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2006 1
Goal Three:Crisis, Civil War, and Reconstruction (1848-1877) - The learner will analyze the issues that led to the Civil War,
the effects of the war, and the impact of Reconstruction on the nation.
Objectives:Objectives:
3.04 Analyze the political, economic, and social impact of 3.04 Analyze the political, economic, and social impact of Reconstruction on the nation and identify the reasons why Reconstruction on the nation and identify the reasons why
Reconstruction came to an end.Reconstruction came to an end.
3.05 Evaluate the degree to which the Civil War and 3.05 Evaluate the degree to which the Civil War and Reconstruction proved to be a test of the supremacy of the Reconstruction proved to be a test of the supremacy of the
national government.national government.
2006 2
ReconstructionReconstruction (1865-77)(1865-77)Goal 3Goal 3
Reconstruction Government views Thaddeus Stevens Andrew Johnson 13th Amendment Freedman’s Bureau Black Codes Republican Majority (1866) Civil Rights Act, 1866 14th Amendment Reconstruction Act, 1867 Tenure of Office Act Impeachment Ulysses S. Grant (1869-77) Black Vote
15th Amendment Hiram Revels Republican promises Sharecropping Tenant Farmers Scalawags Carpetbaggers Segregation Amnesty Act Redemption 1876 Election Literacy ExamsPoll TaxesGrandfather ClauseSolid SouthJim Crow LawsPlessy v. Ferguson, 1896
2006 3
Pass in your Blue book activity. Get a computer. Get out your study guide notes.
2006 4
ReconstructionReconstruction
This was a period of time after the war to rebuild the South. What was the country going to do with 4
million free blacks? What should be done with the south? Who controls Reconstruction: President or
Congress? Congress eventually wins Control after the 1866
elections.
2006 5
ControlControl Congress and the
President argued over who would control Reconstruction but both agreed that slavery should be abolished.
Who enforces laws & conducts the military?
Who makes laws & controls funding?
2006 6
Power StrugglePower StruggleGovernment ViewsGovernment Views The Radical Republican
controlled Congress wanted a harsh Reconstruction
The President supported an easy Reconstruction; Andrew Johnson favored quick return of the south
They both agreed on abolition
2006 7
Andrew JohnsonAndrew Johnson President Former Democrat People were not sure who
he would support; Democrats or Republicans
Southerners called him a traitor
Republicans thought he was on their side
They were both wrong
2006 8
13th Amendment13th Amendment
Johnson passed the 13th Amendment as Lincoln had wanted
Abolished slavery Johnson then said if southern states accepted this,
they could re-enter the Union Republicans said this was too easy By 1865, states began to send representatives to
Congress; many had served in the Confederate Army and Congress
2006 9
Freedman’s BureauFreedman’s Bureau
Set up to help free blacks and poor
whites
Food, clothing, hospitals, education
It was later vetoed by Johnson
Republicans saw him as protecting Southerners
A primary school openedw/ Bureau funding.
2006 10
2006 11
Black CodesBlack Codes
Designed to limit blacks socially and economically in the South
Many didn’t know what they would do after the war; many just drifted
This upset white southerners Black Codes
Allowed marriages Property ownership Right to sue (not whites) Can’t be on a jury Can’t carry weapons Can’t marry whites Curfews Travel Permits
Has nothing to do with voting rights
2006 12
More changes...More changes... Republican Majority: Republicans gained a
majority in Congress in 1866 Why is this important?
Could override a presidential veto
2006 13
Civil Rights Act, 1866Civil Rights Act, 1866
Stated that all natural born citizens (except Native Americans) had full citizenship rights.
Attacked the black codes Had to be reinforced with an amendment
because states were not enforcing it What Amendment?
2006 14
1414thth Amendment Amendment They would later pass
the 14th Amendment Anyone born in
America is a citizen (former slaves)
Allows due process of law
Not approved by the states until 1868
Johnson advised the southern states not to support it
2006 15
Reconstruction Act, 1867Reconstruction Act, 1867
Divided the south into military districts Congress was in power
2006 16
Punish the SouthPunish the South
Radical Republicans want to punish the south
2006 17
WHY???WHY???
Southerners were upset at the military occupation and wondered: What else do we have to do? We lost the war We gave up our slaves
They couldn’t accept equality Union troops had to protect blacks as they went to the
polls to vote Johnson tried to veto it; Congress overrode it
2006 18
ImpeachmentImpeachment After Johnson’s acts, the Radicals pushed
for impeachment They made a law to trap him…
Tenure of Office Act said Johnson couldn’t fire anyone in his cabinet without Congressional approval; he did
This was a violation of checks and balances
He didn’t like the Sec. Of War (who supported the Radicals), Johnson fired his Sec. of War
The trial began Who brings up the Articles of
Impeachment? Who holds the trial? 2\3 of the Senate needed to impeach
The Senate missed convicting Johnson by one vote
Johnson stayed in power
2006 19
Ulysses S. Grant (1869-77)Ulysses S. Grant (1869-77)
Republican Won the 1868 election
(War hero) The black vote was
important in the election of 1868
Blacks voted Republican
2006 20
Cannot be denied the right to vote based on race
Nothing about gender in there
15th15th AmendmentAmendment
2006 21
Hiram Revels:Hiram Revels: First black Senator; First black Senator; from Mississippifrom MississippiTook the seat of Jefferson DavisTook the seat of Jefferson Davis
Even though blacks could vote, there were still few
representatives in states with large black populations
Radicals were blamed for giving the “illiterate” or
“ignorant” voteNothing in the Constitution says you must know how to
read to vote
2006 22
Who would publish aPolitical cartoon like
this?
