RE = MB + ETA + PAL

METABOLISMO BASAL (TMB – TMR): Basal metabolism. This comprises a series of functions that are essential for life, such as cell function and

replacement; the synthesis, secretion and metabolism of enzymes and hormones to transport proteins and othersubstances and molecules; the maintenance of body temperature; uninterrupted work of cardiac and respiratorymuscles; and brain function. The amount of energy used for basal metabolism in a period of time is called thebasal metabolic rate (BMR=TMB), and is measured under standard conditions that include being awake in the supineposition after ten to 12 hours of fasting and eight hours of physical rest, and being in a state of mental relaxation in anambient environmental temperature that does not elicit heat-generating or heat-dissipating processes. Depending onage and lifestyle, BMR represents 45 to 70 percent of daily total energy expenditure, and it is determined mainlyby the individual’s age, gender, body size and body composition.

EFECTO TERMICO DEL ALIMENTO (ETA):

Metabolic response to food. Eating requires energy for the ingestion anddigestion of food, and for the absorption, transport, interconversion,oxidation and deposition of nutrients. These metabolic processesincrease heat production and oxygen consumption, and are known byterms such as dietary-induced thermogenesis, specific dynamic action offood and thermic effect of feeding. The metabolic response to foodincreases total energy expenditure by about 10 percent of the BMRover a 24-hour period in individuals eating a mixed diet

Termorregulación:

TERMOGENESIS ADAPTATIVA

ACTIVIDAD FISICA: Physical activity. This is the most variable and, after BMR, the second largest component of daily energy

expenditure. Humans perform obligatory and discretionary physical activities. Obligatory activities canseldom be avoided within a given setting, and they are imposed on the individual by economic, culturalor societal demands. The term “obligatory” is more comprehensive than the term “occupational” that wasused in the 1985 report (WHO, 1985)because, in addition to occupational work, obligatory activitiesinclude daily activities such as going to school, tending to the home and family and other demands madeon children and adults by their economic, social and cultural environment.

Discretionary activities, although not socially or economically essential, are important for health, well-being and a good quality of life in general. They include the regular practice of physical activity for fitnessand health; the performance of optional household tasks that may contribute to family comfort and well-being; and the engagement in individually and socially desirable activities for personal enjoyment, socialinteraction and community development

Resting Energy Caloric intake equations are based on determining a person’s

resting energy expenditure. This is the energy necessary tosustain life and to keep the heart, lungs, brain, liver andkidneys functioning properly.

According to the book Nutrition Therapy andPathophysiology, the average North American’s restingenergy expenditure accounts for about 60 to 75 percent oftotal daily energy expenditure. The remaining energyexpenditure is through physical activity, about 25 percent,and through the metabolic process of digesting food, about10 percent.

CRECIMIENTO: Growth. The energy cost of growth has two components: 1) the energy needed to synthesize growing

tissues; and 2) the energy deposited in those tissues. The energy cost of growth is about 35 percent of total energy requirement during the first three months of age, falls rapidly to about 5 percent at 12 months and about 3 percent in the second year, remains at 1 to 2 percent until mid-adolescence, and is negligible in the late teens.

GESTACION: Pregnancy. During pregnancy, extra energy is needed for the growth of the foetus, placenta and various

maternal tissues, such as in the uterus, breasts and fat stores, as well as for changes in maternal metabolism and the increase in maternal effort at rest and during physical activity.

LACTACION: Lactation. The energy cost of lactation has two components: 1) the energy content of the milk secreted;

and 2) the energy required to produce that milk. Well-nourished lactating women can derive part of this additional requirement from body fat stores accumulated during pregnancy.

Formula (N. U. - CEPAL, 2004) , para edad de 18 a 30 años :

(15.4(p) – 27(t) + 717) ó 15.057(kg) + 692.2 …….Hombres

Formula ( O.M.S. - 1985) para el cálculo de la Tasa Metabólica en Reposo (TMR) en Kcal/día :

15.3 (P) + 679 …. Hombres (18 – 29 años)14.7 (P) + 496 …. Mujeres (18 – 29 años)

Fórmula de Harris-Benedict para calcular la TMR :

Hombres (GEB) : TMR = 66 + [13,7 x P (kg)] + [5 x T (cm) – [6,8 x edad (años)]Mujeres (GEB) : TMR = 655 + [9,6 x P (kg)] + [1,8 x T(cm)] – [4,7 x edad (años)]

RCT = GEB (Sexo) + ADE (10% GEB) + Actividad + DeporteP = Peso vivo del estudiante en kg. T = Talla del estudiante en cm.

According to Nutrition Therapy and Pathophysiology, the Mifflin-St.Jeor equation was developed in 1990 and has been validated bymore than 10 studies. The Mifflin-St. Jeor equation is gainingpopularity among the nutrition professionals for accuratelyestimating caloric needs. The equation is as follows:

for females = 10 x (Weight in kg) + 6.25 x (Height in cm) - 5 x age - 161; for males= 10 x (Weight in kg) + 6.25 x (Height in cm) - 5 x age + 5. These equations are also multiplied by the same physical activity

factors to estimate daily caloric needs According to the American Dietetic Association, the Mifflin-St. Jeor

equation has been found to be the most reliable in predicting actualresting energy expenditure within 10 percent. The equation isrecommended by nutrition professionals. For further understandingdaily caloric intake needs, a Registered Dietitian should beconsulted. Ya considera el 10% por efecto termico del alimento

ENSAYO A: Determine la cantidad de alimento que se

debe ofrecer a un perro por día (seleccioneun perro y una marca comercial) use losfactores 3.5, 3.5 y 8.5 para calcular la EM y laecuación del RER y RED para calcularrequerimiento energético del canino elegido.

