Rcc Road Report

8/10/2019 Rcc Road Report.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I great fully acknowledge my indebtedness to innumerable teachers and colleagues for preparing

this Report on construction R.C.C Roads Construction. Report for my B.Tech. Civil .They have

been a great source of inspiration for me . I have been receiving a number of moments and

suggestions from them and it is not possible to acknowledge their name in the report

individually. All the comments/ suggestion received have been carefully considered and most of

them have been incorporated in this dissertation. My genius word of thanks is goes to

Mr.J.V.NATHANI our civil guide of the department of civil engineering in RAJDHANI

ENGINEERING COLLEGE JAIPUR. For providing all the necessary help to Report on R.C.C

Roads Construction. No words are sufficient express my gratitude to my project mates for their

exemplary patience, understanding and co-operation during the preparation of this project report.It is obvious that the construction of R.C.C. Roads needs the support of many people .The most

important contribution to the construction and study about R.C.C road such as comes from many

teachers guidance and specific help. I cant express my gratitude in word to the many teacher of

department of civil engineering of our institute, who spent numerous hours reading my

manuscript and providing me with helpful comments and their perennial encouragement. My

classmates and colleagues will be highly appreciated and gratefully acknowledged.


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ABSTRACT

Our project is to estimate the road of societies in Shiv colony Ward -6 in North and

system considering little change in the original project. In our project we proposed

economic consideration and other atmospheric consideration.

METHODOLOGY: we consider a span of 800m length and 7.5 m width and estimate

using SOR ( april. 2014) and for designing.

RESULT:

The total estimation of our project of 800m road is approximate

47 lacks.


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CHAPTER:-1


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CHAPTER:-1

1.Introduction

We are engaged in providing our customers R.C.C Roads Construction services that are

trusted by all. We deal in Road Construction in Dist-karauli as well as Road development

in Rajasthan.

Coordinates:

2325N

7741E

We manage to accomplish all the tasks within the prescribed time duration and thus have

earned the trust of the clients for our R.C.C Roads Construction services. We are well

established and the most reliable R.C.C Roads Construction service providers also dealing

in sub-way construction in India. We understand the value of your money and therefore

provide all our services at highly competitive prices. We offer all these services using

the advanced technology to meet the needs of the clients in the best possible away. Roller-

compacted concrete (RCC) or rolled concrete is a special blend of concrete that has

essentially the same ingredients as conventional concrete but in different ratios, and

increasingly with partial substitution of fly ash for Portland cement. RCC is a mix of

cement/fly ash, water, sand, aggregate and common additives, but contains much less

water. The produced mix is drier and essentially has no slump. RCC is placed in a manner

similar to paving; the material is delivered by dump trucks or conveyors, spread by small

bulldozers or specially modified asphalt pavers, and then compacted by vibratory rollers.


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CHAPTER:-2


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CHAPTER:-2

2. Site Survey and Leveling

A site survey is an inspection of an area where work is proposed, to gather information for

a design or an estimate to complete the initial tasks required for an outdoor activity. It can

determine a precise location, access, best orientation for the site and the location of

obstacles. The type of site survey and the best practices required depend on the nature of the

project. Examples of projects requiring a preliminary site survey include urban construction,

specialized construction (such as the location for a telescope and wireless network design).

In hydrocarbon exploration, for example, site surveys are run over the proposed locations of

offshore exploration or appraisal wells. They consist typically of a tight grid of high

resolution (high frequency) reflection seismology profiles to look for possible gas hazards

in the shallow section beneath the seabed and detailed bathymetric data to look for possible

obstacles on the seafloor (e.g. shipwrecks, existing pipelines) using multiband echo

sounders.

Major Factor in Site Survey and Leveling

HEIGHTS

DATUM

S AND BENCH MARKS

LEVELING EQUIPMENT

FIELD PROCEDURE FOR LEVELING

CALCULATING REDUCED LEVELS

SOURCES OF ERROR IN LEVELING

OTHER LEVELING METHODS


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2.1 Leveling

how heights are defined

Engineering surveying involves the measurement of three quantities; heights, angles and

distances.

