RECONSTRUCTIONRECONSTRUCTION

Rebuilding the Nation After the Civil War

Rebuilding the Nation After the Civil War

Union Confederate

Totalparticipants

2.5-2.75 m 750,000-1.25 m

Wounded 275,175 100,000

Battle deaths 110,070 94,000

Deaths from disease

249,458 164,000

Total dead 360,222 258,000

618,222

Post-Civil War Problems

Post-Civil War Problems

Pardon IssueStatehood Former SlavesEconomic Rebuilding

Pardon IssueStatehood Former SlavesEconomic Rebuilding

Lincoln’s Ten Percent PlanLincoln’s Ten Percent Plan

Goal:

To reunite the nation quickly and painlessly in order to move ahead.

Goal:

To reunite the nation quickly and painlessly in order to move ahead.

Lincoln’s ViewpointLincoln’s ViewpointSince secession not possible under Constitution, southern states merely in rebellion and, therefore, still states. Job of President to enforce federal laws within states.

Since secession not possible under Constitution, southern states merely in rebellion and, therefore, still states. Job of President to enforce federal laws within states.

Lincoln ProposalsLincoln ProposalsFormer

confederates swearing oath of future loyalty to Constitution are pardoned

Former confederates swearing oath of future loyalty to Constitution are pardoned

Former confederate leaders charged with treason/ban-ned from public office

Former confederate leaders charged with treason/ban-ned from public office

Lincoln ProposalsLincoln ProposalsOath taken by

10% of eligible voters and slavery/seces-sion outlawed, state may elect representatives to Congress

Oath taken by 10% of eligible voters and slavery/seces-sion outlawed, state may elect representatives to Congress

Freedmans Bureau responsible for relief effort in the South among destitute

Freedmans Bureau responsible for relief effort in the South among destitute

Radical Republicans Wade-Davis Plan

Radical Republicans Wade-Davis Plan

Goal:Punish the South;

maintain Republican control of the national government; restore the power of Congress over Presidency

Goal:Punish the South;

maintain Republican control of the national government; restore the power of Congress over Presidency

Radical ViewpointRadical Viewpoint

The Confederate states had seceded from the nation and were now to be treated as conquered territories.Congressional powers include administering territories

The Confederate states had seceded from the nation and were now to be treated as conquered territories.Congressional powers include administering territories

Radical ProposalsRadical ProposalsFormer

confederates swear ironclad oath of past and future loyalty to Constitution

Former confederates swear ironclad oath of past and future loyalty to Constitution

State conventions could write new constitutions after 50% of eligible voters swear oath

State conventions could write new constitutions after 50% of eligible voters swear oath

Radical ProposalsRadical ProposalsNew state constitutions

must ban for-mer Confed-erates from office, slavery, and secession

New state constitutions

must ban for-mer Confed-erates from office, slavery, and secession

State legislatures must ratify new 13th Amendment

State legislatures must ratify new 13th Amendment

Neither Reconstruction Plan Used

Neither Reconstruction Plan Used

Lincoln vetoed Wade-Davis Plan

Lincoln vetoed Wade-Davis Plan

Neither Reconstruction Plan Adopted

Neither Reconstruction Plan Adopted

Lincoln’s Assassination meant his plan not used

Lincoln’s Assassination meant his plan not used

President Andrew JohnsonPresident Andrew Johnson

BackgroundPoorTennessee repRemained in Congress after his state voted to secede

BackgroundPoorTennessee repRemained in Congress after his state voted to secede

Reasons Disliked

Southern roots

DemocratTactlessObstructionist

Reasons Disliked

Southern roots

DemocratTactlessObstructionist

Actions of JohnsonActions of JohnsonRecognized

southern state governments even though most:

Failed to repudiate slavery

Enacted black codes

Recognized southern state governments even though most:

Failed to repudiate slavery

Enacted black codes

Pardoned former Confederate leaders if they personally appealed to him for a pardon

Pardoned former Confederate leaders if they personally appealed to him for a pardon

Vetoed bill to enlarge Freedmans Bureau

Vetoed bill to enlarge Freedmans Bureau

Vetoed 1866 Civil Right Bill to give former slaves citizenship and protection from state discrimination

Vetoed 1866 Civil Right Bill to give former slaves citizenship and protection from state discrimination

