Hymenoptera Acerophagus pallidus Invertebrate Arachnida Achaearanea tepidariorum Plant Asteraceae Achillea millefoliumPlant Asteraceae Achillea ptarmicaInvertebrate Lepidoptera Achroia grisella Plant Amaranthaceae Achyranthes aspera

Plant Amaranthaceae

Invertebrate ColeopteraVertebrate Bird Acridotheres tristis


Achyranthes aspera var. pubescensAcratrichis sp.

Acrotona sp.

A1


C1


Invertebrate Homoptera Acyrthosiphon porosum Plant Fabaceae Adenanthera pavonina

Invertebrate Diptera Adia cinereaPlant Pteridaceae Adiantum ?capillus-venerisPlant Pteridaceae Adiantum raddianumInvertebrate Coleoptera Adoretus versutusInvertebrate Diptera Aedes aegyptiInvertebrate Diptera Aedes albopictusInvertebrate Diptera Aedes sollicitans Invertebrate Diptera Aedes taeniorhynchus Invertebrate Thysanoptera Aeolothrips fasciatus Plant Crassulaceae Aeonium arboreumPlant Crassulaceae Aeonium haworthiiPlant Amaranthaceae Aerva lanataPlant Fabaceae

Invertebrate Lepidoptera Aethes seriatana Invertebrate Blattodea Afrobalta decelleiPlant Alliaceae Agapanthus africanus Fungi Agaricaceae Agaricus augustusFungi Agaricaceae Agaricus porphyrizonInvertebrate Hymenoptera Agathis gibbosa Plant Agavaceae Agave americana

Plant Agavaceae Agave americana "marginata"Plant Agavaceae Agave ghiesbreghtiiPlant Agavaceae Agave luridaPlant Agavaceae Agave sisalana

Plant Asteraceae Ageratum conyzoidesPlant Araceae Aglaonema commutatumInvertebrate Isopoda Agnara madagascariensis

Invertebrate Coleoptera Agonum punctiforme Plant Papaveraceae Agrimone mexicana

Fungi Agaricaceae Agrocybe fimicolaPlant Poaceae Agropyron repensPlant Poaceae Agrostis caninaPlant Poaceae Agrostis capillaris

Plant Poaceae Agrostis castellanaPlant Poaceae Agrostis gigantea

Plant Poaceae Agrostis lachnanthaPlant Poaceae Agrostis stolonifera

Plant Poaceae Agrostis tenuisPlant Simaroubaceae Ailanthus altissima

Aeschynomene americana var. glandulosa

Plant Poaceae Aira caryophyllea

Vertebrate Bird Aix galericulataVertebrate Bird Aix sponsaInvertebrate HymenopteraPlant Mimosaceae Albizia lebbeck

Plant Fabaceae Albizia lopanthaPlant Rosaceae Alchemilla monticolaVertebrate Bird Alectoris chukarVertebrate Bird Alectoris rufa

Plant Euphorbiaceae Aleurites fordiiPlant Euphorbiaceae Aleurites moluccana


Invertebrate Homoptera Aleurocanthus woglumiInvertebrate Homoptera Aleurodicus pulvinatusInvertebrate Thysanoptera Aleurodothrips fasciapennis Invertebrate Homoptera Aleyrodes proletella Plant Apocynaceae Allamanda blanchetiiPlant Apocynaceae Allamanda cathartica

Plant LiliaceaePlant Liliaceae Allium triquetrumInvertebrate Diptera Allograpta obliqua Invertebrate Mollusca Allopeas gracile Plant Araceae Alocasia macrorrhizaPlant Araceae Alocasia plumbeaPlant Liliaceae Aloe arborescens

Plant Liliaceae Aloe brevifoliaPlant Lillaceae Aloe grandidentataPlant Liliaceae Aloe saponariaPlant LiliaceaePlant Liliaceae Aloe succotrina Plant Liliaceae Aloe vera

Vertebrate Bird Alopochen aeyptiacusInvertebrate Coleoptera Alphitobius diaperinus Invertebrate Coleoptera Alphitobius laevigatus Plant Zingiberaceae Alpinia speciosa

Plant Zingiberaceae Alpinia zerumbetPlant Zingiberaceae Alpinia zerumbet 'Variegata' Plant Caryophyllaceae Alsine media Plant Amaranthaceae Alternanthera brasilianaPlant Amaranthaceae Alternanthera maritima

Alaptus sp.

Aleurocanthus sp.

Allium sp.

Aloe sp.

Plant Amaranthaceae Alternathera repensInvertebrate ColeopteraPlant Fabaceae Alysicarpus ovalifoliusPlant Fabaceae Alysicarpus vaginalisPlant Amaranthaceae Amaranthus blitoidesPlant Amaranthaceae Amaranthus muricatusPlant AmaranthaceaePlant Amaranthaceae Amaranthus viridisPlant Amarylladaceae Amaryllis belladonnaInvertebrate Diptera Amauromyza maculosa Vertebrate Bird Amazona ochrocephalaInvertebrate Arachnida Amblyomma maculatum Plant Asteraceae Ambrosia hispidaPlant Apiaceae Ammi majus Plant Thelypteridaceae Amphineuron opulentumInvertebrate Hymenoptera Ampulex compressaPlant Anacardiaceae Anacardium occidentalePlant Primulaceae Anagallis arvensis

Invertebrate Lepidoptera Anagasta kuehniella Invertebrate HymenopteraInvertebrate Hymenoptera Anagyrus fusciventris Invertebrate HymenopteraInvertebrate Hymenoptera Anaphoidea nitensInvertebrate Thysanoptera Anaphothrips obscurusVertebrate Bird Anas platyrhynchos

Invertebrate ArachnidaPlant Poaceae Andropogon bicornisPlant Poaceae Andropogon glomeratus Invertebrate Coleoptera Anelaphus cinereum Invertebrate Arachnida Anelosimus studiosus Plant Apiaceae Anethum graveolensInvertebrate Hymenoptera Anicetus annulatus Invertebrate Thysanoptera Anisopilothrips venustulus Plant Annonaceae Annona muricata Plant Annonaceae Annona squamosa

Vertebrate Reptile Anolis carolinensisVertebrate Reptile Anolis extremus

Vertebrate Reptile Anolis grahami grahami

Vertebrate Reptile Anolis leachi

Vertebrate Reptile Anolis maynardiInvertebrate Coleoptera Anotylus insignitus Vertebrate Bird Anser anserInvertebrate Hymenoptera Anteon funestus Invertebrate Coleoptera Anthicus ephippium Invertebrate Coleoptera Anthonomus irroratus Invertebrate Coleoptera Anthonomus juniperinus Plant Poaceae Anthoxanthum odoratum

Altica spp.

Amaranthus spp.

Anagrus sp.

Anagyrus sp.

Androlaelaps sp.

Invertebrate Coleoptera Anthrenus flavipes Invertebrate Coleoptera Anthrenus scrophulariae Invertebrate Coleoptera Anthrenus verbasci Plant Apiaceae Anthriscus sylvestrisPlant Polygonaceae Antigonon leptopus

Plant Liliaceae Antlloylyza aethiopicaInvertebrate Homoptera Antonina crawi Invertebrate Homoptera Antonina graminis Invertebrate Arachnida Anyphops stauntoniInvertebrate Hymenoptera Apanteles carpatus Plant Rubiaceae Aphanes arvensisInvertebrate HymenopteraInvertebrate Hymenoptera Aphidius colemaniInvertebrate Homoptera Aphis craccivora Invertebrate Homoptera Aphis maidiradicis Invertebrate Homoptera Aphis nasturtii Invertebrate Homoptera Aphis nerii Invertebrate Homoptera Aphis rumicis Invertebrate HomopteraInvertebrate Homoptera Aphis spiraecola Invertebrate Coleoptera Aphodius lividus Invertebrate Hymenoptera Aphytis diaspidis Invertebrate Hymenoptera Aphytis mytilaspidis Invertebrate HymenopteraInvertebrate Hymenoptera Apis melliferaPlant Apiaceae Apium graveolensPlant Apiaceae Apium petroselinum Invertebrate HymenopteraInvertebrate Thysanoptera Aptinothrips rufusInvertebrate Coleoptera Araecerus fasciculatus

Invertebrate Coleoptera Araecerus fasciculatus Vertebrate Bird Aratinga erythrogenysPlant Araucariaceae Araucaria araucana Plant Araucariaceae Araucaria columnarisPlant Araucariaceae Araucaria excelsaPlant Araucariaceae Araucaria heterophylla

Invertebrate Psocoptera Archipsocus nomas Invertebrate Amphipoda Arcitalitrus dorrieniPlant Myrsinaceae Ardisia acuminataPlant Arecaceae Arecastrum romanzoffianumPlant Papaveraceae Argemone mexicana

Plant Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia littoralis

Invertebrate Isopoda Armadillidium vulgarePlant Poaceae Arrentherum elatiusInvertebrate Hymenoptera Arrhenophagus chionaspidis Plant Moraceae Artocarpus altilis

Plant Poaceae Arundo donax

Aphelinus sp.

Aphis sp. #1

Aphytis sp.

Aprostocetus spp.

Plant Asclepiadaceae Asclepias curassavica

Plant Asclepiadaceae Asclepias rotundifoliaInvertebrate Homoptera Asiphonella dactylonii Plant Liliaceae Asparagus densiflorus

Plant Liliaceae Asparagus falcatum Plant Liliaceae Asparagus officinalis

Plant Liliaceae Asparagus plumosusPlant Liliaceae Asparagus setaceous

Invertebrate Hymenoptera Aspidiotiphagus citrinus Invertebrate Hymenoptera Aspidiotiphagus lounsburyi Invertebrate Homoptera Aspidiotus destructorInvertebrate Homoptera Aspidiotus nerii Invertebrate Homoptera Aspidiotus spinosus Plant Aspleniaceae Asplenium compressum

Invertebrate Thysanoptera Asprothrips seminigricornis Invertebrate Homoptera Asterolecanium pustulans Invertebrate Diptera Asyndetus ammophilus Plant Acanthaceae Asystasia gangetica

Invertebrate Coleoptera Ataenius gracilis Invertebrate Coleoptera Ataenius havaenensis Invertebrate Coleoptera Ataenius sp. Invertebrate Coleoptera Ataenius spretulus Invertebrate Lepidoptera Atheloca subrufella Invertebrate Diptera Atherigona orientalis Invertebrate Coleoptera Atheta coriaria Invertebrate Diptera Atissa luteipes Plant Chenopodiaceae Atriplex nummulariaPlant Chenopodiaceae Atriplex pentandraPlant Chenopodiaceae Atriplex prostrata

Plant Chenopodiaceae Atriplex semibaccataPlant Solanaceae Atropa belladonnaInvertebrate Coleoptera Attagenus unicolor Invertebrate Hemiptera Aulacorthum circumflexumInvertebrate Hemiptera Aulacorthum solaniPlant Poaceae Avena fatuaPlant Poaceae Avena sativaPlant Oxalidaceae Averrhoa bilimbiPlant Poaceae Axonopus compressusInvertebrate Arachnida Aysha velox Plant Meliaceae Azadirachta indicaPlant Azollaceae Azolla filiculoidesInvertebrate Coleoptera Azya orbigera orbigera

Plant Scrophulariaceae Bacopa monnieriInvertebrate Diptera Bactrocera tryoniPlant PoaceaePlant Poaceae Bambusa vulgarisInvertebrate Homoptera Bambusaspis bambusae Invertebrate Homoptera Bambusaspis miliaris Invertebrate Heteroptera Banasa euchlora Invertebrate Heteroptera Banasa herbacea Plant Leycithidaceae Barringtonia asiaticaInvertebrate Arachnida Bathyphantes approximatus Plant Fabaceae Bauhinea purpureaPlant Fabaceae Bauhinia acuminata

Plant CaesalpinaceaePlant Fabaceae Bauhinia tomentosaPlant Fabaceae Bauhinia variegata

Invertebrate Lepidoptera Bedellia somnolentella Plant Begoniaceae Begonia cucullata

Plant Begoniaceae Begonia hirtellaPlant BegoniaceaePlant Begoniaceae Begonia ulmifolia Plant Asteraceae Bellis perennisInvertebrate Homoptera Bemisia tabaci Plant Berberidaceae Berberis buxifoliaInvertebrate Coleoptera Berosus infuscatus Plant Asteraceae Bidens pilosaInvertebrate Tricladida Bipalium kewense Invertebrate TricladidaInvertebrate Coleoptera Blapstinus metallicus Invertebrate Orthoptera Blattella germanicaPlant Filicopsida

Invertebrate Heteroptera Blissus insularis Plant Rubiaceae Borreria verticillataVertebrate Mammal Bos taurus

Plant Poaceae Bothriochloa pertusa

Plant Poaceae Bothriochloa bladhiiPlant Poaceae Bothriochloa ischaemumPlant Poaceae Bothriochloa pertusaPlant Nyctaginaceae Bougainvillea glabra Plant Nyctaginaceae Bougainvillea spectabilisInvertebrate CollembolaPlant Basellaceae Boussingaultia baselloides Plant Poaceae Brachiaria subquadriparaInvertebrate Diptera Brachycara maculata Plant Sterculiaceae Brachychiton acerifolius Invertebrate Hymenoptera Brachymyrmex heeri Invertebrate Mollusca Bradybaena similaris Invertebrate Diptera Bradysia nocturna

Bambusa sp.

Bauhinia sp.

Begonia sp.

Bipalium sp.

Blechnum occidentale? brasiliensis?

Bourletiella spp.

Invertebrate DipteraVertebrate Bird Branta canadensis

Plant Brassicaceae Brassica napusPlant Brassicaceae Brassica nigra Plant Brassicaceae Brassica oleraceaPlant Brassicaceae Brassica rapa

Plant BrassicaceaeInvertebrate Hemiptera Brevicoryne brassicaePlant Euphorbiaceae Breynia distichaPlant Euphorbiaceae Breynia nivosa 'Variegata'Plant Poaceae Briza media Plant Poaceae Briza minor Plant Poaceae Bromus condensatusPlant Poaceae

Invertebrate Diptera Brontaea cilifera Invertebrate Coleoptera Bruchus pisorum Plant Solanaceae Brunfelsia americana Invertebrate DipteraPlant Crassulaceae Bryophyllum pinnata

Plant Crassulacae Bryophyllum pinnatum

Vertebrate Bird Bubulcus ibisPlant Scrophulariaceae Buchnera hispidaPlant Combretaceae Bucida buceras

Plant Buddlejaceae Buddleja brasiliensisPlant Buddlejaceae Buddleja davidiiPlant Buddlejaceae Buddleja globosaPlant Buddlejaceae Buddleja lindleyianaPlant Buddlejaceae Buddleja madagascariensisVertebrate Amphibian Bufo bufoVertebrate Amphibian Bufo marinus

Plant Cyperaceae Bulbostylis puberulaPlant Burseraceae Bursera simarubaPlant Buxaceae Buxus sp. Invertebrate Coleoptera Caccodes oceaniae Invertebrate Homoptera Cacopsylla fulguralisInvertebrate Lepidoptera Cactoblastis cactorumInvertebrate Lepidoptera Cadra cautella Invertebrate Psocoptera Caecilius casarum Invertebrate Psocoptera Caecilius flavidus Plant Caesalpinaceae Caesalpinia bonducPlant Caesalpinaceae Caesalpinia pulcherrima

Plant Caesalpinaceae Caesalpinia pulcherrima

Bradysia sp. or spp.

Brassica sp.

Bromus hordeaceous ssp. hordeaceous

Bryophaenocladius sp.

Plant Fabaceae Cajanus cajanPlant Araceae Caladium bicolorInvertebrate Arachnida Calaglyphus oudemansi Plant Asteraceae Calendula officinalisInvertebrate Thysanoptera Caliothrips insularis Invertebrate Diptera Calliphora croceipalpisPlant Myrtaceae Callistemon citrinius Plant Cupressaceae Callitris ?cupressiformisPlant Cupressaceae Callitris calcarataPlant Cupressaceae Callitris endlicheriPlant Cupressaceae Callitris glaucaPlant Cupressaceae Callitris robustaInvertebrate Coleoptera Callosobruchus maculatus Plant Ericaceae Calluna vulgarisPlant Rutaceae Calodendron capensisInvertebrate Blattodea Calolampra signaturaPlant Clusiaceae Calophyllum antillanum

Plant Clusiaceae Calophyllum calaba Plant Clusiaceae Calophyllum inophyllum Plant Fabaceae Calopogonium mucunoidesInvertebrate Lepidoptera Caloptilia perseae Invertebrate Lepidoptera Caloptilia rhoifoliella Plant Asclepiadaceae Calotropis procera

Invertebrate Lepidoptera Calpodes ethlius Invertebrate Diptera Calycomyza platyptera Invertebrate Diptera Calythea monticola Plant Theaceae Camelia japonicaInvertebrate Arachnida Camellina elegans Plant Campanulaceae Campanula rotundifoliaPlant Lauraceae Camphora camphora Invertebrate Hymenoptera Campoletis sonorensis Plant Fabaceae Canavalia roseaVertebrate Mammal Canis familiaris

Plant Cannaceae Canna generalis Plant Cannaceae Canna indica

Plant Rubiaceae Canthium lividumVertebrate Mammal Capra hircus

Plant Brassicaceae Capsella bursa-pastorisPlant Solanaceae Capsicum annuumPlant Solanaceae Capsicum frutescens Plant Brassicaceae Cardamine glacialisPlant Brassicaceae Cardamine hirsutaVertebrate Bird Cardinalis cardinalisInvertebrate Hymenoptera Cardiocondyla emeryi Plant Sapindaceae Cardiospermum halicacabum Vertebrate Bird Carduelis carduelis

Plant Asteraceae Carduus tenuiflorusPlant Cyperaceae Carex aquatilisPlant Cyperaceae Carex flaccaPlant Cyperaceae Carex nigraInvertebrate Orthoptera Cariblatta antiguensis Invertebrate Orthoptera Cariblatta minima Plant Caricaceae Carica papayaPlant Apocynaceae Carissa grandiflora Plant Apocynaceae Carissa macrocarpaPlant Aizoaceae


Invertebrate ColeopteraInvertebrate Homoptera Carulaspis minima Invertebrate Coleoptera Caryobruchus gleditsiae Plant Arecaceae Caryota urens Plant Fabaceae Cassia alataPlant Caesalpinaceae Cassia fistula

Plant Caesalpinaceae Cassia floribunda Plant Caesalpinaceae Cassia javanica

Plant Fabaceae Cassia laevigataPlant Fabaceae Cassia occidentalisPlant Fagaceae Castanea sativaPlant Casuarinaceae Casuarina cunninghamiaPlant Casuarinaceae Casuarina cunninghamianaPlant Casuarinaceae Casuarina equisetifolia

Plant Casuarinaceae Casuarina montanaPlant Casuarinaceae Casuarina strictaPlant Casuarinaceae Casuarina suberosaPlant Apocyanaceae Catharanthus roseus

Invertebrate Hemiptera Cavariella aegopodiiInvertebrate Mollusca Cecilioides acicula Plant Meliaceae Cedrela australisPlant Pinaceae Cedrus atlanticaPlant Pinaceae Cedrus libani Plant Bombacaceae Ceiba pentranda

Carpobrotus carpobrotus x edulis

Carpophilus spp.

Plant Amaranthaceae Celosia argentia Plant Poaceae Cenchrus echinatusPlant Asteraceae Centaurea cyanusPlant Gentianaceae Centaurium pulchellum


Plant Valerianaceae Centranthus ruberInvertebrate Diptera Cephalops varius Invertebrate HymenopteraPlant Caryophyllaceae Cerastium fontanum

Plant Caryophyllaceae

Plant Caryophyllaceae Cerastium glomeratumPlant Caryophyllaceae Cerastium viscosum Plant Caryophyllaceae Cerastium vulgatum Invertebrate Homoptera Cerataphis brasiliensis Invertebrate Homoptera Cerataphis lataniae Invertebrate Diptera Ceratitis capitataPlant Poaceae Ceratochloa catharticaPlant Caesalpinaceae Ceratonia siliquaPlant Apocynaceae Cerbera manghasInvertebrate Coleoptera Cercyon depressusPlant Cactaceae Cereus grandiflorus Plant Cactaceae Cereus undatus Invertebrate Psocoptera Cerobasis annulataInvertebrate Psocoptera Cerobasis guestfalicaFungi Corticaceae Cerocorticium confluensInvertebrate Diptera Cerodontha dorsalis Invertebrate Homoptera Ceroplastes cirripediformis Plant Solanaceae Cestrum laevigatumPlant Solanaceae Cestrum nocturnumPlant Solanaceae Cestrum parquiPlant Poaceae Chaetochloe verticillata Invertebrate Coleoptera Chaetocnema brunnescens Invertebrate Coleoptera

Invertebrate Diptera Chaetopsis fulvifrons Vertebrate Reptile Chamaeleo chamaeleonPlant Arecaceae Chamaerops humilis Invertebrate Hymenoptera Chartocerus niger Plant Iridaceae Chasmanthe floribundaInvertebrate Hymenoptera Cheiloneurus pulvinariae Fungi Otideaceae Cheilymenia fimicolaFungi Otideaceae Cheilymenia granulataPlant Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium album

Plant Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium ambrosiodes

Plant Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium muraleInvertebrate Coleoptera Chilocorus cacti Invertebrate Diptera Chironomus plumosus Invertebrate Thysanoptera Chirothrips spiniceps

Ceraphron sp.

Cerastium fontanum ssp. vulgare

Chaetocnema sp. prob. confinis

Plant Poaceae Chloris barbataPlant Poaceae Chloris gayana Plant Liliaceae Chlorophytum comosumInvertebrate Homoptera Chortinaspis subchortina Invertebrate Orthoptera Chortophaga australior Plant Thelypteridaceae Christella chaseanaPlant Thelypteridaceae Christella dentataPlant Thelypteridaceae

Invertebrate Annelida Christensenidrilus blocki Plant Arecaceae Chrysalidocarpus lutescens Plant Asteraceae Chrysanthemoides monilifloraPlant Asteraceae

Invertebrate HymenopteraInvertebrate Homoptera Chrysomphalus aonidum Invertebrate Homoptera

Invertebrate HymenopteraInvertebrate Neuroptera Chrysopa externa Invertebrate Neuroptera Chrysopa rufilabris Invertebrate NeuropteraInvertebrate Neuroptera Chrysopa squamosaInvertebrate Neuroptera Chrysopa zastrowiInvertebrate Diptera Chrysotus picticornis Invertebrate Arachnida Chthonius ischnochelesPlant Asteraceae Cichorium intybus

Invertebrate Heteroptera Cimex lectularius Invertebrate Homoptera Cinara tujafilina Plant Rubiaceae Cinchona succirubraPlant Asteraceae Cineraria saxifragaPlant Lauraceae Cinnamomum camphoraInvertebrate HymenopteraPlant Asteraceae Cirsium arvensePlant Asteraceae Cirsium vulgare

Plant Verbenaceae Citharexylum spinosumPlant Rutaceae Citrus aurantifoliaPlant Rutaceae Citrus aurantiumPlant Rutaceae Citrus limonPlant Rutaceae Citrus sinensis

Plant RutaceaePlant Rutaceae Citrus x paradisi Invertebrate Diptera Cladochaeta floridana Invertebrate Homoptera Clastoptera undulata Fungi Clavicipitaceae Claviceps purpureaPlant Ranunculaceae Claytonia perfoliataPlant Ranunculaceae Clematis flammula

Plant Capparaceae Cleome gynandra Plant Capparaceae Cleome rutidospermaPlant Capparaceae Cleome viscosa

Christella parasitica (provisional identification)

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum Chrysocharis sp.

Chrysomphalus dictyospermae

Chrysonotomyia sp.

Chrysopa sp. nr. harrisii

Cirrospiloideus sp.

Citrus spp.

Plant Verbenaceae Clerodendrum fragransPlant VerbenaceaePlant Melastomataceae Clidemia hirtaPlant Lamiaceae Clinopodium calamintha Invertebrate Hadromerida Cliona lampa Fungi Tricholomataceae Clitocybe cf. vibecinaFungi Tricholomataceae Clitocybe nitrophilaPlant Fabaceae Clitoria ternatea Invertebrate Coleoptera Clitostethus arcuatus Invertebrate Diptera Clogmia albipunctata Invertebrate HymenopteraInvertebrate Diptera Clunio marshalli Plant Euphorbiaceae Cluytia pulchellaInvertebrate Diptera Coboldia fuscipes Invertebrate Hymenoptera Coccidencyrtus ochraceipes Invertebrate Hymenoptera Coccidoxenoides peregrinus Plant Polygonaceae Coccoloba uviferaInvertebrate Hymenoptera Coccophagus ochraceus Invertebrate Hymenoptera Coccophagus scutellaris Invertebrate Hymenoptera

Invertebrate Coleoptera Coccotrypes carpophagus Invertebrate Coleoptera Coccotrypes distinctus Invertebrate Homoptera Coccus hesperidum Invertebrate Homoptera Coccus longulus Invertebrate Homoptera Coccus viridis Plant Brassicaceae Cochlearia officinalisInvertebrate Diptera Cochliomyia macellaria Plant Arecaceae Cocos nucifera

Plant Euphorbiaceae Codiaeum variegatumInvertebrate DipteraPlant Rubiaceae Coffea arabicaInvertebrate Lepidoptera Coleophora texanella Invertebrate Arachnida Coleosoma floridana Plant Araceae Colocasia esculentaPlant Rhamnaceae Colubrina asiaticaVertebrate Bird Columba livia

Plant Commelinaceae Commelina benghalensisPlant Commelinaceae Commelina diffusaInvertebrate Homoptera Comstockiella sabalis Invertebrate Diptera Condylostylus chrysoprasi Plant Apiaceae Conium maculatumPlant Combretaceae Conocarpus erectus Invertebrate Orthoptera Conocephalus fasciatus Invertebrate Orthoptera Conocephalus spartinae Fungi Bolbitiaceae Conocybe pubescensInvertebrate Coleoptera Conoderus amplicollis Invertebrate Coleoptera

Invertebrate ColeopteraPlant Convolvulaceae Convolvulus arvensisPlant Convolvulaceae

Clerodendrum sp.

Closterocerus sp.

Coccophagus sp. lycimnia group

Coelopa cf. africana

Conoderus sp. poss. castanipes Conotelus sp.

Convolvulus sp.



Plant Asteraceae Conyza canadensis Plant Asteraceae Conyza floribunda

Invertebrate HymenopteraFungi Coprinaceae Coprinus cordisporusFungi Coprinaceae Coprinus ephemeroidesFungi Coprinaceae Coprinus latisporusFungi Coprinaceae Coprinus miserFungi Coprinaceae Coprinus niveusInvertebrate Diptera Coproica ferruginata Invertebrate Diptera Coproica vagans Invertebrate Coleoptera Coproporus pulchellus Plant Tiliaceae Corchorus aestuansPlant Boraginaceae Cordia dentata Plant Boraginaceae Cordia obliquaPlant Boraginaceae Cordia sebestana

Plant Boraginaceae Cordia subcordataPlant Agavaceae Cordyline fruticosaPlant Agavaceae Cordyline subcordataInvertebrate Arachnida Corinna humilis Fungi Coriolaceae Coriolus versicolorPlant Brassicaceae Coronopus didyma


Vertebrate Bird Corvus brachyrhynchosInvertebrate Coleoptera Cosmopolites sordidusPlant Asteraceae Cosmos sulphureus Invertebrate Hymenoptera Cotesia marginiventris Plant Asteraceae Cotula australisPlant Asteraceae Cotula coronopifoliaInvertebrate Mollusca Crassostrea gigasInvertebrate Mollusca Crassostrea virginica Plant Crassulaceae Crassula helmsii

Invertebrate Mollusca Crepidula fornicata

Plant Asteraceae Crepis capillarisPlant Asteraceae Crepis japonicaPlant Bignoniaceae Crescentia cujete

Invertebrate Arachnida Creugas ?cetratusPlant Liliaceae Crinum amabilePlant Liliaceae Crinum americanumPlant Amaryllidaceae Crinum angustum Plant Amaryllidaceae Crinum asiaticumPlant Amaryllidaceae Crinum latifoliumPlant Liliaceae Crinum zeylanicum

Copidosoma sp.

Invertebrate Lepidoptera Crocidosema plebejanaPlant Iridaceae Crocosmia x crocosmiifloraPlant Fabaceae Crotolaria incana Plant Fabaceae Crotolaria pallidaPlant Fabaceae Crotolaria retusa

Plant Fabaceae Crotolaria verrucosa

Plant Euphorbiaceae Croton hirtusPlant Euphorbiaceae Croton monanthogynus Invertebrate Lepidoptera Cryptoblabes gnidiella Vertebrate Reptile

Invertebrate Diptera Cryptochaetum iceryae Invertebrate Coleoptera Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Invertebrate Coleoptera Cryptolestes pusilloidesPlant Taxodiaceae Cryptomeria japonicaInvertebrate Coleoptera Cryptophagus pseudodentatus

Invertebrate Lepidoptera Cryptophlebia leucotretaPlant Asclepiadaceae Cryptostegia grandiflora

Plant Asclepiadaceae

Plant AsclepiadaceaeInvertebrate Isoptera Cryptotermes brevisInvertebrate Siphonaptera Ctenocephalides felis Plant Cucurbitaceae Cucumis anguria Plant Cucurbitaceae Cucumis meloPlant Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita moschataInvertebrate Diptera Culex quinquefasciatus Invertebrate Diptera Culex salinarius Plant Taxodiaceae Cunninghamia sinensis

Plant Cupressaceae Cupressus lawsonianaPlant Cupressaceae Cupressus lindleyiPlant Cupressaceae Cupressus lusitanicaPlant Cupressaceae Cupressus macrocarpa

Plant Cupressaceae Cupressus sempervirens

Plant Cupressaceae Cupressus torulosaPlant Curtisiaceae Curtisia fagineaInvertebrate Coleoptera Curtomerus flavus Invertebrate ColeopteraPlant Cycadopsida Cycas circinalis Plant Cycadopsida Cycas revoluta Invertebrate Isopoda Cyclisticus convexusInvertebrate Arachnida Cyclosa turbinata Vertebrate Reptile Cyclura nubila caymanensis

Invertebrate Diplopoda Cylindroiulus latestriatusPlant Scrophulariaceae Cymbalaria muralis Plant Poaceae Cymbopogon citratus

Cryptoblepharus poecilopleurus

Cryptostegia madagascariensisCryptostegia sp.

Cybocephalus sp.