2.2 Leveling it the process of measuring heights.

It is possible when leveling to measure heights with an accuracy of millimeters Heights

can also be measured using total stations, handheld lasers and GPS devices. However,

leveling offers an inexpensive, simple and accurate method for measuring

Heights, and it is widely used in construction sites. Any method of measuring the heightsof points above or below the ground using an agreed datum.

This datum or reference points are present in all construction sites

Fig:-1

and has an arbitrary height assigned to the point. Most construction sites will have several

of these benchmarks, and if they have heights based on an arbitrary datum, they are known

as Temporary Bench Marks.


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2.2.1 Heights

Heights are defined using horizontal and vertical lines. The figure below shows a p l um b-bob suspended at point P, the direction of gravity along the plum b-line defines the

vertical at point P. A horizontal or level line is any line at right angles to this

Fig:-2

For site work, any horizontal line can be chosen as a datum for heights and for Leveling.

The height of a point is measured along the vertical above or below the chosen datum. The

height of a point relative to a datum is known as its reduced level (RL). On most

construction sites there is a permanent datum. The horizontal line or surface passing

through this, with its height, becomes the leveling datum. The height of the datum can be

arbitrary; a value often used for this is 100.000m. This is chosen to avoid any negative

heights occurring. Any reference point on site which has had a height assigned to it is

known as a bench mark. For most surveys and construction work, several bench markswould normally be established by leveling from the datum. If heights are based on an

arbitrary datum these are known as Temporary Bench Marks or TBMs.


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2.2.2 Curved Surfaces

Level (or horizontal) lines are always at right angles to the direction of gravity. The

direction of gravity is generally towards the center of the earth. Over large areas, as the

Earth is curved, level surfaces will also be curved. For these, a height difference is

measured along a vertical between two curved level surfaces.

Fig:-3

When surveying over a large area, a curved level surface of zero height has to be defined.

This has been established by the Ordnance Survey, this is called the Ordnance Datum

(OD). This corresponds to the average sea level measured Pool beg or Malign Head.

Heights based on these are known as OD heights.

Fig:-4


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2.3 The leveling staff

Leveling involves measuring vertical distances with reference to a horizontal plane orsurface. To do this, a leveling staff is needed to measure vertical distances and an

instrument known as a level is required to define the horizontal plane

.

Fig:-5

Many types of staff are used with varying lengths and different markings. The E-type face

is commonly used in the UK and Ireland. This can be read directly to 0.01m and by

estimation to the nearest mm. The staff must be held vertically

a circular bubble is sometimes fitted to help this.


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Fig:-6


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2.4 Automatic Level

1. Focusing screw

2. Eyepiece

3. Foot screw

6. Tangent screw

7. Circular bubble

4. Horizontal circle

5. Base plate

8. Collimator (sight)

9. Object lens

Fig:-7


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2.5 The main features of the telescope

Fig:-8

1. Object lens

2. Focusing screw

3. Focusing lens

4. Diaphragm

5. Eyepiece

The object lens , focusing lens , diaphragm and eye piece are all mounted on an optical axis

called the line of collimation or the line of sight.

This is imaginary line which joins the optical center of the object les to the center of the

cross hairs.


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When looking through the eye piece of the surveying telescope, a set of lines called the cross

hairs can be seen. These are used for taking measurements from the staff. These cross hair s are

etched on a small sheet of glass known as the diaphragm.

Fig:-9

To make the telescope work, the image of the staff is brought to a focus in the plane of the

diaphragm using the focusing screw. The eyepiece is rotated so that the cross hairs are in

focus and its focal point is also in the plane of the diaphragm. When


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looking into the telescope an observer will now see a magnified image of the leveling staff

focused against the cross hairs.

