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ISSN 1734-8412

Editor-in-Chief Prof. Leszek A. Dobrzański

http://www.journalamme.org

Volume 21 • Issue 2 • April 2007

ISSN 1734-8412

17348412200700042100020100

READING DIRECT

at http://www.journalamme.org

okladka_journal212:Layout 1 15-11-06 13:45 Page 1

Editorial Board

Prof. Jan Adamczyk - Gliwice, PolandProf. Gilmar Batalha - Sao Paulo, BrazilProf. Emin Bayraktar - St-Ouen, FranceProf. Milan Brandt - Swinburne, AustraliaProf. Antonio Cuhna - Guimaraes, PortugalProf. Marek Dollar - Oxford, Ohio, USAProf. J. Paulo Davim - Aveiro, PortugalProf. Sabahudin Ekinoviç - Zenica, Bosnia and HerzegovinaProf. Renato Esposito - Naples, ItalyProf. Spilios Fassois - Patras, GreeceProf. Swadhin Ghosh - Rösrath, GermanyProf. Janez Grum - Ljubljana, SloveniaProf. Toshio Haga - Osaka, JapanProf. Abdel Magid Hamouda - Selangor, MalaysiaProf. Stuart Hampshire - Limerick, IrelandProf. Lauri Holappa - Espoo, FinlandProf. John Barry Hull - Nottingham, United KingdomProf. Mark James Jackson - West Lafayette, Indiana, USAProf. Krzysztof Jemielniak - Warsaw, PolandProf. Jerzy J´drzejewski - Wroc∏aw, PolandProf. Yosef Katz - Beer Sheva, IsraelProf. Andrzej Klimpel - Gliwice, PolandProf. Ivars Knets - Riga, LatviaProf. Janez Kopac - Ljubljana, SloveniaProf. Karl Kuzman - Ljubljana, SloveniaProf. Anatolij Kuzmenko - Khmielnickiy, UkraineProf. Petr Louda - Liberec, Czech RepublicProf. Stanis∏aw Mitura - ¸ódê, PolandProf. Andrew Nee - Singapore, SingaporeProf. Jerzy Nowacki - Szczecin, PolandProf. Abraham Ogwu - Paisley, United KingdomProf. Fusheng Pan - Chongqing, ChinaProf. Mario Rosso - Turin, ItalyProf. Antonio Sousa - Fredericton, NB, CanadaProf. Božo Smoljan - Rijeka, CroatiaProf. Jerry Sokolowski - Windsor, Ontario, CanadaProf. Zinovij Stotsko - Lviv, UkraineProf. Jerzy Âwider - Gliwice, PolandProf. Ming-Yen Tan - Singapore, SingaporeProf. Boris Tomov - Rousse, BulgariaProf. Marcel Van De Voorde - Brussels, BelgiumProf. Senay Yalcin - Istambul, TurkeyProf. Bekir Sam Yilbas - Dhahran, Saudi Arabia

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of Achievements in Materialsand Manufacturing Engineering

of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

PUBLISHED SINCE 1992

formerly as Proceedings on

Achievements in Mechanical

and Materials Engineering

Published monthly as the organ of the World Academy of Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

Editor-in-Chief

Prof. Leszek A. Dobrzaƒski - Gliwice, Poland

Deputies of Editor-in-Chief

South AmericaProf. Maria Helena Robert - Campinas, Brazil

North AmericaProf. George Totten - Portland, USA

EuropeProf. Jose Manuel Torralba - Madrid, Spain

AsiaProf. Yong Taek Im - Daejeon, South Korea

AustraliaProf. Kanaka Durga Vara Prasad Yarlagadda- Brisbane, Australia

AfricaProf. Abdalla Wifi - Cairo, Egypt

Associate Editors

Dr Mirosław BonekDr Małgorzata DrakDr Klaudiusz GołombekMs Marzena Kraszewska, MADr Janusz MadejskiDr Daniel Pakuła

Editorial Assistance

Ms Barbara Doł˝aƒska, MScMr Grzegorz Krawczyk, MScMs Ludwina Wosiƒska, MSc

Reading Direct

Mr Adam Polok, MScMr Piotr Zarychta, MSc

This journal is a part of Reading Direct, the free of charge

alerting service which sends tables of contents by e-mail

for this journal and in the promotion period also the full

texts of papers. You can register to Reading Direct at

http://www.journalamme.org

Reading Direct

Scope

Materials:Metallic Alloys, Tool Materials, Superplastic Materials, Ceramics and Glasses,

