Reading Theories - Pp

8/12/2019 Reading Theories - Pp

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Reading Theories and Their Relationship to

Reading Instruction

Major TheoriesBehaviorism

Cognitivism

ConstructivismTransactionalism

These theories have neither been proven nor unproven.

They are simply alternative ways of explaining the processof learning to read.

These theories have led teachers to a variety of beliefs aboutinstructional choices to help children develop successfulreading strategies.


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Behaviorism and a Parts-to-Whole,

Bottom-Up Reading Process

Behaviorismlearning was essentially a

conditioned responseto a stimulus.

In reading the stimulusfor reading is the print

on the page.

Bottom-upprogressing from the partsof

language (letters) to the whole(meaning).

Reading theorists for this model include:

Holmes; Singer; Gough; and LaBerge and Samuels


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Meaning

Text

Paragraphs

Sentences

Words

Letters

Behaviorist or

Bottom-up model

Of the reading process


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Sound/symbol relationships

Words

Meaning

Phonics-first or subskills instruction

Teach phonics first with letters ofthe alphabet and the sounds these

letters represent before beginning

to read books independently.


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Cognitivism and the Interactive

Reading Process

Cognitive interactive reading theories place equal

emphasis on the role of a readers schema and the

importance of the print on the page. Word, sentence, and text meaning are conditioned,

influenced, or shaped by the whole set of

experiences and knowledge the reader brings to

reading, rather than the meaning jumping off thepage into the readers head based on a verbatim

rendering of text.


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Cognitivism: an Hybrid

Cognitivism is a combination of

Gestaltistthinking andBehaviorism


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Knowledge

ExperiencesEmotions

Readers Intentions

Meaning

Gestaltist or top-down

theory reflected in a

model of the readingprocess.


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Vocabulary

Decoding Comprehension

A skills instructional approach to reading is advocated by the

interactive model of reading


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Constructivism and the Transactional Reading

Model

Constructivism is a theory of learning thatrepresents the culmination of several distinct linesof research:

Developmental Psychology (Piaget)

Socio-historical Psychology (Vygotsky) Semiotic Interactionism (Bruner, Gardner, Eisner, &

Goodman)

Meaningful learning is at the core of

constructivist theory. Language cueing systemssyntax, semantics,

grapho/phonics, pragmatics.

Reading becomes a whole-to-part-to-whole

process.


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Syntax and semanticsword order

that determines sentence

meaning.

MEANING

Graphophonics

Letters and letter sounds

Social and

situational

context and

stance

TRANSACTIONAL READING MODEL

Learner constructs

a mental version of

the text by using

theses cues.


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Views of Literacy

Learning to read and write begins at

6.5 years of age.

Reading develops first, and then

writing.

Literacy develops through learning

isolated skills, such as phonics and

writing the alphabet.

Experiences of the child before

schooling are considered irrelevant. Children all pass through a

predetermined scope and sequence

of readiness and reading skills and

their progress should be monitored

by periodic formal testing.

Learning to read and write begins very

early in life.

Reading and writing develop concurrently

and interrelatedly in young children.

Literacy develops from real life situations

in which reading and writing are used to

get things done.

Children learn literacy through active

engagement. Being read to plays a special role in the

literacy development of the young child.

Learning to read and write is a

developmental process. Children pass

through the stages in a variety of way andat different ages.

Traditional Constructivist

(Reading Readiness) (Emergent Literacy)


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Focused/ Explicit Language Instruction

Elements of a Balanced Literacy Program (Holdaway, 1979)

Reading Aloud

Shared Reading and Writing

Guided Reading and Interactive Writing

Language Experience

Supported Reading and Writing

Independent Reading and Writing

Assessment

Design Literacy Environments

Instructional Planning


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Syntaxword order

that determines sentence

meaning.

MEANING

Graphophonics

Letters and letter sounds

Pragmatics

- Social

and

situational

context and

stance

TRANSACTIONAL READING MODEL

Semantics

comprehension

/ meaning

Transactional LiteracyEvent


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Transactionalism

Transactionalism is based on the notion that

all literacy events are a transaction between

the sender and the receiver in which bothare changed by the event.

The stance taken by each is key to the

transaction. (Efferent and Aesthetic)(Rosenblatt)


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Stance

EfferentThe readers expectation is that

the reading will be one that informs, gives

details, and is usually expository.

AestheticThe readers expectsation is tht

the reading will deal with feelings, emotionsand is usually narrative.

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Reading Theories - Pp