Fig:-10


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2.6 Parallax

Parallax occurs when the focusing screw and the eyepiece is done incorrectly. This

condition can be detected by moving the eye to different parts of the eyepiece when reading

the staff. If different readings are obtained then parallax is present

Fig:11

To remove parallax, hold a sheet of paper in front of the object and adjust the eyepiece so

that the cross hairs are in focus. Then remove the sheet of paper and bring the staff into

focus using the focusing screw. Once again check for parallax by moving your eye around

the eyepiece. If parallax is still occurring repeat the adjustment procedure.


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2.7 The compensator

In an automatic level, the compensator is mounted on the telescope next to the eyepiece. It

will only work when the instrument has been leveled to within about 15 of the vertical

using the foot screws and circular bubble. The function of the compensator is to ensure

that the line of sight viewed through the telescope is horizontal even if the telescope is

tilted


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Fig:-12


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2.8 Laser levels

Laser levels containarotaing laser which defines a visible horizontal plane from

which distance to the ground can be made and then the height can be determined.

]

Fig:-13


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2.9 Using a level

The following steps are taken when using a level to measure heights

1. Set up the tripod

2. Ensure the top is level

3. Push legs firmly into the ground

4. Attach level

5. Use foot screws to centralize the circular bubble

6. Test to see if the compensator is working

7. Remove parallax Once the level is set up its important that the line of sight is horizontal.

When the foot screws have been used to centralize the circular bubble, it is assumed that

the compensator has set the line of sight to be horizontal.

However, most levels are not in perfect adjustment and when leveled their line of sight is

never exactly horizontal.

If the line of sight is not horizontal when the instrument has been leveled, the level has a

collimation error.

As most levels will have some level of collimation error, a method is required to check if

the error is within acceptable limits.

This is known as a two-peg test. This needs to be conducted when using a new or different

level for the first time and at regular intervals thereafter.


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Stage 1

On fairly level ground, two points A and B are marked a distance of Lm apart. In soft

ground, two pegs are used, on hard surfaces nails or paint may be used. The level is set up

midway between the points at C and carefully leveled. A leveling staff is placed at A and

B and staff readings S1 (at B) and S2 (at A) are taken.

Fig:-14

The two readings are:

S1 = (S1+ x) and S2 = (S2+ x)

S1and S2are the staff readings that would have been obtained if the line of

collimation was horizontal, x is the error in each reading due to the collimation error,

the effect of which is to tilt the line of sight by angle .

Since AC = CB, the error x in the readings S1 and S2 will be the same. The difference

between readings S1 and S2 gives: S1 -

S2 = (S1+ x) (S2+ x) = S1- S2

This gives the true difference in height between A and B. This demonstrates that if a

collimation error is present in a level, the effect of this cancels out when height differences

are computed provided readings are taken over equal sighting distances.


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Stage2

The level is then moved so that it is L/ 10m from point B at D and readings S3 and S4 are

taken.

Fig:-15

The difference between readings S3 and S4 gives the apparent difference in height

between A and B. If the level is in perfect adjustment then: S1 S2 = S3 S4

However this is not always the case and that an error term (e) needs to be estimates

e = (S1 S2)(S3 S4) per Lm

The difference between readings S3 and S4 gives the apparent difference in height

between A and B. If the level is in perfect adjustment then: S1 S2 = S3S4

However this is not always the case and that an error term (e) needs to be estimates

e = (S1S2)(S3S4) per Lm


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CHAPTER:-3


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CHAPTER:-3

3. Composition of concrete

There are many types of concrete available, created by varying the proportions of the main

ingredients below. In this way or by substitution for the cementations and aggregate phases,

the finished product can be tailored to its application with varying strength, density, or

chemical and thermal resistance properties.

"Aggregate" consists of large chunks of material in a concrete mix, generally a coarse

gravel or crushed rocks such aslimestone, or granite, along with finer materials such as

sand.