Composites, Amorphous Materials, Nanomaterials, Biomaterials, Multifunctionaland Smart Materials, Engineering Polymers

Properties:Ductility and Crack Resistance, Fatigue, Creep-resistance, Fracture Mechanics,Mechanical, Electrical, and Magnetic Properties, Corrosion and Erosion, WearResistance, Non-Destructive Testing, Reliability Assessment, Toxicity, Working

Properties of Materials and Products

Methodology of Research:Electron Microscopy, X-ray Phase Analysis, Metallography and Quantitative

Metallography, Image Analysis, Computer Assistance in the Engineering Tasks andScientific Research

Analysis and Modelling:Numerical Techniques, Statistic Methods, Residual Life Analysis, Process Systems

Design, Mould Flow Analysis, Rapid Prototyping, CAD/CAM, CAMS, CAQ,Engineering Design, Constructional Design, Technological Design, Materials

Design, Applied Mechanics, Computational Material Science and Mechanics,Materials and Engineering Databases, Expert Systems, Artificial Intelligence

Methods

Manufacturing and Processing:Casting, Powder Metallurgy, Welding, Sintering, Heat Treatment, Thermo-

Chemical Treatment, Thin & Thick Coatings, Surface Treatment, Machining,Plastic Forming, Quality Assessment, Automation Engineering Processes,

Robotics and Mechatronics, Technological Devices and Equipment

Cleaner Production:Theoretical Fundamentals of Cleaner Production, Industrial Application of Cleaner

Production Methods

Industrial Management and Organisation:Production and Operations Management, Production Planning and Control,

Manufacturing Technology Management, Quality Management, EnvironmentalManagement, Safety and Health Management, Project Management, Physical

Distribution and Logistics Management, Supply Chain Management, Productivityand Performance Management

Education and Research Trends:Development of New Curricula for BSc and MSc Studies in the field of MaterialsScience, Manufacturing and Mechanical Engineering, Challenges of the Widening

Labour Market, Complementary Roles of Developed and Developing Nations inPromoting a Global Industrial and Economical Infrastructure and Requirements on

Common International Research and Teaching Development in the field ofMaterials, Manufacturing and Mechanical Engineering, Computer Aided Teaching,

E-learning

okladka_journal212:Layout 1 15-11-06 13:45 Page 2

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of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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Patronage

World Academy of Materialsand Manufacturing Engineering

Polish Academy of Sciences,Committee of Materials Science,Section of Metallic Materials

International Federation of Heat Treatmentand Surface Engineering

Association of Computational MaterialsScience and Surface Engineering

Institute of Engineering Materialsand Biomaterials of Silesian Universityof Technology, Gliwice, Poland

Abstracting services

This journal is sent to individual receivers from ca. 50 countries

of the world and is delivered to the National Libraries and

Universities and also to other scientific institutions in ca. 50

countries of the world. The electronic system of Reading Direct

allows to access to the electronic version of that journal on-line,

in the promotional period free of charge. This Journal is included

in the reference list of the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher

Education (6 points). The procedure leading to the citation of

that journal by Abstracting Services has already begun.

Publisher

Gliwice 44-100, Poland

ul. S. Konarskiego 18a/366

e-mail: info@journalamme.org

Bank account:

Stowarzyszenie Komputerowej Nauki o Materia∏ach i In˝ynierii Powierzchni

Bank name: ING Bank Âlàski

Bank address: ul. Zwyci´stwa 28, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

