Recreation and Leisure in Modern

Society Third Edition

Richard Kraus Temple University

Scott, Foresman and Company Glenview, Illinois London

Contents

Part 1 Understanding Recreation and Leisure 1

Chapter 1

Recreation and Leisure Today: An Overview 2

Different Views of Recreation and Leisure 3 Leisure as a Career Field 4 Social Factors Promoting the Recreation Movement 4 Professionalism in Recreation Service 12 Development of the Organized Recreation System 13 Types of Recreation Sponsors 14 Need for Professional Leadership 15 Role of Professional Education 16 Purposes of this Text 16 Questions 18 Suggested Readings 18 Notes 18

Chapter 2

Basic Concepts of Play, Recreation, and Leisure 19

The Meaning of Play 20 Early Theories of Play 21 Twentieth-Century Concepts of Play 25 Typologies of Play Activity 26 Psychological Analysis of Play 31 Play Defined 33

The Meaning of Recreation 35 Contemporary Definitions of Recreation 35 Motivations for Participation 37 Recreation as Personal Experience 38 Forms of Recreational Involvement 38 Recreation as a Social Institution 40 Recreation Defined 41 The Meaning of Leisure: Five Views 41 Leisure Defined 47 Comparative Meaning of Play, Recreation, and Leisure 48 Questions 49 Suggested Readings . 49 Notes 49

Chapter 3

Early History of Recreation and Leisure 52

Play of Prehistoric and Primitive Humans 53 Attitudes Toward Work and Leisure in Primitive Societies 53 Recreation and Leisure in Pre-Christian Civilizations 56 Early Christian Era: The Dark and Middle Ages 63 Recreation and Leisure in Ancient China 67 The Renaissance Period 68 Influence of the Protestant Reformation 70 Development of Parks and Recreation Areas 72 Growth of Popular Diversions in England 73 Recreation in France 74 Questions 74 Suggested Readings 75 Notes 76

Chapter 4

Recreation in America: The Colonial Period and Nineteenth Century 78

Puritan Disapproval of Play 79 Plantation Living in the South 80 Restrictions in New England 80 Parks and Conservation in the Colonial Era 82 Nineteenth-Century Industrial Revolution 84 Development of the Protestant Work Ethic 85 Growth of Popular Participation in Recreation 86 Changing Attitudes Toward Play 87 Growth of Commercial Amusements 90 Concern About Leisure 90 Beginnings of the Recreation Movement 91 Questions 96

Suggested Readings Notes

97 97

Chapter 5

Recreation and Parks: The Modern Era 99

Growth of Public Recreation and Park Agencies 100 Federal Park Expansion 101 Emergence of the Recreation Movement: Three Pioneers 101 Public Concerns About Use of Leisure 105 Major Forces Promoting Recreation 108 Role of the Schools 110 Public Recreation During the 1920s 111 Effect of the Great Depression 112 The Effects of World War II 115 Postwar Developments: 1950s and 1960s 116 Era of Change and Challenge: 1970s and 1980s 118 Economic Setbacks: The Era of Limits 119 Trends Affecting Participation 120 Recreation in the 1980s 123 Overview of Canadian Recreation and Park Developments 125 Questions 131 Suggested Readings 132 Notes 132

Part 2 Organizing Recreation and Leisure 135

Chapter 6

Role of Federal, State, and Provincial Governments 136

Functions of Federal Government in Recreation, Parks, and Leisure Service 136

Overview of Federal Outdoor Recreation Programs 142 Other Federal Recreation Functions 145 Federal Programs for the Disadvantaged 147 Support of the Arts 148 Physical Fitness and Sports Promotion 148 Overview of Federal Recreation Programs 149 Recreation and Park Functions of State Governments 151 Functions of Canadian Federal and Provincial Governments 159 Questions 163 Suggested Readings 163 Notes 164

Chapter 7

The Role of County and Local Governments 165

County and Special Park District Programs 166 Examples of County Recreation and Park Systems 167 Regional and Special Park Districts 168 Municipal Recreation and Park Agencies 169 Functions and Structure of Municipal Agencies 171 Programs of Municipal Agencies 173 Effect of Fiscal Cutbacks 181 Contracting and Privatization 182 Expanded Revenue Resources 183 Moving Beyond the Fiscal Crisis 184 Continued Growth in Urban Recreation and Parks 186 Organizational Goals of Urban Park and Recreation Directors 187 Community Leisure-Service Systems: The Toal Picture 188 Questions 188 Suggested Readings 188 Notes 189