"Cement",commonlyPortland cement , and other cementations materials such as

fly ash andslag cement, serve as a binder for the aggregate.

Water is then mixed with this dry composite, which produces a semi-liquid that workers

can shape (typically by pouring it into a form). The concrete solidifies and hardens to rock-

hard strength through achemical process calledhydration. The water reacts with the

cement, which bonds the other components together, creating a robust stone-like material.

"Chemical admixtures" are added to achieve varied properties. These ingredients may

speed or slow down the rate at which the concrete hardens, and impart many other useful

properties.

"Reinforcements" are often added to concrete. Concrete can be formulated with

highcompressive strength,but always has lower tensile strength. For this reason it is

usually reinforced with materials that are strong in tension (often steel).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete#Aggregateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete#Cementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_cementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_ashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_cementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_hydrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete#Chemical_admixtureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete#Reinforcementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressive_strengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensile_strengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensile_strengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressive_strengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete#Reinforcementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete#Chemical_admixtureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_hydrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_cementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_ashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_ashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_cementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_cementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete#Cementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete#Aggregateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_concrete


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"Mineral admixtures" are becoming more popular in recent decades. The use of recycled

materials as concrete ingredients has been gaining popularity because of increasingly

stringent environmental legislation, and the discovery that such materials often have

complementary and valuable properties. The most conspicuous of these arefly ash, a by-

product of coal-fired power plants, andsilica fume, a byproduct of industrial electric arc

furnaces. The use of these materials in concrete reduces the amount of resources required,

as the ash and fume act as a cement replacement. This displaces some cement production,

an energetically expensive and environmentally problematic process, while reducing the

amount of industrial waste that must be disposed Of.

Themix design depends on the type of structure being built, how the concrete is mixed and

delivered, and how it is placed to form the structure.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete#Mineral_admixtures_and_blended_cementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_ashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel_power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silica_fumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_arc_furnacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_arc_furnacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_concrete#Mix_designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_concrete#Mix_designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_arc_furnacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_arc_furnacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silica_fumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel_power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_ashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete#Mineral_admixtures_and_blended_cements


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3.1 Cement

Fig:-16

A few tons of bagged cement. This amount represents about two minutes of output from a

10,000 ton per day cement kiln.

Portland cement is the most common type of cement in general usage. It is a basic

ingredient of concrete, mortar and plaster. English masonry worker Joseph Aspin patented

Portland cement in 1824. It was named because of the similarity of its color toPortland

limestone, quarried from the English Isle of Portland and used extensively in London

architecture. It consists of a mixture of oxides of calcium, silicon and aluminum.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_%28masonry%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Aspdinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_stonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_stonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Portlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Portlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_stonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_stonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Aspdinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Aspdinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_%28masonry%29


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Portland cement and similar materials are made by heating limestone (a source of calcium)

with clay and grinding this product (called clinker ) with a source of sulfate (most

commonlygypsum).In moderncement kilns many advanced features are used to lower the

fuel consumption per ton of clinker produced. Cement kilns are extremely large, complex,

and inherently dusty industrial installations, and have emissions which must be controlled.

Of the various ingredients used in concrete the cement is the most energetically expensive.

Even complex and efficient kilns require 3.3 to 3.6 gigajoules of energy to produce a ton of

clinker and thengrind it into cement. Many kilns can be fueled with difficult-to-dispose-of

wastes, the most common being used tires. The extremely high temperatures and long

periods of time at those temperatures allows cement kilns to efficiently and completely

burn even difficult-to-use fuels.[24]

3.2 water

Combining with a cementations material forms a cement paste by the process of hydration.

The cement paste glues the aggregate together, fills voids within it, and makes it flow more

freely.

A lower water-to-cement ratio yields a stronger, more durable concrete, while more water

gives a free-flowing concrete with a higher slump.

Impure water used to make concrete can cause problems when setting or in causing

premature failure of the structure.

