ReconstructionReconstruction

Ch. 20 Notes Ch. 20 Notes

Section 1Section 1

The War’s AftermathThe War’s Aftermath Physical TollPhysical Toll

67% of southern 67% of southern shipping and 9,000 miles shipping and 9,000 miles of railroad destroyedof railroad destroyed

Farmland, machinery, Farmland, machinery, bridges, roads, factories, bridges, roads, factories, and 1/3 of all livestock and 1/3 of all livestock were destroyedwere destroyed

Human TollHuman Toll North lost 364,000 North lost 364,000

soldiers, 38,000 of which soldiers, 38,000 of which were African American.were African American.

South lost 260,000 South lost 260,000 soldiers, 20% of white soldiers, 20% of white male populationmale population

Southern HardshipsSouthern Hardships

B lack S ou the rne rs4 m illio n fre e d s la ves n ow

fo u nd the m se lves w ith n o sh e lte r,a n d n o w o rk

P lan tation O w ne rs$ 3 b illio n in s la ve la b o r va n ish edM a n y so ld p rop e rty to pa y de b ts,a s go v 't se ize d la nd an d co tto n .

P oo r S outherne rsW h ite m ig ra n t w o rke rs n o w fa ced

p o o r jo b p rosp ec ts , a s fre eds la ve s flo o de d th e la bo r po o l.

D iffe rentG roups

S u ffe red

African Americans Respond to African Americans Respond to Freedom Freedom

Wanted to escape white control Wanted to escape white control Traveled Traveled

- Looked for family - Looked for family Many officially married Many officially married Created own churches Created own churches Started schoolsStarted schools

Land / Labor issues Land / Labor issues

Freedmen wanted land Freedmen wanted land - Most never received it - Most never received it

South needed new labor system South needed new labor system - Landowners didn't have cash or labor - Landowners didn't have cash or labor - laborers didn't have land - laborers didn't have land Both sides had trouble with new system Both sides had trouble with new system - Planters not used to bargaining for labor - Planters not used to bargaining for labor - Freedmen thought wage was extra (landowners - Freedmen thought wage was extra (landowners

still provided food, clothing , and shelter)still provided food, clothing , and shelter)

Reconstruction Reconstruction Lincoln didn't want to Lincoln didn't want to

punish south punish south - Assassinated by - Assassinated by

John Wilkes BoothJohn Wilkes Booth . . Andrew JohnsonAndrew Johnson

becomes president becomes president - Believed - Believed

reconstruction was reconstruction was presidents' job presidents' job

- Gave most white - Gave most white southerners Amnesty southerners Amnesty

ReconstructionReconstruction

Freedmen’s BureauFreedmen’s Bureau - Gov. agency - Gov. agency established to distribute food and clothing to established to distribute food and clothing to poor in the southpoor in the south

- Also in charge of land that confederates - Also in charge of land that confederates abandoned - Divided it into abandoned - Divided it into 40 acre parcels a. couldn't sell it 40 acre parcels a. couldn't sell it

Most whites regained land after President Most whites regained land after President Johnson pardoned themJohnson pardoned them

Andrew JohnsonAndrew Johnson1717thth President President

Personal:Personal:• • First Lady:First Lady: Martha Johnson Patterson Martha Johnson Patterson• • Education Level:Education Level: No College No College• • Profession:Profession: Apprentice of a tailor, Tailor, Military Apprentice of a tailor, Tailor, Military• • Military Service:Military Service: Brigadier General Brigadier GeneralPublic Service:Public Service:• • Dates of Presidency:Dates of Presidency: 4/15/1865 - 3/3/1869 4/15/1865 - 3/3/1869• • Presidency Number:Presidency Number: 17 17• • Number of Terms:Number of Terms: 1 1• • Why Presidency Ended: Why Presidency Ended: Not nominatedNot nominated• • Party: Party: DemocraticDemocratic• • His Vice President(s): His Vice President(s): NoneNone• • Vice President For:Vice President For: Abraham Lincoln (1865-1865) Abraham Lincoln (1865-1865)• • Senator:Senator: Tennessee (1857-1862), Tennessee (1875-1875) Tennessee (1857-1862), Tennessee (1875-1875)

Two Reconstruction PlansTwo Reconstruction Plans Lincoln’s planLincoln’s plan

Offered pardons to former Offered pardons to former confederates who swore confederates who swore loyalty to the Union.loyalty to the Union.