Invertebrate Heteroptera Cymodema breviceps Invertebrate Heteroptera Cymoninus notabilis Plant Poaceae Cynodon dactylon

Plant Poaceae Cynodon nlemfuensisPlant Poaceae Cynosurus cristatusPlant Poaceae Cynosurus echinatusPlant Cyperaceae Cyperus alternifolius

Plant Cyperaceae Cyperus compressusPlant Cyperaceae Cyperus difformisPlant Cyperaceae Cyperus dubiusPlant Cyperaceae Cyperus eragrostisPlant Cyperaceae Cyperus iriaPlant Cyperaceae Cyperus ligularisPlant Cyperaceae Cyperus papyrus Plant Cyperaceae Cyperus rotundusPlant Cyperaceae Cyperus sphacelatusPlant CyperaceaePlant Cyperaceae Cyperus surinamensisInvertebrate Coleoptera Cyphon sp. Invertebrate Heteroptera Cyrtopeltis modesta Invertebrate Arachnida Cyrtophora moluccensisInvertebrate Orthoptera Cyrtoxipha gundlachi Fungi Dacrymycetaceae Dacrymyces stillatusPlant Poaceae Dactylis glomerata

Plant Poaceae Dactyloctenium aegyptium Plant Poaceae Dactyloctenium ctenoidesInvertebrate Coleoptera Dactylosternum abdominale

Vertebrate Mammal Dasyprocta punctataVertebrate Mammal

Invertebrate Diptera Dasyrhicnoessa ferruginea Plant Solanaceae Datura arborea Plant Solanaceae Datura fastuosaPlant Solanaceae Datura innoxiaPlant Solanaceae Datura metel Plant Solanaceae Datura stramonium

Plant Solanaceae Datura suaveolens

Invertebrate Coleoptera Decadiomus hughesi Plant Caesalpinaceae Delonix regia

Invertebrate Homoptera Delphacodes fulvidorsum Invertebrate Thysanoptera Dendrothripoides innoxius Plant Rubiaceae Dentella repensInvertebrate Coleoptera Dermestes lardarius Invertebrate Coleoptera Dermestes maculatus

Cyperus spp.

Dasyprocta sp.

Invertebrate Mollusca Deroceras laeve Invertebrate Mollusca Deroceras reticulatumInvertebrate BlattodeaPlant Poaceae Deschampsia caespitosaPlant Poaceae Deschampsia flexuosaPlant Mimosaceae Desmanthus virgatus Invertebrate Hymenoptera Desmiostoma parvulum Plant Fabaceae Desmodium canadense Plant Fabaceae Desmodium incanumPlant Fabaceae Desmodium triflorumInvertebrate Diptera Desmometopa varipalpis Invertebrate Hymenoptera Diadegma compressa Invertebrate HymenopteraInvertebrate Diptera Diadiplosis coccidivora Vertebrate Reptile Diadophis punctatus punctatus

Invertebrate Hymenoptera Diaeretiella rapae Invertebrate Homoptera Dialeurodes citrifolii Invertebrate Coleoptera Diaperis maculata Invertebrate Lepidoptera Diaphania hyalinata Invertebrate Lepidoptera Diaphania indica

Invertebrate Diptera Diaphorus contiguus Invertebrate Coleoptera Diaprepes famelicus Invertebrate Homoptera Diaspis boisduvalii Invertebrate Hymenoptera Diaulinopsis callichroma Plant Poaceae Dichanthium annulatumPlant Convolvulaceae Dichondra repensInvertebrate Diptera Dicranomyia distansInvertebrate Diptera Dictya floridensis Invertebrate Diptera Dictya pechumani Invertebrate Arachnida Dictyna altamira Plant Arecaceae Dictyosperma album Invertebrate Coleoptera Diestota sp. Plant Poaceae Digitaria ciliarisPlant Poaceae Digitaria decumbens Plant Poaceae Digitaria horizontalisPlant Poaceae Digitaria longifloraPlant Poaceae Digitaria sanguinalis Plant Poaceae Digitaria setigeraPlant PoaceaeInvertebrate Hymenoptera Diglyphus spp. Invertebrate Coleoptera Diomus terminatus Plant DioscoreaceaePlant Ebenaceae Diospyros dicrophyllaInvertebrate Diptera Dioxyna picciola Invertebrate Diptera Dioxyna sororculaInvertebrate Arachnida Diplocephalus cristatusPlant Aizoaceae Disphyma crassifoliumInvertebrate Orthoptera Dissosteira carolina Plant Sapindaceae Dodonaea viscosaInvertebrate Tricladida Dolichoplana striata

Deropeltis sp.

Diadegma sp.

Digitaria spp.

Dioscorea sp.

Plant Fabaceae Dolichos lablab

Plant Sterculiaceae Dombeya wallichii Invertebrate Thysanoptera Dorcadothrips caespitis Plant Flacoutiaceae Doryalis caffraPlant Agavaceae Dracaena arborea Plant Liliaceae Dracaena dracoPlant Agavaceae Dracaena fragransPlant Agavaceae Dracaena marginataPlant Araceae Dranunculus vulgarisInvertebrate Diptera Drosophila buzzatiiInvertebrate Diptera Drosophila melanogaster Invertebrate Diptera Drosophila ramsdeni Invertebrate Diptera Drosophila repleta group Invertebrate Diptera Drosophila simulans Plant Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris dilatataPlant Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris filix-masPlant Verbenaceae Duranta erectaVertebrate Mammal Dusicyon australisVertebrate Mammal Dusicyon griseus griseus

Invertebrate Homoptera Dysaphis foeniculus Invertebrate Homoptera Dysaphis tulipae Invertebrate Arachnida Dysdera crocota Invertebrate Homoptera Dysmicoccus boninsis Invertebrate Homoptera Dysmicoccus brevipes Plant Asteraceae Dyssodia tenuilobaInvertebrate Siphonaptera Echidnophaga gallinacea Invertebrate Arachnida Echinolaelaps echidninus Invertebrate Thysanoptera Echinothrips americanus Invertebrate Psocoptera

Plant Asteraceae Eclipta prostrataInvertebrate Orthoptera Ectatoderus antillarum Invertebrate Psocoptera Ectopsocopsis cryptomeriae Invertebrate Psocoptera Ectopsocus briggsiInvertebrate Psocoptera Ectopsocus spilotus Invertebrate Psocoptera Ectopsocus strauchi Plant Poaceae Ehrharta erectaPlant Pontederiaceae Eichhornia crassipes

Invertebrate Hymenoptera Elachertus cidariae Invertebrate HymenopteraPlant Celastraceae Elaeodendron capensePlant Celastraceae Elaeodendron papillosumVertebrate Reptile Elaphe guttata

Plant Elaeagnaceae Eleagnus angustifolia

Echmepteryx madagascariensis

Elachertus sp.

Plant Poaceae Eleusine indica

Vertebrate Amphibian Eleutherodactylus gosseiVertebrate Amphibian Eleutherodactylus johnstonei

Invertebrate Maxillopoda Elminius modestusPlant Hydrocharitaceae Elodea canadensisPlant Poaceae Elymus virginicus Plant Poaceae Elytrigia junceaPlant Poaceae

Plant Poaceae

Plant Polygonaceae Emex australisPlant Asteraceae Emilia fosbergiiVertebrate Reptile Emoia cyanuraPlant Empetraceae Empetrum rubrumInvertebrate Heteroptera Empicoris rubromaculatus Invertebrate Homoptera Empoasca fabae Invertebrate Homoptera Empoasca fabalis Invertebrate Homoptera Empoasca solana Vertebrate Reptile Emys orbicularis

Invertebrate Hymenoptera Encarsia fasciata Invertebrate Hymenoptera Encarsia formosa Invertebrate Hymenoptera Encarsia portoricensis Invertebrate Hymenoptera Encyrtus barbatus Invertebrate Hymenoptera Encyrtus infelix Invertebrate Hymenoptera Encyrtus lecaniorum Invertebrate Lepidoptera Endrosis sarcitrellaInvertebrate Hymenoptera Enicospilus doylei Invertebrate Hymenoptera Enicospilus flavus Invertebrate Hymenoptera Enicospilus purgatus Invertebrate Hymenoptera Enicospilus trilineatus Invertebrate Coleoptera Enochrus hamiltoni Invertebrate Coleoptera Enochrus ochraceus Invertebrate Hymenoptera Enodynerus hidalgo hidalgo Plant Fabaceae Enterolobium cyclocarpumInvertebrate Collembola Entomobrya clitellaria ? Invertebrate Collembola Entomobrya multifasciata ? Invertebrate Arachnida Eotetranychus sexmaculatus Plant Onagraceae Epilobium obscurum Invertebrate Lepidoptera Epinotia lantana Plant Cactaceae Epiphyllum oxypetalum Plant Araceae Epipremnum pinnatum

Plant Araceae

Plant Gesneriaceae Episcia cupreataInvertebrate Lepidoptera Episimus tyrius Invertebrate Coleoptera Epitrix hirtipennis Vertebrate Mammal Equus asinus

Elytrigia repens ssp. repens var. aristataElytrigia repens ssp. repens var. repens

Epipremnum pinnatum cv. Aureum

Vertebrate Mammal Equus caballusPlant Poaceae Eragrostis atrovirensPlant Poaceae Eragrostis ciliaris Plant Poaceae Eragrostis subaequiglumisPlant Poaceae Eragrostis tenellaPlant Poaceae Eragrostis tenella var. insularis

Invertebrate Lepidoptera Erechthias minusculaInvertebrate HymenopteraInvertebrate Diptera Eretmoptera murphyiPlant Asteraceae Erigeron annuus

Invertebrate Arachnida Erigone brevidentata Vertebrate Mammal Erinaceus europaeusPlant Rosaceae Eriobotrya japonica

Plant Poaceae Eriochloa proceraInvertebrate Homoptera Eriococcus araucariae Invertebrate Diptera Eristalinus aeneus Invertebrate Diptera Eristalis tenax Plant Geraniaceae Erodium cicutariumPlant Brassicaceae Erysimum cheiriPlant Brassicaceae Erysimum cherianthoidesPlant Brassicaceae Erysimum officinale Plant Fabaceae Erythrina caffra

Plant Fabaceae Erythrina corallodendronPlant Fabaceae Erythrina poeppigianaPlant Fabaceae Erythrina speciosaPlant Fabaceae Erythrina variegataPlant Fabaceae


Vertebrate Bird Estrilda melopodaInvertebrate HymenopteraInvertebrate Dermaptera Euborellia annulipes Invertebrate Homoptera Eucalymnatus tessellatus Plant Myrtaceae Eucalyptus camaldulensis

Plant Myrtaceae Eucalyptus cladocalyxPlant Myrtaceae Eucalyptus crebraPlant Myrtaceae Eucalyptus ficifoliaPlant Myrtaceae Eucalyptus globulusPlant Myrtaceae Eucalyptus grandisPlant Myrtaceae Eucalyptus lehmanniiPlant Myrtaceae Eucalyptus leucoxylonPlant Myrtaceae Eucalyptus paniculataPlant Myrtaceae Eucalyptus polyanthemosPlant Myrtaceae Eucalyptus viminalisInvertebrate HymenopteraPlant Myrtaceae Eugenia jambos

Eretmocerus sp.

Erythrina variegata var. orientalis

Eubazus sp.

Euderus sp.

Plant Myrtaceae Eugenia javanicaPlant Myrtaceae Eugenia unifloraInvertebrate Mollusc Euglandina rosea

Plant Asteraceae Eupatorium adenophorumPlant Asteraceae Eupatorium capillifolium Plant Asteraceae Eupatorium pallidumPlant Asteraceae Eupatorium ripariumPlant Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia cyathophoraPlant Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia helioscopiaPlant Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia heterophyllaPlant Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia hirta Plant Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia hypericifoliaPlant Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia lacteaPlant Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia leucocephalaPlant Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia milii var. splendens

Plant Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia peplusPlant Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia prostrata Plant Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia pulcherrima

Plant EuphorbiaceaePlant Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia stoddartiiPlant Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia tirucalli

Invertebrate Hymenoptera Euplectrus comstockii Invertebrate HymenopteraInvertebrate Lepidoptera Eurema lisa Invertebrate Thysanoptera Eurythrips modestus Invertebrate HymenopteraInvertebrate Coleoptera Euscepes postfaciatus

Plant Poaceae Eustachys petraeusInvertebrate Arachnida Eustala anastera Plant Gentianaceae Eustoma exaltatum Invertebrate Blattodea Euthyrrhapha pacifica

Invertebrate Orthoptera Euthyrrhapha pacifica Invertebrate Diptera Euxesta abdominalis Invertebrate Diptera Euxesta annonae Invertebrate Coleoptera Euxestus erithacus Invertebrate Hymenoptera Evania appendigasterInvertebrate Coleoptera Exochomus jamaicensis Plant Polygonaceae Fallopia japonicaInvertebrate Diptera Fannia canicularis Invertebrate Diptera Fannia pusio

Euphorbia sp.

Euplectrus sp.

Eurytoma sp.


Invertebrate Homoptera Ferrisia consobrina Plant Poaceae Festuca ovinaPlant Poaceae Festuca pratensisPlant Poaceae Festuca rubraPlant PoaceaePlant Poaceae Festuca rubra ssp. commutata

Plant Poaceae Festuca rubra ssp. rubraPlant Moraceae Ficus benghalensisPlant Moraceae Ficus benjamina

Plant Moraceae Ficus caricaPlant Moraceae Ficus elastica

Plant Moraceae Ficus indicaPlant Moraceae Ficus lyrata Plant Moraceae Ficus macrophyllas Plant Moraceae Ficus microcarpaPlant Moraceae Ficus nautarumPlant Moraceae Ficus pumila Plant Moraceae Ficus religiosa

Plant Moraceae Ficus retusa

Plant MoraceaePlant Moraceae Ficus sycomorus Plant Moraceae Ficus terebrataPlant Flacourtiaceae Flacourtia indica

Fungi Tricholomataceae Flammulina velutipesPlant Asteraceae Flaveria bidentisPlant Apiaceae Foeniculum vulgareVertebrate Bird Foudia madagascariensis

Invertebrate Thysanoptera Frankliniella antarcticaInvertebrate Thysanoptera Frankliniella bispinosa Invertebrate Thysanoptera Frankliniella cephalica Invertebrate Thysanoptera Frankliniella hemerocallis Invertebrate Thysanoptera Frankliniella insularis Invertebrate Thysanoptera Franklinothrips vespiformis Plant Oleaceae Fraxinus angustifoliaPlant Liliaceae Freesia refractaPlant Iridaceae Freesia refracta-alba Invertebrate Diptera Fucellia terginaPlant Onagraceae Fuchsia bolivianaPlant Onagraceae Fuchsia coccineaPlant Onagraceae Fuchsia 'Corallina'Plant Onagraceae Fuchsia magellanica

Festuca rubra agg.

Ficus sp.

Plant Fumariaceae Fumaria muralis

Plant Fumariaceae Fumaria officinalis

Invertebrate Lepidoptera Fundella ignobilis Plant Agavaceae Furcraea gigantea

Fungi Hypocreaceae Fusarium graminearumInvertebrate Hymenoptera

Plant Asteraceae Gaillardia pulchella

Plant Asteraceae Galinsoga parviflora Plant Rubiaceae Galium aparinePlant Rubiaceae Galium saxatileInvertebrate Lepidoptera Galleria mellonella Vertebrate Bird Gallus gallus

Vertebrate Bird Gallus variusPlant Malpighiaceae Galphimia gracilisVertebrate Fish Gambusia holbrookiVertebrate Bird Garrulax formosus

Invertebrate Arachnida Gasteracantha cancriformis Plant Arecaceae Gastrococos crispa Vertebrate Amphibian Gastrophryne carolinensisPlant Asteraceae Gazania ringens var uniflora Vertebrate Reptile Gehyra mutilataVertebrate Reptile Geochelone carbonariaInvertebrate Heteroptera Geocoris punctipes Invertebrate Hoplonemertini Geonemertes pelaensis Vertebrate Bird Geopelia striata

Plant Geraniaceae Geranium mollePlant Geraniaceae Geranium pusillum Plant Geraniaceae Geranium robertianumInvertebrate Coleoptera Gibbium aequinoctiale Plant Poaceae Gigantochola vertiallata Plant Iridaceae Gladiolus italicus Plant Fabaceae Gleditschia sinensisPlant Fabaceae Gliricidia sepiumPlant Taxodiaceae Glyptostrobus lineatusPlant Asteraceae Gnaphalium luteoalbumPlant Asteraceae Gnaphalium sylvaticum Invertebrate HymenopteraInvertebrate Mollusca Gonaxis quadrilateralis Invertebrate Coleoptera Gonipterus scutellatusPlant Malvaceae Gossypium hirsutumPlant Malvaceae Gossypium indicumInvertebrate Homoptera Graminella sonora Plant Rhodophyceae

Gahaniella sp. (not tertia Kerr)

Gonatocerus spp.

Grateloupia filicina var. luxurians

Plant Proteaceae Grevillea robusta

Invertebrate Orthoptera Gryllodes supplicans Invertebrate Thysanoptera Gynaikothrips ficorum Plant Hernandiaceae Gyrocarpus americanusInvertebrate Hymenoptera Habrobracon gelechiae Invertebrate Hymenoptera Habrobracon hebetor Invertebrate Arachnida Habronattus coecatus Invertebrate Diptera Haematobia irritans Plant Fabaceae Haematoxylum campechianum

Plant Proteaceae Hakea purpureaInvertebrate Isopoda Halophiloscia couchi Invertebrate HymenopteraInvertebrate Heteroptera Halticus bractatus Invertebrate Isopoda Haplophthalmus daniscus

Invertebrate Thysanoptera Haplothrips gowdeyi Invertebrate Thysanoptera Haplothrips kurdjumovi Invertebrate Coleoptera Haptoncus luteolus Invertebrate Heteroptera Harmostes serratus Plant Anacardiaceae Harpephyllum caffrum

Invertebrate Mollusca Hawaiia minuscula Plant Scrophulariaceae Hebe x franciscanaPlant Araliaceae Hedera helix Plant Zingiberaceae

Plant Rubiaceae Hedyotis romanzoffiensisPlant Asteraceae Helianthus annuusPlant Asteraceae Helianthus debilisPlant Asteraceae Helichrysum bracteatumInvertebrate Diptera Helicobia morionella Invertebrate Diptera Helicobia rapax Invertebrate Mollusca Helicodiscus singleyanus Invertebrate Thysanoptera Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Plant Boraginaceae Heliotropium angiospermum Plant Boraginaceae Heliotropium curassavicum

Plant Boraginaceae Heliotropium indicumPlant Boraginaceae Heliotropium ovalifoliumPlant BoraginaceaeInvertebrate Mollusca Helix aspersaInvertebrate Lepidoptera Hellula undalisPlant Liliaceae Hemerocallis fulva Invertebrate Homoptera Hemiberlesia lataniae Invertebrate Homoptera Hemiberlesia rapax Vertebrate Reptile Hemidactylus frenatusVertebrate Reptile Hemidactylus mabouia

Vertebrate Reptile Hemidactylus mercatoriusPlant Acanthaceae Hemigraphis alternata

Halticoptera sp.

Hedychium chrysoleucum (or a related species)

Heliotropum sp.

Vertebrate Reptile Hemiphyllodactylus typus

Invertebrate Arachnida Hemisarcoptes malus Invertebrate Coleoptera Henoticus californicusInvertebrate Arachnida Hentzia vernalis Invertebrate Thysanoptera Hercinothrips bicinctus Invertebrate Thysanoptera Hercinothrips femoralis Invertebrate Lepidoptera Herculia nostralis Invertebrate Diptera Hermetia illucens Vertebrate Mammal Herpestes auropunctatus

Invertebrate Lepidoptera Herpetogramma licarsisalis

Plant Brassicaceae Hesperis matronalisInvertebrate Coleoptera Heteronychus sanctaehelenae

Invertebrate Arachnida Heteropoda venatoriaInvertebrate Hemiptera Heteropsylla reductaInvertebrate Isoptera Heterotermes perfidusPlant Malvaceae Hibiscus diversifoliusPlant Malvaceae Hibiscus diversifoliusPlant Malvaceae Hibiscus rosa sinensis Plant Malvaceae

Plant Malvaceae

Plant Malvaceae Hibiscus tiliaceus

Plant Asteraceae Hieraceum sp.Plant Asteraceae Hieracium aurantiacumPlant Asteraceae Hieracium pilosellaPlant Amaryllidaceae Hippeastrum puniceumInvertebrate Lepidoptera Holcocera guilandinae Plant Poaceae Holcus lanatus

Plant Verbenaceae Holmskioldia sanguinea

Invertebrate ThysanopteraPlant Poaceae Hordeum comosumPlant Poaceae Hordeum jubatumPlant Poaceae

Invertebrate Hymenoptera Horismenus sardus Invertebrate Hymenoptera Horismenus texanus Invertebrate Homoptera Howardia biclavis Plant Euphorbiaceae Hura crepitansPlant Hyacinthaceae Hyacinthoides hispanicaPlant Hyacinthaceae Hyacinthoides non-scriptaFungi Hydnangiaceae Hydnangium carneumPlant Apiaceae Hydrocotyle bonariensisInvertebrate Diptera Hydrophorus aestuum

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis var. rosa-sinensisHibiscus rosa-sinensis var. schizopetalus

Hoplandrothrips sp.

Hordeum murinum ssp. murinum

Invertebrate Diptera Hydrotaea aenescens Vertebrate Amphibian Hyla meridionalis

Plant Cactaceae Hylocereus undatusInvertebrate Coleoptera Hylotrupes bajulusInvertebrate Coleoptera Hylurgus ligniperdaPlant Caesalpiniaceae Hymenaea courbarilPlant Amaryllidaceae Hymenocallis caribaea Plant Amaryllidaceae Hymenocallis littoralisPlant Arecaceae Hyophorbe lagenicaulis Plant Arecaceae Hyophorbe verschaffeltii Invertebrate Lepidoptera Hypargyria definitella Plant ClusiaceaePlant ArecaceaePlant Asteraceae Hypochaeris radicata

Plant Acanthaceae Hypoestes verticillarisInvertebrate Collembola Hypogastura purpurescensInvertebrate Collembola Hypogastura viaticaPlant Lamiaceae Hyptis suaveolensInvertebrate Homoptera Icerya montserratensis Invertebrate Hemiptera Icerya purchasi

Invertebrate Homoptera Idona minuenda Invertebrate Hymenoptera Idris binotatus Vertebrate Reptile Iguana iguana

Plant Aquifoliaceae Ilex aquifoliumPlant Aquifoliaceae Ilex vomitoria Plant Balsaminaceae Impatiens balsaminaPlant Balsaminaceae Impatiens glanduliferaPlant BalsaminaceaeInvertebrate Isoptera Incisitermes snyderi Plant Fabaceae Indigofera hirsutaPlant Fabaceae Indigofera suffruticosaPlant Fabaceae Indigofera tinctoriaInvertebrate Psocoptera Indiopsocus insulanus Plant Fabaceae Inga veraInvertebrate Homoptera Insulaspis pallida Plant Convolvulaceae Ipomoea aquaticaPlant Convolvulaceae Ipomoea batatasPlant Convolvulaceae Ipomoea cairicaPlant Convolvulaceae Ipomoea dissecta Plant Convolvulaceae Ipomoea pes-tigridisPlant Convolvulaceae Ipomoea purpureaPlant Convolvulaceae

Plant Convolvulaceae Ipomoea trilobaPlant Iridaceae Iris albicansInvertebrate CollembolaInvertebrate CollembolaInvertebrate Hemiptera Issus coleoptratusInvertebrate Hymenoptera Itoplectis conquisitor Plant Rubiaceae Ixora casei

Hypericum sp.Hyphaene sp.

Impatiens sp.

Ipomoea sp.

Isotoma spp. Isotomurus sp.

Plant Rubiaceae Ixora coccinea Plant Bignoniaceae Jacaranda mimosifolia Plant Bignoniaceae Jacaranda ovalifoliaInvertebrate Hemiptera Jacksonia papillataInvertebrate Annelida Janua brasiliensisPlant Oleaceae Jasminium simplicifoliumPlant Oleaceae Jasminum fluminense

Plant Oleaceae Jasminum grandiflorum Plant Euphorbiaceae Jatropha curcas Plant Euphorbiaceae Jatropha integerrima

Plant Euphorbiaceae Jatropha multifida Invertebrate Diplopoda Julus moreleti Plant Juncaceae Juncus bufoniusPlant Juncaceae Juncus capillaceusPlant Juncaceae Juncus effususPlant Juncaceae Juncus filiformisPlant Juncaceae Juncus tenuisPlant Cupressaceae Juniperus bermudiana

Plant Cupressaceae Juniperus silicicola Plant Cupressaceae Juniperus virginianaPlant Acanthaceae Justicia brandegeana Plant Acanthaceae Justicia secunda Plant Crassulaceae Kalanchoe flammea Plant Crassulaceae Kalanchoe pinnataPlant Crassulaceae Kalanchoe spp.

Plant Crassulaceae Kalanchoe tubiflora Plant Crassulaceae Kalenchoe blossfeldianaPlant Crassulaceae Kalenchoe tubifloraInvertebrate Thysanoptera Karnyothrips flavipes Invertebrate Thysanoptera Karnyothrips longiceps Invertebrate Thysanoptera Karnyothrips melaleucus Invertebrate Lepidoptera Keiferia lycopersicella Plant Bignoniaceae Kigelia africana Invertebrate HymenopteraPlant Sapindaceae Koelreuteria paniculata Plant SapindaceaeInvertebrate Arachnida Kukulcania hibernalis Invertebrate Homoptera Kuwanaspis pseudoleucaspis Plant Cyperaceae Kyllinga brevifoliaPlant Cyperaceae Kyllinga monocephalaPlant Cyperaceae Kyllinga nemoralisPlant Cyperaceae Kyllinga polyphyllaInvertebrate Dermaptera Labidura riparia Plant Fabaceae Lablab purpureaPlant Fabaceae Lablab purpureusVertebrate Reptile Lacerta bilineataInvertebrate Mollusca Lacteoluna selenina Plant Asteraceae Lactuca serriolaInvertebrate Arachnida Laelaps nutalli Plant Lythraceae Lagerstroemia flos-reginae

Kleidotoma sp.

Koelreuteria sp.

Plant Lythraceae Lagerstroemia indica

Vertebrate Bird Lagopus lagopusVertebrate Mammal Lama guanicoePlant Lamiaceae Lamium amplexicaulePlant Lamiaceae Lamium hybridumPlant Lamiaceae Lamium purpureumInvertebrate Diptera Lamprolonchaea aurea

Invertebrate Diptera Lamprolonchaea smaragdi Plant Verbenaceae Lantana aculeata Plant Verbenaceae Lantana camara

Plant Verbenaceae Lantana involucrata Invertebrate Lepidoptera Lantanophaga pusillidactyla Plant Iridaceae Lapeirousia cruenta

Invertebrate Heteroptera Lasiochilus fraternus Invertebrate Coleoptera Lasioderma serricorne Plant Fabaceae Lathyrus japonicus Plant Asteraceae Launaea intybaceaPlant Campanulaceae Laurentia longifloraInvertebrate Mollusca Lauria cylindraceaInvertebrate MolluscaPlant Rosaceae Laurocerasus caroliniana Plant Lythraceae Lawsonia inermis Invertebrate Hymenoptera Lecaniobius cockerelli Invertebrate Mollusca Leidyula sloanii Plant Lemnaceae Lemna aequinoctialisPlant Lemnaceae Lemna minorPlant Lamiaceae Leonotis nepetifolia

Plant Asteraceae Leontodon hispidusPlant Lamiaceae Leonurus sibiricusPlant Brassicaceae Lepidium campestre Plant Brassicaceae Lepidium virginicum

Vertebrate Reptile Lepidodactylus lugubrisInvertebrate Homoptera Lepidosaphes beckii Invertebrate Homoptera Lepidosaphes tokionis Invertebrate Psocoptera Lepinotus inquilinusInvertebrate Thysanura Lepisma saccharina Invertebrate ArachnidaPlant Asteraceae Leptilon canadense Invertebrate Diptera Leptocera caenosaInvertebrate Diptera Leptocera caenosa Plant Poaceae Leptochloa uninerviaInvertebrate Hymenoptera Leptomastidea abnormis Invertebrate Diptera Leptometopa latipes

Lauria sp.

Lepthyphantes sp.

Invertebrate Hymenoptera Leptopilina boulardi Plant Myrtaceae Leptospermum laevigatumInvertebrate Lepidoptera Leptostales crossii Invertebrate Coleoptera Leptostyloides praemorsus Invertebrate Isopoda Leptotrichus panzeri Vertebrate Mammal Lepus europaeus

Vertebrate Mammal Lepus timidusPlant Proteaceae Leucadendron argenteumPlant Fabaceae Leucaena diversifoliaPlant Fabaceae Leucaena glaucaPlant Fabaceae Leucaena leucocephala

Plant Asteraceae Leucanthemum vulgareInvertebrate Arachnida Leucauge venusta Plant Amarylladaceae Leucojum autumnaleInvertebrate Blattodea Leucophaea maderaePlant Asteraceae Leucophyllum frutescensPlant Poaceae Leymus arenariusPlant Oleaceae Ligustrum lucidumPlant Oleaceae Ligustrum sinenseInvertebrate Coleoptera Ligyrus cuniculus Plant Liliaceae

Invertebrate Mollusca Limacus flavus Invertebrate Diptera Limnophyes minimusInvertebrate Diptera Limonia distans Invertebrate Hymenoptera Linepithema humileInvertebrate Anoplura Linognathus setosus Vertebrate Reptile Liolaemus wiegmaniiInvertebrate Heteroptera Liorhyssus hyalinus Invertebrate Homoptera Lipaphis erysimi Vertebrate Reptile Lipinia noctuaInvertebrate Psocoptera Liposcelis bostrychophilaInvertebrate Psocoptera Liposcelis decolorInvertebrate Psocoptera Liposcelis pubescensInvertebrate PsocopteraPlant Verbenaceae Lippia nodiflorumPlant Magnoliaceae Liriodendron tulipiferaInvertebrate Diptera Liriomyza blechi Invertebrate Diptera Liriomyza brassicae Invertebrate Diptera Liriomyza trifolii Invertebrate Chilopoda Lithobius melanopsInvertebrate Chilopoda Lithobius forficatus

Invertebrate Chilopoda Lithobius provocator Invertebrate Coleoptera Lithocharis nigriceps Invertebrate Coleoptera Lithocharis ochracea Invertebrate Hymenoptera

Lilium longiflorum var. ensiforme

Liposcelis sp.

Litomastix sp.

Plant Arecaceae Livingstonia chinensisPlant Poaceae Lolium multiflorum

Plant Poaceae Lolium perenneInvertebrate Diptera Lonchaea avida

Plant Fabaceae Lonchocarpus sp. Plant Caprifoliaceae Lonicera japonica

Plant Caprifoliaceae Lonicera periclymenumPlant Caprifoliaceae Lonicera sempervirens Vertebrate Mammal Lontra felina

Plant Fabaceae Lotus corniculatusPlant Fabaceae Lotus peduncularisInvertebrate Arachnida Loxosceles rufescens Invertebrate Diptera Lucilia cuprina Invertebrate Diptera Lucilia rica Invertebrate Diptera Lucilia sericata

Plant Cucurbitaceae Luffa acutangulaInvertebrate AnnelidaPlant Fabaceae Lupinus arboreusVertebrate Fish Lutjanus analisPlant JuncaceaePlant Solanaceae Lycopersicon esculentum

Plant Solanaceae Lycopersicon lycopersicumInvertebrate DipteraInvertebrate Diptera Lycoriella caesarInvertebrate DipteraInvertebrate DipteraPlant Lygodiaceae Lygodium japonicumInvertebrate Heteroptera Lygus lineolaris Invertebrate Isopoda Lyprobius lentusInvertebrate Hymenoptera Lysiphlebus testaceipes Plant Bignoniaceae Macfadyena unguis-catiInvertebrate Homoptera Maconellicoccus hirsutus

Plant Fabaceae Macroptilium atropurpureumPlant Fabaceae Macroptilium lathyroidesVertebrate Mammal Macropus rufogriseusPlant Magnoliaceae Magnolia grandiflora Plant MagnoliaceaeVertebrate Reptile Malaclemys terrapinPlant Rosaceae Malus domestica

Plant Malvaceae Malvastrum coromandelianum

Plant Malvaceae Malvaviscus arboreus

Plant Malvaceae Malvaviscus penduliflorus

Lumbricus sp.