Hydration involves many different reactions, often occurring at the same time. As the

reactions proceed, the products of the cement hydration process gradually bond together the

individual sand and gravel particles and other components of the concrete to form a solid

mass.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinker_%28cement%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement_kilnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawmillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement_millhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete#cite_note-Hydration-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete#cite_note-Hydration-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete#cite_note-Hydration-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement_millhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawmillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement_kilnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinker_%28cement%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinker_%28cement%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinker_%28cement%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone


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Reaction:

Cement chemist notation: C3S + H C-S-H + CH

Standard notation: Ca3SiO5+ H2O (CaO)(SiO2)(H2O)(gel) + Ca(OH)2

Balanced: 2Ca3SiO5+ 7H2O 3(CaO)2(SiO2)4(H2O)(gel) + 3Ca(OH)2

3.3 Aggregates :-"aggregate", is a broad category of coarse particulate material used in

construction,including sand,gravel,crushed stone,slag,recycled concrete and geo synthetic

aggregates.

Fig:-17

Fine and coarse aggregates make up the bulk of a concrete mixture. Sand, natural gravel

andcrushed stone are used mainly for this purpose. Recycled aggregates (from

construction, demolition and excavation waste) are increasingly used as partial

replacements of natural aggregates, while a number of manufactured aggregates, including

air-cooledblast furnace slag and bottom ash are also permitted. The presence of aggregate

greatly increases the durability of concrete above that of cement, which is a brittle material

in its pure state. Thus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement_chemist_notationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregate_%28composite%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crushed_stonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crushed_stonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blast_furnacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom_ashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom_ashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blast_furnacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crushed_stonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crushed_stonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregate_%28composite%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement_chemist_notationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete#cite_note-Hydration-28


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concrete is a true composite material. Redistribution of aggregates after compaction often

creates in homogeneity due to the influence of vibration. This can lead to strength

gradients. Decorative stones such as quartzite, small river stones or crushed glass are

sometimes added to the surface of concrete for a decorative "exposed aggregate" finish,

popular among landscape designers. In addition to being decorative, exposed aggregate

adds robustness to a concrete driveway.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartzitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartzite


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CHAPTER:-4


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CHAPTER:-4

4. Objectives

4.1 Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana:

As an effective poverty alleviation strategy, Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana

(PMGSY) was launched in the year 2000, as a centrally sponsored Program and a onetime

special intervention. The primary objective of the Programs was to provide connectivity by

way of All-weather roads to unconnected habitations with population 1000 and above by

2003 and those with population 500 and above by 2007 in rural areas. In respect of hilly/

desert/ tribal areas, the objective is to link habitations with population 250 and above. Up-

gradation of selected rural roads to provide full farm to market connectivity is also an

objective of the scheme, though not central. The Program has since been implemented by

the Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India. The basic time frame for

completion of the Program was perceived to be 2007, however, because of constraints of

capacity of implementation in the States and availability of

funds, the targets of the program me have not been achieved so far. A brief description of

the implementation strategy adopted by the Ministry of Rural Development during 10thand 11th Plan period under PMGSY is given below:

(a) Decentralized Planning: The program me has implemented the model of decentralized

network planning for rural roads. The District Rural Roads Plans (DRRPs) have been

developed for all the districts of the country and Core Network has been drawn out of the

DRRP to provide for at least a single connectivity to every target habitation. For

prioritization of the yearly project proposals, the Comprehensive New Connectivity Priority

List (CNCPL) and Comprehensive Up gradation Priority Lists (CUPL) are used.


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The CNCPL and CUPL have been developed from the core network data. This planning

exercise has been carried out with full involvement of the three tier Panchayati Raj

Institutions.