Denied pardons to Denied pardons to confederate gov’t and military confederate gov’t and military workersworkers

Allowed states to hold Allowed states to hold constitutional conventions constitutional conventions after 10% of population swore after 10% of population swore allegianceallegiance

States could then hold States could then hold elections and participate in the elections and participate in the Union.Union.

Johnson’s planJohnson’s plan Offered pardons to former Offered pardons to former

confederates who swore confederates who swore loyalty to the Union.loyalty to the Union.

Required states to hold Required states to hold constitutional conventions, constitutional conventions, regardless of 10% regardless of 10% participation.participation.

States were required to void States were required to void secession, abolish slavery, secession, abolish slavery, and ratify the 13and ratify the 13thth amendment. amendment.

States could then hold States could then hold elections and participate in the elections and participate in the Union.Union.

Reviving the Old South Reviving the Old South

Southern states rebuilt the same way as before Southern states rebuilt the same way as before the war the war

Refused to Ratify the Refused to Ratify the 1313thth Amendment Amendment - - Abolished slavery Abolished slavery

Black codesBlack codes - laws aimed returning freedmen - laws aimed returning freedmen to plantation labor to plantation labor

Prohibited African Americans from meeting in Prohibited African Americans from meeting in unsupervised groups or to bear unsupervised groups or to bear

firearmsfirearms

Black CodesBlack Codes

CurfewsCurfews- - black black people not allowed people not allowed to gather after to gather after sunsetsunset

Vagrancy lawsVagrancy lawsFreedmen who didn’t Freedmen who didn’t work could be fined, work could be fined, whipped, or sold for a whipped, or sold for a year’s labor.year’s labor.

Labor contractLabor contractFreedmen forced to Freedmen forced to sign 1-year work sign 1-year work contract. If broken, contract. If broken, they lost all wages.they lost all wages.

Women’s Women’s Rights LimitsRights LimitsMothers forced to Mothers forced to work farm labor work farm labor instead of caring for instead of caring for children at home.children at home.

Land Land RestrictionsRestrictionsFreedmen could only Freedmen could only rent land or live in rent land or live in rural areas, forcing rural areas, forcing plantation living.plantation living.

Congress takes stand Congress takes stand

Congress has constitutional right to determine Congress has constitutional right to determine whether members are qualified to hold officewhether members are qualified to hold office

It set up a committee to look into conditions in It set up a committee to look into conditions in the south and decide whether southern states the south and decide whether southern states should be represented in Congress should be represented in Congress

Congress let the President Know that it Congress let the President Know that it intended to play a role in Reconstructionintended to play a role in Reconstruction

Ch. 20 NotesCh. 20 Notes

Section 2Section 2

Republicans in Congress Republicans in Congress

Outnumbered DemocratsOutnumbered Democrats Moderates - were against great change Moderates - were against great change

- Wanted to work with President - Wanted to work with President

- Were against abuses in south- Were against abuses in south

- However felt that Fed. Gov. should stay out - However felt that Fed. Gov. should stay out of individuals and states affairs of individuals and states affairs

Republicans in Congress ContinuedRepublicans in Congress Continued

Radicals Radicals - Had wanted to end slavery for a long time - Had wanted to end slavery for a long time - Now wanted equal citizenship for freedmen - Now wanted equal citizenship for freedmen -Wanted to change the south's politics and -Wanted to change the south's politics and

economy economy - Wanted small farms, free schools, respect for - Wanted small farms, free schools, respect for

labor, and political equalitylabor, and political equality

Civil Rights Act Civil Rights Act

Bill stated that person born in the U.S. were Bill stated that person born in the U.S. were citizens (excluded Indians) citizens (excluded Indians)