Account number/ IBAN CODE: PL76105012981000002300809767

Swift code: INGBPLPW

Gliwice – Campinas – Portland – Madrid – Daejeon – Brisbane – Cairo

® 2006 International OCSCO World Press. All rights reserved

The paper used for this Journal meets the requirements of acid-free paper

Printed in Poland

Cover story

In 1992 during the UnitedNations Conference onEnvironment and Develo-pment in Rio de Janeiro inBrazil, the Rio declarationon environment and devel-opment in Agenda 21 wasproclaimed settling therule of sustainable societyand development in orderto create the developmentensuring the creation ofmore comfortable condi-tions of life. Engineeringmaterials enabling manu-facturing of applied prod-ucts are produced fromraw materials taken fromnatural environment. Thatactivity is a part of civilisa-tion system which is afragment of ecospherecreated by geo- andbiosystems. The tradition-al development of mate-rials was realised mainlyexclusively in the frame-work of civilisation systemignoring the reactions withecosphere. Only since rela-tively short time thenecessity of reaction withthe rest mentioned sys-tems and together with itthe idea of ecomaterials,taking into consideration aholistic approach towardsecosphere, not degrada-ting global environment and being smaller load for the planet during the production have been intro-duced as an important determination in design, manufacturing and exploitation of materials. Thatapproach takes into consideration both the necessity of the development of new technologies con-nected with the developmental creativity and harmonic coexistence with ecosphere and the mini-malisation of the degradation of natural environment and also the optimalisation of technology andinfrastructure in order to ensure healthy life with the agreement of nature. Activities connectedwith that approach are included in three groups of issues connected with manufacturing of specialmaterials ensuring the protection of natural environment, materials applied in systems ensuringsmaller pollution emission and materials for strategic substitution of materials used so far but sig-nificantly threatening environment and causing its degradation. The conception of sustainable devel-opment is a reply for the disturbance of the ecological balance as a result of human activity includ-ing first of all the one connected with the application of a so far used model of unsustainable con-sumption and production and as a consequence of the development connected with that threats.The concept of sustainable development ensures essential balance between interests of contempo-rary and future generations and its aim is a man, not material goods. The lack of a theoretical modelof scientific generalisations and an operational form of that conception is a fundamental reason forwhich so far the coherent methodology of sustainable development management has not been man-aged to be formulated and coefficients enabling unambiguous measurement have not been deter-mined. Sustainable development in a global scale is then the sum of local occurrence and requiresthe seek of detailed structural and technological solutions. That is why the terms of sustainabletechnology or product or management appear. It is necessary to notice that the solution of theproblems of sustainable development is not possible only in the field of technology but it is the fieldin which there are a lot of possibilities. The professional power engineering belongs to the biggestin the global scale emitents of gas and constant pollution to the atmosphere deciding about green-house effect, acid rains and ozone hole except automotive transport. Requirements of sustainabledevelopment also in that field cause the duties of constant care about the introduction of proeco-logical technology and cleaner production.The increase of efficiency of thermal energetic blocks in the conventional power engineering by theincrease of temperature and steam pressure, durability and availability of energetic equipmentforced the search of special technologies of steel manufacturing assigned for temperature andpressure structural elements of boilers. One of the ways of modernisation of power engineering isthen the introduction of boilers and turbines to overcritical parameters of steam at temperatureof 650ºC and in further perspective to 700ºC and by significantly higher conditions of working pres-sure. It allows also for the solution of CO2, SO2 and NOx emission reduction.Nuclear power engineering does not load so strongly the environment as conventional one that iswhy in many countries a lot nuclear power plants were created which as it seems in the nearestdecades in spite of ecologists’ objections will become the fundamental source of energy because ofexhaustion of conventional energetic resources including hard coal, oil and gas and relatively smallenergy resources from renewable sources, water energy, flow energy and other alternativeresources including wind and sun energy. Failures of nuclear power plants are very dangerous andimagination must arise great radioactive cemeteries causing justified social anxiety. The alternativesource of energy are wind power plants. 1MW-wind turbine situated in a place having an averagewind intensification producing 2.3 million kWh of energy yearly being enough for 600 households and40 MW wind farm can supply 40-50-thousand-citizen city. A few dozen thousands of people aresupplied with electric energy by the biggest solar power plant called “Solar One” in the desertMojave in California (USA). On the surface of 40 hectares on concentric districts there are 1818mirrors controlled by a computer in the relation to the position of the Sun and concentrating solarlight in a boiler placed centrally in the 78-meter tower. In many buildings e.g. in California (USA),Israel, Japan and the south of Europe and other countries the solar batteries are assembled com-pleting energy supplied by professional power engineering. Spaceships and satellites, and alsowatches and calculators are supplied by solar energy. Of course, all mentioned devices require suit-able materials and manufacturing technologies and also suitable research methods and diagnosticsof consumption and damages of those devices and their elements. The significant part of the papersincluded in that Issue of the Journal AMME is sacrificed to those issues. The part of those workswas included in the programme of the International Scientific Conference CAM3S in Gliwice-Zakopane, Poland on 27th-30th November 2006.

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