Luzula campestris agg.

Lycoriella ? sp.

Lycoriella sp. A.Lycoriella sp. B.

Magnolia spp.


Plant Euphorbiaceae Manihot esculenta Plant Sapotaceae Manilkara zapota

Plant Marantaceae Maranta arundinacea Invertebrate Homoptera Margarodes formicarum Plant Poaceae Mariscus congestus

Invertebrate Arachnida Marquesania expansa Plant Asteraceae Matricaria discoideaPlant Brassicaceae Matthiola incana Plant Scrophulariaceae Maurandia erubescens

Vertebrate Reptile Mauremys leprosaPlant Celastraceae Maytenus magellanicaPlant Scrophulariaceae Mecardonia procumbensInvertebrate Hemiptera Mecidea longulaInvertebrate Chilopoda Mecistocephalus maxillaris Invertebrate Diptera Medetera veles Plant Fabaceae Medicago hispida Plant Fabaceae Medicago lupulina

Invertebrate Diptera Megaselia rufipesPlant Myrtaceae Melaleuca quinquenervia

Invertebrate DipteraPlant Meliaceae Melia azedarach

Plant Sapindaceae Melicoccus bijugatus

Plant Fabaceae Melilotus indica Plant Poaceae Melinis minutifloraPlant Poaceae Melinis repensPlant Sterculiaceae Melochia pyramidataPlant Lamiaceae Mentha aquaticaPlant Lamiaceae Mentha spicataPlant Lamiaceae Mentha x piperitaPlant Lamiaceae Mentha x villosaInvertebrate Diptera Meoneura obscurellaPlant Euphorbiaceae Mercurialis annua

Invertebrate Thysanoptera Merothrips brunneusPlant Convolvulaceae Merremia tuberosaPlant Aizoaceae

Invertebrate Heteroptera Metacanthus tenellus Invertebrate Homoptera Metaleurodicus cardini Invertebrate Arachnida

Melanagromyza sp. 2

Mesembryanthemum crystallinum

Metaphidippus sp.

Invertebrate Hymenoptera Metaphycus flavus Invertebrate HymenopteraInvertebrate Hymenoptera Metaphycus stanleyi Invertebrate Hymenoptera Meteorus autographae Invertebrate Thysanoptera

Invertebrate Neuroptera Micromus posticus Invertebrate Coleoptera Microplophorus magellanicus

Invertebrate Hymenoptera Microterys kotinskyi Invertebrate Coleoptera Microweisea suturalis Plant Asteraceae Mikania micranthaInvertebrate Mollusca Milax gagates Plant Mimosaceae Mimosa pudicaPlant Sapotaceae Mimusops coriaceaPlant Caryophyllaceae Minuartia hybrida Plant Nyctaginaceae Mirabilis jalapa

Plant Cucurbitaceae Momordica charantia

Invertebrate Diptera Monochaetoscinella anonyma Invertebrate Hymenoptera Monomorium pharaonis Invertebrate HymenopteraInvertebrate Lepidoptera Monopis crocicapitellaInvertebrate LepidopteraPlant Araceae Monstera deliciosa

Invertebrate Heteroptera Montandoniola moraguezi Plant Portulacaceae Montia fontanaPlant Portulacaceae Montia perfoliataInvertebrate Homoptera Morganella longispina Plant Rubiaceae Morinda citrifoliaPlant Moringaceae Moringa oleiferaInvertebrate Heteroptera Mormidea lugens Plant Moraceae Morus albaPlant Moraceae Morus nigraPlant Moraceae Morus rubra Plant MoraceaeInvertebrate Diptera Mumetopia occipitalis Invertebrate Heteroptera Murgantia histrionica Plant Rutaceae Murraya exotica Plant Rutaceae Murraya paniculata


Plant Musaceae Musa acuminata x paradisiaca

Metaphycus sp.

Microcephalothrips abdominalis

Monomorium sp.

Monopis sp.

Morus spp.

Plant Musaceae Musa paradisiaca Plant Musaceae Musa sapientum Plant MusaceaeInvertebrate Diptera Musca domestica Plant Hyacinthaceae Muscari armeniacumVertebrate Mammal Mustela putorius furoInvertebrate Diptera Mycoma bifidaInvertebrate Diptera Mycophila fungicolaVertebrate Bird Myiospitta monachusPlant Myporaceae Myoporum laetumPlant Boraginaceae Myosotis arvensisPlant Boraginaceae Myosotis discolorPlant Haloragaceae Myriophyllum aquaticumPlant Myristicaceae Myristica fragransInvertebrate NeuropteraPlant Myrtaceae Myrtus communisInvertebrate Hemiptera Myzus ornatusInvertebrate Hemiptera Myzus persicaeInvertebrate Heteroptera Nabis capsiformis Plant Berberidaceae Nandina domesticaInvertebrate Diptera Nanomyina barbata Invertebrate Coleoptera Nanus uniformis Plant Amaryllidaceae Narcissus pseudonarcissusPlant Liliaceae Narcissus tazetta Plant Poaceae Nardus strictaVertebrate Reptile Natrix mauraInvertebrate Orthoptera Nauphoeta cinereaInvertebrate Coleoptera Necerdes melanura Invertebrate Coleoptera Necrobia rufipes

Invertebrate Chilopoda Necrophloeophagus flavus Fungi Nectriaceae Nectria cinnabarinaInvertebrate ArachnidaInvertebrate Lepidoptera Nemapogon granella Invertebrate Diptera Neodexiopsis ovata Invertebrate Hymenoptera Neodusmetia sangwani Plant Arecaceae Neodypsis decaryiInvertebrate Thysanoptera Neohydatothrips portoricensis Invertebrate Heteroptera Neopamera bilobata Invertebrate Hymenoptera

Plant Sapindaceae Nephelium lappaceumPlant Sapindaceae Nephelium litchiPlant Polypodiaceae Nephrolepis biserataPlant Nephrolepidaceae Nephrolepis cordifolia

Plant Nephrolepidaceae Nephrolepis exaltataPlant Nephrolepidaceae Nephrolepis hirsutulaPlant Nephrolepidaceae Nephrolepis multifloraPlant Apocynaceae Nerium oleanderInvertebrate Thysanoptera Nesothrips lativentris Invertebrate Arachnida Nesticodes rufipesInvertebrate Heteroptera Nezara viridula

Musa spp.

Myrmeleon sp. prob. crudelis

Negayan sp.

Neotrichoporoides viridimaculatus

Plant Solanaceae Nicandra physaloides


Plant Solanaceae Nicotiana tabacumInvertebrate Lepidoptera Niditinea spretella Invertebrate Homoptera Nipaecoccus nipae Invertebrate Diptera Nocticanace wirthi Plant Oleaceae Noronhia emarginataInvertebrate Diptera Norrbomia sordida Invertebrate Homoptera Nothodelphax slossoni Plant Fagaceae Nothofagus betuloidesPlant Liliaceae Nothoscordum gracile Invertebrate ColeopteraInvertebrate Coleoptera Notolinus hottentottusInvertebrate Heteroptera Nysius scutellatus Invertebrate Hymenoptera Ochetomyrmex auropunctatus

Plant Apocynaceae Ochrosia elliptica

Plant Lamiaceae Ocimum basilicum Invertebrate Homoptera Odonaspsis ruthae Invertebrate Arachnida Odontodrassus javanusInvertebrate Hymenoptera Odontofroggatia galili Plant Acanthaceae Odontonema strictum Plant Orchidaceae Oeceoclades maculataInvertebrate Coleoptera Oeme rigida Plant Onagraceae Oenothera indecoraPlant Rubiaceae Oldenlandia corymbosaPlant Oleaceae Olea africanaPlant Oleaceae Olea europaea

Plant Oleaceae Olea laurifoliaInvertebrate ColeopteraInvertebrate Arachnida Oligonychus ilicis Invertebrate Arachnida Oligonychus ununguis Invertebrate Arachnida Oligonychus yothersi Invertebrate Embioptera


Invertebrate Mollusca Oligyra convexa Plant Oliniaceae Olinia cymosaInvertebrate Isopoda Oniscus asellusInvertebrate Coleoptera Oopterus soledadinusInvertebrate Mollusca Opeas hannense Invertebrate Mollusca Opeas micrum Invertebrate Mollusca Opeas swiftianus Plant OphioglossaceaeInvertebrate Diptera Ophiomyia camarae Invertebrate Diptera Ophiomyia texana Invertebrate Diptera Ophiomyia valida Plant Liliaceae Ophiopogon japonicus

Notiobia sp. prob. terminata

Oligomerus sp.

Oligotoma cf. ceylonica

Ophioglossum sp.

Vertebrate Reptile Ophisaurus ventralisPlant Poaceae Oplismenus hirsutusInvertebrate Lepidoptera Opogona sacchari Plant Cactaceae Opuntia cochenillifera

Plant Cactaceae Opuntia ficus-indicaPlant Succulent Opuntia sp.Plant Cactaceae Opuntia vulgaris

Invertebrate Orthoptera Orchelimum concinnum Invertebrate Heteroptera Orius insidiosus Invertebrate Orthoptera Ornebius zebra Invertebrate Arachnida Ornithonyssus bursa Invertebrate Mollusca Orthalicus undatusInvertebrate Hemiptera Orthezia insignis


Invertebrate Coleoptera Oryzaephilus mercator Invertebrate Coleoptera Oryzaephilus surinamensis

Vertebrate Amphibian Osteopilus septentrionalisInvertebrate Mollusca Otala lactea Invertebrate Coleoptera Otiorhyncus sp. Vertebrate Mammal Ovis aries

Plant Oxalidaceae Oxalis articulataPlant Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata

Plant Oxalidaceae Oxalis intermedia Plant Oxalidaceae Oxalis martiana Plant Oxalidaceae Oxalis pes-caprae

Plant OxalidaceaeInvertebrate Mollusca Oxychilus alliariusInvertebrate Mollusca Oxychilus draparnaudi Invertebrate Coleoptera Oxycopis vittata Invertebrate Arachnida Oxyopes salticus Invertebrate Diptera Oxysarcodexia ventricosa Invertebrate Heteroptera Ozophora divaricata Invertebrate Hymenoptera Pachodynerus erynnisInvertebrate HymenopteraVertebrate Bird Padda oryzivoraInvertebrate Isopoda Pagana dimorpha

Invertebrate Diptera Palexorista quadrizonulaFungi Strophariaceae Panaeolus antillarumFungi Strophariaceae Panaeolus fimicolaPlant Pandanaceae

Oxalis spp.

Pachyneuron sp.

Pandanus sp. (?odorata)

Plant Pandanaceae Pandanus tectoriusPlant Pandanaceae Pandanus utilisInvertebrate Heteroptera Pangaeus bilineatus Plant Poaceae Panicum barbinode

Plant Poaceae Panicum dichotomiflorum

Plant Poaceae Panicum maximum

Plant Poaceae Panicum mollePlant Poaceae Panicum repensPlant PoaceaeInvertebrate Arachnida Panonychus citri Invertebrate Coleoptera Pantomorus cervinus Plant Papaveraceae Papaver dubium Plant Papaveraceae Papaver dubium ssp. dubiumPlant Papaveraceae Papaver somniferumInvertebrate Diptera Paraclius alternans Invertebrate Homoptera Paracoccus marginatusInvertebrate Homoptera Paraleyrodes naranjae Invertebrate Homoptera Paraleyrodes sp. Invertebrate Hymenoptera Parapristina verticillata Invertebrate Homoptera Parasaissetia nigra Invertebrate Hymenoptera Paratrechina longicorniInvertebrate HymenopteraInvertebrate Hymenoptera Paratrechina vividula Plant Caesalpinaceae Parkinsonia aculeata Invertebrate Diptera Parochlus steineniInvertebrate Heteroptera Paromius longulus Plant Asteraceae Parthenium hysterophorus Plant Poaceae Paspalum arundinaceumPlant Poaceae Paspalum conjugatum

Plant Poaceae Paspalum notatumPlant Poaceae Paspalum nutansPlant Poaceae Paspalum scrobiculatumPlant Poaceae Paspalum setaceumPlant Poaceae Paspalum vaginatumVertebrate Bird Passer domesticus

Plant Passifloraceae Passiflora coerulea Plant Passifloraceae Passiflora edulisPlant Passifloraceae Passiflora maliformisInvertebrate Mollusca Patera appressa Invertebrate Anoplura Pediculus humanus corporis Invertebrate Anoplura

Plant Euphorbiaceae Pedilanthus tithymaloidesPlant Geraniaceae Pelargonium inquinansPlant Geraniaceae

Panicum spp.

Paratrechina spp.

Pediculus humanus humanus (capitis)

Pelargonium inquinans/ P.x hybridum

Plant Geraniaceae Pelargonium x hortorum

Invertebrate Diptera Pelastoneurus vagans Invertebrate ColeopteraPlant Fabaceae Peltophorum pterocarpum


Plant Poaceae Pennisetum macrourumPlant Poaceae Pennisetum polystachyonPlant Poaceae Pennisetum purpureum

Plant Poaceae Pennisetum setaceumPlant Rubiaceae Pentas lanceolataPlant PiperaceaeInvertebrate Homoptera Peregrinus maidis Plant Cactaceae Pereskia aculeata Plant Cactaceae Pereskia bleoInvertebrate Lepidoptera Peridroma sauciaInvertebrate Coleoptera Perigona nigriceps Invertebrate Orthoptera Periplaneta americanaInvertebrate Orthoptera Periplaneta australasiaeInvertebrate Psocoptera Peripsocus pauliani Invertebrate Psocoptera Peripsocus stagnivagus Plant Lauraceae Persea americana

Plant Polygonaceae Persicaria maculosaPlant Verbenaceae Petrea volubilis Plant Apiaceae Petroselinum crispum

Invertebrate Hymenoptera Phaenoglyphis villosaFungi Strophariaceae Phaeogalera stagninaInvertebrate Coleoptera Phalacrus politus Plant Poaceae Phalaris arundinacea 'Picta'Plant Poaceae Phalaris canarensisVertebrate Bird Phasianus colchicus

Invertebrate Hymenoptera Pheidole megacephalaInvertebrate Homoptera Phenacoccus madeirensis Invertebrate Homoptera Phenacoccus parvus Plant Araceae Philodendron giganteum Plant Araceae Philodendron sp. Invertebrate Coleoptera Philonthus longicornis Plant Polypodiaceae Phlebodium aureumPlant Poaceae Phleum pratensePlant Arecaceae Phoenix canariensis Plant Arecaceae Phoenix dactyliferaPlant Arecaceae Phoenix reclinataPlant Arecaceae Phoenix roebelenii Plant ArecaceaeInvertebrate Hymenoptera Pholetesor bedelliae

Pelonomus sp. nr. obscurus

Peperomia sp.

Phoenix sp.


Invertebrate Arachnida Phrynus marginemaculatus

Invertebrate Anoplura Phthirus pubis Invertebrate Diptera Phthitia plumosulaInvertebrate Lepidoptera Phthorimaea operculella

Plant Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus amarusPlant Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus maderaspatensisPlant Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus urinariaPlant Aspleniaceae Phyllitis scolopendriumInvertebrate Arachnida Phyllocoptruta oleivora Plant Polypodiaceae Phymatosorus scolopendra


Invertebrate Hymenoptera Physcus sp. nr. testaceus Invertebrate Arachnida Physocyclus globosusPlant Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca americanaPlant Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca dioicaPlant disease Protozoan Phytomonas staheliInvertebrate Diptera Phytomyza plantaginis Plant Pinaceae Picea sitchensisInvertebrate Homoptera Picturaphis vignaphila Invertebrate Lepidoptera Pieris rapae Plant Urticaceae Pilea microphylla Plant Urticaceae Pilea sp. Invertebrate Annelida Pileolaria berkeleyanaPlant Myrtaceae Pimenta dioica

Plant Myrtaceae Pimenta officinalisInvertebrate Homoptera Pinnacaspis aspidistrae Invertebrate Homoptera Pinnaspis strachani Plant Pinaceae Pinus canariensisPlant Pinaceae Pinus caribaea

Plant Pinaceae Pinus densifloraPlant Pinaceae Pinus halepensis

Plant Pinaceae Pinus khasyaPlant Pinaceae Pinus longifoliaPlant Pinaceae Pinus patulaPlant Pinaceae Pinus pinaster

Plant Pinaceae Pinus pineaPlant Pinaceae Pinus rigidaPlant Pinaceae Pinus sylvestrisPlant Urticaceae Pipturus argenteusInvertebrate Homoptera Pissonotus piceus Plant Anacardiaceae Pistacia terebinthus

Plant Araceae Pistia stratiotes

Vertebrate Bird Pitangus sulphuratusPlant Mimosaceae Pithecellobium samanPlant Mimosaceae Pithecellobium unguis-catiPlant Pittosporaceae Pittosporum tenuifoliumPlant Pittosporaceae Pittosporum tobira

Plant Pittosporaceae Pittosporum undulatum

Plant Pittosporaceae Pittosporum viridiflorumPlant Poaceae Plagiochloa obliteraInvertebrate HymenopteraInvertebrate Homoptera Planococcus citri Invertebrate Homoptera Planococcus halli Invertebrate Homoptera Planococcus minor Plant Plantaginaceae Plantago lanceolata

Plant Plantaginaceae Plantago major

Plant Platanaceae Platanus acerifolia Invertebrate HymenopteraPlant Papaveraceae Platystemon californicusInvertebrate Coleoptera Platystethus spiculus Plant Lamiaceae Plectranthus amboinicusInvertebrate Coleoptera Plectromerus dentipes Invertebrate Thysanoptera Plesiothrips perplexus Vertebrate Amphibian Pleurodeles waltl

Invertebrate Lepidoptera Plodia interpunctella Plant Plumbaginaceae Plumbago auriculata

Plant Plumbaginaceae Plumbago capensisPlant Apocynaceae Plumeria alba

Plant Apocynaceae Plumeria rubra

Plant ApocynaceaeInvertebrate Lepidoptera Plutella xylostellaInvertebrate Hymenoptera Pnigalio sp. Plant Poaceae Poa annua


Plant Poaceae Poa trivialisInvertebrate Heteroptera Podisus maculiventris Plant Podocarpaceae Podocarpus elongataPlant Podocarpaceae Podocarpus macrophyllus

Plagiomerus sp.

Platygaster sp.

Plumeria sp.

Plant Podocarpaceae

Plant Bignoniaceae Podranea ricasoliana Plant Euphorbiaceae Poinsettia cyathophora Invertebrate Hymenoptera Polistes fuscatus fuscatusInvertebrate Ascidiacea Polycarpa tumida Plant Caryophyllaceae Polycarpon tetraphyllumPlant Polygonaceae Polygonum avicularePlant Polygonaceae Polygonum glabrumInvertebrate Mollusca Polygyra plana Invertebrate HymenopteraInvertebrate Anoplura Polyplax spinulosa Plant Poaceae Polypogon fugax Plant Buddlejaceae Polypremum sp. Plant Araliaceae Polyscias fruticosaPlant Araliaceae Polyscias guilfoyleiPlant Araliaceae Polyscias sp. Invertebrate Diplopoda Polyxenus lagurus ? Invertebrate MolluscaInvertebrate Annelida Pontodrilus littoralisPlant Salicaceae Populus albaInvertebrate Isopoda Porcellio laevis

Invertebrate Isopoda Porcellio lamellatus



Plant Portulacaceae Portulaca oleracea Plant Rubiaceae Potentilla anserinaPlant Lobeliaceae Pratia ripensInvertebrate Mollusca Prietocella barbara Invertebrate Coleoptera Pristonychus complanatus Plant Arecaceae Pritchardia pacifica Invertebrate Diptera Procanace dianneae Invertebrate HymenopteraInvertebrate Diptera Prosopantrum flavifronsPlant Fabaceae Prosopis juliflora

Invertebrate Diptera Protophormia terraenovae

Invertebrate Homoptera Protopulvinaria pyriformis Plant Onagraceae Prunella vulgarisPlant Rosaceae Prunus caroliniana Plant Rosaceae Prunus persica Invertebrate CollembolaInvertebrate Hymenoptera Pseudapanteles dignus Invertebrate Homoptera Pseudaulacaspis pentagona

Podocarpus macrophyllus "Maki"

Polynema sp.

Pomacea sp.

Procheiloneurus sp.

Pseudachorutes sp.

Invertebrate Hymenoptera Pseudectroma europaeus Plant Acanthaceae

Invertebrate Homoptera Pseudococcus longispinus Invertebrate Homoptera Pseudococcus maritimus Invertebrate Ascidiacea Pseudodistoma saxicavum Plant Asteraceae

Invertebrate Heteroptera Pseudopachybrachius vinctus

Plant Myrtaceae Psidium cattleianum

Plant Myrtaceae Psidium guajava

Vertebrate Bird Psittacula krameriInvertebrate Psocoptera Psoquilla marginepunctata Plant Fabaceae Psoralea pinnataInvertebrate Diptera Psychoda albipennisInvertebrate Diptera Psychoda cinerea Invertebrate Diptera Psychoda parthenogeneticaInvertebrate HymenopteraInvertebrate Psocoptera Psyllipsocus ramburiiPlant Pteridaceae Pteris longifoliaPlant Pteridaceae Pteris tripartitaPlant Pteridaceae Pteris vittataVertebrate Bird Pternistes afer Vertebrate Fish Pterois volitans

Invertebrate Hymenoptera Pteromalus puparum Invertebrate HymenopteraInvertebrate Coleoptera Ptilodactyla nanoderma Invertebrate Coleoptera Ptinus tectusPlant Arecaceae Ptychosperma elegansPlant Poaceae Puccinellia glaucescensPlant Fabaceae Pueraria montanaInvertebrate Siphonaptera Pulex irritans Invertebrate Diptera Pullimosina heteroneuraInvertebrate Homoptera Pulvinaria psidii Invertebrate Homoptera Pulvinaria urbicola Plant Punicaceae Punica granatum Plant Cyperaceae Pycreus polystachyosInvertebrate Orthoptera Pynoscelus surinamensis

Invertebrate Lepidoptera Pyralis farinalis Invertebrate Lepidoptera Pyroderces badia Invertebrate Coleoptera Quedius mesomelinusPlant Fagaceae Quercus cerrisPlant Fagaceae Quercus ilexPlant Fagaceae Quercus macrocarpaPlant Fagaceae Quercus roburPlant Fagaceae Quercus suberPlant Combretaceae Quisqualis indica

Pseuderanthemum carruthersii var. reticulatum

Pseudognaphalium luteo-album

Psyllaephagus sp.

Pteromalus sp.

Invertebrate Diptera Rachispoda fuscipennis Vertebrate Reptile Ramphotyphlops braminusVertebrate Amphibian Rana grayiVertebrate Amphibian Rana perezi

Vertebrate Mammal Rangifer tarandusPlant Ranunculaceae Ranunculus acrisPlant Ranunculaceae Ranunculus bulbosus

Plant Ranunculaceae Ranunculus muricatus Plant Ranunculaceae Ranunculus repensPlant Ranunculaceae Ranunculus trilobusPlant Brassicaceae Raphanus sativus

Vertebrate Mammal Rattus exulansVertebrate Mammal Rattus norvegicus


Plant Strelitziaceae Ravenala madagascariensis Invertebrate Diptera Ravinia lherminieri Invertebrate Thysanoptera Rhamphothrips pandens Vertebrate Reptile Rhamphotyphlops braminus

Plant Araceae Rhaphidophora aureaPlant Arecaceae Rhapis excelsa Plant Polygonaceae Rheum x hybridumInvertebrate Heteroptera Rhinacloa clavicornis Invertebrate Diplopoda Rhinocricus monilicornis Invertebrate Arachnida Rhipicephalus sanguineus Invertebrate Arachnida Rhizoglyphus callae Plant Rhizophoraceae Rhizophora mucronataPlant Ericaceae Rhododendron ponticum

Plant Commelinaceae Rhoeo discolorPlant Commelinaceae Rhoeo spathaca

Invertebrate Hemiptera Rhopalosiphum padiInvertebrate Hemiptera

Plant Poaceae Rhynchelytrum repensInvertebrate Tricladida Rhynchodemus sylvaticus Invertebrate Orthoptera Rhyparobia maderae Invertebrate Heteroptera Rhytidoporus indentatus Invertebrate Coleoptera Rhyzobius lophanthae Invertebrate Coleoptera Rhyzopertha dominica Plant Grossulariaceae Ribes magellanicum

Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominalis

Plant Grossulariaceae Ribes nigrumPlant Grossulariaceae Ribes uva-crispaPlant Euphorbiaceae Ricinus communis

Plant Phytolaccaceae Rivina humilis Plant Fabaceae Robinia pseudacaciaInvertebrate Coleoptera Rodolia cardinalis Plant Iridaceae Romulea roseaInvertebrate Arachnida Roncus lubricusPlant Brassicaceae Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum

Plant Rosaceae Rosa bracteata Plant Rosaceae Rosa chinensis mutabilis Plant Rosaceae Rosa chinensis semperflorens

Plant Rosaceae

Plant Rosaceae Rosa chinensis viridiflora Plant Rosaceae Rosa hybrid musk Plant Rosaceae Rosa indica Plant RosaceaePlant RosaceaePlant Lamiaceae Rosmarinus officinalis Plant Poaceae Rottboellia cochinchinensisPlant Arecaceae Roystonea regia

Invertebrate Hymenoptera Rubicundella perturbatrix Plant Rubiaceae Rubus idaeusPlant Rosaceae Rubus pinnatusPlant Rosaceae Rubus rosifoliusPlant Rosaceae Rubus trivialis Plant Acanthaceae Ruellia brittonia

Plant Polgonaceae Rumex acetosella

Plant Polygonaceae

Plant Polygonaceae Rumex crispusPlant Polygonaceae Rumex longifolius Plant Polygonaceae Rumex obtusifolius

Invertebrate Mollusca Rumina decollata Plant Scrophulariaceae Russelia equisetiformis

Plant Fabaceae Sabinea cardinalis Plant Poaceae Saccharum officinarum Plant Caryophyllaceae Sagina procumbens

Rosa chinensis sp.

Rosa noisette sp. Rosa odorata sp.

Rumex acetosella (ssp acetosella & ssp pyrenaicius)

Plant GesneriaceaeInvertebrate Homoptera Saissetia coffeae Invertebrate Homoptera Saissetia miranda Invertebrate Homoptera Saissetia neglecta Invertebrate Homoptera Saissetia oleae Plant Salicaceae Salix babylonica

Plant Salicaceae Salix humboldtianaVertebrate Fish Salmo truttaPlant Lamiaceae Salvia coccinea Plant Salviniaceae Salvinia molesta

Plant Salviniaceae Salvinia olfersiana Plant Salviniaceae Salvinia rotundifolia Plant Caprifoliaceae Sambucus nigra

Plant Agavaceae Sanseveria spp.Plant Agavaceae Sanseveria trifasciata

Plant Agavaceae Sansevieria hyacinthoides

Plant Agavaceae Sansevieria trifasciataPlant Euphorbiaceae Sapium sebiferum

Invertebrate Arachnida Sarcoptes scabiei Plant Sargassaceae Sargassum muticum

Plant Amaryllidaceae Scadoxus multiflorusPlant Goodeniaceae Scaevola seriacea

Plant Goodeniaceae Scaevola taccadaInvertebrate Diptera Scaptomyza adusta Invertebrate Diptera Scaptomyza pallida Invertebrate Diptera Scaptomyza vittata Invertebrate Diptera Scatrope notataInvertebrate Hymenoptera Sceliphron caementarium Plant Araliaceae Schefflera actinophylla

Plant Araliaceae Schefflera macrostachyaPlant Anacardiaceae Schinus molle

Plant Anacardiaceae Schinus terebinthifolius

Plant Poaceae Schizachyrium condensatumInvertebrate Arachnida Schizotetranychus celarius Invertebrate Diptera Schoenomyza dorsalis Plant Caesalpinaceae Schotia speciosaInvertebrate Diptera Sciophila parviareolata

Saintpaulia sp.

Plant Cyperaceae Scirpus antarcticusVertebrate Mammal Sciurus vulgarisInvertebrate Chilopoda Scolopendra morsitans

Invertebrate Chilopoda Scolopendra subspinipes Plant Scrophulariaceae Scoparia dulcisInvertebrate Chilopoda Scutigera coleoptrata Invertebrate Coleoptera Scymnus creperus Invertebrate Coleoptera Scymnus floralis Invertebrate Coleoptera Scyphophorus acupunctatusInvertebrate Arachnida Scytodes fusca Plant Cucurbitaceae Sechium edule Plant Crassulaceae Sedum acreInvertebrate Arachnida Segestria florentinaInvertebrate Collembola Seira bipunctata ? Invertebrate CollembolaInvertebrate Thysanoptera Selenothrips rubrocinctus Plant Asteraceae Senecio angulatus

Plant Asteraceae Senecio bicolor cinerareaPlant Asteraceae Senecio burchelliPlant Asteraceae Senecio confususPlant Asteraceae Senecio jacobeaPlant Asteraceae Senecio mikanoidesPlant Asteraceae Senecio squalidusPlant Asteraceae Senecio viscosusPlant Asteraceae Senecio vulgarisPlant Caesalpinaceae Senna italicaPlant Fabaceae Senna multijugaPlant Caesalpiniaceae Senna occidentalisPlant Caesalpinaceae Senna siameaInvertebrate Coleoptera Sepedophilus filicornisInvertebrate Diptera Sepsis neocynipsea Vertebrate Bird Serinus flaviventris

Plant Fabaceae Sesbania bispinosaPlant Fabaceae Sesbania grandiflora

Plant Poaceae Setaria palmifolia Plant Poaceae Setaria verticillata

Plant Commelinaceae Setcreasea pallida

Plant Malvaceae Sida acutaPlant Malvaceae Sida carpinifolia Plant Malvaceae Sida cordifoliaPlant Malvaceae Sida rhombifolia Plant Malvaceae Sida stipularisInvertebrate Diptera Sigaloessa bicolor Invertebrate Hymenoptera Signiphora louisianae Plant Caryophyllaceae Silene dioicaPlant Caryophyllaceae Silene latifoliaPlant Caryophyllaceae Silene vulgaris

Seira spp.