Impact of Johnson ActionsImpact of Johnson ActionsFormer Confederate

leaders elected to Congress due to meet in January 1866

Between April-December 1865, all but three Southern states readmitted

Former Confederate leaders elected to Congress due to meet in January 1866

Between April-December 1865, all but three Southern states readmitted

Johnson vetoes had to be overcome with 2/3rds vote of Congress-slowed progress

Moderates now view Johnson with disdain

Johnson vetoes had to be overcome with 2/3rds vote of Congress-slowed progress

Moderates now view Johnson with disdain

Congressional Reconstruction1867 - 1877

Congressional Reconstruction1867 - 1877

Seceded states divided into 5 military districts

District’s major general oversees drafting of new state constitutions

Ratification of 14th and 15th Amendments

Military tribunals act as courts

Seceded states divided into 5 military districts

District’s major general oversees drafting of new state constitutions

Ratification of 14th and 15th Amendments

Military tribunals act as courts

Thirteenth AmendmentThirteenth Amendment“Neither slavery

nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime…shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.”

“Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime…shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.”

Fourteenth AmendmentFourteenth Amendment“…all persons born

or naturalized in the United States are citizens…”…nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor deny…equal protection of the law

“…all persons born or naturalized in the United States are citizens…”…nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor deny…equal protection of the law

Fifteenth AmendmentFifteenth Amendment“The right of the

citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied…by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude”

“The right of the citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied…by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude”

Johnson’s ImpeachmentJohnson’s Impeachment

Lack of enforcement in Southern States

Demeanor - temper, language

Lack of enforcement in Southern States

Demeanor - temper, language

Use of VetoTenure of Office Act

Use of VetoTenure of Office Act

Tenure of Office Act

Tenure of Office Act

President is forbidden from removing a Cabinet officer he had appointed without a 2/3rds vote of Senate.

President is forbidden from removing a Cabinet officer he had appointed without a 2/3rds vote of Senate.

Johnson fired Secretary of War Edwin Stanton on Feb 21, 1868

Johnson fired Secretary of War Edwin Stanton on Feb 21, 1868

Johnson’s ImpeachmentJohnson’s ImpeachmentHouse of

Representatives voted to impeach Andrew Johnson by a vote of 126 yeahs to 47 nays on February 24, 1868.

House of Representatives voted to impeach Andrew Johnson by a vote of 126 yeahs to 47 nays on February 24, 1868.

Johnson’s ImpeachmentJohnson’s Impeachment

The US Senate votes to acquit Johnson by vote of 35 to 19; one vote short of 2/3rds vote needed to convict him.

The US Senate votes to acquit Johnson by vote of 35 to 19; one vote short of 2/3rds vote needed to convict him.

Impact of ImpeachmentImpact of ImpeachmentRadicals lost favor with

moderates.Republicans nominate Ulysses

S. Grant for presidency in 1868 who wins by slight margin over Democrat, Horace Greeley.

Nation began to lose interest in Reconstruction.

Radicals lost favor with moderates.

Republicans nominate Ulysses S. Grant for presidency in 1868 who wins by slight margin over Democrat, Horace Greeley.

Nation began to lose interest in Reconstruction.

The “New” SouthThe “New” SouthLocal

governments formed with support of Radical Republicans

New governments made up of freed blacks, scalawags, and carpetbaggers

Local governments formed with support of Radical Republicans

New governments made up of freed blacks, scalawags, and carpetbaggers

Scalawags:

Southern Republicans who had been anti-slavery and secession and desired an industrialized South

Scalawags:

Southern Republicans who had been anti-slavery and secession and desired an industrialized South

Carpetbaggers:Transplanted northerners, often former soldiers who remained in the south to live, establish a business, or aid freed slaves.

Carpetbaggers:Transplanted northerners, often former soldiers who remained in the south to live, establish a business, or aid freed slaves.

Hiram Revels, MSHiram Revels, MS He took over the seat once held by Jefferson Davis!

He took over the seat once held by Jefferson Davis!