ENSAYO B: Calcule su requerimiento energético y

cantidades de GRASA, CARBOHIDRATOS YPROTEINAS a consumir por día.

ESTIMACION DE LOS REQUERIMIENTOS ENERGETICOS Y NUTRICIONALES PARAESTUDIANTES

EJERCICIO:1. Registre sus propias actividades a lo largo de 3 días en un diario de actividades. Incluir 1 día duranteel fin de semana, y sacar el promedio de esos tres días (solo trabaje con el promedio)2. Calcule el número total de minutos empleados en cada tipo de actividad y utilice la tabla del costoenergético por actividad y luego transferirlo al formulario de registro de actividades.(Baje el libro: ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/007/y5686e/y5686e00.pdf)

En el anexo de este libro encontrará las actividades y su costo energético3. Calcule su gasto energético promedio obtenido en 1 mediante el método factorial5. Calcule la cantidad de grasa, proteínas y carbohidratos que debe consumir por día en base a susrequerimientos de energía estimada en 3.6. Calcule su IMC7. Calcule su ratio: C/C8. Seguir las siguientes recomendaciones del siguiente ejemplo:

ACTIVIDAD COSTO ENERGETICO TIEMPO

TMR (minutos)

Dormir 1.0 450

Asear y vestir 2.9 15

Desayunar 2.1 30

Caminar a la UNA 3.5 20

Sentarse en clase 1.4 180

Caminar de y hacia clase 3.5 40

Almorzar 2.1 30

Estudiar en Biblioteca 1.2 180

Deambulacion 3.5 30

Partido de tenis 6.2 40

Caminar a casa 3.5 20

Cenar 2.1 40

Planchar camisa 3.5 15

Manejar y regresar de cita 2.5 20

Bailar activamente 8.5 40

Comer bocaditos 2.1 20

Sentarse y charlar con pareja 1.2 120

Estudiar en Biblioteca 1.2 120

Desvestir y bañar 2.9 30

SUMATORIA

NIVEL DE COSTO MIN HORAS NIVEL x HORAS

ENERGETICO

1.0 450 7.50 7.50

1.2 420 7.00 8.40

1.4 180 3.00 4.20

2.1 120 2.00 4.20

2.3 20 0.33 0.76

2.9 45 0.75 2.18

3.5 125 2.08 7.28

6.2 40 0.67 4.15

8.5 40 0.67 5.70

24.00 44.40

NIVEL DE ACTIVIDAD

FISICA (PAL):44.4 / 24 = 1.85

Reemplazando los datos en la formula de la O.M.S. (1985) para varones, se tiene:

TMR = 15.4 (78) – 27 (1.7) + 717TMR = 1,872.3 Kcal/día

(Recuerde que esta fórmula (TMR) ya considera el gasto del efecto térmico delalimento de los alimentos = 10 % ).Luego considerando el Nivel de Actividad Física (PAL) , el requerimiento deenergía por día (RED) es:

RED = TMR x PALRED = 1872.3 x 1.85RED = 3463.75 Kcal/día

DATOS DEL ESTUDIANTE:Peso del estudiante = 78 kgEdad = 22 añosTalla = 1.7 m

NIVEL DE ACTIVIDAD

FISICA (PAL):44.4 / 24 = 1.85

-Grasa total 15 – 30 % (% del total de energía) Ácidos grasos saturados < 10 % Ácidos grasos insaturados (PUFAS) 6 – 10 % PUFAS W-6 5 – 8 % PUFAS W-3 1- 2 % Ácidos grasos trans < 1 % Ácidos grasos mono insaturados (MUFAS) por diferencia -Carbohidratos totales 55 – 75 % (% del total de energía) Azucares libres < 10 % -Proteína total 10 – 15 % (% del total de energía) Colesterol < 300 mg/día Cloruro de sodio 5 g /día (< 2 g/día) Frutas y vegetales > 400 g / día Fibra dietaría total? ………………………..

TOMANDO COMO BASE: RE = 3,463.75 Kcal/día1) Grasa total 15 – 30 % (% del total de energía)

3,463.75 x 0.15 = 519.56 kcal/ 9 kcal g-1 = 57.73 g de grasa/día2) Carbohidratos totales 55 – 75 % (% del total de energía)

3,463.75 x 0.75 = 2,597.81/4 kcal g-1 = 649.45 g de carbohidratos/día3) Proteína total 10 – 15 % (% del total de energía)

3,463.75 x 0.10 = 346.375/4 kcal g-1 = 86.59 g de proteínas/día

Fórmula para el calculo delÍndice de Masa Corporal (IMC) :IMC = Peso (Kg)/Talla2 (metros)Fórmula para el cálculo de larelación C/C :C/C = cintura (cm)/cadera (cm)