Plant Asteraceae Silybum marianumPlant Brassicaceae Sinapsis albaInvertebrate Hymenoptera Sirex sp.Plant Brassicaceae Sisymbrium officinaleInvertebrate Coleoptera Sitona lineatus Invertebrate Coleoptera Sitophilus oryzaeInvertebrate Coleoptera Sitophilus zeamais Invertebrate Collembola Sminthurides maemgreni ? Plant Apiaceae Smyrnium olusatrum Plant Solanaceae Solandra guttataPlant Solanaceae Solandra maxima

Plant Solanaceae Solanum americanumPlant Solanaceae Solanum anguiviiPlant Solanaceae Solanum mauritianumPlant Solanaceae Solanum melongenaPlant Solanaceae Solanum nigrum

Plant Solanaceae

Plant Solanaceae Solanum robustum Plant Solanaceae

Plant Solanaceae Solanum torvumPlant Solanaceae Solanum tuberosum

Invertebrate Hymenoptera Solenopsis geminataInvertebrate Hymenoptera Solenopsis invicta

Invertebrate HymenopteraPlant Asteraceae Solidago microglossaPlant Asteraceae Sonchus asper


Plant Fabaceae Sophora tomentosa Plant Rubiaceae Sorbus aucupariaPlant Poaceae Sorghum bicolor

Plant Poaceae Sorghum halepensePlant Poaceae Sorghum sudanenseInvertebrate Diptera sp?Invertebrate HymenopteraInvertebrate Heteroptera Spanagonicus albofasciatus Plant Fabaceae Spartium junceumPlant Bignoniaceae Spathodea campanulata Invertebrate Diptera Spelobia parapusioPlant Caryophyllaceae Spergula arvensisPlant Rubiaceae Spermacoce assurgensInvertebrate Coleoptera Sphaeriestes sculptilis



Solenopsis sp.

Spalangia sp.

Plant Asteraceae Sphagneticola trilobata


Invertebrate HymenopteraInvertebrate Diptera Spinilimosina brevicostata Invertebrate Homoptera Spissistilis festinus Plant Anacardiaceae Spondias mombin Plant Anacardiaceae Spondias purpureaPlant Poaceae Sporobolus africanus

Plant Poaceae Sporobolus pyramidalisPlant Poaceae Sporobolus virginicusPlant Lamiaceae Stachys arvensisPlant Verbenaceae Stachytarpheta jamaicensisPlant Verbenaceae Stachytarpheta utricifoliaInvertebrate Coleoptera Stegobium paniceumInvertebrate ColeopteraPlant Caryophyllaceae Stellaria media

Invertebrate Arachnida Steneotarsonemus pallidus Invertebrate Coleoptera Stenolophus lineola Invertebrate Isopoda Stenoniscus pleonalis Plant Poaceae Stenotaphrum dimidiatumPlant Poaceae Stenotaphrum secundatumPlant Sterculiaceae Sterculia apetalaInvertebrate Coleoptera Sternochetus mangiferae

Invertebrate Heteroptera Sthenaridea vulgaris Invertebrate HymenopteraInvertebrate Diptera Stomorhina lunata Invertebrate Diptera Stomoxys calcitrans Plant Strelitziaceae Strelitzia reginae Vertebrate Bird Streptopelia risoria

Invertebrate Mollusca Streptostele musaecola Plant Scrophulariaceae Striga asiaticaVertebrate Bird Sturnus vulgaris

Invertebrate Ascidiacea Styela plicata Invertebrate Coleoptera Styloleptus posticalis Plant Fabaceae Stylosanthes hamataInvertebrate Mollusca Subulina octona Fungi BoletaceaeFungi BoletaceaeFungi BoletaceaeVertebrate Mammal Sus scrofaPlant Meliaceae Swietenia macrophyllaPlant Meliaceae Swietenia mahagoni

Vertebrate Mammal

Sphenophorus venatus vestitus Spilochalcis sp.

Stelidota sp. nr. geminata

Stilpnus sp.

Suillus aff. luteusSuillus cf. punctatipesSuillus sp. 1 (granulatus grp.)

Sylvilagus spp.

Invertebrate Diptera Sympycnus lineatus Plant Myrtaceae Syncarpia hilliiPlant Myrtaceae Syncarpia laurifoliaInvertebrate Diptera Syneches debilis Plant Asteraceae Synedrella nodifloraPlant Araceae Syngonium angustatumPlant AraceaeInvertebrate HymenopteraInvertebrate Isopoda Synsynella choprae Invertebrate Isopoda Synsynella deformans Plant Myrtaceae Syzigium cuminiPlant Myrtaceae Syzigium jambosInvertebrate Diptera Tabanus nigrovittatus Plant Bignoniaceae Tabebuia heterophylla

Plant Bignoniaceae Tabebuia pallidaPlant Apocynaceae Tabernaemontana divaricata

Invertebrate Thysanoptera Taeniothrips eucharii Plant Asteraceae Tagetes minutaPlant AsteraceaeInvertebrate Homoptera Tagosodes cubanus Plant Portulacaceae Talinum caffrumInvertebrate Amphipoda Talitroides alluaudiPlant Caesalpiniaceae Tamarindus indica

Plant TamaricaceaePlant Tamaricaceae Tamarix gallicaPlant Tamaricaceae Tamarix parvifloraPlant Asteraceae Tanacetum partheniumPlant Asteraceae Tanacetum vulgareInvertebrate Mollusca Tapes philippinarumPlant Asteraceae Taraxacum officinale

Invertebrate Coleoptera Taurocerastes patagonicus

Plant Taxodiaceae Taxodium distichumInvertebrate Heteroptera Taylorilygus pallidulus Plant Bignoniaceae Tecoma capensisPlant Bignoniaceae Tecoma stans

Plant Bignoniaceae Tecomaria capensisPlant Verbenaceae Tectona grandisInvertebrate Arachnida Tegenaria domesticaInvertebrate Arachnida Tegenaria paganaInvertebrate Arachnida Tegenaria saevaInvertebrate HymenopteraInvertebrate Arachnida Tenuiphantes tenuis

Syngonium sp. Synopeas sp.

Tagetes sp.

Tamarix sp. chinensis

Telenomus spp.


Plant Combretaceae Terminalia muelleri

Vertebrate Reptile Testudo graecaInvertebrate Diptera Tethina xanthopoda Invertebrate Hymenoptera Tetracnemoidea peregrinus Invertebrate Arachnida Tetragnatha laboriosa Plant Tetragoniaceae Tetragonia expansa Invertebrate Diptera Tetramerinx rufitibia Invertebrate Hymenoptera Tetramorium calderium Invertebrate Hymenoptera Tetramorium simillimum Invertebrate Arachnida Tetranychus tumidus Invertebrate Arachnida Tetranychus urticae Plant Araliaceae Tetrapanax papyriferus Invertebrate HymenopteraInvertebrate Mollusca Theba pisana Invertebrate Arachnida Theridion cheimatos Invertebrate Arachnida Theridion rufipes Invertebrate Homoptera Therioaphis trifolii Plant Malvaceae Thespesia populnea

Plant Apocynaceae Thevetia peruviana

Invertebrate Diptera Thoracochaeta brachystomaInvertebrate Diptera Thoracochaeta zosteraePlant Arecaceae Thrinax radiata Invertebrate Thysanoptera Thrips hawaiiensisInvertebrate Thysanoptera Thrips simplex Invertebrate Thysanoptera Thrips tabaciInvertebrate Diptera Thrypticus fraterculus Plant Poaceae Thuaria involutaPlant Cupressaceae Thuja occidentalisPlant Cupressaceae Thuja orientalisPlant Acanthaceae Thunbergia alata

Plant Acanthaceae Thunbergia erecta

Plant Acanthaceae Thunbergia fragrans

Plant Acanthaceae Thunbergia grandiflora Plant Asteraceae Thymophylla tenuilobaInvertebrate Chilopoda Tidabius navigans Invertebrate Lepidoptera Tinea subalbidellaInvertebrate Diptera Tinearia alternata Invertebrate Lepidoptera Tineola bisselliella Plant Asteraceae Tithonia diversifolia Plant Euphorbiaceae Tithymalus peplus Invertebrate Blattodea Tivia oniscoides

Plant Rutaceae Toddalia lanceolata

Tetrastichus spp.

Invertebrate ColeopteraInvertebrate Diptera Tomosvaryella albiseta Invertebrate Diptera Tomosvaryella subvirescens Plant Apiaceae Torilis anthriscus

Plant Apiaceae Torilis nodosa Invertebrate Mollusca Tornatellides sp. Invertebrate Diptera Toxomerus marginatus Vertebrate Reptile Trachemys scripta

Vertebrate Reptile Trachemys scripta elegans

Invertebrate Diptera Trachyopella nuda Invertebrate Arachnida Trachyzelotes kulczynskiiPlant Commelinaceae Tradescantia fluminensisPlant Commelinaceae Tradescantia zebrinaPlant Poaceae Tragus berteronianusInvertebrate Coleoptera Trechisibus antarcticusFungi Tremellaceae Tremella mesentericaInvertebrate Homoptera Trialeurodes floridensis Invertebrate Homoptera Trialeurodes notata Invertebrate Homoptera Trialeurodes vaporariorum Invertebrate Coleoptera Tribolium castaneum Invertebrate Coleoptera Tribolium confusum Invertebrate Diptera Trichocera regelationisInvertebrate Heteroptera Trichocorixa reticulata Invertebrate Hymenoptera Trichogramma exiguum Invertebrate Hymenoptera Trichomasthus portoricensls Invertebrate Isopoda Trichoniscus pusillus

Invertebrate HymenopteraInvertebrate Isopoda Trichorhina tomentosa

Invertebrate Coleoptera Tricorynus herbarius Plant Asteraceae Tridax procumbensPlant Fabaceae Trifolium arvensePlant Fabaceae Trifolium aureumPlant Fabaceae Trifolium campestrePlant Fabaceae Trifolium dubiumPlant Fabaceae Trifolium fragiferumPlant Fabaceae Trifolium hybridumPlant Fabaceae Trifolium pratensePlant Fabaceae Trifolium repensInvertebrate Heteroptera Trigonotylus tenuis Invertebrate Hemiptera Trioza erytreaePlant Rutaceae Triphasia trifoliaPlant Asteraceae Tripleurospermum inodorumPlant Myrtaceae Tristania confertaInvertebrate Arachnida Trochosa ruricolaPlant Tropaeolaceae Tropaeolum majusInvertebrate Coleoptera

Invertebrate Coleoptera Trox rhyparoidesInvertebrate Coleoptera Trox suberosus

Tomolips sp.

Trichopria spp.

Tropisternus lateralis nimbatus

Invertebrate Mollusca Trunculariopsis trunculus Fungi Nectriaceae Tubercularia vulgarisPlant Convolvulaceae Turbinia corymbosa Plant Turneraceae Turnera ulmifoliaPlant Typhaceae Typha domingensisInvertebrate Coleoptera Typhaea stercorea Invertebrate Lepidoptera Tyria jacobaeaeInvertebrate Heteroptera Tytthus parviceps Plant Fabaceae Ulex europaeusPlant Ulmaceae Ulmus minorInvertebrate Homoptera Unaspis citri Plant Phaeophyceae Undaria pinnatifidaInvertebrate Diplopoda Unident. gen. sp. Invertebrate Lepidoptera Uresiphita gilvata

Invertebrate Coleoptera Urgleptes guadaloupensis Plant Poaceae Urochloa decumbensPlant Poaceae Urochloa maxima

Plant Poaceae Urochloa muticaPlant Poaceae Urochloa subquandriparaInvertebrate Coleoptera Urophorus humeralis Invertebrate Arachnida Urozelotes rusticusPlant Urticaceae Urtica dioicaPlant UrticaceaePlant Urticaceae Urtica urensPlant Ericaceae Vaccinium vitis-idaeaPlant Valerianaceae Valerianella locustaInvertebrate Mollusca Vallonia pulchella Plant Orchidaceae Vanilla planifoliaPlant Arecaceae Veitchia merrillii

Invertebrate Isopoda Venezillo parvusPlant Scrophulariaceae Verbascum virgatumPlant Verbenaceae Verbena bonariensis

Plant Verbenaceae Verbena rigida Plant Asteraceae Vernonia cinereaPlant Asteraceae Vernonia grandisPlant Scrophulariaceae Veronica agrestisPlant Scrophulariaceae Veronica arvensisPlant Scrophulariaceae Veronica serpyllifolia

Plant Scrophulariaceae

Invertebrate Mollusca Vertigo pygmaeaPlant Poaceae Vetiveria zizanioides

Plant Fabaceae Vicia angustifolia

Plant Fabaceae Vicia cracca

Plant Fabaceae Vicia hirsuta

Urtica spp.

Veronica serpyllifolia ssp. serpyllifolia

Plant Fabaceae Vicia sativa

Plant Fabaceae Vicia sepiumPlant Fabaceae Vicia sylvatica Plant Violaceae Viola arvensisPlant Violaceae Viola odorata Plant Verbenaceae Vitex agnus-castus Plant Verbenaceae Vitex trifoliaPlant Vitaceae Vitis vinifera Vertebrate Mammal Vulpes vulpesPlant Poaceae Vulpia bromoides

Plant Campanulaceae Wahlenbergia procumbensInvertebrate Hymenoptera Walkerella yoshiroi Plant Sterculiaceae Waltheria indicaPlant ArecaceaePlant Arecaceae Washingtonia filifera Plant Iridaceae Watsonia iridifoliaPlant Asteraceae Wedelia trilobata Plant Cupressaceae Widdringtonia cupressoidesPlant Fabaceae Wisteria sinensis

Invertebrate Arachnida Withius subruberPlant Asteraceae Wollastonia bifloraInvertebrate Diptera Xanthaciura tetraspina Plant Asteraceae Xanthium strumarium Plant Araceae Xanthosoma sagittifolium

Invertebrate Siphonaptera Xenopsylla cheopis Vertebrate Amphibian Xenopus laevisPlant Olacaceae Ximenia americanaInvertebrate Lepidoptera Xystrologa antipathetica Plant Agavaceae Yucca guatemalensisInvertebrate Mollusca Zachrysia provisoriaPlant Araceae Zantedeschia aethiopica

Invertebrate HymenopteraPlant Poaceae Zea maysInvertebrate Heteroptera Zelus longipes Plant Amaryllidaceae Zephyranthes atamasco Plant Amaryllidaceae Zephyranthes candidaPlant Amaryllidaceae Zephyranthes roseaPlant Orchidaceae Zeuxine strateumatica Plant Zingiberaceae Zingiber officinale Plant ZingiberaceaePlant Zingiberaceae Zingiber spectabilePlant Asteraceae Zinnia elegansPlant Rhamnaceae Ziziphus mauritiana

Invertebrate Mollusca Zonitoides arboreus Plant PoaceaePlant Poaceae Zoysia tenuifoliaPlant ?Invertebrate Lepidoptera Pseudaletia unipuncta (?)

Washingtonia sp.

Zatropis sp.

Zingiber sp.

Zoysia sp.

Vertebrate Mammal Oryctolagus cuniculusPlant CuscutaceaeInvertebrate Hymenoptera Cardiocondylia emeryInvertebrate HymenopteraInvertebrate Hymenoptera Paratrechina bourbonicaInvertebrate Hymenoptera Paratrechina longicornis

Invertebrate HymenopteraInvertebrate Hymenoptera Pheidole megacephala

Invertebrate HymenopteraInvertebrate Hymenoptera Strumigenys emmaeInvertebrate Hymenoptera Tapinoma melanocephalumInvertebrate Mollusca Achatina fulicaInvertebrate Acarina Acarus siroInvertebrate Acarina Rhipicephalus decoloratusInvertebrate Annelida Allolobophoria chloroticaInvertebrate Annelida Allolobophoridella eiseniInvertebrate Annelida Aporrectodea turgidaInvertebrate Annelida Cognettia sphagnetorumInvertebrate Annelida Dendrodrilus rubidusInvertebrate Annelida Henlea sp.Invertebrate Annelida Lumbricus rubellusInvertebrate Araneae Achearanea tepidariorumInvertebrate Araneae Lactrodectus hasseltiiInvertebrate Araneae Tegenaria domesticaInvertebrate Araneae Teutana grossaVertebrate Fish Carassius auratus auratusVertebrate Fish Carassius carassiusVertebrate Fish Cyprinus carpioVertebrate Fish Esox luciusVertebrate Fish Leuciscus idusVertebrate Fish Oncoryhnchus mykissVertebrate Fish Perca fluviatilisVertebrate Fish Phoxinus phoxinusVertebrate Fish Rutilus rutilusVertebrate Fish Scardinius erythrophthalmusVertebrate Fish Tinca tinca

Cuscuta sp.

Monomorium floricola

Paratrechina pubens

Solenopsis invicta

Synonyms Common name(s)

okra (Ang)cyanophyllum scale (Bda)john crow bead, liquorice (CI)monkey bush (Ang)Indian mallow (Bda)Bailey's wattle (SH)blue leaved wattle (SH)

green wattlecedar wattlequeen casha; sweet acacia (Ang)

camel thorn

kushar; long spine acacia (Ang)black and green wattle (SH)

casha; gum arabic tree (Ang)

golden wattle (SH)

bean weevil (SH)sycamore (Gue, IoM, SH)

American house spider (Bda)yarrow (UK name)

lesser wax moth (Bda)

Port Jackson willow; Sydney golden wattle (Asc, SH); Coast wattle (SH)

blackwood; Australian blackwood; blackwood acacia (SH)

match me if you can; jacob's-coat; copper leaf; fire-dragon; beefsteak plant (Bda)

man-better man; hug-me-close (Ang)

mynah bird (Asc, SH); Indian mynah; common mynah (SH)

D1


E1


yellow rose aphid (Bda)

Paregle cinerellamaidenhair fern (Asc)maidenhair fern (SH)vine beetle (SH)

a cockroach, family BlatellidaeAfrican blue lily (Bda)the prince (FI)

yellow edge century plant (Bda)

aloe; fence aloe (SH)

blue weed; goatweed (Asc, SH)

tree of heaven (Gib, SH)


green century plan; (Bda) century plant (Asc, Bda, SH); maguey (Bda); American aloe (Asc, Bda SH)

ex Agave angustifoliasisal (Asc, Bda, SH); sisal hemp (Bda); fibre pole (Ang); pita (Ang); agave (Bda)

a woodlouse, family Porcellionidae

prickly poppy; Mexican poppy (Bda)

ex Agrostis tenuis hay grass; common bent grass (SH)

Mandarin duck (Jer)wood duck (CI)

Albizia distachya black boy; plume Albizia (SH)

Chukar partridge (SH)red-legged partridge (IoM)

Vernicia sp. tung oil tree (Bda)

citrus blackfly (CI)coconut whitefly (Mon)

purple allamanda (Ang)

three-cornered leek (Gue)

candelabra aloe (Bda)

wild sicreviver; sempervivum (SH)

aloe (Bda)aloe bitter (Bda)

Aloe barbadensis

Egyptian goose (IoM)lesser mealworm (Bda)black fungus beetle (Bda)

shell ginger (Ang)shell ginger; zingiber (Bda)common chickweed (Bda)

beach Alternanthera (Bda)

black ebony (Bda); woman's tongue (Ang); woman's tongue tree (Bda); sand tree (Ang); whistling bean (Bda); singer tree (Bda)

candlenut oil tree (PI); candlenut tree (SH)a white fly (maybe more than one species), family Aleyrodidae

allamanda (Ang, Bda); common allamanda (Bda); golden trumpet (Bda)

sicreviver (SH); aloe vera (SH); aloe (Ang); sempervive (Ang); true aloe (Bda)

ex Alpinia nutans ginger; large ginger plant; shell ginger (Asc, SH)

double gee (SH)

yellow-crowned parrot (CI)Gulf Coast tick (Bda)bay geranium; tapis (Ang)may weed; bishop's weed (Bda)a fern cockroach killer (SH)cashew (Ang)

a chalcid, family Mymaridaea thripmallard (Bda, CI, FI)

beard grass (Bda)

comb-footed spider (Bda)dill; anise; fennel (Ang)

soursop; guanábana (Ang)

Anolis roquet

Little Cayman green anole (CI)

feral domestic goose (FI)

pimpernel (Asc, SH); scarlet pimpernel (Bda)

ex Patasson nitens

sugar apple (Ang, Bda); sweetsop; custard apple (Ang)

Barbados anole; Somerset lizard (Bda)Jamaican anole; common lizard (Bda)Antiguan anole; Warwick lizard (Bda)

hay grass; sweet vernal grass (SH)

furniture carpet beetle (Bda)carpet beetle (Bda)varied carpet beetle (Bda)cow parsley (UK name)

cottony bamboo mealybug (Bda)rhodesgrass mealybug (Bda)a selenopid crab spider

parsley-piert (FI)

cowpea aphid (Bda)corn root aphid (Bda)buckthorn aphid (Bda)oleander aphid (Bda)rumex aphid (Bda)

spirea aphid (Bda)

honey bee (Bda, SH)wild celeryparsley; wild parsley (Bda)

a thripa fungus weevil, family Anthribidae

red-masked conure (CI)monkey puzzle tree (Bda)

Norfolk Island pine

a landhopperArdisia guianensis Ardisia (Bda)Syagrus romanzoffianus queen palm (Bda)

Aristolochia elegans

pill bug (Asc, SH)false oat-grass (FI)

cow cane; giant reed (Bda)

coralita (Ang, Bda, Cay); coral vine (Ang); corallita vine (Bda)

ex Araucaria heterophyllachristmas plant; Norfolk Island pine (Ang)

yellow thistle (Ang, Asc, SH); prickly poppy (Asc, SH); Mexican poppy (Ang)Dutchman's pipe; calico flower (Bda)

breadfruit (Ang, BIOT, Mon); breadnut (Mon)

silk cotton; poppy (SH)

Asparagus sprengeri

long leaf asparagus fern (Bda)

coconut scale (CI)oleander scale (Bda)spined scale (Bda)

oleander pit scale (Bda)

saltbush; orache (SH)

{recorded as spear leaved orache}

saltbush; orache (SH)

a bugfoxglove aphid (Bda)wild oat (FI)oat (Bda; FI); wild oat (Bda)carambola (BIOT)

sac spider (Bda)neem (Ang, BVI, Mon)water fern (IoM)

milkweed (Asc, Bda, SH); redhead (Asc, SH); butterfly weed (Bda); wild ipecac (Bda); blood flower (Bda)

asparagus d.; asparagus fern (Bda); sprengeri (Ang)

asparagus o.; long leaf asparagus fern (Bda)

Asparagopsis setacea; Asparagus plumosus; Proasparagus plumosus; Asparagus setaceus

asparagus s. (Bda); wedding fern (Bda); ornamental asparagus (Bda); plumosa (Bda); climbing asparagus fern (Bda); asparagus fern (Ang); fern (Ang)

plastic fern; hen and chicks fern (SH)

ganges rose (CI); Christmas bells (Ang); Demerara primrose (Ang)

Queensland fruit fly (PI)hill bamboo (Asc)

bamboo pit scale (Bda)

cedar bug; cedar berry bug (Bda)

sheet-web weaver (Bda)

orchid tree (Ang)

wax begonia (Bda)

begonia spelm leaved begonia (Bda)daisy (FI)

calafate (FI)common water beetle (Bda)white beggar's ticks (Bda)land planarianland planarian

a cockroachhammock fern? (Bda)

southern chinch bug (Bda)

domestic cow; cow; cattle

bluestem (Ang)

red bougainvillea (Bda)

madeira vine; bridal wreath (Bda)

flame tree (Bda)

a fly

bauhinia; dwarf white bauhinia (Bda)

poor man's orchid; orchid tree (Bda)

Begonia cucullata var. hookeri; Begonia semperflorens

Antigua hay; Barbados sour grass (Ang)

Canada goose (IoM, Jer)

swede (FI)mustard; black mustard (Bda)cabbage (FI)rape seed (TdC); turnip (FI)

cabbage aphid (SH)snow bush (Ang)snow bush (Bda)common quaking grass (Bda)lesser quaking grass (Bda)condensed brome (FI)soft brome (FI)

lady of the night (Bda)a fly

Kalanchoe pinnata

Kalanchoe pinnata

Bulbucus ibis cattle egret (TCI)

Buddleiya brasiliensis buddleia (SH)buddleia (IoM)

Buddleiya lindleyianaBuddleia madagascariensis Buddleia (Asc, Bda, SH)

common toad (Gib)

West Indian birch (Bda)boxwood (Bda)

a snout moth, family Pyralidae almond moth (Bda)

lucky leaf; chandelier plant (Asc, SH)flopper (Bda); life plant (Bda); leaf of life (CI); curiosity plant (CI); love bush (Ang); Christmas plant (Ang)

candlewood tree; black olive tree (Ang)

cane toad (Ang, Bda, BIOT, BVI, CI, Mon); marine toad (Ang, Bda, Mon); crapaud (Mon)

pride of Barbados; flower fence (Ang)

pigeon pea (Ang)

pot marigold (FI)

a flybottle brush (Bda)

black cypress pine (SH)cypress pine (SH)Murray River pine (SH)common black cypress pine (SH)

heather (FI)Cape chestnut (SH)a cockroach, family Blaberidae

Santa Maria; galba (Bda)kumani (Bda)

canna skipper (Bda)

camelia (SH)

harebell (FI)camphor (Bda)

dog; domestic dog

yellow canna lily (Bda)

privetgoat

shepherd's-purse

red pepper (Ang)bitter-cresshairy bitter-cressnorthern cardinal; redbird (Bda)

balloon vine (Bda)European goldfinch (Bda)

mast wood; Alexandrian laurel; Santa Maria; Antilles Calophyllum (Bda)

headache bush; milky -milky bush; French cotton (Ang)

lily shots (Asc, SH); canna lily (Asc, PI, SH); Indian shot (Asc, PI, SH) ; red canna lily (Bda)

ex Canthium huillense

slender thistlewater sedge (UK name)glaucous sedge

papaya (Ang, Bda)Natal plum (Bda)Natal plum (Ang)

minute cyprus scale (Bda)

fish tail palm (Bda)

everlasting senna (Bda)

stinking weed (Asc, SH)sweet chestnut (SH)river she-oak (SH)walking Casuarina (Bda)

black she-oak (SH)

a bug

Australian cedar (SH)Atlas cedar (SH)Lebanon cedar (Bda)silk cotton (BIOT)

Hottentot fig (UK name for C. edulis)Hottentot fig (PI, SH); ice plant (Bda)

golden shower (Bda); pudding pipe tree (Bda); Indian laburnum (Bda); golden-rain (Bda); purging fistula (Bda); golden shower tree (Ang, Bda); cassia stick tree (Ang)

pink shower; apple-blossom cassia; apple- blossom senna (Bda)

Casuarina (Asc; BVI; Mon); horsetail tree (Bda); Australian pine (CI, TCI); whistling pine (BVI); weeping willow (CI); beefwood (Ang, Asc); she-oak (Asc); lumber tree (Ang)

ex Vinca rosea venus rose (Asc, SH); Madagascar periwinkle (Asc, Bda, SH); periwinkle (CI); burying ground flower (CI); ramgoat rose (CI); old maid (Bda); red periwinkle (Bda)

cockscomb (Ang)

cornflower (FI)

monkey's ears (Asc, SH)

red valerian (Gue)

chickweed (SG)

common mouse-ear (FI)

sticky mouse-ear (FI)mouse-ear chickweed (Bda)large mouse-ear chickweed (Bda)

Mediterranean fruit fly (SH)rescue brome (FI)carob (SH)

a beetlequeen of the night (Bda)night blooming cereus (Bda)a booklousea booklouse

barnacle wax scale (Bda)ink; ink bush (SH)Cestrum; lady of the night (Bda)

fox tail grass (Bda)

sweet potato flea beetle (Bda)

Mediterranean chamaeleon (Gib)dwarf palm (Bda)

sowbane (Asc, SH)

pink centurium (Bda); lesser centaury (FI)

pig weed; lamb's quarters; goose-foot (Bda)goosefoot (Asc, SH); wormweed (Ang)

Rhodes grass (Ang)spider plant (BIOT)water grass scale (Bda)

Christensenia blocki an enchytraeid wormbutterfly/bamboo palm (Bda)

Chrysanthemoides monilifera wild coffee (SH)

Florida red scale (Bda)dictyospermum scale (Bda)

a lacewing, family Chrysopidaea lacewing, family Chrysopidae

a pseudoscorpion

human bedbug (Bda)

quinine; Peruvian bark (SH)

creeping thistle (FI)spear thistle (FI)

fiddlewood (Bda)lime (Ang, Bda)sour orange; Seville orange (Ang)

orange (Bda); sweet orange (Ang)

citrus sp.grapefruit (Ang)

springbeauty (FI)

small spider flower; stinking miss

caia (Ang)

ox-eye daisy; white daisy; white-weed daisy (Bda)

chicory; wild succory; blue sailors (Bda)

traveller's joy; fragrant virgin's bower (Bda)

Clerodendrum; glory bower (Bda)Koster's curse (Asc)calamint (Bda)red boring sponge (Bda)

blue pea (Bda)

Clutia pulchella wild pepper (SH)

sea grape (SH)

brown soft scale (Bda)long brown scale (Bda)green scale (Bda)English scurvygrass (FI)

Callotroga macellariacoconut; coconut palm

croton (Ang, Bda)a flycoffee (SH)

comb-footed spider (Bda)yam; taro (SH)

tallowvine; water grass (Asc, SH)palmetto scale (Bda)

hemlock (FI)buttonwood (Bda)

gulf fireworm (Bda)

rock dove/ pigeon (Bda, CI, SH); feral pigeon (SH)

hairy horse-weed (Bda)

smooth horseweed (Bda)

white cordia (Bda)clamen cherry (Ang)

ti (PI)

lesser swine cress (Asc, SH)

American crow (Bda)banana weevil (SH)cosmos (Ang)

pagoda plant (SH)Pacific oyster (Jer)

American slipper limpet (Jer)

smooth hawk's-beard (FI)Japanese hawksbeard (Bda)

a spider, family Corinnidaegiant lily (CI)seven sisters (CI)crinum lily (Bda)


geiger tree (Ang); scarlet cordia (Bda)

lesser wart cress; star-of-the-earth (Bda)


Australian swamp stonecrop (Gue); New Zealand pigmyweed (IoM)

calabash tree (Ang, Bda); cup tree (Ang)

a tortricid moth, family Tortricidaemontbretia (IoM)shack-shack; rattle bush (Ang)

single - fruited croton (Bda)christmas berry webworm (Bda)a skink

a beetleJapanese cedar (SH)a beetle

a tortricid moth, family Tortricidae

Indian rubber vine (Ang)

rubber vine (Bda)dry wood termite (Asc, SH)

wild cucumber (Ang)

Lawson cypress (SH)

Himalayan cypress (SH)Assengai (SH)

sago palm (Bda)Japanese sago palm (Bda)a woodlouse, family Cyclisticidaeorb weaver (Bda)

a millipedecoliseum ivy (Bda)lemon grass; fever grass (Ang)


yellow shack-shack; rattleweed (Ang)blue sweet pea; blue rattlesnake (Ang)

ex Olethreutes leucotretapurple allamanda; rubber vine (Mon)

Possibly confused with Araucaria araucana

Monterey cypress (FI, SH); macrocarpa (SH)Italian cypress (Bda); Mediterranean cypress (SH)

lesser Cayman Island iguana; Sister Isles rock iguana (CI)

crested dog's-tail (FI)rough dog's-tail (FI)

papyrus (Bda)nut grass (SH)

various sedges

tobacco suckfly (Bda)a spider, family Araneidae

cock's-foot (FI)

crowfoot grass (Ang)