President Johnson vetoed the bill President Johnson vetoed the bill Congress overrode the veto with a 2/3 vote Congress overrode the veto with a 2/3 vote

- 1- 1stst time Congress had overrode a Presidents time Congress had overrode a Presidents vetoveto

1414thth Amendment Amendment Congress wanted African American's rights protected in the Congress wanted African American's rights protected in the

constitution constitution Stated that all people born in the U.S. were citizens and had Stated that all people born in the U.S. were citizens and had

the same rights as citizens. (gave African Americans the same rights as citizens. (gave African Americans citizenship).citizenship).

Amendment also prevented states from depriving any person Amendment also prevented states from depriving any person of life, liberty, and property without due process of law.of life, liberty, and property without due process of law.

It required states to allow Blacks to vote It required states to allow Blacks to vote - Stated that states would lose Reps in Congress if they didn't - Stated that states would lose Reps in Congress if they didn't President Johnson argued against the amendment President Johnson argued against the amendment - Urged the south to reject it - Urged the south to reject it - Every southern state except Tennessee did- Every southern state except Tennessee did

Reconstruction Act of 1867 Reconstruction Act of 1867 Moderates angry at Johnson over Moderates angry at Johnson over 1414thth Amendment Amendment Agreed to work with radicals Agreed to work with radicals The act divided the south into 5 military districtsThe act divided the south into 5 military districts Prevented the pre war ruling class from voting 10 - 15 Prevented the pre war ruling class from voting 10 - 15

% of the population)% of the population) Explained how southern states could re-enter the Explained how southern states could re-enter the

UnionUnion - Had to approve new state constitutions that gave all - Had to approve new state constitutions that gave all

adult men the right to voteadult men the right to vote - Had to ratify the 14th Amendment- Had to ratify the 14th Amendment

Reconstruction act of 1867Reconstruction act of 1867

Put the south Put the south under under military rule, military rule, with 5 with 5 generals generals ruling 5 ruling 5 districtsdistricts

Ordered Ordered southern states southern states to hold new to hold new elections to elections to create new state create new state constitutionsconstitutions

Required states Required states to allow all to allow all male voters, male voters, including including African-African-americans, to americans, to votevote

Barred Barred confederate confederate supporters supporters from votingfrom voting

Required Required southern states southern states to guarantee to guarantee equal rights to equal rights to all citizensall citizens

Required all Required all states to states to ratify the 14ratify the 14thth amendmentamendment

New Order in the SouthNew Order in the South 1867 – Freedmen’s Bureau began registering voters1867 – Freedmen’s Bureau began registering voters 1. 735,000 Blacks1. 735,000 Blacks 635,000 whites635,000 whites ¾ of the voters were Republicans¾ of the voters were Republicans ½ were whites who supported the north½ were whites who supported the north

- People who lived in up country poor and only grew - People who lived in up country poor and only grew enough food for their familiesenough food for their families- Blamed the planters for the states problems- Blamed the planters for the states problems- Called it the 'rich mans war- Called it the 'rich mans war- Planters called them - Planters called them scalawagsscalawags (scoundrels) (scoundrels)

New Order in the South New Order in the South ContinuedContinued

¼ were whites who moved ¼ were whites who moved from north after warfrom north after war

- Called - Called carpetbaggers carpetbaggers (stuffed belongings into (stuffed belongings into suitcase and headed south)suitcase and headed south)

- In reality they brought - In reality they brought capitalcapital

¼ were African Americans ¼ were African Americans who had been free before who had been free before the warthe war

- Ministers, Teachers - Ministers, Teachers Skilled workersSkilled workers

Republican SouthRepublican South CarpetbaggersCarpetbaggers

Northern republicans Northern republicans who moved south during who moved south during reconstruction were reconstruction were named this by named this by southerners, as many southerners, as many southerners felt they southerners felt they rushed south for nothing rushed south for nothing more than personal more than personal fortune.fortune.