“Colored Rule is a Reconstructed (?) state.”
2006 23
Republican PromisesRepublican Promises Radical Republicans wanted to
redistribute the land taken from the big plantation owners
They promised freedmen 40 acres and a mule
Republicans wanted political, not economic equality for blacks
Much of their concern came from the want of black votes
Who won the war????
2006 24
Sharecropping\Tenant FarmingSharecropping\Tenant Farming Sharecropping: work the
land and harvest crops; give 2\3 of crop to master (rent) and freedman keeps 1\3
They would be able to sell this for a profit and eventually save enough money to buy their own land
It won’t work!!!! Tenant farming: this was
renting the land from someone You still don’t own the land
2006 25
Same as it ever was!!!Same as it ever was!!! Many freedmen had no
place to go and plantation owners had no workers
Many times you would end up working for your former masters, but you aren’t their slave any longer
It just feels like you are a slave under the sharecropping system
2006 26
Scalawags and CarpetbaggersScalawags and Carpetbaggers
Scalawags (scoundrel) White southerners who
joined the Republican party
Carpetbaggers Northerners who moved to
the south after the war Some to help; others to
take advantage
Carpetbaggers
2006 27
SegregationSegregation
Also brought about segregation: division of blacks and whites by law or by location
2006 28
Depression of 1873Depression of 1873
Lasted 5 yearsEconomic problems blamed on
Grant
2006 29
GraftsGrafts
Many Northern companies rebuilding the south took bribes for
contracts called graftsOne Carpetbagger, who earned $8000 a year salary, made over
$100,000 in a year
The New South
2006 30
Whites Can’t Accept ItWhites Can’t Accept ItMany whites couldn’t take Many whites couldn’t take
equality in the southequality in the southThey They had been taught since had been taught since
birth that blacks were birth that blacks were inferiorinferior
Some turned to terrorism Some turned to terrorism (KKK)(KKK)
Began as a way to Began as a way to discourage Freedmen discourage Freedmen
MeetingsMeetingsGhosts of the ConfederacyGhosts of the ConfederacyFounder left after it got too Founder left after it got too
violentviolent
2006 31
Force ActsForce Acts
Congress passed the lawIn areas where Klan violence
appeared against blacks; troops sent to protect blacks
2006 32
2006 33
Coming back to power...Coming back to power... Amnesty Act: returning the right to vote and hold
office to some former Confederate leaders One by one, former leaders began to come back to
power Redemption or “Redeemers”: former Democrats
coming back to antebellum positions Who won the war?
The same people that were in power before the war were in the charge after the war
Radical Republicans began to lose power and lost interest in the black vote
Many believed Blacks should take care of themselves
2006 34
1876 Election1876 Election
Between Rutherford B. Hayes (Rep) and
Samuel J. Tilden (Dem)
2006 35
“Tilden or Blood!” (the South wouldFight again if Tilden was not elected.)
2006 36
Election of 1876Election of 1876 Tilden had the majority of the
popular vote and there was no majority in the electoral vote
20 electoral votes were in dispute
A deal was made between the Democrats and Republicans
Compromise of 1877 Hayes becomes President
(Republican) Troops taken out of the
south Democrat in Hayes’ cabinet This ends Reconstruction
2006 37
Black VoteBlack Vote
As blacks voted less, whites made gains in government
Laws were created to keep blacks from voting all together
2006 38
The Right to Vote?The Right to Vote? Literacy Exam: had to
pass a literacy exam to vote
Created by southern states Hard questions Oral exams Democrats got easier
questions Poll Tax: had to pay a tax
to vote Only a few dollars Change times to collect
and price
2006 39
Grandfather ClauseGrandfather Clause Poor whites were also
being affected by the poll tax and literacy exam
Grandfather clause allowed whites to vote
If your grandfather could vote before the Civil War, then you could vote
Even if you couldn’t pay the poll tax or pass the literacy exam
Declared unconstitutional in 1915
2006 40
SOLID SOUTHSOLID SOUTH
Since many blacks were denied the right to vote, whites gained control of southern politics and most voted Democrat
2006 41
Jim Crow LawsJim Crow Laws
Segregation laws & “Separate but equal” laws
2006 42
Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 Plessy was a black man
who sued because he was denied a seat on a train reserved for whites
He said black and white train cars were not equal
Supreme Court said it was equal
Separate but equal (segregation) is legal
Things were not equal
2006 43
Did Reconstruction Work?Did Reconstruction Work? YES:
The slaves were freed Freedmen given more
rights Legally recognized
marriages Own land Voting rights Citizenship
NO: Poll taxes and literacy
exams limit voting rights
Black codes limit freedmen
Little support for economic reforms to aid freedmen
Many worked for former white masters under sharecropping
In some ways it did work and in other ways it didn’t
2006 44
QuizQuiz1. During reconstruction, who controlled most of the rebuilding of the
country: President or Congress?2. What political party led the attack on the South during
Reconstruction?3. What president fought with Congress over reconstruction?4. What agency was set up to provide food, clothing, and education to
poor whites & freed slaves?5. What promise did Republicans give freedmen in order to help get
their votes?6. The 1876 election was between what two people?7. What legislation effectively ends Reconstruction?8. What is the name of the tax which limited freedmen’s ability to
vote?9. What is the name where whites gained control of southern politics
and most voted Democrat?10. What are Jim Crow Laws?