Central American red agouti (CI)Dasyprocta antillensis

Brugmansia arborea angel's trumpet (Bda)

prickly burr (Bda)

larder beetle (Bda)hide beetle (Bda)

wire grass (Asc, SH); Bermuda grass (Asc, Bda, SH)

umbrella sedge; umbrella flat sedge (Bda)

a water scavenger beetle, family Hydrophilidae

agouti; wild rabbit; mountain rabbit (Mon)

thorny apple (Asc, SH); wildfire (Ang); david bush (Ang); jimson weed (Ang)moonflower (Asc, SH); ladies petticoats (Asc, SH); Datura (SH)

flamboyant (Bda, SH); flamboyant tree (Ang); royal poinciana (Ang, Bda)

a sluga cockroach

virgate mimosa (Bda)

showy tick trefoil (Bda)

southern ringneck snake (CI)

melonworm (Bda)

donkey beetle (Bda)

monkey's ears (SH)a fly

branch tip spider (Bda)princess palm (Bda)

tropical finger grass (Asc, SH)pangola grass (Ang)

crab grass (Ang)

Royena pallens poison peach (SH)

a fruit fly, family Tephritidaea spider (family Linyphiidae)

land planarian (Bda)

ex Phakellura indica and Margaronia indica

a snout moth, family Pyralidae (sometimes placed in Pyraustidae)

dombeya (Bda)

kei apple (Asc, SH)tree dracaena (Bda)

Madagascar dragon tree (Bda)

a vinegar fly, family Drosophilidae

broad buckler-fern (FI)male-fern (FI)

Duranta repens pigeon berry (Bda)warrah; Falkland wolf (FI)

Pseudalopex culpaeus

fennel aphid (Bda)tulip bulb aphid (Bda)a spider, family Dysderidaegray sugarcane mealybug (Bda)pineapple mealybug (Bda)

a booklouse

summer grass (SH)water hyacinth (Bda, BVI, CI)

white olive (SH)wild olive (SH)

Russian olive (Bda)

black bean; hyacinth bean; bonavist (Bda)

Patagonian fox; Argentine grey fox (FI)

ex Erharta erectaPiaropus crassipes; Pontaderia crassipes; Pontederia crassipes; Eichhornia speciosa; Heteranthera formosa; Piaropus mesomelas

corn snake (Ang); North American corn snake (CI)

whistling frog (Bda)

a barnacleCanadian pondweed (IoM)rye grass (Bda)sand couch (FI)couch (FI)

couch (FI)

tassel flower; rabbit meat (Ang)a skinkdiddle dee (Falklands name)

thin runner willow herb (Bda)lantana tortricid moth (Bda)orchid cactus (Ang)

Epipremnum aureum

pothos vine (Bda)

tobacco flea beetle (Bda)donkey (all)

wire grass (Bda); cheddah (Ang); Dutch grass (Ang); goose grass (Ang); fowlfoot grass (Ang)

whistling frog (Bda); Johnstone's whistling frog (Ang)

European pond turtle; European pond terrapin (Gib)

variegated philodendron; pothos vine (Bda)

horse (TCI)

love grass (Ang)

Japanese lovegrass (Ang)

Decadarchis minuscula a clothes moth, family Tineidae

a chironomid midge

hedgehog

Araucaria mealybug (Bda)

common stork's-bill (FI)wallflower (FI)treacle mustard (FI)hedge mustard (Bda)

coral tree (SH)

immortel; crab claw (Ang)

orange-cheeked waxbill (Bda)

ring legged earwig (Bda)tessellated scale (Bda)

sugar gum (SH)narrow leaved iron bark (SH)red flowering gum (SH)blue gum (SH)rose gum (SH)dry land tree (SH)yellow gum (SH)grey iron bark (SH)red box (SH)manna gum (SH)

rose apple (SH)

daisy fleabane; sweet scabious; white-top (Bda)

loquat (Asc, SH); nispero (Asc, SH); Japanese loquat (Bda)

thorn; thorn tree (SH); sword tree; cape sword-flower; coral tree (Bda)

waxbill (Asc); common waxbill (Bda, SH); amadavat (SH); averdavat (SH)

river red gum (Asc); red river gum tree (Bda); red gum (SH)

Surinam cherry (Bda, PI)

glandular Eupatorium (Bda)dog fennel; French fennel (Bda)whiteweed; white flower (SH)

Ageratina riparia small white Eupatorium (Bda)

sun spurge (FI)

hairy spurge (Bda)hypericum - leaved spurge (Bda)candelero; mottled spurge (Ang)christmas bush (Ang)crown of thorns (Bda)

petty spurgeprostrate spurge (Bda)

various euphorbia species

little sulphur (Bda)

orb weaver (Bda)Key West gentian (Bda)

an ensign wasp, family Evaniidae

Japanese knotweed (Gue, IoM)

rosy wolf snail, cannibal snail (Bda)

poinsettia (Ang, Bda); lobster plant (Ang, Bda); Christmas plant (Ang); garden poinsettia (Bda); Christmas star (Bda); Christmas flower (Bda); Mexican flameleaf (Bda); painted leaf (Bda)

milk bush (Ang, Bda); pencil tree (Bda); pencil bush (Ang)

West Indian sweet potato weevil (Bda)

a cockroach, family Euthyrrhaphidae

cat; domestic cat (all)

meadow fescue (FI)

red fescue (FI)Chewing's fescue (FI)

red fescue (FI)ban yan tree (Bda)

edible fig (Asc, Bda, SH)

banyan (SH)fiddle leaf fig (Bda)Australian ban yan (Bda)laurel fig (Ang)

creeping fig (Bda)

Ficus microcarpa; Ficus nitida

sycamore ficus (Bda)

velvet shank (FI)

fennel (Ang, Bda, SH); dill (Ang)

a thrip

freesia (Bda)a flygiant fuchsia (SH)fuchsia (SH)large-flowered fuchsia (FI)fuchsia (FI)

benjamin fig (Ang); weeping fig (Bda)

rubber tree (Ang); Indian rubber tree (Bda)

peepul (SH); peepul tree; sacred fig (Bda)Indian laurel; Chinese banyan; Malayan banyan; Cuban laurel fig (Bda)

Madagascar plum; governor's plum; key apple (Bda)

Madagascar fody; cardinal; robin; red bird; Madagascar weaver (SH)

ex Fuchsia corymbiflora

common fumitory (FI)

gallant soldier (Bda)cleavers (FI)heath bedstraw (FI)greater wax moth (Bda)

Gallus domesticus domestic chicken; chicken (all)

chicken (Ang)shower of gold (Ang)

Gambusia affinis eastern mosquitofish (Bda)red-winged laughingthrush (IoM)

crab spider (Bda)gru gru palm (Bda)eastern narrow mouth toad (CI)gazania (Bda)stump-toed gecko (PI)red footed tortoise (BVI, Mon)

land nemertean (Bda)

dove's-foot crane's-bill (FI)small flowered cranesbill (Bda)herb robert (FI)

bamboo cane (Bda)corn flag gladiolus (Bda)

glory cida; quick stick (Ang)Chinese deciduous cypress (SH)Jersey cudweed (FI, SH)wood cudweed (Bda)

eucalyptus snout beetle (SH)cotton (BIOT)cotton (SH)

a seaweed

chickweed; common ramping fumitory (Asc, SH); fumitory (Bda)

English aloe; green aloe; Mauritius hemp (Asc, SH); giant false agave (Bda)

gaillardia; showy gaillardia; fire wheels; Indian blanket (Bda)

peaceful dove; zebra dove; barred ground dove; barred dove (SH)

logwood (CI)

garden fleahopper (Bda)

hedge veronica (FI)English ivy; European ivy (Bda)

sunflower (BIOT)dune sunflower (Ang)everlasting (SH)

eyebright; scorpion tail (Ang)

common garden snail (UK name)a snout moth, family Pyralidaeday lily (Bda)latania scale (Bda)greedy scale (Bda)Java gecko (SH)

coconut palm gecko (Asc)

silk oak (Asc, Bda, SH); golden pine; silver oak (Asc; SH)

a woodlouse, family Trichoniscidae

sour date; China date; sour red date (SH)

ginger; primrose flowered ginger lily (SH)

small lavender; seaside heliotrope (Ang)

common woodslave (Ang); house gecko (BVI); tropical house gecko (CI); amerafrican house gecko (CI)

Indopacific tree gecko (PI)

a beetle

Herpestes javanicus

a snout moth, family Pyralidae

dame's-violet (FI)

a spider, family Heteropodidiaea psyllid, family Psyllidae damp wood termiterock roserock rosehibiscus (Bda)hibiscus (Ang)

fringed hibiscus (Ang)

hawkweed sp (UK name)orange hawkweed (FI)mouse-ear-hawkweed (FI)amaryllis (BIOT)

Yorkshire fog (FI)

hairy barley (FI)foxtail barley (FI)wall barley (FI)

mining scale (Bda)sandbox tree (Ang)Spanish bluebell (IoM)bluebell (FI)

small Indian mongoose; Indian mongoose; Javan mongoose (BVI)

ex Herpetogramma phaeopteralis

a scarab beetle, family Scarabaeidae

beach hibiscus; cottonwood; mahoe, sea hibiscus (Bda)

parasol flower; Chinese hat plant (Ang)

night blooming cereus (Ang)a beetlea beetle

spider lily (Bda)

bottle palm (Bda)spindle palm (Bda)

springtail sp.springtail sp.

holly (SH)Bermuda holly (Bda)

Himalayan balsam (IoM)impatiens sp.

indigo (Ang); wild indigo (Bda)indigo (Ang, CI)

sweet potato (Bda)

cut leaved morning glory (Bda)

a planthopper, family Issidae

ixora (Ang)

Mediterranean treefrog; stripeless treefrog (Gib)

cat's-ear (FI); dandelion (SH); common cat's ear (SH)

cottony-cushion scale (Asc, Bda, Mon, SH)

common iguana (Ang, CI); green iguana (CI, TCI)

a vigorous blue flowered convolvulus (SH)

ixora (Ang)Jacaranda (Bda)jacaranda (SH)an aphid, family Aphididaea tubewormjasmine (Bda)

jasmine (Ang)barricata bush (Ang)

coral plant (Ang)

toad rush (FI); star grass (SH)bull grass (SH)soft rush (FI, SH)thread rush (US name)bull grass (SH)

Darrell's cedar (Bda)pencil cedar (SH)shrimp plant (Bda)red justicia (Bda)kalanchoe (Bda)

speckled kalanchoe (Bda)kalenchoe (Ang)kalenchoe (Ang)

potato pinworm (Bda)sausage tree (Bda)

varnish tree (Bda)golden rain tree (Bda)southern house spider (Bda)bamboo diaspidid scale (Bda)

riparian earwig (Bda)bonavist (CI)bonavist (Ang)Western green lizard

prickly lettuce (UK name)

pride of India (SH)

wild jasmine; ink vine (Ang); jasmine (CI)

spicy jatropha (Bda); peregrina (Ang, Bda)

Bermuda cedar (Asc, SH), cedar (Asc, SH)

love leaf, life leaf, devil's backbone, chandelier plant (TCI)

red grouse (IoM)South American guanaco (FI)henbit (Bda, FI); deadnettle (Bda)cut-leaved dead-nettle (FI)red dead-nettle (FI)

prickly pink sage bush (Bda)

common sage bush (Bda)lantana plume moth (Bda)

beach pea (Bda)

snail, family Pupillidaesnail, family PupillidaeCarolina laurel cherry (Bda)mignonette; henna (Ang)

common duckweed (Asc, SH)

rough hawkbit (FI)

wild pepper grass (Bda)pepper grass; vomiting bush (Ang)

a geckopurple scale (Bda)croton muscle scale (Bda)a booklouse

horse-weed fleabane (Bda)a fly

queen of shrubs; crape myrtle (Bda)

a spear winged fly, family Lonchaeidae

Lantana (Asc, PI, SH); red Lantana (TCI); wild currant (Asc, SH); black sage (Asc, SH); wild sage bush (Bda); shrub verbena (Bda)

pink bermudiana; star of the veldt (Bda)

Nargy plant (SH); lion's ear (SH); rabbit brush (Ang); ball of thread (Ang); hollow stalk (Ang); shandilay (Ang)

a spider, possibly L.alacris

mountain hare (IoM)silver leaf (SH)

oxeye daisy (FI)venusta orchard spider (Bda)

a cockroach, family Oxyhaloidaetexas sage (Ang)lyme-grass (FI)green privet; giant privet (Bda)Chinese privet (Bda)b hardback (Bda)Bermuda easter lily (Bda)

a fly

Argentine ant (Bda)

a lizard

turnip aphid (Bda)a skinka booklousea booklousea booklouse

Liriodendron tulipiferum tulip tree (SH)

a centipede

European hare (FI); brown hare (IoM)

jumbie bean; wild mimosa; jimbay; jump-and-go; acacia (Bda); wild tamarind (PI, Asc, SH); lead tree (PI); Leucaena (Ang, Asc, BVI, CI, Mon); seed work acacia Asc, SH); cow bush (TCI, Bda);

a stone centipede, family Lithobiomorpa

Chinese fan palm (Bda)

perennial rye-grass (FI)

lonchocarpus sp.

honeysuckle (FI)trumpet honeysuckle (Bda)

birdsfoot trefoil (FI)greater bird's-foot-trefoil (FI)violin spider; brown spider (Bda)

greenbottle fly (Bda)

an earthwormtree lupin (FI)mutton snapper (Bda)field wood-rush (FI)

tomato (Ang)

a fly, family Sciaridaea flya flyJapanese climbing fern (Bda)tarnished plant bug (Bda)an isopod, family Porcellionidae

cat's claw vine (Bda)

kudzu (Ang)

red-necked wallabygiant flowered magnolia (Bda)

diamond-back terrapin (Bda)apple tree (TdC)

false mallow (Bda)

sleeping hibiscus; Turks cap (Bda)

Italian rye-grass (FI); rye-grass (TdC)

a spear winged fly, family Lonchaeidae

Japanese honeysuckle; yellow Japanese honeysuckle; Chinese honeysuckle (Bda)

Fuegian marine otter; sea otter (FI)

a greenbottle (family Calliphoridae)

scrunchy apple; wild tomato (Asc, SH)

hibiscus mealybug; pink mealybug (Ang, BVI, Mon)

Turk’s cap hibiscus; sleeping hibiscus (Ang)

mango (all)

cassava; cassava manihot (Bda)Achras zapota

arrowroot (Bda)

old bull grass (TdC)

pineappleweed (FI)wild stock; gilliflower (Bda)

Mediterranean pond turtle (Gib)pickwood (FI)

a stink bug, family Pentatomidae

toothed medic (Bda)

a fly

smaller yellow melilot (Bda)greasy grass (Asc)

wild mint; water mint (SH)spearmint (FI)peppermint (FI)apple-mint (FI)a fly

a thripwood rose (Bda)ice plant (SH)

whitefly (Bda)metaphid jumping spider (Bda)

sapodilla (Ang, Bda, BIOT); naseberry (CI)

ex Lophospermum scandens Mexican creeper (SH); roving sailor (Bda)

black medic; hop medic; blackseed hop clover; nonesuch (Bda)

Melaleuca (Bda, Mon); bottlebrush (Bda, Mon), paper bark (Bda)

Chinaberry (Ang, Bda); pride of India (Ang, Asc, Bda, SH); bead tree (Asc); Barbados lilac (Ang); Persian lilac (SH)

ginep (CI); genip (Ang); tiirnep (Ang)

stinkweed (Bda); herb mercury (Bda); mockery (Bda); annual mercury (FI)

fine-leaved sandwort (Bda)

pharaoh ant (Bda)

blinks (FI)spring beauty (FI)

mulberry; hog apple (CI)horseradish tree (Ang); BIOT

mulberry (Bda, SH)red mulberry (Bda)mulberry species (probably 2)

orange jessamine (Ang)

mouse; house mouse (all)

banana (edible) (Bda)

a longhorn beetle (family Cerambycidae)

four o'clock (Ang, Asc, Bda, SH); marvel of Peru (Asc, Bda, SH); morning rose (Bda)cerasee (CI); serasee (CI); maiden apple (Ang); wild balsam apple (Ang)

fruit salad vine; Mexican breadfruit (Asc, SH); locust and wild honey (Bda); Swiss cheese plant (Bda)

mock orange; orange jessamine; Chinese box (Bda)

plantain banana (Bda)banana; fig (Ang)banana, various species

grape-hyacinth (FI)polecat ferret (IoM)a fly, family Mycetophilidaea flymonk parakeet (CI)

field forget-me-not (FI)changing forget-me-not (FI)parrot's feather milfoil (Gue, IoM))

ant lion (Bda)

a buga bug

Nandina; heavenly bamboo (Bda)

daffodil (FI)bunch flowered narcissus (Bda)

viperine snake (Gib)a cockroach, family Oxyhaloidaewharf borer (Bda)

coral spot fungus (FI)a spider, family Anyphaenidae European grain moth (Bda)

triangular palm (Ang)

rambutan (SH)litchie (SH)fern (Ang)

Polypodium cordifolium

pheasant tail fern (Asc, SH)

oleander (Ang, Bda; Gib)

a spider, family Theridiidae

a checkered beetle, family Cleridae

Boston fern; fishbone fern; erect swordfern; tuberous swordfern (Bda)

tobacco (Asc, Bda, SH)

coconut mealybug (Bda)

Madagascar olive (Bda)Capromyza sordida

southern beech (FI)false garlic (Bda)

a beetle

Ochrosia parviflora

basil (Ang)Ruth's scale (Bda)a spider, family Gnaphosidae

Odontonema s. (Bda)a ground orchid

evening primrose (UK name)

black olive (SH)

purple flowering olive (SH)

a woodlouse, family Oniscidaea beetle, family Trechidae.

lily turf grass (Bda)

apple of Peru; shoo-fly plant (Asc, Bda, SH)tobacco plant (Asc); wild tobacco (SH)

bloodhorn; mangrove Ochrosia; wedge apple; berrywood tree (Bda)

European olive; olive (Asc, Bda, SH)

a web-spinner, family Oligotomidaea web-spinner, family Oligotomidae

eastern glass lizard (CI)

banana moth (Bda)

prickly pear (Asc, SH)

insidious pirate bug (Bda)

a large tree snail

merchant grain beetle (Bda)sawtoothed grain beetle (Bda)

Cuban tree frog

a weevil (family Curculionidae)sheep (all)

pink oxalis (UK name)

Cuban purple wood sorrel (Bda)purple wood sorrel (Bda)

various species are presentgarlic snail (UK name)

lynx spider (Bda)

a vespid wasp, family Vespidae

Java sparrow (SH)a woodlouse, family Trachelipidae

a tachinid fly

screwpine (Asc)

French prickle (Ang); cochineal cactus (Ang, Bda); Opuntia (SH); prickly pear (SH); English tungy (SH); white tungy (SH)

Opuntia; prickly pear; red tungy (Asc, SH)

jacaranda bug (Asc, SH)); Orthezia scale (SH); greenhouse orthezia (Bda)

rabbit (Asc, SH); European rabbit (FI)

sour grass (Ang); wood sorrel (Bda)

yellow wood sorrel (Bda); Bermuda buttercup (Bda)

screw palm (Ang, Bda)

para grass (Bda)

cane grass; fall panic grass (Bda)

Guinea grass (Ang, CI, SH, TCI)

several species

smooth-fruited poppy (Bda)long-headed poppy (FI)opium; garden poppy (Bda)

papaya mealybug (BVI)

fig wasp (Bda)nigra scale (Bda)

Jerusalem thorn (Bda)a winged chironomid midge

parthenium; Santa Maria (Bda)

cow grass (Asc, SH)

passion flower (Bda)passion fruit (Ang)hard-shelled passionfruit (PI)

Panicum purpurescens; Panicum muticum; Bracheri mutica; Urochloa mutica; Brachiaria glabrinodis; Brachiaria purpurascens

t-grass, sour paspalum (PI); two-spiked paspalum (Bda)

sparrow (Asc, BVI); house sparrow (Asc, Bda, BVI)

Pelargonium inquinans x P. zonale

Kikuyu grass (SH, TdC)

thatching grass

Phalaris setaceae fountain grass (Bda)star clusters (Ang)

Barbados gooseberry (Bda)

a cockroach, family Blattidaea cockroach, family Blattidae

redshank (FI)sandpaper vine; wreath vine (Ang)

ribbon-grass (FI)canary-grass (FI)

bigheaded ant (Bda)Madeira mealybug (Bda)

elephant's ear (Bda)arrow leaved philodendron (Bda)

timothy (FI)Canary Island date palm (Bda)date palm (Ang, Asc, Bda, SH)Senegal date (Bda)dwarf date palm (Bda)

geranium; zonal pelargonium (Bda)

yellow poinciana; yellow-flame (Bda)

ex Gymnothrix caudata

fodder grass (Bda); elephant grass (Ang, Bda, CI); napier grass (Ang,Bda, CI)

avocado; pear tree (Ang); avocado pear (Bda)

parsley (SH); garden parsley (Bda)

ring-necked pheasant (SH); pheasant (IoM, Jer)

a flypotato tuber moth (Asc, Bda, SH)

hart's-tongue (FI)

a spider, family Pholcidae

sitka spruce (FI)

cabbage butterfly (Bda)lace plant; artillery plant (Bda)round-leaved pilea (Bda)a tubewormallspice (Bda)

all spice (SH)fern scale (Bda)lesser snow scale (Bda)Canary Island pine (SH)

Pinus caribea

red pine (SH)

long leafed pine (SH)spreading leaved pine (SH)

stone pine (SH)Northern pitch pine (SH)Scots pine (SH)

Cypress turpentine tree (SH)

New Zealand flax (FI, SH); flax (SH, TdC)

tailless whipscorpion; whipspider (Bda)

creeping fern; maile-scented fern (Bda)Cape gooseberry (Asc, Bda, SH, TdC)

Pimenta officinalis; Myrtus dioica; Myrtus pimenta

Caribbean pine (SH); Caribbean pine tree (Bda); pine (TdC); Christmas tree (TdC)

Aleppo pine (Bda, SH); Jerusalem pine (Bda)

pine; cluster pine; maritime pine (Asc, SH)

water lettuce (Bda)

great kiskadee (Bda)

thin leaved Pittosporum (Bda)

spoor (SH)

citrus mealybug (Bda)Hall's mealybug (Bda)

London plane (Bda)

cream-cups poppy (FI)

stingy time (Ang)

Indian meal moth (Bda)

Plumieria rubra

frangipani (BIOT)diamondback moth (SH)

rough-stalked meadow-grass (FI)spined soldier bug (Bda)cape yew (Asc, SH)yew (Bda)

Japanese Pittosporum; victoria box (Bda)sweet spoor (Asc, SH); undulating Pittosporum (Bda)

ribwort plantain (Asc, FI, TdC); English plantain (Bda)greater plantain (Asc, SH, TdC); ground plantain (Asc, SH); great plantain (Bda); common plantain (Bda)

sharp-ribbed newt; Spanish ribbed newt; Iberian ribbed newt (Gib)

lead vine (Ang); blue plumbago (Bda)

frangipanni white; white trumpet-flower (Bda)frangipanni pink; nosegay; red plumeria; Spanish jasmine (Bda); red fragipanni (Ang, Bda)

annual meadow grass (Bda, FI, SG)

smooth-stalked meadow-grass (FI)

Japanese yew (Bda)

pink trumpet vine (Ang, Bda)annual poinsettia (Bda)red bee (Bda)

four-leaved allseed (Asc, SH)knotgrass (FI)

beard grass (Bda)polypremum (Bda)ming aralia (Ang)roseleaf aralia (Ang)aralia (Bda)

apple snail (Bda)a wormpoplar (SH); white poplar (FI, SH)a woodlouse, family Porcellionidae




pussley; purslane (Ang)silverweed (FI)

Fiji fan palm (Bda)

a flyProsopsis glandulosa

pyriform scale (Bda)self-heal (FI)Carolina laurel cherry (Bda)peach (Bda)

white peach scale (Bda)


Mexican thorn (Asc, BVI, CI); thorn (Asc); mesquite (Asc, BVI, CI, SH)

a greenbottle (family Calliphoridae)

Jacob’s coat (Ang)

longtailed mealybug (Bda)

muck weed (TdC)

Psidium littorale

rose-ringed parakeet

gobblegheera fly

a fly, family Psychodidae

a booklouselong-leaved brake (Bda)

Francolinus afer (57) francolin; red-necked francolinlion fish (Bda)

a beetlesolitaire palm (Bda)glaucous saltmarsh-grass (FI)kudzu (Bda)

a flygreen shield scale (Bda)urbicola soft scale (Bda)pomegranate (Ang, Bda)

Pycnoscelus surinamensis a cockroach, family Pycnoscelidae

meal moth (Bda)

a beetleturkey oak (SH)holm oak (SH)

oak; common oak (SH)cork oak (SH)Rangoon creeper (Bda)

strawberry guava (Bda, PI); Chinese guava (PI)guava (Ang, Asc, Bda, BIOT, CI, SH); common guava (PI)

Brahminy blind snake (CI)grass frog (SH)

reindeer (FI, SG)meadow buttercup (UK name)buttercup; bulbous buttercup (SH)

spiny fruited crowfoot (Bda)creeping buttercup (FI, SG)

Pacific rat (PI)brown rat; Norway rat; common rat

black rat; ship rat

traveller's tree (Bda)

pothos (Ang)lady palm (Bda)rhubarb (FI)

brown dog tick (Bda)

rhododendron (IoM)

Tradescanthia discolor canoe plant; oyster plant (Bda)

an aphid, family Aphididaea bug

red-headed grass; natal grassland planarian (Bda)

Fuegian currant (FI)

Iberian green frog; Perez's frog (Gib)

garden radish (UK name); radish (FI)

worm snake (Ang); Brahminy blind snake (CI)

oyster plant (Bda, TCI); boat lily (CI); Moses in the boat (Bda)

blackcurrant (FI)gooseberry (FI)

rouge plant; wild tomato (Bda)false acacia (UK name)

wild pansy (SH)a pseudoscorpion

Nasturtium officnale water cress (SH)

Macartney rose (Bda)mutabilis rose (Bda)

green rose (Bda)kathleen 'mystery rose' (Bda)rose (Ang)lamarque (Bda)shell rose (Bda)rosemary (Bda)

raspberry (FI)blackberry (Asc, SH)raspberry (Asc, SH)southern dewberry (Bda)

sheep's sorrel (FI)

curled dock (FI, SH)long-leaved dock (Bda)

Carib wood (Bda)sugar cane (Bda)procumbent pearlwort (FI, TdC)

castor oil (Asc, SH); physic nut (Asc, SH); castor oil plant (Ang, Bda, CI); castor-bean (Bda); palma christi (Bda); castor nut (Ang)

ex Trichonema ochroleucum

Archduke Charles rose; belfield rose (Bda)agrippina; old blush; parson's pink (Bda)

Cuban royal palm (Bda); royal palm (BIOT)

purple shower; Mexican petunia; Ruellia (Bda)sorrel dock (TdC); sour grass (TdC); sheep's sorrel (FI, SH)

broad-leaved dock (FI); dock (TdC)

fountain plant; firecracker bush (Ang); heath fire cracker (Bda)

hemispherical scale (Bda)Mexican black scale (Bda)Caribbean black scale (Bda)black scale (Bda)

willow (Ang)brown trout (FI)scarlet sage (Bda)

Salvinia rotundifolia water fern; Salvinia fern (Bda)

Olfers' salvinia (Bda)water fern (Bda)

mother-in-law's tongue (TCI)

half flower; beach naupaka (Bda)

a fly, family Scatopsidaemud dauber wasp (Bda)

octopus tree (Ang)

tamarind (SH)a fly

willow tree (TdC); weeping willow (SH)

elder (FI); elderberry (Bda); West Indian elder (Bda)

mother-in-law's tongue; snakeplant (Bda)snake plant (Ang); mother-in-law's tongue (Ang); bowstring hemp (CI); lion's tongue (CI)

Chinese tallow tree; vegetable tallow; white wax berry; popcorn tree (Bda)

Jap weed: wire weed; strangle weed (Jer)

Scaevola taccada var. sericea; Scaevol frutescens

umbrella tree; umbrella plant; octopus tree; Queensland umbrella tree (Bda)

wild pepper tree; pepper tree (Asc, SH)Brazil pepper (Asc, Bda, SH); Mexican pepper (Bda); Brazillian pepper (TCI)

red squirrel

Bermuda centipede (Bda)

Pullus creperus

agave weevil (BVI)spitting spider (Bda)christophine (Bda)biting stonecrop (FI)a spider, family Segestriidae

canary creeper (Gib)

silver ragwort (UK name)

Mexican flame vine (Ang)European ragwort (FI)

Delairea odorata devil's guts (SH)Oxford ragwort (FI)sticky groundsel (FI)groundsel (FI)

Cassia occidentaliskas; Siamese cassia (Ang)a beetle

palm grass (Bda)

purple passion; purple heart (Bda)

wire weed (Bda)

rhombic-leaved sida (Bda)

red campion (FI)white campion (FI)bladder campion (FI)

a centipede, family Scolopendromorpa

yellow canary (SH); canary (Asc, SH); yellow bird (SH)

picashia (CI); spanish armada (CI); agati (Ang); hummingbird tree (Ang)

love grass; rough-bristle grass (Asc, SH)

milk thistle (FI)white mustard (FI)a wasp (family Siricidae)hedge mustard (FI)pea leaf weevil (Bda)rice weevil (Bda)maize weevil (Bda)

alexanders; horse parsley (Bda)cup of gold (Ang)chalice cup vine (Bda)

bilberry (Asc, SH)eggplant (Ang)blackberry (TdC)

cockroach poison (Bda)

potato (FI, TdC)

fire ant (BVI, TCI)

bead tree (Ang)rowan (FI)

sorghum; johnson grass (Ang)Sudan grass (PI)mosquito (PI)

Spanish broom (UK name)African tulip tree (Bda)a flycorn spurrey (FI)

a beetle

Solandra hartwigii; Solandra nitida

diddly dight; black nightshade (Asc, SH).

wild brinjal; Sodom apple (Asc, SH)

red imported fire ant (BVI, TCI); fire ant (CI)

prickly sow thistle (Bda); spiny sow thistle (Bda, FI), sharp-fringed sow thistle (Bda)sow thistle (Ang, Bda, TdC); smooth sow thistle (FI); annual sow thistle (Bda); hare's lettuce (Bda); dandelion (Ang)

Guinea corn (Ang, CI); sorghum (CI)

wedelia (Bda)

golden apple; plum (Ang)hog plum; fig (Ang)

field woundwort (Asc, Bda, SH)

a beetle, family Anobiidae

chickweed (FI)

mat grass (Asc, SH)

bird of paradise (Bda)

donkey weed, lucy julia (CI)

slippery jack (FI)

domestic pigHonduras mahogony (Ang)

Swietenia mahagonii

Wedelia trilobata; Silphium trilobatum; Thelechiticonia trilobata

cape grass; African dropseed (Asc, SH)

mango seed weevil; mango weevil; stone weevil (BVI, Mon)

collared dove, ringed turtle-dove (CI)

common starling; European starling (Bda)

mahogany tree (Bda); mahogany (Ang); West Indian mahogany (Ang)North American cotton-tail rabbit (FI)

syngonium (Bda)

jambolan; Java plum (Bda)Eugenia jambos rose apple (Bda, PI)

billy goat weed (SH)

a landhopper, family Talitridaetamarind (all)

tamarisk (Ang)tamarisk (Bda)

feverfew (FI)tansy (FI)Manila clam (Jer)dandelion (Bda, FI)

cape honeysuckle (Ang)

cape honeysuckle (Bda)

a spider, family Agelenidaea funnel web spidera spider, family Agelenidae

Lepthyphantes tenuis a spider (family Linyphiidae)



butterfly gardenia (Bda); crape jasmine (Bda); crape gardenia (Bda); pinwheel flower (Bda); adam's apple (Bda); flowers-of-love (Bda); East Indian rosebay (Bda); broadleaved rosebay (Bda); gardenia (Ang)

a rove beetle (family Scarabaeidae)

yellowboy (Asc); shamrock (CI); pops (SH); yellow tecoma (Bda)

spur-thighed tortoise (Gib)

long-jawed orb weaver (Bda)New Zealand spinach (Bda)

rice paper plant (Bda)

comb-footed spider (Bda)yellow clover aphid (Bda)

a flya flythatch palm (Bda)a thrip

a thrip

white lady; sweet clock vine (Ang)

Thunbergia (Bda)

a clothes moth, family Tineidae

webbing clothes moth (Bda)Mexican sunflower (Bda)petty spurge (Bda)

West Indian almond (Bda); Indian almond (Ang, CI); almond (Ang)Australian almond; Mueller's Terminalia (Bda)

seaside mahoe (Bda); cork tree (Bda); Spanish cork (Bda); tree hibiscus (Bda); miro (PI)yellow oleander; lucky nut (Ang, Bda); luck-seed (Bda); cathartic-bark (Bda); French trumpet-flower (Bda)

golden bells; black-eyed susan vine (Ang)king’s mantle (Ang, Bda); bush clock vine (Ang)

a cockroach, family Euthyrrhaphidae

knotted hedge parsley (Bda)

a spider, family Gnaphosidaewandering Jew (Bda)

spike burgrass (Ang)carabid beetle sp.yellow brain fungus (FI)

red flour beetle (Bda)confused flour beetle (Bda)a fly, family Trichoceridae

a woodlouse, family Platyarthridae

hare's-foot clover (FI)golden clover (FI)hop clover (FI)lesser trefoil (FI)strawberry clover (FI)alsike clover (FI)red clover (FI)white clover (FI)

citrus psylla (SH)

scentless mayweed (FI)

Lycosa atlanticanasturtium (Asc, Bda, SH)

a trogid, family Trogidae

Queen Anne's lace; erect hedge parsley (Bda)

red-eared slider terrapin (Bda, Gib); red-eared slider (Bda, CI)red-eared slider; red-eared terrapin (Bda)

a woodlouse, family Trichoniscidae

white morning glory (Bda)

hairy fungus beetle (Bda)a tiger moth (family Arctiidae)

furze (Asc, SH); gorse (FI, SH)small leaved elm (UK name)citrus snow scale (Bda)Japanese kelp; wakame (Jer)

a snout moth, family Pyralidae

Panicum maximum Guinea grass (Bda)

a spider, family Gnaphosidaestinging nettle (Bda, FI)nettle speciessmall nettle (FI)cowberry (UK name)corn salad (FI)

a woodlouse, family Armadillidaetwiggy mullein (Bda, SH)

stiff verbena (Bda)

green field speedwell (FI)wall speedwell (Bda, FI)

thyme-leaved speedwell (FI)

a whorl snail (Vertiginidae)khus-khus; cockroach grass (Ang)

hairy tare (FI)

ex Meyna polygonalis, M. rusticalis

ex Zelotes rusticus

Manilla palm; Christmas palm (Ang)

ex Sphaerillo parvus

Argentinian vervain (SH); South American vervain (Bda)

thyme-leaved speedwell (UK name)

narrow-leaved vetch; smaller common vetch (Bda)tufted vetch (Bda, FI); bird vetch (Bda); cow vetch (Bda)

bush vetch (FI)wood vetch (Bda)field pansy (FI)sweet violet (Bda)chaste tree (Ang, Bda)lovechaste (Asc)common grape vine (Bda)red fox (IoM)squirreltail fescue (FI)

fan palm (Ang)Washingtonia palm (Bda)sour bulb (SH)wedelia; trailing wedelia (Bda)

a pseudoscorpion

burrweed (Ang)Arum sagittifolium

African clawed toad (Asc)

Spanish needle (Ang)(a Cuban garden snail)

corn; maize (Ang)assassin bug (Bda)atamasco lily (Bda)crocus; snowdrop (Ang)

terrestrial orchid (Bda)common ginger (Bda)ginger sp.