Scalawags Scalawags To be a southern white To be a southern white

who was republican was who was republican was to be a traitor in many to be a traitor in many eyes, and these people eyes, and these people were named scalawags, were named scalawags, hated by many native hated by many native southerners.southerners.

Reconstruction LegislationReconstruction Legislation Gov. began rebuilding the southGov. began rebuilding the south - Used property tax to raise money- Used property tax to raise money - Planters had least power and had to pay most tax- Planters had least power and had to pay most tax Republicans hoped they would have to give up landRepublicans hoped they would have to give up land - It could then be divided and sold to create small - It could then be divided and sold to create small

farmsfarms - Some people had to give up land - Some people had to give up land - Very little land ended up in the hands of the poor- Very little land ended up in the hands of the poor

President Johnson is ImpeachedPresident Johnson is Impeached

Johnson had worked against reconstruction Johnson had worked against reconstruction while obeying its lawswhile obeying its laws

- He appointed people Friendly to ex - He appointed people Friendly to ex confederate military commanders in southconfederate military commanders in south

1867 Congress passed law that prevented 1867 Congress passed law that prevented president from firing cabinetpresident from firing cabinet

MembersMembers

President Johnson is ImpeachedPresident Johnson is Impeached Johnson opposed the law tested itJohnson opposed the law tested it Feb 1868 - Johnson fired Feb 1868 - Johnson fired

(Secretary of War) (Secretary of War) Edwin Edwin StantonStanton due to disagreement over due to disagreement over ReconstructionReconstruction

- 3 days later the House of Reps. - 3 days later the House of Reps. Voted to impeach the presidentVoted to impeach the president

Senate acts as jury (needs 2/3 vote Senate acts as jury (needs 2/3 vote to remove president)to remove president)

- Fell-one vote shy- Fell-one vote shy - Tradition of strong president - Tradition of strong president

remained intactremained intact

1515thth Amendment Amendment

States that the right to vote should not be States that the right to vote should not be denied on account of race, color, or previous denied on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude (didn't apply to Indians)condition of servitude (didn't apply to Indians)

Aimed at the entire countryAimed at the entire country

- African Americans couldn't vote in 16 states - African Americans couldn't vote in 16 states at this timeat this time

Chapter 20 NotesChapter 20 Notes

Section 3Section 3

Grant Elected PresidentGrant Elected President1818thth President President

1868 - Ulysses S. Grant 1868 - Ulysses S. Grant Elected President Elected President

Had republican support Had republican support in both the north and in both the north and southsouth

Rise of the Ku Klux KlanRise of the Ku Klux Klan

Secret group formed after the war to control Secret group formed after the war to control electionselections

- Wanted to keep blacks powerless- Wanted to keep blacks powerless

- Targeted prosperous and educated blacks - Targeted prosperous and educated blacks (Some were lynched)(Some were lynched)

Helped the Democratic partyHelped the Democratic party

- Used terror to achieve goals- Used terror to achieve goals

Grant vs. KlanGrant vs. Klan 11stst Grant tried to avoid conflict Grant tried to avoid conflict

with the Klanwith the Klan It became impossible to ignore It became impossible to ignore

the Klan's terror in the south.the Klan's terror in the south. Grant asked Congress to pass a Grant asked Congress to pass a

tough anti - Klan law (It does)tough anti - Klan law (It does) Fed. Gov acts against the KlanFed. Gov acts against the Klan

- U.S. marshals arrest thousands of - U.S. marshals arrest thousands of KlansmenKlansmen

Elections of 1872 are fair and safe Elections of 1872 are fair and safe (wouldn't last)(wouldn't last)

Reconstruction EndsReconstruction Ends

Election of 1876Election of 1876 - Democrats chose - Democrats chose Samuel TildenSamuel Tilden - Republicans chose - Republicans chose Rutherford B. HayesRutherford B. Hayes Election so close that victory depended on Election so close that victory depended on

electoral votes in South Carolina, Louisiana, electoral votes in South Carolina, Louisiana, and Florida (Votes were in dispute)and Florida (Votes were in dispute)