African-AmericansAfrican-AmericansDelegates to state conventions

State legislatures

14 in House2 in Senate

Delegates to state conventions

State legislatures

14 in House2 in Senate

Economic Change in South

Economic Change in South

Plantations divided

Sharecropping

Tenant Farming

Plantations divided

Sharecropping

Tenant Farming

Positive and Negativesof New Southern Governments

Positive and Negativesof New Southern Governments

Positives: Property

qualificationsJail for debtPublic schoolsRoads,

hospitals, orphanages,bridges

Positives: Property

qualificationsJail for debtPublic schoolsRoads,

hospitals, orphanages,bridges

Negatives:Borrowed

heavilyProperty taxes

highChance for

graftPromoted anger

against Blacks

Negatives:Borrowed

heavilyProperty taxes

highChance for

graftPromoted anger

against Blacks

Southern White Resentment

Southern White Resentment

Shortage of money-taxes

Government corruption

Use of black votes by Republican minority

Shortage of money-taxes

Government corruption

Use of black votes by Republican minority

Southern ProtestSouthern Protest

Intimidation of African-Americans

Organized Ku Klux Klan

Intimidation of African-Americans

Organized Ku Klux Klan

Congress ActsCongress Acts

Three Force Acts which place elections under Federal supervision

Troops dispatched to where Klan is strong

Three Force Acts which place elections under Federal supervision

Troops dispatched to where Klan is strong

Reasons Reconstruction EndsReasons Reconstruction Ends

Amnesty Act of 1872

Freedman’s Bureau ends

Southern governments gradually replaced

Amnesty Act of 1872

Freedman’s Bureau ends

Southern governments gradually replaced

Northern indifference

Government scandals

Economic depression

Northern indifference

Government scandals

Economic depression

Government ScandalsGovernment Scandals

Black Friday:Men close to Grant buy up available gold and then convince Grant to increase government’s purchase of gold.

Black Friday:Men close to Grant buy up available gold and then convince Grant to increase government’s purchase of gold.

Government Scandals

Government Scandals

Whiskey Ring:Whiskey distillers pay-off government officials so they can under-report how much whiskey they have distilled. Whiskey is taxed.

Whiskey Ring:Whiskey distillers pay-off government officials so they can under-report how much whiskey they have distilled. Whiskey is taxed.

Government Scandals

Government Scandals

Credit Mobilier:Congress votes to sell public land to this company to build a railroad. Company officials resell land at huge profit. No railroad planned or built. Individual congress-men bribed to vote for sale.

Credit Mobilier:Congress votes to sell public land to this company to build a railroad. Company officials resell land at huge profit. No railroad planned or built. Individual congress-men bribed to vote for sale.

Disputed Election of 1876Disputed Election of 1876

Hayes Tilden

1876 1876

Electoral ProcessElectoral ProcessTwo sets of electoral returns come

from un-reconstructed states of Florida, Louisiana, South Carolina, proclaiming different winners.

House of Reps establishes Electoral Commission to determine authentic set of returns.

Commission has 8 Republicans/7 Democrats

Two sets of electoral returns come from un-reconstructed states of Florida, Louisiana, South Carolina, proclaiming different winners.

House of Reps establishes Electoral Commission to determine authentic set of returns.

Commission has 8 Republicans/7 Democrats

Compromise of 1877Compromise of 1877

Democrats accept Hayes in return for :- recall of remaining troops in South- federal money for railroad from Cal - Tex- conservative southerner in Cabinet

Tilden withdraws gracefully, while Hayes assumes presidency.

Democrats accept Hayes in return for :- recall of remaining troops in South- federal money for railroad from Cal - Tex- conservative southerner in Cabinet

Tilden withdraws gracefully, while Hayes assumes presidency.

White Supremacy Restored

White Supremacy Restored

Amnesty Act of 1872 allows whites who had been denied the right to vote or hold office to do so. Many will get elected to replace Reconstruction governments in states

Amnesty Act of 1872 allows whites who had been denied the right to vote or hold office to do so. Many will get elected to replace Reconstruction governments in states

White Supremacy Restored-Political Restrictions

White Supremacy Restored-Political Restrictions

Literacy Tests

Grandfather Clause

Poll Taxes

Literacy Tests

Grandfather Clause

Poll Taxes

Impact of Reconstruction

Impact of Reconstruction

Solid South

Political Restrictions on Black Vote

Solid South

Political Restrictions on Black Vote

Legal Segregation

Passage of Civil Rights Amendments

Legal Segregation

Passage of Civil Rights Amendments