Zoysia sp.

edible land cress (SG)armyworm

common vetch (Bda, FI); pebble vetch (Bda)

Glycine sinensis; Rehsonia sinensis; Wisteria chinensis

Chinese wisteria; Glicina; Glicine; Primavera (Bda)

malanga; elephant ear; arrowleaf (Bda)

arum; white arum lily; calla lily (SH); white calla lily (Bda)

pomme-surette; jujube (Ang); cooly plum (CI)

rabbit yellow (dad) dodder

Singapore antrobust crazy ant; flesh eating ant

Caribbean crazy ant

red imported fire ant

ghost ant; tiny yellow house antgiant African snailAcarid grain mite

Boophilus decoloratus blue tickan earthworman earthworman earthworman enchytraeiid worman earthworma soil enchytraeidan earthworma spiderAustralian Red-backed spiderEuropean house spidera spidergoldfishcrucian carpcommon carp, mirror carppikegolden orferainbow troutperchminnowroachruddtench

crazy ant; hairy ant; long horned ant

big headed ant; brown house ant; coastal ant

Territories present in Broad habitat

Anguilla TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialCayman Islands TerrestrialAnguilla; BIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialGibraltar; St Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialGibraltar; St Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialSt Helena Terrestrial

Terrestrial

St Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialMontserrat TerrestrialAscension; St Helena Terrestrial

Anguilla TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialSt Helena Terrestrial

Anguilla TerrestrialMontserrat TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialGibraltar TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

St Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Bermuda; St Helena TerrestrialGuernsey; Isle of Man; St Helena Terrestrial Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSouth Georgia TerrestrialSouth Georgia TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAnguilla Terrestrial

Pitcairn Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialAscension; St Helena Terrestrial

Bermuda Terrestrial

Anguilla; Ascension; Cayman Islands; Montserrat

G1


Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda; Cayman Islands; Montserrat Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialAscension TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialCayman Islands TerrestrialCayman Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialGibraltar TerrestrialGibraltar TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBIOT Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAscension; Bermuda; Gibraltar; St Helena Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialGibraltar TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialAscension; Bermuda; St Helena Terrestrial

Ascension; BIOT; St Helena TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialAscension Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Falkland Islands TerrestrialSouth Georgia TerrestrialSouth Georgia TerrestrialSt Helena Terrestrial

Tristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialTerrestrial

Tristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialTerrestrial

South Georgia; Tristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialGibraltar; St Helena Terrestrial

Tristan da Cunha (Inaccessible, Nightingale, Tristan)

Tristan da Cunha (Gough, Inaccessible, Tristan)

Terrestrial

Jersey Terrestrial/ FreshwaterCayman Islands Terrestrial/ FreshwaterBermuda TerrestrialAnguilla; Bermuda; BIOT Terrestrial

Gibraltar; St Helena TerrestrialSouth Georgia TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialIsle of Man Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialMontserrat; Pitcairn Islands; St Helena Terrestrial

St Helena Terrestrial

Cayman Islands TerrestrialMontserrat TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialAnguilla; Bermuda Terrestrial

BIOT TerrestrialGuernsey Terrestrial Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBermuda; Gibraltar Terrestrial

Gibraltar TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialGibraltar TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAnguilla; Bermuda; Gibraltar; St Helena Terrestrial

Isle of Man TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAscension; St Helena Terrestrial

Anguilla TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial


St Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBIOT; Cayman Islands TerrestrialGibraltar TerrestrialGibraltar TerrestrialAscension; St Helena TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialGibraltar TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialCayman Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialAscension; Bermuda; St Helena Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) Terrestrial


Bermuda TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialAnguilla; Bermuda Terrestrial

Anguilla TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Bermuda Terrestrial

Bermuda Terrestrial

Cayman Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena; South Georgia Terrestrial

Bermuda; Cayman Islands; Falkland Islands

Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSouth Georgia TerrestrialBermuda; Cayman Islands Terrestrial

Gibraltar TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAscension; St Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda; St Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialAscension; St Helena Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialCayman Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialAscension; Bermuda; St Helena TerrestrialAnguilla; BIOT Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialGuernsey Terrestrial Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAnguilla; Ascension; St Helena Terrestrial

Bermuda Terrestrial

Ascension; St Helena TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAnguilla; BIOT; Montserrat Terrestrial

Bermuda; Cayman Islands; Gibraltar Terrestrial

Ascension; Bermuda; BIOT; St Helena Terrestrial

St Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAnguilla; Bermuda Terrestrial


BIOT TerrestrialAnguilla; Bermuda Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialCayman Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAnguilla; Cayman Islands Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialFalkland Islands Terrestrial

St Helena TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Tristan) TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialBermuda; Tristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda; Falkland Islands terrestrialBIOT TerrestrialCayman Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAnguilla, BVI, Montserrat TerrestrialIsle of Man FreshwaterBermuda Terrestrial

Cayman Islands FreshwaterPitcairn Islands TerrestrialAscension TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialPitcairn TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Anguilla TerrestrialMontserrat TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial


Ascension TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda; BIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda; Tristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialAscension Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Anguilla Terrestrial

BIOT TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialCayman Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) Terrestrial

BVI; Falkland Islands; Turks & Caicos Islands

Bermuda TerrestrialIsle of Man; Jersey Freshwater

Falkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands Terrestrial

Terrestrial

BIOT TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialAnguilla; BIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialAscension; St Helena Terrestrial

Anguilla; Bermuda; Cayman Islands Terrestrial

Turks & Caicos Islands TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialAnguilla Terrestrial

St Helena TerrestrialAscension; Isles of Man; St Helena TerrestrialAscension TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialAscension; Bermuda; St Helena TerrestrialGibraltar Terrestrial/ Freshwater

Terrestrial/ Freshwater/ Marine

BIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialGuernsey Terrestrial Ascension; St Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialPitcairn Islands TerrestrialAnguilla Terrestrial


Falkland Islands; Tristan da Cunha (Inaccessible, Tristan)

Anguilla; Bermuda; BIOT; BVI; Cayman Islands; Montserrat

Anguilla TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAnguilla; Cayman Islands; Montserrat Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBIOT Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialTerrestrial

St Helena TerrestrialTerrestrial

Falkland Islands TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialAnguilla; BIOT TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Anguilla; BVI; Cayman Islands; St Helena; Tristan da Cunha Islands (Tristan); Turks & Caicos Islands

Ascension; Bermuda; Pitcairn Islands; St Helena

Anguilla; BVI; Pitcairn Islands; St Helena; Turks & Caicos Islands

Falkland Islands TerrestrialSouth Georgia TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialSouth Georgia TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAnguilla; Bermuda; BIOT; Montserrat TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialGibraltar Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialAnguilla; Bermuda Terrestrial


St Helena TerrestrialAscension; St Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Terrestrial

St Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialSt Helena Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Tristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBIOT Terrestrial

Bermuda; Guernsey; Pitcairn Islands; St Helena

Anguilla; Ascension; Bermuda; BVI; Cayman Islands; Montserrat; St Helena; Turks & Caicos Islands

Anguilla; Ascension; Bermuda; BIOT; Cayman Islands; St Helena

Anguilla TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda; Falkland Islands Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Guernsey; Gibraltar Terrestrial Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Falkland Islands Terrestrial

Falkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialBermuda; Tristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialGibraltar TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialGibraltar TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialGibraltar TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Ascension; St Helena Terrestrial

Ascension; St Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Ascension; BIOT; St Helena; Tristan da Cunha (Inaccessible, Tristan)

South Georgia; Tristan da Cunha (Inaccessible, Gough, Tristan)

BIOT TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialAscension; St Helena TerrestrialSt Helena Terrestrial

BAT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialAnguilla; Bermuda; BIOT TerrestrialAnguilla; BIOT TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialAnguilla; Bermuda Terrestrial

Ascension; Bermuda; St Helena TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Anguilla TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialAnguilla; BIOT Terrestrial

Falkland Islands; Tristan da Cunha (Tristan)

Ascension TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAscension TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda Marine ?Falkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda; Cayman Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Anguilla; Bermuda; BIOT TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBIOT; St Helena TerrestrialCayman Islands TerrestrialBermuda: Cayman Islands; St Helena Terrestrial

BIOT TerrestrialAscension; BIOT; St Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Tristan) TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) Terrestrial

Anguilla; Ascension; Bermuda; BIOT; Cayman Islands; Pitcairn Islands

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

BIOT; Bermuda TerrestrialTerrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialAnguilla; Bermuda Terrestrial

Pitcairn Islands TerrestrialBIOT; Pitcairn Islands TerrestrialPitcairn Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial


Bermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialJersey MarineBermuda MarineGuernsey; Isle of Man Freshwater

Jersey Marine

Falkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Pitcairn TerrestrialCayman Islands TerrestrialCayman Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBIOT; Pitcairn Islands TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialCayman Islands Terrestrial

Gibraltar; Tristan da Cunha (Inaccessible, Nightingale, Tristan)Ascension; Bermuda; Gibraltar; Pitcairn Islands; St Helena

Tristan da Cunha (Gough, Inaccessible, Tristan)

Ascension; St Helena TerrestrialIsle of Man TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialAnguilla Terrestrial


BIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialPitcairn Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) Terrestrial

Ascension; St Helena TerrestrialCayman Islands; Montserrat Terrestrial


Bermuda TerrestrialAscension; Bermuda; St Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena Terrestrial

St Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialFalkland Islands; St Helena Terrestrial

Bermuda; St Helena Terrestrial

St Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialCayman Islands Terrestrial

Tristan da Cunha (Inaccessible) TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAnguilla Terrestrial


Terrestrial

Cayman Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

BIOT TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBIOT;St Helena TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialAscension; St Helena TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialPitcairn TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Anguilla TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBermuda; St Helena Terrestrial

Cayman Islands TerrestrialMontserrat Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialGibraltarBermuda TerrestrialAnguilla; Ascension; St Helena Terrestrial


Bermuda TerrestrialAnguilla; Bermuda; BIOT; St Helena Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Ascension; Bermuda; BIOT; St Helena; Tristan da Cunha (Inaccessible, Tristan)

Falkland Islands; Tristan da Cunha (Gough)

Bermuda TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialSouth Georgia TerrestrialSouth Georgia TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialCayman Islands TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialCayman Islands Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAscension; Cayman Islands; St Helena TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialBIOT; Cayman Islands TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialGibraltar TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Bermuda Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAscension; St Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialGibraltar TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBermuda; BIOT TerrestrialGibraltar TerrestrialAscension TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAscension; Bermuda; St Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialCayman Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

BIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBermuda; BVI; Cayman Islands Freshwater

Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialAnguilla; Cayman Islands Terrestrial

Bermuda Terrestrial

Anguilla; Bermuda; BIOT Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialAnguilla; Bermuda Terrestrial

Gibraltar MarineIsle of Man FreshwaterBermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands Terrestrial


St Helena TerrestrialAnguilla; Cayman Islands TerrestrialPitcairn TerrestrialSouth Georgia TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialGibraltar Freshwater

Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialBermuda; BIOT Terrestrial

Bermuda Terrestrial

BIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

TerrestrialAscension; BVI; St Helena; Turks & Caicos Islands

Turks & Caicos TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialAnguilla; Cayman Islands TerrestrialBIOT Terrestrial

Ascension; Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBAT TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialIsle of Man TerrestrialAscension; Bermuda; St Helena Terrestrial

BIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda; St Helena Terrestrial

St Helena TerrestrialMontserrat TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialBIOT Terrestrial

Ascension: Bermuda; St Helena Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAscension; Bermuda; Gibraltar; St Helena Terrestrial

St Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialGibraltar; St Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena Terrestrial

BIOT TerrestrialBermuda; Pitcairn Islands TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBermuda; BIOT TerrestrialBermuda; BIOT TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialAnguilla; Bermuda Terrestrial

Falkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda; BIOT TerrestrialAnguilla; Bermuda Terrestrial

Ascension; St Helena TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialAnguilla; Bermuda Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

BIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAscension; St Helena Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAscension; Bermuda; St Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialGuernsey, Isle of Man Terrestrial Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialSouth Georgia TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialSouth Georgia TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands Terrestrial

Falkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda; BIOT TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Ascension; Bermuda; St Helena TerrestrialAnguilla; Bermuda Terrestrial

St Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda; BIOT; St Helena Terrestrial

Bermuda Terrestrial

BIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Falkland Islands TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialAnguilla; Bermuda; St Helena TerrestrialSt Helena Terrestrial

Tristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialGibraltar TerrestrialGibraltar TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands Terrestrial

Anguilla; Ascension; Bermuda; BIOT; BVI; Cayman Islands; Falkland Islands; Montserrat; Pitcairn Islands; St Helena; Turks & Caicos Islands

Ascension; Bermuda; St Helena Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialAscension; Bermuda; St Helena Terrestrial

Falkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Bermuda; BIOT Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Anguilla TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialBermuda FreshwaterIsle of Man Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialCayman Islands Terrestrial/ FreshwaterBermuda TerrestrialPitcairn TerrestrialBVI; Montserrat TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena Terrestrial

Falkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialAnguilla; Montserrat TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialFalkland Islands; St Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialJersey Marine

Falkland Islands; Tristan da Cunha (Tristan)

Bermuda; BIOT; Cayman Islands; Turks & Caicos Islands


Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialCayman Islands Terrestrial

St Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena Terrestrial

Pitcairn TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialAnguilla Terrestrial

BIOT TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialAscension TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialAscension; St Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialAnguilla; BVI; Cayman Islands Terrestrial

Ascension TerrestrialBIOT Terrestrial

Pitcairn Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBVI Terrestrial


Falkland Islands TerrestrialSt Helena Terrestrial

Pitcairn TerrestrialAscension TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBermuda; BIOT TerrestrialAnguilla Terrestrial


Bermuda; BIOT Terrestrial

South Georgia TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Terrestrial


Bermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialIsle of Man TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Falkland Islands; Tristan da Cunha (Inaccessible, Gough, Nightingale, Tristan)

Bermuda TerrestrialGibraltar Terrestrial

Anguilla TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialMontserrat TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSouth Georgia TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialFalkland Islands; St Helena Terrestrial

BIOT TerrestrialSouth Georgia TerrestrialSouth Georgia TerrestrialAscension TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Terrestrial


Terrestrial

St Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialIsle of Man Terrestrial/ FreshwaterBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialAnguilla; Bermuda TerrestrialAnguilla; Cayman Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialMontserrat TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBermuda; BIOT TerrestrialCayman Islands; Gibraltar TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialGibraltar TerrestrialSt Helena Terrestrial

BIOT TerrestrialGibraltar TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAnguilla Terrestrial

Ascension; Bermuda; Montserrat; St Helena

Anguilla; Cayman Islands; Turks & Caicos Islands

Anguilla; BIOT TerrestrialBermuda; Montserrat TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialSouth Georgia; Tristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialJersey MarineBermuda TerrestrialAnguilla Terrestrial

Anguilla TerrestrialAnguilla; Montserrat TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Anguilla TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands; St Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialFalkland Islands; St Helena TerrestrialSouth Georgia TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialAscension; St Helena Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialTurks & Caicos Islands Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialCayman Islands TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialGuernsey Terrestrial Bermuda TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena Terrestrial

Bermuda Terrestrial

Isle of Man TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda; Falkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialSt Helena Terrestrial


Terrestrial


Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialCayman IslandsBIOT TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialAscension TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialAscension; St Helena TerrestrialAnguilla; St Helena Terrestrial

Falkland Islands TerrestrialAscension; St Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAnguilla; Cayman Islands Terrestrial

Pitcairn TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSouth Georgia TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Ascension; Bermuda; Gibraltar; Pitcairn Islands; St Helena; Turks & Caicos Islands

Bermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands Terrestrial

Isle of Man TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialMontserrat TerrestrialSt Helena Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Falkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialGibraltar TerrestrialAscension; St Helena TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAscension TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialPitcairn TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt HelenaSt Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Inaccessible) TerrestrialAscension; St Helena Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Anguilla; Ascension; Bermuda; BIOT; BVI; Cayman Islands; Montserrat; Pitcairn Islands; St Helena; Turks & Caicos Islands


BIOT; Falkland Islands TerrestrialSt Helena Terrestrial


Falkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands Terrestrial

Falkland Islands; South Georgia TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Terrestrial

BIOT TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda MarineFalkland Islands TerrestrialAscension; BIOT; St Helena Terrestrial

Anguilla TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSouth Georgia TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialPitcairn TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAnguilla; BVI; Montserrat Terrestrial

Anguilla TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialIsle of Man TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBermuda Freshwater

Terrestrial

Bermuda Terrestrial

Bermuda Terrestrial


Falkland Islands; Tristan da Cunha (Gough)

Bermuda; Falkland Islands; Tristan da Cunha (Gough)


Terrestrial



Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda; St Helena Terrestrial

Gibraltar FreshwaterFalkland Islands TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialAscension TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Tristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialBermuda; Montserrat Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialAnguilla; Ascension; Bermuda; St Helena Terrestrial

Anguilla; Cayman Islands Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialAscension TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialBermuda; Falkland Islands Terrestrial

Tristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena Terrestrial


Anguilla; Bermuda; BIOT; BVI; Cayman Islands; Montserrat; St Helena

Anguilla; Bermuda; BIOT; Cayman Islands; Montserrat


Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Terrestrial


Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAscension; Bermuda; St Helena Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialCayman Islands TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBIOT; St Helena TerrestrialBermuda; St Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Bermuda Terrestrial

Anguilla; Ascension; Bermuda; BIOT; St Helena

Anguilla; Ascension; Bermuda; BVI; Cayman Islands; Falkland Islands; Isle of Man; Pitcairn Islands; St Helena; South Georgia; Tristan da Cunha Islands (Gough)

Bermuda TerrestrialAnguilla; BIOT TerrestrialAscension; Montserrat; St Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialIsle of Man TerrestrialSouth Georgia TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialCayman Islands TerrestrialGibraltar TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialGuernsey; Isle of Man FreshwaterSt Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda; Gibraltar TerrestrialSouth Georgia TerrestrialGibraltar TerrestrialBermuda; St Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAscension; St Helena Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialSouth Georgia TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

St Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Ascension; St Helena TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialCayman Islands TerrestrialAnguilla; Bermuda; BIOT; Gibraltar TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialPitcairn TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial


Ascension; Gibraltar; St Helena Terrestrial

Ascension; Bermuda; St Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Bermuda Terrestrial

Anguilla TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialPitcairn TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialCayman Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialAscension; Bermuda; St Helena Terrestrial

St Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAscension Terrestrial


Bermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialSouth Georgia TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAscension TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Cayman Islands TerrestrialCayman Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAnguilla; Bermuda; St Helena Terrestrial

Gibraltar TerrestrialAscension; St Helena TerrestrialAscension; Gibraltar; St Helena Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialCayman IslandsAscension; Bermuda; St Helena Terrestrial

Ascension; Falkland Islands; St Helena Terrestrial


Anguilla; BVI; Turks & Caicos Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Gibraltar TerrestrialTerrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda; Gibraltar Terrestrial

Ascension; St Helena TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAscension TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialAscension Terrestrial

St Helena TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialAscension Terrestrial

Bermuda; St Helena; Tristan da Cunha (Gough)

Ascension; BVI; Falkland Islands; St Helena

Anguilla; Bermuda; Cayman Islands; Tristan da Cunha (Inaccessible, Nightingale, Tristan)

BIOT; Pitcairn Islands TerrestrialAnguilla; Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Bermuda Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Anguilla TerrestrialCayman Islands TerrestrialAscension; St Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda; Gibraltar TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBVI TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBVI TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBAT; South Georgia TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialCayman Islands TerrestrialAscension; Bermuda; Pitcairn Islands Terrestrial

Cayman Islands TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialAscension; St Helena TerrestrialCayman Islands TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialAscension; Bermuda; BVI; Falkland Islands Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialPitcairn Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

BIOT TerrestrialGibraltar TerrestrialGibraltar Terrestrial

Anguilla; BIOT; Cayman Islands; St Helena; Turks & Caicos Islands

Bermuda Terrestrial


Terrestrial

St Helena TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialAnguilla; Bermuda; Cayman Islands Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialAnguilla; BIOT TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAscension; Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda; St Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAnguilla; Bermuda; BIOT Terrestrial

Falkland Islands TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialBermuda; Gibraltar; St Helena Terrestrial

Tristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialIsle of Man; Jersey; St Helena Terrestrial

Ascension; Bermuda; St Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda; BIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda; Gibraltar TerrestrialAnguilla; Ascension; Bermuda; St Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Gibraltar; St Helena; Tristan da Cunha (Tristan)

Terrestrial

Bermuda Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialAscension; Bermuda; St Helena Terrestrial

BIOT TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialPitcairn TerrestrialGibraltar TerrestrialGibraltar TerrestrialBVI TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda; BIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialJersey MarineBermuda Terrestrial

St Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena Terrestrial

Terrestrial

St Helena TerrestrialBermuda; Gibraltar; St Helena Terrestrial

St Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialAscension; St Helena Terrestrial

Gibraltar; St Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena Terrestrial

Falkland Islands; St Helena; Tristan da Cunha (Inaccessible, Nightingale, Tristan))

Ascension; Bermuda; St Helena;Tristan da Cunha (Inaccessible)

Bermuda; St Helena; Tristan da Cunha (Inaccessible, Tristan)

Bermuda Freshwater

Bermuda TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda; St Helena Terrestrial


St Helena TerrestrialAscension; St Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialGibraltar Terrestrial/ Freshwater

Bermuda TerrestrialAnguilla; Bermuda; Gibraltar Terrestrial

Gibraltar TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Bermuda Terrestrial

BIOT TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Falkland Islands; South Georgia TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAscension; St Helena TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Ascension; Bermuda; Falkland Islands; Tristan da Cunha (Gough)Ascension; Bermuda; BIOT; St Helena; Tristan da Cunha (Inaccessible, Gough, Nightingale, Tristan)

BAT; Bermuda; Falkland Islands; South Georgia; Tristan da Cunha (Inaccessible, Gough, Nightingale, Tristan)BAT; Falkland Islands; South Georgia; Tristan da Cunha (Inaccessible, Gough)

Bermuda Terrestrial

Anguilla; Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAscension; Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAscension; St Helena TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialBermuda; BIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialCayman Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands; St Helena TerrestrialSt Helena Terrestrial

Bermuda Terrestrial


Terrestrial

Anguilla TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialSouth Georgia TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) Terrestrial

Terrestrial


Bermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Ascension; Bermuda; St Helena; Tristan da Cunha (Inaccessible)

Ascension; Bermuda; BVI; Cayman Islands; St Helena

Bermuda TerrestrialAnguilla Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Inaccessible, Tristan) Terrestrial

Bermuda Terrestrial

Bermuda; Pitcairn Islands Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Cayman Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSouth Georgia TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialAscension TerrestrialBermuda Marine

Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda; Tristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialAscension; Bermuda; St Helena Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Anguilla; Ascension; Bermuda; BIOT; Cayman Islands; Pitcairn Islands; St Helena

Bermuda TerrestrialCayman Islands TerrestrialSt Helena Freshwater/ TerrestrialGibraltar Terrestrial/ Freshwater

Falkland Islands; South Georgia TerrestrialSouth Georgia TerrestrialSt Helena Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands; South Georgia TerrestrialSt Helena

Terrestrial

Pitcairn Islands TerrestrialTerrestrial

Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAnguilla; Cayman Islands Terrestrial

Anguilla TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialIsle of Man Terrestrial


South Georgia; Tristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) Terrestrial

Anguilla TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands Terrestrial


Anguilla; Bermuda; BVI; Cayman Islands; Falkland Islands; Isle of Man; Montserrat; South Georgia; St Helena; Turks & Caicos Islands

Anguilla; Ascension; Bermuda; BIOT; BVI; Cayman Islands; Falkland Islands; Montserrat; St Helena; Tristan da Cunha Islands (Tristan); Turks & Caicos Islands

Bermuda; BIOT; Cayman Islands; Turks & Caicos Islands

Falkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Bermuda; BIOT TerrestrialGibraltar TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialSt Helena Freshwater/ Terrestrial


Bermuda Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialCayman IslandsBermuda; BIOT Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialAscension; St Helena TerrestrialAscension; St Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Terrestrial


Falkland Islands; St Helena TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialAnguilla; Bermuda Terrestrial


Terrestrial

Anguilla; Ascension; Bermuda; BIOT; Cayman Islands; Gibraltar; St Helena

Falkland Islands; St Helena; South Georgia; Tristan da Cunha (Inaccessible, Gough, Nightingale, Tristan)

Falkland Islands; Tristan da Cunha (Inaccessible, Gough, Nightingale, Tristan)

Falkland Islands; South Georgia; Tristan da Cunha Islands (Gough, Tristan)

BIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Anguilla TerrestrialFalkland Islands Freshwater/ MarineBermuda TerrestrialBermuda Freshwater

Bermuda FreshwaterBermuda FreshwaterBermuda; Falkland Islands Terrestrial

Turks & Caicos TerrestrialBermuda; BIOT Terrestrial


Anguilla TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialGuernsey; Jersey Marine

BIOT TerrestrialBermuda; Cayman Islands Terrestrial

Anguilla TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSouth Georgia TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Anguilla TerrestrialAscension; St Helena Terrestrial

Terrestrial

BIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) Terrestrial

St Helena; Tristan da Cunha (Inaccessible, Tristan)

Ascension; Bermuda; St Helena; Turks & Caicos Islands

St Helena TerrestrialJersey TerrestrialAscension; St Helena Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBVI TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialGibraltar Terrestrial

Gibraltar TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialBVI TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAscension; St Helena Terrestrial

BIOT; Montserrat TerrestrialAnguilla; Cayman Islands Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialAscension; Pitcairn Islands; St Helena Terrestrial

Bermuda Terrestrial

BIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAscension; St Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialCayman Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands Terrestrial

Falkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda; Tristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Pitcairn TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialAscension; St Helena TerrestrialAnguilla; BIOT Terrestrial

Terrestrial


Bermuda TerrestrialAscension; St Helena Terrestrial

Cayman Islands TerrestrialTerrestrial

BVI; TCI TerrestrialTerrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialAnguilla Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Anguilla TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialAnguilla; Cayman Islands Terrestrial

Anguilla; BIOT TerrestrialPitcairn TerrestrialPitcairn Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialGibraltar TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) Terrestrial

BIOT; Tristan da Cunha (Inaccessible, Tristan)

BIOT; Falkland Islands; Tristan da Cunha (Inaccessible, Gough, Tristan)

BVI; Cayman Islands; Turks & Caicos Islands

Bermuda; Falkland Islands; Tristan da Cunha (Gough)

Anguilla; Bermuda; Falkland Islands; Tristan da Cunha (Gough, Inaccessible, Nightingale, Tristan)

Bermuda Terrestrial

Bermuda Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialAscension; St Helena Terrestrial

BIOT TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialAscension; Bermuda; St Helena TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialSt Helena; Tristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialAscension; St Helena TerrestrialBermuda; Cayman Islands; Montserrat TerrestrialBVI; Montserrat Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialCayman Islands Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialCayman Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialMontserrat TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialAnguilla; Bermuda; St Helena Terrestrial


Falkland Islands; Tristan da Cunha (Gough, Tristan)

Bermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda; Montserrat TerrestrialBermuda; Pitcairn Islands TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Terrestrial

BIOT TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialGibraltar TerrestrialAscension; Bermuda; St Helena Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Anguilla TerrestrialBermuda; Gibraltar TerrestrialGibraltar TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialJersey TerrestrialBermuda; Falkland Islands; South Georgia Terrestrial


St Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAnguilla; Gibraltar; St Helena Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialAscension; South Georgia; St Helena TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands Terrestrial

Anguilla; Bermuda; BVI; Cayman Islands; Montserrat

Anguilla; Bermuda; BIOT; Cayman Islands; St Helena

Ascension; Bermuda; Cayman Islands; St Helena

Terrestrial

Bermuda Terrestrial

Gibraltar TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda; Pitcairn Islands Terrestrial

Anguilla; Bermuda Terrestrial

Tristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda; Tristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda; Tristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialPitcairn Islands TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialAnguilla Terrestrial

Anguilla; Bermuda Terrestrial


Bermuda TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAscension TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena Terrestrial


Anguilla; Bermuda; BIOT; Cayman Islands; St Helena

Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda; Cayman Islands; Gibraltar Freshwater

Bermuda Freshwater

Bermuda TerrestrialPitcairn TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialSouth Georgia TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSouth Georgia TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena Terrestrial

Bermuda; Tristan da Cunha (Gough) TerrestrialSt Helena Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialFalkland Islands; South Georgia TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAscension; Bermuda; Gibraltar; St Helena TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

St Helena TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAscension; Falkland Islands; St Helena TerrestrialGibraltar TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialJersey MarineBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialCayman Islands TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Cayman Islands FreshwaterCayman Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAscension; St Helena TerrestrialBermuda; Falkland Islands TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialSouth Georgia TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialAnguilla Terrestrial

Ascension TerrestrialBermuda; St Helena Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda; Falkland Islands Terrestrial

Terrestrial


Ascension; St Helena TerrestrialAnguilla Terrestrial

Bermuda Terrestrial

Bermuda; Falkland Islands Terrestrial


Bermuda; St Helena; Tristan da Cunha (Gough)


Bermuda; Falkland Islands Terrestrial

Falkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialFalkland Islands TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAnguilla; Bermuda TerrestrialAscension TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialIsle of Man Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Ascension TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAscension; BIOT TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialSt Helena TerrestrialBermuda; Gibraltar Terrestrial

St Helena TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialBermuda Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialAscension TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialCayman Islands TerrestrialBermuda; Gibraltar; St Helena Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialAnguilla; BIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialBIOT TerrestrialAnguilla; BIOT; Cayman Islands Terrestrial

Bermuda TerrestrialBermuda TerrestrialCayman Islands TerrestrialSouth Georgia TerrestrialAnguilla Terrestrial


Anguilla TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialAnguilla Terrestrial

Anguilla TerrestrialAnguilla Terrestrial

Anguilla TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialAnguilla TerrestrialAnguilla terrestrialTristan da Cunha (Tristan) TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Tristan) TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Tristan) TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (all four islands) TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough, Tristan) TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Tristan) TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Gough, Tristan) TerrestrialTristan da CunhaTristan da Cunha (Gough, Tristan) TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Tristan) TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Tristan) TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Tristan) TerrestrialTristan da Cunha (Tristan) TerrestrialIsle of Man FreshwaterIsle of Man FreshwaterIsle of Man FreshwaterIsle of Man FreshwaterIsle of Man FreshwaterIsle of Man FreshwaterIsle of Man FreshwaterIsle of Man FreshwaterIsle of Man FreshwaterIsle of Man FreshwaterIsle of Man Freshwater

Ecology Suitable habitats

Root suckering habit. Tends to form dense thickets (CABI)

Gamebird of arable farmland Arable farmland

Herbivorous waterbird Freshwater wetlands and adjacent grassland

Generalist predator, known to predate invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles and small mammals. Highly poisonous. (58, 59).