Congress had to settle election disputeCongress had to settle election dispute - Appointed a committee which resolved the - Appointed a committee which resolved the

problem with an understanding problem with an understanding

Reconstruction EndsReconstruction EndsContinuedContinued

Compromise of 1877Compromise of 1877

- Hayes becomes president- Hayes becomes president

- Agreed to remove Federal troops from the - Agreed to remove Federal troops from the southsouth

Compromise of 1877 ended ReconstructionCompromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction Blacks and northerners lost their chance at Blacks and northerners lost their chance at

equalityequality

Rutherford B. HayesRutherford B. Hayes1919thth President President

• • Education Level:Education Level: Graduate Graduate• • School Attended:School Attended: Kenyon Kenyon College, Harvard Law SchoolCollege, Harvard Law School• • Profession:Profession: Military, Lawyer Military, Lawyer• • Military Service:Military Service: Major Major GeneralGeneral

Public Service:Public Service:• • Dates of Presidency:Dates of Presidency: 3/4/1877 - 3/4/1877 - 3/3/18813/3/1881• • Presidency Number:Presidency Number: 19 19• • Number of Terms:Number of Terms: 1 1• • Why Presidency Ended: Why Presidency Ended: RetiredRetired• • Party: Party: RepublicanRepublican

Reasons for loss of interest in Reasons for loss of interest in Reconstruction & RepublicansReconstruction & Republicans

Reconstruction was Reconstruction was marked by heavy marked by heavy taxes and spending, taxes and spending, plunging the south plunging the south into deeper debt.into deeper debt.

Reconstruction came Reconstruction came to symbolize greed, to symbolize greed, corruption, and poor corruption, and poor government practices.government practices.

White southerners White southerners gained control of gained control of government decisions government decisions as soon as federal as soon as federal forces withdrew to forces withdrew to the norththe north

White-dominated White-dominated states blocked states blocked reconstruction reconstruction policiespolicies

Northern voters never Northern voters never fully supported racial fully supported racial equality as the equality as the Radicals did.Radicals did.

Nationwide economic Nationwide economic downturn diverted downturn diverted attention from attention from reconstruction.reconstruction.

Successes of ReconstructionSuccesses of Reconstruction

Union was Union was rebuilt and rebuilt and South rebuilt South rebuilt as wellas well

Stimulated Stimulated Economic Economic growth in the growth in the south and new south and new wealth in the wealth in the northnorth

1414thth and 15 and 15thth amendments amendments gave former gave former slaves full slaves full rightsrights

Freedmen’ Freedmen’ bureau bureau helped blacks helped blacks get on their get on their feet.feet.

Southern states Southern states began a began a program of program of public public educationeducation

Failures of ReconstructionFailures of Reconstruction

Blacks remained Blacks remained in a cycle of in a cycle of povertypoverty

Southern Southern governments and governments and KKK denied KKK denied freedmen the right freedmen the right to voteto vote

Racist attitudes Racist attitudes continued, both in continued, both in the north and the the north and the southsouth

Whites in the Whites in the south remained south remained very bitter about very bitter about the federal gov’t.the federal gov’t.

South remained South remained slow to slow to industrialize. industrialize. Economy was Economy was slow as well.slow as well.

Didn’t address Didn’t address railroad railroad regulation, or regulation, or women’s women’s suffrage.suffrage.

SharecroppingSharecropping Farmers and their families rent a piece of landFarmers and their families rent a piece of land - Landowners supplied tools, seed, and housing - Landowners supplied tools, seed, and housing - Farmer gave landowner part of their crops- Farmer gave landowner part of their crops Farmers and landowners had different goals Farmers and landowners had different goals - Farmers wanted to subsistence farm - Farmers wanted to subsistence farm - Landowners wanted cash crops- Landowners wanted cash crops Most farmers were forced to buy food from the country storeMost farmers were forced to buy food from the country store - Usually owned by the landowner (never ending debt)- Usually owned by the landowner (never ending debt) South paid heavy price for depending on cotton.South paid heavy price for depending on cotton. - It ruined the soil- It ruined the soil - South had to import more than ½ its food- South had to import more than ½ its food

