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This presentation was given at the 5th ADBI-OECD-ILO Roundtable on Labor Migration in Asia: Building Effective Structures and Institutions for Migration Governance which was held in Shanghai, the People's Republic of China on 28-30 January 2015.
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The 5th ADBI-OECD-ILO Roundtable on Labour Migration in Asia
Building Effective Structures and Institutions for Migration Governance 28-30 JANUARY 2015, SHANGHAI, PRC
Jonathan Chaloff International Migration Division Directorate for Employment Labour and Social Affairs OECD
The views expressed in this presentation are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI), the Asian Development Bank (ADB), its Board of Directors, or the governments they represent. ADBI does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequences of their use. Terminology used may not necessarily be consistent with ADB official terms.
Recent trends in migration flows
and policies in OECD countries
3
The migration landscape in the OECD is changing Evolution of international migration flows since 2000 (=100)
Total
Settlement countries
Germany
Spain - Italy
Other Europe
50
100
150
200
250
Inde
x 20
00=
100
Total Settlement countries Germany Spain - Italy Other Europe
Note: Settlement countries include Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States. “Other Europe” includes all European OECD countries apart from Germany, Italy and Spain.
4
Free mobility is the driver of changes in migration flows…
Permanent immigration in OECD countries by category, 2007-2013 (millions)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
Work Accompanyingfamily of workers
Family Humanitarian Other Free movements
Mill
ions
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 (estimates)
…while other types of migration are stable or decreasing
Movements to the OECD from Asia remain large and increasing
Immigration flows from Asian to OECD countries
Source: OECD International Migration Database
Immigration into OECD countries (thousands)
% of total OECD inflows
2012 Origin country 2007 2009 2011 2012 PRC 519.9 462.9 531.1 506.6 9.6 India 213.5 228.7 242.7 227.7 4.3 Philippines 169.0 164.5 160.8 159.4 3.0 Viet Nam 88.6 77.0 94.7 93.6 1.8 Pakistan 74.7 76.9 105.9 85.8 1.6 Republic of Korea 71.9 78.6 71.0 70.4 1.3 Thailand 48.1 47.3 53.4 58.5 1.1 Bangladesh 34.7 51.0 49.7 41.8 0.8 Japan 32.3 35.5 33.7 35.7 0.7 Sri Lanka 20.7 33.5 35.7 34.1 0.6 Nepal 17.3 23.5 30.1 33.3 0.6 Indonesia 26.7 22.5 28.6 30.3 0.6 Myanmar 9.6 22.6 23.7 27.5 0.5
Total of the above 1327.1 1324.5 1461.0 1404.5 25.9
… although they are smaller than migration for employment from Asian countries to non-OECD economies
Labour migration flows from selected Asian countries to non-OECD economies
Source: National authorities of the countries concerned.
Asian migrants are concentrated in few OECD destination countries
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
UnitedStates
Korea UnitedKingdom
Japan Canada
% Thousands
Inflows (left scale) Share in total immigration (right scale)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0
1 000
2 000
3 000
4 000
5 000
6 000
7 000
8 000
UnitedStates
Canada UnitedKingdom
Australia Japan
% Thousands
Emigrants 15+ (left scale)Share among total immigrant population (right scale)
Among the highly educated recent migrants, Asians are the largest group
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Mill
ion
s
Number of highly educated immigrants who arrived in OECD countries since 2005 by origin (2010/2011)
9
Double numbers between 2000 and 2012. 3.4 million foreign students enrolled in an OECD country in 2012. 75% of all foreign students in the world.
Increasing student mobility
0
5
10
15
20
25
2008 2012
1.6 2.4
3.4 0.5
0.6
1.1
2000 2006 2012
Rest of the world
OECD
Millions
More than half of international students in OECD countries come from Asia. PRC alone represents 22%. the share of Asian students rose from 49% to 52% from 2005-2011.
Source: OECD Education Database.
Recent trends in labour outcomes of immigrants
in OECD countries
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013U
nem
plo
ymen
t ra
te (
%)
United States
Native-born Immigrants
-0,4pp 0,4pp
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Un
emp
loym
ent
rate
(%
)
European Union
Native-born Immigrants
Persisting large unemployment gaps in Europe
Unemployment rates by gender and place of birth - EU, USA, 2008-2013
5,8pp
4,1pp
Source: EU Labour Force Surveys (European Union) and Current Population Surveys (United States).
Asian-born have employment rates which are higher than others in the EU and in the US, but not in Australia or the UK
Employment rate for native and foreign-born in selected OECD countries, 2009-2013, percentages
Source: OECD International Migration Outlook 2013
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Nat
ive-
born
Fore
ign-
born
Asi
an-b
orn
Nat
ive-
born
Fore
ign-
born
Asi
an-b
orn
Nat
ive-
born
Fore
ign-
born
Asi
an-b
orn
Nat
ive-
born
Fore
ign-
born
Asi
an-b
orn
Australia United States EU-28 United Kingdom
Employment rate 2009 Employment rate 2013
The unemployment rate for Asian-born residents have been falling in OECD countries, sometimes faster than for other migrants and natives
Unemployment rate for native and foreign-born in selected OECD countries, 2009-2013, percentages
Source: OECD International Migration Outlook 2013
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Nat
ive-
born
Fore
ign-
born
Asi
an-b
orn
Nat
ive-
born
Fore
ign-
born
Asi
an-b
orn
Nat
ive-
born
Fore
ign-
born
Asi
an-b
orn
Nat
ive-
born
Fore
ign-
born
Asi
an-b
orn
Australia United States EU-28 United Kingdom
Unemployment rate 2009 Unemployment rate 2013
Developments in migration policies in OECD countries
• Trend towards “expression of interest” systems in countries with backlogs and high levels of demand
• EU efforts to increase demand for, and use of, Blue Card for educated and skilled workers
• US immigration reform • Asian efforts to increase students, target top
talent • Investor visas
Policy developments