Relatively unselective in habitat use, as long as it has access to water. Reaches highest densities in disturbed areas (58).

Evergreen. Seed dispersal by the wind. Sometimes monoecious, usually dioecious. Fast growing (5-10 feet per year) (CABI)

Develops dense mats of interlocked plants, replacing existing aquatic species. Can transform shallow areas of water into swamps (44)

Carnivorous snail

Found in a wide variety of habitats in the Caribbean from sea level to over 2000m asl (60).

Scale insect that damages plant hosts through phloem feeding, as well as by promoting the growth of sooty mould which limit photosynthesis (43)

Can survive on a variety of host plants, including endemic St Helena gumwood and introduced Lantana (43)

Has v. long tap root enabling it to access water sources unavilable to other plants. The leaves are unpalatable, but the seeds are highly attractive and nutritious, and are often spread great distances from the parent plant by roaming herbivores (55).

Able to survive well in arid habitats, but limited to an altitude of less than 500m (55).

Warm-temperate marine waters (48).Generalist predator, feeding on a variety of smaller fishes, shrimps and crabs (48).

Adaptable, highly omnivorous predator. High reproductive capacity

Small mat-forming herbaceous plant (63).

Establishes in wetlands, hummocks and pinelands in Florida. Also disturbed sites, forest margins, field margins (CABI)

Impacts elsewhere Potential impacts

Invasive in Florida (CABI ref 90)


On Florida EPPC list (CABI ref 90)





Widespread negative impacts in Europe


Invasive in Florida, and interferes with crocodile and sea turtle nesting grounds


Category 5 (CABI ref 14). Can transform shallow areas of water into swamps, cause slow moving water bodies to silt up, and is a pest of rice paddies (many other problems as well) (44).

Has caused the extinction of native snail species in many places where it has been introduced, eg Mauritius, Moorea, Hawaii (42)

Considered a major factor in the extirpation of reptile species on small West Indian islands (60).

Noxious weed in Hawaii and many other areas in the tropics (52).





Known to be an important predator (especially of invertebrates) on temperate and subantarctic islands in the Southern Ocean (62). Also believed to injure and kill seabird chicks on Gough Island (in 62).




Category 5 (CABI ref 14). On Florida EPPC list (CABI ref 90) Will dominate indigenous aquatic flora and take over calm and slow moving water (46).

Pest (and agro-forestry crop) in South Africa (55).

None recorded (48)


Unknown. May impact native reef systems if the population grows (48)


Predates wide range of plants, seeds, invertebrates and vertebrate eggs and young. Can also outcompete native rodents and other species. Spreads disease to humans and other animals. (8)

Forms large mats that greatly influence local biodiversity (in 63).

Will dominate indigenous aquatic flora and take over calm and slow moving water (46)

Invasive in Florida (wetlands, hummocks, pinelands etc.) (CABI)


Has impact of high economic importance in Puerto Rico (CABI ref 14)



Native range Current range

Central and Southern Europe (170).

China and India (CABI 2000)

Mexico (52).

China (52).

Naturalised in Malaysia, Western and Eastern Africa and most island nations of Pacific and Caribbean (CABI 2000)

Mainland Europe Now through much of south and east mainland GB

southern Africa, from South Africa to Malawi (52)

North America

China (170).

Central and South America (58). Throughout the Caribbean and also parts of the US. Hawaii and many other Pacific islands. Australia (59).

South Africa (52).

Japan and South-east Asia (173).

Americas between Canada and Mexico (173).

South America (45) Throughout Old World tropics (45) Also parts of Australia and the Caribbean (46).

N. America (170).

Latin America and South-eastern USA (42)

Widespread, especially on many island groups (42)

Asia (172).

Southwest China: SW Szechwan and NE Yunnan provinces

India (61).

Widespread in South-east Asia. Also found on five islands in the Society and Marquesas archipelagoes (172).

Introduced to many sugar-producing islands in the Caribbean and Indian Ocean.

Himalayas (170).

West Indies (52). Widely naturalised in the tropics (52).

Family originally restricted to Asia and Australasia (71).

South America (52).

South and Central America (43) Widespread throughout the tropics (43)

East Africa (52).

South America (46) Throughout Old World tropics (45) Also parts of Australia and the USA, as well as some Pacific Islands (46).

South America (55). South Africa (55);

Western Pacific (48). Since 2000 a number of specimens have been collected from the coast of the southern US and Bermuda (48).

Southeast Asia (8). Global, especially well adapted to tropics. Present on majority of island groups (8).

SE Europe/ Caucasus, Turkey etc. (170).

Northern hemisphere (63).

South America (46) Throughout Old World tropics (45) Also parts of Australia and some Pacific Islands (46).

Coastal regions of Natal in Southern Africa (52).

Japan (173).

Control / eradication methods available

Various methods of control and deterence possible

Mechanical control can have an effect in some situations, but is usally ineffective at preventing infestations spreading (45). Successful biological control has been achieved in some areas using two South American weevil species, but they have been ineffective in other areas (46).

A toxic bait has been developed, using the bodies of another snail pest species (42).

Successful biological control has been achieved using the predatory coccinellid beetle Hyperaspis pantherina (43)

Successful biological control has been achieved in many countries using a South American weevil species (46).

Difficult to control once established. Not susceptible to foliar spraying with herbicide but can be killed by removing most of the plants aerial parts and treating the stem with herbicide. Two biological control agents introduced to Ascension in 1997, and have also been used in South Africa. Effective control also depends on controlling seed dispersal agents such as feral donkeys on Ascension (55).

Variety of poisons and traps available, suitable for different purposes. Eradication only possible with 2nd generation anti-coagulant poisons. Can be excluded by fencing, but this is expensive.

Effective and spectacular' biological control achieved using a Brazilian weevil species (46).

A disastrous attempt was made to eradicate this species from the Southern US between 1957 and 1977, using a variety of chemical agents (47).

Territory

Anguilla Wider Caribbean

Ascension South AtlanticBermuda Wider Caribbean

British Antarctic Territory South AtlanticBritish Indian Ocean Territory BIOT

British Virgin Islands Wider Caribbean

Cayman Islands Wider Caribbean

Cyprus SBAFalkland Islands South Atlantic

Gibraltar

GuernseyIsle of ManJerseyMontserrat Wider CaribbeanPitcairn Islands Pitcairn

South Georgia South Atlantic

South Sandwich Islands South Atlantic

Working Group of UK Overseas Territories Conservation

Key contacts in UK

Key contacts in OT

St Helena South Atlantic

Tristan da Cunha Islands South Atlantic

Turks and Caicos Wider Caribbean

Land Area Institutions responsible for invasive species issues

91 km2

88 km2

55 km2

c. 60 km2

Total land area 153 km2. Largest islands are Tortola (54 km2), Virgin Gorda (21 km2), Anegada (38 km2) and Jost Van Dyke (9 km2).

Total land area 259 km2. Grand Cayman is 197 km2.

12173 km2

6.5 km2

104 km2

Total land area 43 km2. Pitcairn 7.5 km2 and Henderson 37 km2)

3755 km2

310 km2

122 km2

178 km2 (Tristan da Cunha 96 km2, Inaccessible 13 km2, Nightingale 4 km2, Gough 65 km2)

500 km2

Notable native species and habitats

Endemic Cahow petrel (CR), Bermuda skink and numerous endemic plants and invertebrates (2).

No endemic plants, probably due to young age of islands and only c.45 of 280 plant species thought to be native (15).

Cobb's wren (VU) - endemic species, also endemic race of black-throated finch (NT). Non-threatened endemic races of bird include short-eared owl, tussacbird, dark-faced ground tyrant, grass wren, Falkland thrush, long-tailed meadow lark and black chinned siskin. Also many regionally impotant seabird and marine mammal breeding colonies. (12)

All the landbirds and 33% insects and gastropods so far collected on Henderson island are considered endemic

Birds - Notable seabird colonies including macaroni penguins, grey headed albatrosses, Antarctic prions etc. One endemic bird species, the South Georgia pipit (Anthus antarcticus) and an endemic subspecies, the South Georgia pintail (Anas georgicus) (31).

Native flora consists of c. 70 sp of flowering plants and ferns, including 60 endemics in 10 endemic genera. Approx 50% of these are extinct from the island (21). Semi natural habitats make up less than 1% of land area (22).One endemic bird species, the wirebird, survives, at least 5 others are now extinct (22). There are at least 200 species of endemic invertebrates on the island and ten species of endemic fish in its coastal waters (in 22). The Crown Wastes (long-term degraded, low productivity land) cover over 9000 of the islands 12100 hectare land area.

Summary of invasive species issues

86% of flora species described as 'naturalised aliens' (22). Introduced goats had huge detrimental effect on native flora from early 1500s to their eradication in 1960s (23). Invasive plants so widespread that removal not an option, and instead need to use the most beneficial introduced species in the restoration of ecosystem processes (21, 22)

Notable invasive species not yet present

Mongoose (present on nearby islands) could have a catastrophic effect on native herpetofauna (61).

There is a risk of invasion by the brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis), coming in on military flights from Guam. Various steps are being taken to minimise the risk (27).

Other ecological threats

Global warming increases the risks of invasive species spreading - seedling survival of invasive plants has increased in recent years, and reindeer and rats would be able to colonise new areas of the island if the glaciers retreated (31).

Relevant legislation

The ‘Nature Conservation Area (Upper Rock Nature Reserve) (Protection and Regulation) Regulations 1993’ (L/N 52 of 1993) includes sections dealing with the introduction of faunal and floral species that are not indigenous to the Upper Rock. Section 5.(1)(h) of L/N 52 of 1993 states that it is illegal to ‘introduce any animal or plant which is of a kind which is not ordinarily resident or is not a regular visitor to Gibraltar in a wild state or does not grow in the wild in Gibraltar, as the case may be’. (52)

One of the island's management objectives is ' to prevent human-induced introduction of alien flora and fauna, and to remove, as far as practicable, introduced and established alien species. Permit needed to access Environmentally Sensitive Areas, with specific measures to minimise risks of introducing alien biota, especialy rats. Government plan guidelines to reduce risks of introducing terrestrial plants and animals, as well as alien species from ballast water (31).

Section 3. (2) of the Tristan da Cunha Conservation Ordinance, 1976, forbids (a) the import of any kind of live animal or plant not native to Tristan da Cunha Islands, and (b) the liberation or dissemination of any kind of live animal or plant not native to Tristan da Cunha Islands except in an area used for agricultural or horticulrural purposes. Section 3. (3) forbids anybody to undertake any agricultural or horticultural activity on any island other than the main island of Tristan da Cunha without a permit. Gough and Inaccessible Island Management Plans detail procedures to be followed to prevent introduction of further alien species (53, 54).

Contributors

Karim Hodge, Government of Anguilla

Drs Philip & Myrtle Ashmole, John Hughes

John Topp, Friends of the Chagos

Fred Burton, Matt Cottam

Andy Douse, FI Government

Dr John Cortes, GONHS

Charles David, Societe GuerniaseLiz Charter, IOM Government

Corinne Martin, University of Kent

Sally Poncet; Gordon Liddle (FCO?)

Current invasive-related research/ education activities

Dr Annie Glasspool, Bermuda Aquarium, Museum and Zoo

Dr Pierre Bingelli; Dr Mike Brooke, University of Cambridge

Dr Rebecca Cairns-Wicks, Saint Helena National Trust; Drs Phillip and Myrtle Ashmole; Juliet Rose, University of Reading

Dr Kevin Gaston, University of Sheffield; Dr Peter Ryan, University of Cape Town

Bryan Naqqi Manco, TCI National Trust; Dr Glenn Gerber, San Diego Zoo

Acknowledgements

Andrew Dobson, Bermuda Audubon Society

Alan Mills, BVI Government

Becky Ingham, Falklands Conservation

John Hatchett, FCO

Avon Carty, Anguilla National Trust; Kerstin Swahn, FFI

John Hatchett, FCO; Charles Sheppard, University of Warwick

Professor David Walton, British Antarctic Survey

Peter Hampson, FCO

Dr Jill Key, Charles Darwin Research Station, Galapagos; Barbara George, Saint Helena National Trust

Territory Ref no. Author/s Year

General 1 Brooke, M. 1998General 8 Atkinson, I.A.E 1985

General 40 Fitter, R., Fitter, A. & Blamey, M 1996General 44 Cock, M.J.W. 2001

General 45 Cock, M.J.W. 2001

General 46 Cock, M.J.W. 2001

General 47 Simberloff, D. 2001

General 60 Henderson, R.W. 1992

General 71 Ashmole, P. & Ashmole, M. 2000General 75 Cock, M.J.W. 1985

General 76 Sagarra, L.A. & Peterkin, D.D. 1999

General 77 1995

General 78 Miller, D.R., Williams, D.J. & Hamon, A.B. 1999

General 79 2001

European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization

Davis, L.R., Jr.,Meer, R.K., Vander & Porter, S.D.

A1

Territory: References may be specific to one Territory or contain information on more than one Territory (in which case they are classed as ‘general’ in this column).

B1

Reference number: Each reference has a unique number used in the text of other parts of the database

C1

Author/s: Names of authors.

D1

Year: The year of publication for books, journals and websites, and the year the information was provided for personal communications.

General 80 Michaud, J.P. & Evans, G.A. 2000

General 82 Buurt. G. V. 1999

General 38 2002

General 99 Reyes-Hernandez, E. 2003General 104 Emmanuel, K. 2003General 107 Stroud, D. 2004

General 109 Lack, P. (ed.) 1986General 110 Gibbons, D.W., Reid, J.B. & Chapman, R.A. 1993

General 111 Sharrock, J.T.R. (ed.) 1976General 115 Varnham, K.J. 2003

General 122 CABI 2003

General 125 Eno, N.C., Clark, R.A. & Sanderson, W.G. 1997

General 133 Long, J.L. 2003General 134 Alberts, A. 2000

General 146 Lewis-Smith, R.I. 1996

General 155 Hilton, G. 2004

General 158 Edgar, P. 2004General 165 2005

General 175 Preston, C.D, Pearman, D. A. & Dines, T. D.2002

Mitchell, N., Haeffner, R., Veer, V., Fulford-Gardner, M., Clerveaux, W., Veitch, C.R. & Mitchell, G.

Frenot, Y., Chown, S.L, Whinam, J., Selkirk, P.M., Convey, P., Skotnicki, M. & Bergstrom, D.M.

Anguilla 61 Daltry, J.C. 1998

Anguilla 86 2000

Anguilla 98 Carty, A. 2003Anguilla 100 Hodge, K. 2003Anguilla 147 Gerber, G. 1997

Anguilla 150 Walker, M. 2004Ascension 28 George, T. & White, R. 2003

Ascension 55 Pickup, A.R. 1999

Ascension 56 Bell, B.D. & Ashmole, P. 1995

Ascension 57 Brooke, M. de L. & Jackson, A. 1997

Ascension 126 Biernbaum, C.K. 1980

Ascension 127 Hughes, B.J. 2004

Ascension 128 Godley, B. 2004Ascension 135 Hughes, J. 2004

Ascension 136 Varley, M. J. & Dickey, R.C. 1994Ascension 137 Dickey, R.C. 2004Bermuda 2 2001

Townsend, J.H., Eaton, J.M., Powell, R., Parmerlee, J.S. & Henderson, R.W.

Anderson, C., De Silva, H., Furbert, J., Glasspool, A., Rodrigues, L., Sterrer, W. & Ward, J.

Bermuda 39 Dobson, A. 2003

Bermuda 42 Various sources 2001

Bermuda 48 2002

Bermuda 49 2001

Bermuda 73 Glasspool, A. 2003

Bermuda 89 Losos, J.B. 1996

Bermuda 101 De Silva, H. L. 2003Bermuda 102 Ward, J. 2003Bermuda 114 Glasspool, A. 2003Bermuda 116 Madeiros, J. 2003

Bermuda 123 Dobson, A. 2002Bermuda 151 Bermuda Natural History Museum

Bermuda 120 Kitson, L. 2004

Bermuda 167 Walford, L. & Wicklund, R. 1973

British Antarctic Territory 143 Block, W., Burn, A.J. & Richard, K.J. 1984British Antarctic Territory 144 Dózsa-Farkas, K. & Convey, P. 1997

British Antarctic Territory 145 Dózsa-Farkas, K. & Convey, P. 1998

Whitfield, P.E., Gardner, T., Vives, S.P., Gilligan, M.R., Courtenay, W.R., Ray, G.C. & Hare, J.A.Davenport, J., Hills, J., Glasspool, A. & Ward, J.

British Indian Ocean Territory 15 Topp, J.M.W. & Sheppard, C.R.C. 1999

British Indian Ocean Territory 16 Symens, P. 1999

British Indian Ocean Territory 17 Varnham, K.J. 2003

British Indian Ocean Territory 27 BIOT Administration 2002British Indian Ocean Territory 29 Bellamy, D 1979British Indian Ocean Territory 30 Mortimer, J.A. & Day, M.L. 1999

British Virgin Islands 13 Veitch, C.R. 1998

British Virgin Islands 14 Woodfield, N 2005British Virgin Islands 70 Gerber, G.P. 2000

British Virgin Islands 81 Miller, S.E. 1994British Virgin Islands 83 Varnham, K.J. 2003

British Virgin Islands 103 Pasiecznik, N. 2003British Virgin Islands 117 Petrovic, C. 2003British Virgin Islands 140 Gore, S. 2004

British Virgin Islands 149 Perry, G. 2004British Virgin Islands 156 MacLean, W.P. 1982British Virgin Islands 157 Schwartz, A. & Henderson, R.W. 1985

Cayman Islands 20 Gerber, G.P. & Echternacht, A.C. 2000

Cayman Islands 32 Hounsome, M.V. 1994

Cayman Islands 33 Seidel, M.E. & Franz, R. 1994

Cayman Islands 34 Bradley, P.E. 1994

Cayman Islands 35 Askew, R.R. 1994

Cayman Islands 36 Morgan, G.S. 1994

Cayman Islands 37 Brunt, M.A. 1994

Cayman Islands 90 Proctor, G.R. 1984Cayman Islands 91 Proctor, G.R. 1996Cayman Islands 92 2002

Cayman Islands 93 Echternacht, A. C. and F. J. Burton. 2002Cayman Islands 94 Echternacht, A. C. and F. J. Burton. in pressCayman Islands 95 Grant, C 1940Cayman Islands 96 Bradley, P.E. 2000Cayman Islands 97 Burton, F.J. and Echternacht, A.C. 2003Cayman Islands 112 Burton, F.J. 2003Cayman Islands 161 Cottam, M. 2004

Cyprus Sovereign Base AreasFalkland Islands 9 Brown, D., Chadderton, L. & Brown, K. 2001

Guala G.F., Burton F.J., Proctor G.R. & Clifford S.P.

Falkland Islands 10 Brown, D., Chadderton, L. & Brown, K. 2001

Falkland Islands 11 Falklands Conservation 2001

Falkland Islands 12 Brown, D. 2001

Falkland Islands 19 2001

Falkland Islands 41 2002

Falkland Islands 121 Douse, A. 2004Falkland Islands 130 Lavery, A. 2004Falkland Islands 131 Forster, R.R. & Forster, L.M. 1973Falkland Islands 132 Buckle, D.G. & Hormiga, G. 2000

Gibraltar 52 Perez, C. & Bensusan, K. in prep.Gibraltar 74 Cortes, J. & Abrines, A. 1994Gibraltar 159 Cortes, J. 1982

Gibraltar 160 Cortes, J. 1983Gibraltar 176 Cortes, J. 2004Guernsey 84 Spicer, J.I. & Tabel, H. 1996

Guernsey 118 David, C. 2003Isle of Man 87 MacDonald, D.W. & Halliwell, E.C. 1994

Isle of Man 108 2003

Isle of Man 168 Hawkins, K. 2004Isle of Man 170 Charter, E. 2004Isle of Man 174 Allen, D. E. 1984Jersey 169 Pilcher, S. 2004Jersey 173 Syvret, A. 2004

McDowall, R.M., Allibone, R.M. & Chadderton, W.L.Hall, J.R., Woods, R.W., Brooke, M. de L. & Hilton, G.M.

Ogilvie, M.A. and the Rare Breeding Birds Panel

Montserrat 58 Daltry, J.C., Day, M.L. & Edwards, D. _

Montserrat 59 Blankenship, J.R. 1990

Montserrat 105 Gray, G. 2003

Montserrat 119 Martin, C. 2003

Pitcairn Islands 4 Sherley, G. (Ed.) 2000

Pitcairn Islands 5 Moverly, A.V. 1953Pitcairn Islands 6 Brooke, M. de L. 1995

Pitcairn Islands 7 Vickery, J. 1994Pitcairn Islands 26 Brooke, M. de L. & Trevelyan, R. 2003

Pitcairn Islands 66 2004

Pitcairn Islands 67 Bingelli, P. 2000

Pitcairn Islands 68 Bingelli, P. & Starmer, J. 1997

Pitcairn Islands 162 1999

Pitcairn Islands 164 Benton, T.G. & Lehtinen, P.T. 1995

Pitcairn Islands 172 Gill, B.J. 1993St Helena 21 Kendle, A.D. & Rose, J.E. 2001

St Helena 22 1995

Brooke, M de L., Hepburn, I. & Trevelyan, R.J.

Waldren, S., Weisler, M.I., Hather, J.G. & Morrow, D.

Maunder, M., Upson, T., Spooner, B. & Kendle, T.

St Helena 23 Cronk, Q.C.B. 1989St Helena 24 McCulloch, N. & Norris, K. in prep

St Helena 25 McCulloch, N. & Norris, K. in prep

St Helena 43 2001

St Helena 72 Cronk, Q.C.B. 1986

St Helena 85 1995

St Helena 124 1998

St Helena 138 Henry, P.W.T. 1974

St Helena 142 McCulloch, N. 2004

South Georgia 18 Leader-Williams, N. 1985

South Georgia 31 McIntosh, E. & Walton, D.W.H. 2000

South Georgia 50 Poncet, S., McFadden, I. & Cox, A. 2002

South Georgia 51 Robertson, B.C. & Gemmell, N.J. in press

Booth, R.G., Cross, A.E., Fowler, S.V. & Shaw, R.H.

Brooke, R.K., Lockwood, J.L. & Moulton, M.P.Rowlands, B.W., Trueman, T., Olson, S.L., McCulloch, M.N. & Brooke, R.K.

South Georgia 88 Chown, S.L. & Block, W. 1997

South Georgia 121 Poncet, S. 2003General 139 Usher, M.B, Professor 2004, 2009South Georgia 148 Poncet, S. 2000

South Georgia 152 Convey, P. 2004South Georgia 153 Block, W. 2004South Georgia 154 Lavery, A. 2004South Sandwich Islands 163 2000

Tristan da Cunha Islands 53 Cooper, J. & Ryan, P.G. 1994

Tristan da Cunha Islands 54 Ryan, P.G. & Glass, J.P. 2001

Tristan da Cunha Islands 62 Jones, A.G., Chown, S.L. & Gaston, K.J. 2003

Tristan da Cunha Islands 63 2003



Tristan da Cunha Islands 171 Rothwell, A. 2004Turks and Caicos Islands 69 Iverson, J.B. 1978

Turks and Caicos Islands 106 McCoy-Ground, D. 2003Turks and Caicos Islands 113 Manco, B.N.Turks and Caicos Islands 166 Gerber, G. P. 1995

Isle of Man 177 2008

Convey, P., Lewis-Smith, R.I., Hodgson, D.A. & Peat, H.J.

Gaston, K.J., Jones, A.G., Hanel, C. & Chown, S.L.Jones, A.G., Chown, S.L., Webb, T.J. & Gaston, K.J.Jones, A.G., Chown, S.L., Ryan, P.G., Gremmen, N.J.M. & Gaston, K.J.

2003, 2009

Cowx, I.G., Nunn, A.D., Harvey, J.P., Noble, R.A., Bolland, J.D. & Taylor R.

Tristan da Cunha Islands 178 Hanel, C. and Pont, A 2008

Tristan da Cunha Islands 179 Reynolds, J.W. and Hanel, C 2005


Tristan da Cunha Islands 181 Hänel, C. and Palma, R. 2007

Tristan da Cunha Islands 182 Hänel, C. and Disney, R.H.L. 2006Tristan da Cunha Islands 183 Hänel, C. 2006Tristan da Cunha Islands 184 Schmelz, R.M., and Hänel, C. 2007

Tristan da Cunha Islands 185 Hänel, C. and Heloises, H. 2008

Tristan da Cunha Islands 186 Hänel, C. 2009

Tristan da Cunha Islands 187 Miller, C. 2009

Tristan da Cunha Islands 188 Parkes, J. 2007

Anguilla 189 Connor, R. 2009

Anguilla 190 Anguilla National Trust 2007

Anguilla 191 Connor, R. 2008

Tristan da Cunha Islands 192 Horstmann, K. 2008

Tristan da Cunha Islands 193 Hänel, C. 2008

St Helena 194 Darlow, A. 2008

St Helena 195 St Helena National Trust 2007

Reynolds, J.W., Jones, A., Gaston, K.J, and Chown, S.

St Helena 196 Bell, E. & Boyle, D. 2008

Guernsey 197 Guernsey Biological Records Centre 2009Cayman Islands 198 Anon. 2009Montserrat 199 Anon. 2008Bermuda 200

Tristan da Cunha Islands 201 Varnham, K.J. 2008

Tristan da Cunha Islands 202 Varnham, K.J. 2008

Tristan da Cunha Islands 203 Angel, A. & Cooper, J. 2006

South Georgia 204 Jenner, N. 2009

Ascension 205 Bell, E. & Boyle, D. 2008

Falkland Islands 206 Miller, C. 2008

Falkland Islands 207 Anon. 2007

Falkland Islands 208 Guillaumot, M.P. & Delignieres, H. 2008

Falkland Islands 209 Franklin, W.L. & Grigione M.M. 2005

Montserrat 210 2009

Ascension 211 submitted

Jersey 212 Freeman, M. 2009

Sterrer, W., Glasspool, A., De Silva, H. & Furbert, J.

Sanders, S. et al.

Ratcliffe, N., Bell, M., Pelembe, T., Boyle, D., Benjamin, R., White, R., Stevenson, J. & Sanders, S.