Chapter 8

Voluntary and Special-Interest Organizations 191

Voluntary Agencies in the Leisure Field 192 Types of Youth-Serving Agencies 193 Sectarian and Religious-Affiliated Agencies 198 Church and Synagogue Recreation Programs 198 National Youth Organizations 199 Settlement Houses and Community Centers 204 Organizations Serving the Disadvantaged 204 Special-Interest Organizations 204 Impact of Voluntary and Special-Interest Organizations 209 Questions 210 Suggested Readings 210 Notes 210

Chapter 9

Specialized Delivery Systems: Campus, Armed Forces, and Employee Recreation 212

Campus Recreation 213 Rationale for College and University Programs 213 Types of Recreational Programs 215

Recreation and the Armed Forces 217 Employee Recreation Programs 221 Questions 226 Suggested Readings 226 Notes 226

Chapter 10

Commercial and Private Recreation Sponsors 228

Spending on Recreation and Leisure 228 Categories of Commercial Recreation 229 Travel and Tourism 230 Theme Parks and Entertainment Complexes 232 Participation in Outdoor Recreation 233 Sports and Games 235 Health and Fitness Programs 238 Television, Video Games, and Other Electronic Entertainment 239 Hobbies, Games, and Crafts 240 Marginal Recreation: Gambling and Pornography 241 Private-Membership Recreation Organizations 242 Commercial and Private Recreation in Perspective 244 Factors Controlling Recreation 245 Questions 247 Suggested Readings 247 Notes 247

Chapter 11

Recreation for Special Populations: Therapeutic Recreation Service 249

Early Development of Therapeutic Recreation 250 Expansion of Therapeutic Recreation 251 Awareness of Needs of the Disabled 251 Current Definition of Therapeutic Recreation Service 254 Trend Toward Prescriptive Programming 255 Recreation and the Mentally 111 256 Recreation Services for the Mentally Retarded 259 Recreation Services and the Dependent Aging 261 Recreation Service and the Physically Disabled 265 Programs for the Socially Deviant 268 Overview of Therapeutic Recreation Service 270 Questions 271 Suggested Readings 272 Notes 272

Part 3 Career Opportunities and Professionalism in Recreation and Leisure 275

Chapter 12

Recreation and Parks as a Career Field 276

Background of Recreation and Parks as a Career Field 277 Scope of Employment Today 278 Professional Identification in Recreation 280 Professional Preparation in Recreation and Parks 282 Current Enrollment Trends 285 Upgrading Higher Education: Accreditation Process 285 Professional Recreation and Park Organizations 288 Canadian Professional Organizations 292 Career Opportunity in Recreation Today 292 Issue of Professionalism 293 Questions 293 Suggested Readings 293 Notes 293

Chapter 13

Professional Development in Recreation and Leisure Service 295

The Nature of Professionalism 295 Social Value and Purpose 296 Public Recognition of the Field 296 Specialized Discipline: Unique Body of Knowledge 298 Higher Education 299 Role of Professional Organizations 299 Credentialing: Standards for Professional Practice 301 Civil Service in Recreation and Parks 304 Code of Ethical Practice 308 Current Level of Professional Status 308 Resistance to Fuller Specialization 309 Ultimate Concern: Public Benefit 311 Questions 311 Suggested Readings 312 Notes 312

Chapter 14

Personal Values of Recreation 314

Physical Needs Served by Recreation Activities 315 Emotional Values of Recreational Participation 319

Social Values of Recreation 326 Intellectual Values of Recreation 331 Spiritual Values of Recreation 334 Recreation, Family Life, and Needs of the Major Age Groups 336 Questions 347 Suggested Readings 347 Notes 347

Chapter 15

Social Functions of Community Recreation 351

Enriching the Quality of Community Life 352 Contributing to Healthy Development of Participants 353 Making the Community an Attractive Place to Live 353 Preventing Antisocial Uses of Leisure 354 Strengthening Neighborhood and Community Life 358 Meeting Needs of Special Populations 359 Strengthening Community Economic Well-Being and Stability 361 Enriching Cultural Life 362 Promoting Community Health and Safety 363 Providing Needed Outlets for Ritual, Ceremony and Other Drives 364 Summary of Social Goals: A Philosophical Statement 366 Questions 370 Suggested Readings 371 Notes 371

Chapter 16

Current Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities in Recreation and Leisure 373

Problems of Fiscal Support for Recreation and Parks 374 Changing Role of Public Leisure-Service Agencies 378 Changing Framework of Leisure Values 381 Preserving and Improving the Natural Environment 387 Serving Special Populations: Women, Minorities, and Disabled 391 National Awareness of Recreation and Leisure 399 Education for Leisure, Past and Present 401 Upgrading Professionalism in Recreation and Parks 403 Need for Improved Research and Evaluation 405 Questions 408 Suggested Readings 409 Notes 409

Bibliography Index

413 417