Sharecropping in the South 1880Sharecropping in the South 1880

New Southern Farming MethodsNew Southern Farming Methods

SharecroppingSharecropping A family would work a A family would work a portion of planter’s land, and portion of planter’s land, and in exchange, the planter in exchange, the planter would provide the family would provide the family with shelter, and a portion of with shelter, and a portion of the crop’s yield at harvest the crop’s yield at harvest time, to be sold by the family time, to be sold by the family for moneyfor money

Some planters would evict a Some planters would evict a family after the harvest, family after the harvest, without pay; others would without pay; others would charge the family for charge the family for housing, and after the housing, and after the harvest, the family would harvest, the family would still be in debt, and therefore still be in debt, and therefore trapped on the plantation like trapped on the plantation like slaves.slaves.

Tenant farmingTenant farming Similar to sharecropping, but Similar to sharecropping, but the farmer and/or family the farmer and/or family would rent the land from would rent the land from someone, thus having the someone, thus having the freedom to choose what to freedom to choose what to plant and when to work. plant and when to work. This held a higher social This held a higher social status.status.

This was the goal for most This was the goal for most poor whites in the rural poor whites in the rural south. Farming one’s own south. Farming one’s own crop with one’s own labor crop with one’s own labor was, in a small measure, a was, in a small measure, a position of some freedom position of some freedom and profit.and profit.

Growth of Industries in the SouthGrowth of Industries in the SouthMany people wanted the south to move away from Many people wanted the south to move away from

farmingfarming

Henry GradyHenry Grady - editor - editor of the Atlanta of the Atlanta Constitution urged the Constitution urged the south to turn to industrysouth to turn to industry

James B. DukeJames B. Duke - - Became wealthy in the Became wealthy in the tobacco business tobacco business

1. 1881 - purchased the 1. 1881 - purchased the 1st cigarette making 1st cigarette making machinemachine

Segregated SouthSegregated South

After reconstruction division grew between After reconstruction division grew between blacks and whitesblacks and whites

Jim Crowe LawsJim Crowe Laws - made segregation official - made segregation official (Jim Crowe was a term often used to refer (Jim Crowe was a term often used to refer African Americans)African Americans)

1896 - 1896 - Plessy vs. FergusonPlessy vs. Ferguson U.S. Supreme U.S. Supreme Court rules that segregation is legal as long as Court rules that segregation is legal as long as facilities for Blacks and whites were equalfacilities for Blacks and whites were equal

Solid SouthSolid South

South's nickname due to its solid support for South's nickname due to its solid support for the Democratic Partythe Democratic Party

Whites kept power by preventing Blacks from Whites kept power by preventing Blacks from votingvoting

- Intimidation- Intimidation

- - Poll TaxesPoll Taxes

- - Literacy TestLiteracy Test

African Americans OrganizeAfrican Americans Organize

Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington founded the National founded the National Negro Business LeagueNegro Business League

He said that Blacks He said that Blacks needed to learn a useful needed to learn a useful trade rather than trade rather than demanding social demanding social equality from the equality from the GovernmentGovernment

Important FactsImportant Facts

DateDate LegislationLegislation PurposePurpose

18651865 1313thth amendment amendment Abolishes slaveryAbolishes slavery

1865,18661865,1866 Freedmen’s bureauFreedmen’s bureau Provides services for Provides services for freed slavesfreed slaves

18671867 Reconstruction ActsReconstruction Acts Establishes Radical Establishes Radical ReconstructionReconstruction

18681868 1414thth Amendment Amendment Defines citizenship, gives basic Defines citizenship, gives basic rights to allrights to all

18701870 1515thth Amendment Amendment Guarantees voting rights Guarantees voting rights to all to all menmen

18751875 Civil Rights ActCivil Rights Act Protects African American’s Protects African American’s rights in publicrights in public