Falkland Islands 213 Poncet, S. 2008

South Georgia 214 Summers, B. 2008

South Georgia 215 Summers, B. 2008

South Georgia 216 Upson, R. 2008

Montserrat 217 Young, R.P. (ed.) 2008

Turks and Caicos Islands 218 Hamilton, M.A. 2009

British Indian Ocean Territory 219 Meier, G.G. 2006

British Indian Ocean Territory 220 Daltry, J., Hillman, C. & Meier, G. 2007

Pitcairn Islands 221 Kingston, N. 2001

Pitcairn Islands 222 Smyth, N. 2008

Pitcairn Islands 223 Tankard, M. 2009

Pitcairn Islands 224 Smyth, N. (compiler) 2008British Indian Ocean Territory 225 Sheppard, C. 2009

British Antarctic Territory 226 Olech, M. 1996British Antarctic Territory 227 Chwedorzewska, K.J. 2008

British Antarctic Territory 228 Convey, P. 2007

British Antarctic Territory 229 2006Convey, P., Frenot, Y., Gremmen, N. & Bergstrom, D.M.

South Georgia 230 2005South Georgia 231 2007

Anguilla 232 Varnham, K.J. 2007

Ascension 233 Gray, A, Pelembe, T. & Stroud, S. 2005

Guernsey 234 Dockerill, J. 2009

Falkland Islands 235 Lavery, A. 2009

Tristan da Cunha Islands 236 Miller, C. 2007Pitcairn Islands 237 Kingston, N. & Waldren, S. 2005

Falkland Islands 238 Jenner, N. 2009

Gibraltar 239 Anon. 2009St Helena 240 Smith, D. 1997

St Helena 241 Jenner, N. 2009

St Helena 242 Cairns-Wicks, R. 2008Montserrat 243 Mendes, S. 2009

Montserrat 244 Anon. 2009Gibraltar 245 Bensusan, K. 2009Jersey 246 Pinel, J. 2009

Tristan da Cunha Islands 247 Cooper, J. & Glass, J. 2006

Frenot, Y., Convey, P., Lebouvier, M., Chown, S.L., Whinam, J., Selkirk, P.M., Skotnicki, M. & Bergstrom D.M.

Title Location

Conservation challenges in the smaller Overseas Territories. Ecos, 19: 31-35

Wild flowers of Britain and Northern Europe. Harper Collins Publishers, London, UK.

Mechanical control methods for water hyacinth.

Biological control of water weeds.

Fire ant: an eradication program that failed.

Caribbean Journal of Science 28 (1-2): 1-10

St Helena and Ascension Island: a natural history. Published by Anthony Nelson, Oswestry, Shropshire, UK.

Phytoprotection 80: 103-113 (Ref 61 from the CABI database)

Maconellicoccus hirsutus

Insecta Mundi 13: 179-181 (Ref 56 from the CABI database).

Florida Entomologist 84: 735-736 (Ref 59 from the CABI database)

The spread of commensal species of Rattus to oceanic islands and their effects on island avifaunas.

pp 35-81 In: Moors, P.J. (Ed.) Conservation of Island Birds, ICBP Technical Publication No.3 , Cambridge, England

Problems caused by water hyacinth as an invasive alien species.

Case Study 5.1 In Invasive Alien Species: A toolkit of best prevention and management practices (Eds. Wittenberg, R. & Cock, M.J.W.) CAB International, Wallingford, UK.Case Study 5.20 In Invasive Alien Species: A toolkit of best prevention and management practices (Eds. Wittenberg, R. & Cock, M.J.W.) CAB International, Wallingford, UK.Case Study 5.26 In Invasive Alien Species: A toolkit of best prevention and management practices (Eds. Wittenberg, R. & Cock, M.J.W.) CAB International, Wallingford, UK.Case Study 5.10 In Invasive Alien Species: A toolkit of best prevention and management practices (Eds. Wittenberg, R. & Cock, M.J.W.) CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

Consequences of predator introductions and habitat destruction on amphibians and reptiles in the post-Colombus West Indies.

A review of biological control of pests in the Commonwealth Caribbean and Bermuda up to 1982.

Published by Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control; Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Slough, UK. (Ref 140 from the CABI database)

Invasion of the Caribbean by the hibiscus mealybug Maconellicoccus hirsutus green (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae).

http://www.eppo.org/QUARRANTINE/Alert_List/Insects/phenhi.html (Ref 120 from the CABI database).

Notes on a new mealybug (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) pest in Florida and the Caribbean: the papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Red imported fire ants expand their range across the West Indies

E1

Title: Title of the article, chapter etc. Personal communications (i.e. unpublished information) are listed as ‘pers. comm.’ in this field.

F1

Location: This specifies the journal, website or other location from which the report is available. Contact details of people making personal communications are removed from public versions of the database.

Florida Entomologist 83: 97-101 (Ref 62 from the CABI database)

pers comm. (Ref 74 from the CABI database).pers comm. (Ref 86 from the CABI database)pers comm.

The atlas of wintering birds in Britain and Ireland London, T. & A.D. Posyer. 447 pp.London, T. & A.D. Posyer. 520 pp.

The atlas of breeding birds in Britain and Ireland Calton, T. & A.D. Posyer. 479 pp.pers comm.

Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterbrough, UK. 152 pp.

Introduced mammals of the world. CABI, Wallingford, UK & CSIRO, Collingwood, Australia

Biological Conservation 76: 135-146

pers comm.

pers comm. Herpetological Conservation Trust, UKBiological Review 80: 45-72

New Atlas of the British & Irish Flora Oxford University Press. 910 pp

Current status of pink hibiscus mealybug in Puerto Rico including a key to parasitoid speciesVijfhonderd jaar natuur op Curacao, verleden, heden en toekomst

pp 87-121 In Veranderd Curacao, published by Stichting Libri Antilliani, Bloemendaal, Netherlands (Ref 10 from the CABI database).

Cat eradication and the restoration of endangered iguanas (Cyclura carinata) on Long Cay, Caicos Bank, Turks and Caicos Islands, British West Indies.

pp 206-212 In Turning the tide: the eradication of invasive species. (Eds. Veitch, C.R. & Clout, M.N.), IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.

Senior Ornithologist, Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough.

The new atlas of breeding birds in Britain and Ireland: 1988-1991

Karen Varnham is a freelance biologist specialising in invasive species issues.

Un-referenced comments from the CABI Invasives in the Caribbean database. www.issg.org/database/species/reference_files/Kairo%20et%20al,%202003.pdfNon-native marine species in British waters: a review and directory

West Indian Iguanas: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan

IUCN/SSC West Indian Iguana Specialist Group, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.

Introduced plants in Antarctica: potential impacts and conservation issues

Senior Research Biologist, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, UK.

Biological invasions in the Antarctic: extent, impacts and implications.

http://www.issg.org/database/species/reference_files/Kairo%20et%20al,%202003.pdf

Caribbean Journal of Science 36 (3-4): 326-328

pers comm. (Ref 112 from the CABI database).pers comm. (Ref 81 from the CABI database).

pers comm. Mary Walker is currently completing a book on the flora of AnguillaAscension - focus on dealing with invasive species.

Ascension Island Mangement Plan

Unpublished report to The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds.

Brimleyana 3:107-111

13th Report Unpublished

pers comm. Marine Turtle Research group, University of Exeterpers comm.

Land-Birds Survey The Adjutant (Journal of the Army Bird Watching Society) 24: 12-16Land-Birds Survey In preparationBermuda Biodiversity Country Study

Anguillian Racer Conservation Project Report No. 1: Findings of the Project Development Visit, April 1998.

Unpublished report by Fauna and Flora International and the Anguilla National Trust.

Cuban treefrogs (Osteopilus septentrionalis) in Anguilla, Lesser Antilles.

Conservation of the Lesser Antillean iguana, Iguana delicatissima, on Anguilla.

Unpublished report to Fauna & Flora International, Cambridge, UK and the Anguilla National Trust

pp 155-160 In A sense of direction: a conference on conservation in UK Overseas Territories and other small island communities (ed. M. Pienkowski). UK Overseas Territories Conservation Forum, www.ukotcf.org.

Published by The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy, Beds, UK.

The feasibilty of the eradication of feral cats and rats from Ascension Island

Unpublished report to The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds and the Foreign and Commonwealth Office prepared by Wildlife Management International Ltd., PO Box 14-492, Wellington, New Zealand.

The restoration of seabird colonies on Ascension Island, South Atlantic: An investigation of the potential impact of brodifacoum on non-target species.Occurrence of the 'tramp' terrestrial amphipods Talitroides alluaudi and T. topitotum (Burt) (Amphipoda: Talitridae) in South Carolina.Sooty Terns on Ascension Island South Atlantic Integrated Population Monitoring Programme

John Hughes has a long involvement with British Military ornithological groups.

Bermuda Zoological Society & Bermuda Aquarium, Museum and Zoo, PO Box FL 145, Flatts, FL BX, Bermuda.

Marine Ecology Progress Series 235: 289-297

Oryx 35 (4): 332-339

Table 2: Invasive Plants

Journal of Herpetology 30 (2): 204-210

pers comm. (Ref 90 from the CABI database).pers comm. (Ref 94 from the CABI database).pers comm. Bermuda Biodiversity Project, Bermuda Zoological Societypers comm.

A birdwatching guide to Bermuda Arlequin Press, Chelmsford, UK, 173pp.Bermuda species database

pers comm. Bermuda Zoological Society

FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. No. 121. 49 p.

An insect introduction to the maritime Antarctica Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 23: 330-339Polar Biology 17: 482-486

Polar Biology 20: 292

The effects of invasive species of fauna and flora on Bermuda's birds

Unpublished paper from 2003 Society for the Conservation & Study of Caribbean Birds conference, Tobago, West Indies

Rosy wolf snail Euglandina rosea, exterminates endemic island snails.

Case Study 3.1 In Invasive Alien Species: A toolkit of best prevention and management practices (Eds. Wittenberg, R. & Cock, M.J.W.) CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

Biological invasion of the Indo-pacific lionfish Pterois volitans along the Atlantic coast of North America.

Threats to the critically endangered endemic Bermudian skink Eumeces longirostris

Unpublished table from Bermuda Invasive Species Workshop, March 2003. http://www.ukotcf.org/pdf/BermConf/pages257to278.pdf

Dynamics of range expansion by three introduced species of Anolis lizards on Bermuda.

Terrestrial Conservation Officer in the Department of Conservation Services, Bermuda

Bermuda Natural History Museum, PO Box FL 145, Flatts, FL BX, Bermuda.

Contribution to a world-wide inventory of exotic marine and anadromous organisms.

Christensenia, a new terrestrial enchytraeid genus from AntarcticaErratum to Christensenia, a new terrestrial enchytraeid genus from Antarctica

Higher plants of the Chagos Archipelgo

Breeding seabirds of the Chagos Archipelago

Unpublished report to Fauna & Flora International, Cambridge, UK

Annual Environmental Summary Unpublished report to the Foreign & Commonwealth Office.Half of Paradise

pers. comm. BVI National Parks Trust

Dispersal of plant pests into the Virgin Islands Florida Entomologist 77: 520-521 (Ref 69 from the CABI database)

pers comm. (Ref 141 from the CABI database).pers comm. H. Lavity Stoutt Community College in Tortola, BVI.pers comm.

pers comm. Assistant Professor, Texas Tech UniversityReptiles and amphibians of the Virgin Islands. MacMillan Caribbean

Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, USA

pp 225-240 In Ecology of the Chagos Archipelago (Eds. Sheppard, C.R.C. & Seaward, M.R.D.), Linnean Society Occasional Publications No. 2, Westbury Academic and Scientific Publishing, Otley.


Eradicating introduced black rats (Rattus rattus) from Eagle Island, Chagos Archipelago, British Indian Ocean Territory: A feasibility study.

Cassel, London and New York, 192ppSea turtle populations and habitats in the Chagos Archipelago.


Survival of the Anegada rock iguana: An assessment of threats and possible remedial actions.

Unpublished report to the National Parks Trust, Tortola, British Virgin Islands.

Conservation of the Anegada Iguana, Cyclura pinguis: Field research report.

Unpublished report to the British Virgin Islands National Parks Trust, Fauna & Flora International and the Zoological Society of San Diego.

Eradication of black rats (Rattus rattus) from Sandy Cay, British Virgin Islands

Unpublished report to the Island Resources Foundation, 123 Main Street, Road Town, Tortola, BVI

Student based in the USVI who is looking at invasive species as part of her Master's project.

A guide to the identification of the amphibians and reptiles of the West Indies exclusive of Hispaniola.

Oecologia 124: 599-607

The avifauna of the Cayman Islands: an overview.

Insects of the Cayman Islands

Mammals of the Cayman Islands

Vegetation of the Cayman Islands

Flora of the Cayman Islands Kew Bulletin Additional Series XIAdditions and corrections to 'Flora of the Cayman Islands" Kew Bulletin 51(3): 483-507Additions to the Flora of the Cayman Islands Kew Bulletin 57: 235-237

Herpetological Review 33(2): 148Herpetological Review

The herpetology of the Cayman Islands. Bull. Inst. Jamaica, Science Series 2, Institute of JamaicaThe Birds of the Cayman Islands BOU checklist series: 19

Herpetological Review 34(3): 257pers comm. Director, Blue Iguana Recovery Programme, Cayman Islands pers comm.

Report on the Falklands Conservation rat eradication project

Evidence for asymmetrical intraguild predation between native and introduced Anolis lizards.Terrestrial invertebrates (other than insects) of the Cayman Islands

Chapter 16 (pp. 307-331) In The Cayman Islands: Natural History and Biogeography (Eds. Brunt, M.A. & Davies, J.E.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands.

Amphibians and reptiles (exclusive of marine turtles) of the Cayman Islands.

Chapter 20 (pp. 407-433) In The Cayman Islands: Natural History and Biogeography (Eds. Brunt, M.A. & Davies, J.E.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands.Chapter 19 (pp. 377-406) In The Cayman Islands: Natural History and Biogeography (Eds. Brunt, M.A. & Davies, J.E.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands.Chapter 17 (pp. 333-356) In The Cayman Islands: Natural History and Biogeography (Eds. Brunt, M.A. & Davies, J.E.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands.Chapter 21 (pp. 435-463) In The Cayman Islands: Natural History and Biogeography (Eds. Brunt, M.A. & Davies, J.E.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands.Chapter 14 (pp. 245-282) In The Cayman Islands: Natural History and Biogeography (Eds. Brunt, M.A. & Davies, J.E.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands.

Hemidactylus mabouia (Amerafrican House Gecko). Ramphotyphlops braminus (Brahminy Blind Snake).

Bufo marinus (Cane Toad).

Special Projects Officer of the Department of the Environment, Cayman Islands.

www.falklandsconservation.com/wildlife/conservation_issues/rat_eradication-final.html

http://www.falklandsconservation.com/wildlife/conservation_issues/rat_eradication-final.html

Rat eradication in the Falkland Islands

Aquatic Conservation: Marine and freshwater ecosystems 11: 473-486

Bird Conservation International 12: 151-167

pers. comm. Falklands Islands GovernmentFalkland Island Spiders - a preliminary report Unpublished report to the RSPBNew Zealand Spiders: An Introduction Collins, Auckland

Introduced FloraThe exotic flora of Gibraltar Almoraima 11: 155-169

British Journal of Herpetology 6: 273-275

A checklist of the current herpetofauna of Gibraltar. Alectoris 5: 22-23pers comm. Gibraltar Ornithological and Natural History Society.

Journal of Natural History 30: 1625-1632

pers comm. Member of the Societe GuernesiaiseGlobal Ecology and Biogeography Letters 4: 9-16

Non-native birds breeding in the United Kingdom in 2001 British Birds 96: 620-625

pers comm. Biological Records Centre at the Manx Museum, Isle of Man.pers comm. Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Isle of ManFlora of the Isle of Man Douglas, Manx Museum and National Trust. 250 pppers comm. Jersey Zoo.pers comm. Societe Jersiaise.

Guidelines for the eradication of rats from islands within the Falklands group

www.falklandsconservation.com/wildlife/conservation_issues/rat_eradication-guidelines.htmlwww.falklandsconservation.com/wildlife/conservation_issues/rat_eradication-main.html

Criteria for prioritising rat eradications from islands in the Falklands

www.falklandsconservation.com/wildlife/conservation_issues/rat_eradication-criteria.html

Issues for the conservation and management of Falklands Islands freshwater fishes.Factors affecting the distribution of landbirds on the Falkland Islands

A catalog of the linyphid spiders of South America, Central America, Mexico and the West Indies (Araneae, Linyphiidae)

http://www.gwu.edu/~clade/spiders/SA-LIN.3.htm

.

The herpetofauna of Gibraltar - status, recent history and current research.

Notes on the occurrence of the introduced landhopper Arcitalitrus dorrieni (Hunt, 1925) on Guernsey, Channel Islands.

The rapid spread of red foxes, Vulpes vulpes, on the Isle of Man.

http://www.falklandsconservation.com/wildlife/conservation_issues/rat_eradication-criteria.html

http://www.gwu.edu/~clade/spiders/SA-LIN.3.htm

Unpublished manuscript.

The wildlife of Montserrat Published by the Montserrat National Trust, Montserrat, West Indies.

pers comm.

pers comm. Christ Church University College, UK

Pitcairn Island: An economic survey Transactions of the Fiji Society 4: 61-67

The Pitcairn Islands: paradise past, paradise present? Trends in Ecology & Evolution 9: 316 Unpublished report to the Foreign & Commonwealth Office.

Henderson Island world heritage site management plan.

Pitcairn Island.

Atoll Research Bulletin 463: 1-14

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 56: 261-272

The lizards of the Pitcairn Island Group, South Pacific New Zealand Journal of Zoology 20: 161-164

Habitat selection by cane toads (Bufo marinus) and mountain chickens (Leptodactylus fallax) in Montserrat, West Indies.

Department of Agriculture, Montserrat; (ref 116 from the CABI database).

Invasive species in the Pacific: A technical review and draft regional strategy

South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, PO Box 240, Samoa. www.sprep.org.ws

The breeding biology of the gadfly petrels Pterodroma spp. of the Pitcairn Islands: characteristics, population sizes and controls.

In: Benton, T.G. & Spencer, T. The Pitcairn Islands: biogeography, ecology and prehistory. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 56: 213-231

Environment Charter - Possible projects for the Pitcairn Islands.

Available from the Pitcairn Desk, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, King Charles Street, London, SW1, UK; also at http://www.ukotcf.org/pdf/Henderson.pdf

Time-lags between introduction, establishment and rapid spread of introduced environmental weeds.

Manuscript no. 8 In: Proceedings of the Third International Weed Science Congress; 2000; Foz do Iguassu, Brazil.Aliens 6: 2 (Newsletter of the IUCN Invasive Species Specialist Group).

The non-native vascular plants of Henderson Island, South-Central Pacific Ocean.Biodiversity and origin of the non-flying terrestrial arthropods of Henderson Island.

Invasive plants on land recovering from desertification on Saint Helena island

In: G. Brundu, J. Brock, I. Camarda, L. Child and M. Wade (Eds) Plant Invasions: Species Ecology and Ecosystem Management. Backhuys, Leiden, The Netherlands. pp 311-318.

Saint Helena: Sustainable development and conservation of a highly degraded island ecosystem.

In: Vitousek, P., Loope, L.L. & Adersen, H. (Eds) Islands: Ecological Studies, Vol 115. Berlin, Springer Verlag. pp 205-217.

The past and present vegetation of Saint Helena Journal of Biogeography 16: 47-64Potential threats to the survival of the wirebird

Status of wirebird habitat



The birds of St Helena: an annotated checklist. Published by the British Ornithologists Union, Tring, UK, 295pp

pers comm.

The Sub-Antarctic Islands - Introduced mammals

Environmental Management Plan for South Georgia

In press

Chapter 2 in: A Review of the Status and Ecology of the St Helena Wirebird, with recommendations for its conservation. University of ReadingChapter 4 in: A Review of the Status and Ecology of the St Helena Wirebird, with recommendations for its conservation. University of Reading

Biological control of an insect to save an endemic tree on St Helena.

Case Study 5.24 In Invasive Alien Species: A toolkit of best prevention and management practices (Eds. Wittenberg, R. & Cock, M.J.W.) CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

The decline of the St Helena gumwood, Commidendrum robustum.Patterns of success in passeriform bird introductions on Saint Helena.

List of tree and shrub species known to have been planted on St Helena.

Appendix 4 of Land Resource Report Number LRR2, pages 186 - 194.

pp 318 - 328 In: Key Environments: Antarctica. (Eds. Bonner, W.N. & Walton, D.W.H.), Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK.Published by the British Antarctic Survey on behalf of the Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

Rat eradication - South Georgia. An assessment of the feasibility of eradicating Norway rats from South Georgia Island

Published by the Department of Conservation, PO Box 743, Invercargill, New Zealand.

Glacial barriers, gene flow and genetic population differentiation of brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) on South Georgia Island


pers comm.pers comm. University of Stirling

Internal report to the South Georgia Government

pers comm. British Antarctic Surveypers comm. British Antarctic Surveypers comm. Royal Society for the Protection of Birds

Journal of Biogeography 27: 1279-1295

Management Plan for the Gough Island Wildlife Reserve

Inaccessible Island Nature Reserve Management Plan

Biodiversity and Conservation 12: 2107-2119

Rates of species introduction to a remote oceanic island. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London (B) 270: 1091-1098

Systematics and Biodiversity 1(2): 213-273


pers. comm. Royal Society for the Protection of BirdsBiological Conservation 14: 63-73

pers. comm. (Ref 117 from the CABI database).pers. comm. Turks & Caicos Islands National Trust.

Comparative nutritional ecology of grass-feeding in a sub-Antarctic beetle: the impact of introduced species on Hydromedion sparsutum from South Georgia.

The feasibility of rat eradication at South Georgia: desk study report.

The flora of the South Sandwich Islands, with particular reference to the influence of geothermal heating.

Published by the Government of Tristan da Cunha, Edinvurgh, Tristan da Cunha Published by the Government of Tristan da Cunha, Edinvurgh, Tristan da Cunha

Introduced house mice as a conservation concern on Gough Island.

The free-living pterygote insects of Gough Island, South Atlantic Ocean.A review of conservation threats on Gough Island: a case study for terrestrial conservation in the Southern Oceans.

The impact of feral cats and dogs on populations of the West Indian rock iguana, Cyclura carinata.

Population status of the Turks & Caicos Rock Iguana (Cyclura carinata).

Unpublished report to the National Trust of the Turks & Caicos Islands.

Investigation into the distribution and abundance of coarse fish populations in still waters in the Isle of Man

Unpublished draft report to Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry

Beitraege zur Entomologie, 58(1): 211-222.

Megadrilogica, 10(7): 47-56.

Megadrilogica, 9(2): 5-15.


Phoridae (Dipt) from Nightingale Island, South Atlantic Entomologists Monthly Magazine, 28 April 2006, Vol 142: 127-128Tristan da Cunha Invertebrate Project Report Unpublished report to RSPB, funded by the Darwin Initiative

Folia Fac. Sci. Nat. Univ. Masaryk. Brun., Biol., 110: 193-202


pers. comm. Christine Hanel is an entomologist based in Stellenbosch, South Africa

pers. comm.

Unpublished report to the RSPB

pers. comm.

Unpublished report by the Anguilla National Trust

Anguilla Invasive Species Strategy 2008 (Draft)

Mitt. Münch. Ent. Ges., 98: 31-35ü

Unpublished report to RSPB.

Public education poster about common wasps

Wirebird protection - action on several fronts St Helena National Trust Newsletter No.17

Houseflies of the Tristan da Cunha Islands: new records, including the first for Fannia albitarsis STEIN, 1911 (Diptera: Fanniidae, Muscidae)The Earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) of Gough Island, South Atlantic OceanThe Earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) of Tristan da Cunha and Nightingale Islands, South Atlantic OceanThe lice of the Tristan da Cunha Archipelago (Insecta: Phthiraptera)

On a collection of Enchytraeidae and Naididae (Oligochaeta) from the Tristan da Cunha Islands, South Atlantic OceanTicks of the Tristan da Cunha Archipelago (Acarina: Ixodidae: Argasidae)

Clare Miller manages the RSPB/ EU's South Atlantic Invasive Species project

Feasibility plan to eradicate mice (Mus musculus) from Gough Island

Rhon Connor is the Co-ordinator Department of the Environment in Anguilla

Anguilla invasive species workshop report (held 29th May 2007)

Prepared by Rhon Connor (Co-ordinator, Environment and Sustainable Development), Department of Environment, Anguilla

Two species of Ichneumonidae from Tristan da Cunha and Nightingale Islands, South Atlantic (Hymenoptera)Things of note. Re: Ichneumonid wasps at the Tristan Archipelago, with reference to the recent identifications from the 2005 invertebrate collection.Have you seen this insect? Public education poster about common wasps

Report to the EU South Atlantic Invasive Species Project, RSPB

Invasive Coastal Plants (Section 10) Cayman Islands NBAPAnnex 19: Centre Hills rat impact experiment Unpublished RSPB reportBermuda - An Island Biodiversity Transported

Unpublished report to RSPB/ South Atlantic Invasive Species Project

Unpublished report to RSPB/ South Atlantic Invasive Species Project

South Georgia invasive species projects

Report to EU/ RSPB South Atlantic Invasive Species Project

Report of EU/ RSPB South Atlantic Invasive Species Project



Journal of Biogeography, Vol. 32, Issue 4, pp 661-675.

Darwin postproject application on feral pigs in the Centre Hills

pers. comm.

Rabbits on St Helena: Assessment and advice on the rabbit situation on St Helena

In: John Davenport and Julia L. Davenport (eds.) The Effects of Human Transport on Ecosystems: Cars and Planes, Boats and Trains, 118–170. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy.

Rodent control on Tristan da Cunha: Current practice and recommendations for improvementPreventing rats becoming established on Nightingale Island: Recommendations for monitoring and contingencyA review of the impacts of introduced rodents on the islands of Tristan da Cunha and Gough

RSPB Research Report No. 17. Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy, UKSummary of invasive species actions on SGSSI produced as part of an ongoing RSPB project

Rabbits on Ascension Island: Assessment of the potential for eradicating rabbits from Ascension and developing a rabbit control strategy for immediate implementation. Report from rat eradication workshop, Stanley, Falkland Islands, September 2008South Atlantic Invasive Species Project. Background report: Falkland IslandsSAIS Project: Fence to protect the black browed albatross colony from the intrusion of sheep.The enigma of guanacos in the Falkland Islands: the legacy of John Hamilton.

From cat’s cradle to booby prize: the responses of tropical seabirds to the eradication of feral cats from Ascension Island

Submitted to Ibis

Mike Freeman is the Principal Ecologist of the Planning and Environment Department, Jersey




A biodiversity assessment of the Centre Hills, Montserrat.

pers. comm.

pers. comm.

The Pitcairn Islands Environmental Management Plan 2008 Report by BEC Consultants Ltd.pers. comm.

Human impact on terrestrial ecosystems in West Antarctica Proceedings NIPR Symp. Polar. Biol. 9: 299-306Polar Biol. 31: 263-268

Biological invasions

Report on the possible sighting of a South American fox at Port Purvis, 14 March 2008.

Report to Falkland Islands Government and EU/ RSPB South Atlantic Invasive Species Project.

Report on the visit to South Georgia 31 December 2007 -14 January 2008Report on bittercress control: South Georgia 25-31 March 2008Monitoring the effects of reindeer on South Georgia's most vulnerable vegetation types

Durrell Conservation Monograph No. 1. Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Jersey, Channel Islands.UK Overseas Territories Programme Coordinator, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

Eradication of invasive rats from Eagle Island, Chagos Archipelago, British Indian Ocean Territory

Unpublished report to Foreign & Commonwealth Office and Fauna & Flora International

Chagos Ecological Restoration Project: Follow-up visit to Eagle Island, March 2007

Unpublished report to Foreign & Commonwealth Office and Fauna & Flora International

The Flora and vegetation of Pitcairn Island - its phytogeography and conservation (Appendix 3 p295)

Unpublished PhD. Thesis, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2

Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston (Myrtaceae) control, conservation and restoration of the threathened native flora of Pitcairn Island, Sough Central Pacific

Unpublished PhD. Thesis, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2

Melanie Tankard is the HM Government Representative on Pitacirn Island

Charles Sheppard is a Professor in the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick

Poa annua L. in Antarctic: searching for the source of introduction Non-native species in Antarctic terrestrial and freshwater environments: Presence, sources, impacts and predictions.

Non-native Species in the Antarctic: Proceedings (Ed. Finnemore), Gateway Antarctica, Christchurch, pp. 97-130Chapter 10 in Bergstrom, D.M, Convey , P. & Huiskes, A.H.L. (Eds) Trends in Antarctic Terrestrial and Limnetic Ecosystems: Antarctica as a Global Indicator. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands

South Georgia Government update www.sgisland.org

Report to RSPB and Anguilla National Trust

Oryx 39(4): 449-453

pers. comm.

Tristan da Cunha – Invasive Species Awareness surveys Report of EU/ RSPB South Atlantic Invasive Species ProjectBiodiversity and Conservation 14: 781-800

Falkland Island invasive species projects

Clearing of Chasmanthe on St Michael’s Cave firebreak. Gibraltar Nature News 16: 3Oryx 31(3): 218-224

St Helena invasive species projects

Protected Area Plan for the Central Peaks 2007-2010 Developed with funding from OTEPpers. comm. Stephen Mendes works for the Montserrat Department of Environment

Deadly amphibian disease reaches Montserrat Press release from Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trustpers. comm. Gibraltar Ornithological and Natural History Societypers. comm.

Aliens 23: 1-4

Antarctic biological invasions: sources, extents, impacts and implications

Non-native Species in the Antarctic: Proceedings (Ed. Finnemore), Gateway Antarctica, Christchurch, pp. 53-96

Eradicating introduced black rats (Rattus rattus) from Dog Island, Anguilla: A feasibility studyThe conservation of the endemic vascular flora of Ascension Island and threats from alien species

Janice Dockerill works for the States Environment Department, Guernsey

Introduced spiders on the Falkland Islands. A preliminary report

A conservation appraisal of the rare and endemic vascular plants of Pitcairn Island

Summary of invasive species actions on the Falkland Islands produced as part of an ongoing RSPB project

The progress and problems of the ‘Endemic Section’ of St Helena Island

Summary of invasive species actions on the Falkland Islands produced as part of an ongoing RSPB project

John Pinel is Head of Countryside Management at the Planning and Environment Department of the States of Jersey

Eradicating invasive species in the United Kingdom Overseas Territory of Tristan da Cunha.

Comments

Lisa Kitson is currently studying for a Ph.D. on Bermudian skinks Reference no. 6328 in Fishbase 2004: A global information system on fishes (http://www.fishbase.org/References/ FBRefSummary.cfm?ID=6328&database=FB)

now Scottish Natural Heritage

Quoted in ref (8)Quoted in ref (8)

Quoted in ref (8)

Neil McCulloch carried out a baseline study of Wirebird ecology in 188-89 for the British Trust for Ornithology and a Darwin Initiative funded follow-up project for the University of Reading in 1998-2001. He has recently written a field guide to the birds of St Helena and Ascension

Naomi Kingston ([email protected]) National Parks and Wildlife Service, 7 Ely Place, Dublin 2 Ireland and Botany Department Trinity College, Dublin 2 Ireland. Noeleen Smyth ([email protected]) National Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland

Documents

References by Country - JNCC - Adviser to Government on …jncc.defra.gov.uk/Docs/OT_CDnon-natives… · XLS file · Web view · 2009-07-17General Title Location Ecos, 19: 31-35