(b) Standards and Specifications: Before the PMGSY, rural roads in India were being

constructed on the basis of the specifications prescribed for the roads catering to the

requirements of heavy traffic such as SH and MDRs etc. Separate specifications for the low

volume/rural roads were not available, therefore, large scale revision of Rural Roads

Manual, IRC SP: 20 were carried out by IRC at the special intervention of Ministry of

Rural Development. This Manual has established the standards for construction of Rural

Roads under this program. As envisaged in the program guidelines, later a dedicated Book

of Specifications for Rural Roads was developed by IRC. A Standard Data Book to enable

the States to prepare Schedules of Rates based on specifications has also been developed

by IRC. The specifications form the part of the contract agreement and the Schedule of

Rates developed by States on the basis of prescribed Standard Data Book is being used for

preparation of bill of quantities in a uniform manner. These publications enabled the

executing agencies to implement the program with confidence based on technical

parameters.

(c) Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) and Scrutiny: As an important step to the quality

output, for every road under the program proper survey and adequate investigations are

insisted. Detailed Project Report (DPR) is a pre-requisite for project clearance.

Independent scrutiny of the project proposals to ensure the adequacy of designing and

project preparation is carried out by over 50 prominent institutions of Engineering and

Technology in the country, identified as State Technical Agencies.


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(d) Institutional Arrangements and HRD: Ministry of Rural Development is the nodal

Ministry for implementation of the program at Central level and National Rural Roads

Development Agency has been constituted to provide technical and managerial support. At

the State level, nodal departments have been identified for management and State Rural

Roads Development Agencies have been constituted to implement the program. District

level Program Implementation Units (PIUs) have been set up for implementing the

program. Reputed Technical Institutions have been identified as Principal Technical

Agencies and State Technical Agencies to provide support to the program in matters of

project scrutiny, training and R&D. Central Roads Research Institute, Indian Roads

Congress and other premier institutions have also joined hands with NRRDA and the

Ministry to provide support on matters relating to standards, technology and other relevant

aspects. The program has adequate provisions for providing large scale training not only to

managers and engineers involved in program implementation but also to the field level

functionaries like skilled workmen, roller drivers and machine operators .Dedicated and

specialized institutions with clear responsibility at every level have provided focused

attention to the program implementation. The HRD interventions have given opportunity to

the personnel at the field as well as management level to develop better understanding

about various aspects associated with the program which has ultimately helped the program

implementation.

(e) Procurement Process: The States are responsible for execution of works under the

program but it was found that the procurement process prevalent in some of the States

were not in tune with the requirements in particular reference to quality and timely

completion of work. When the program is centered on quality, it is very essential that a

transparent procurement process should be in place which could ensure timely completion

of work with defined quality standards. Therefore, Standard Bidding Document based on

best national and international practices has been developed for procurement of works

under the PMGSY.


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All the works under the program are tendered on the basis of the Standard Bidding

Document. In addition to distinct advantages, this process has enabled the executing

agencies in taking up works from qualified Contractors with adequate capacity and has

helped in ensuring quality by deployment of appropriate machinery, technical manpowerand testing laboratories.

(f) Quality Assurance: A three tier quality mechanism has been operational zed to ensure

quality of road works during construction. The first tier quality standards are enforced

through in-house mechanism by establishing field laboratories and carrying out mandatory

tests. NRRDA has developed Quality Control Handbook to help the field staff in ensuring

proper field and laboratory testing. It was felt that mere carrying out prescribed tests is not

enough but the recording of results and making them available to the supervisory officers is

also important. For this purpose, Quality. Control Registers have been prescribed to ensure

systematic recording of test results under this tier.

(g) Maintenance: The contract provides for defect liability for 5 years after construction

along with routine maintenance for 5 years by the same contractor. There is a provision of

two bills of quantities, one for construction and another for routine maintenance on lump-

sum basis amount every year for 5 years and the contactor is required to offer not only for

construction but also for maintenance separately. This provision is to help in delivery ofbetter quality roads because if the quality of road is compromised by the contractor during

construction, much more money would be required during the routine maintenance

rendering the contract uneconomical for the contractor.

1.The objectives of this research focused on four areas:

2.Conduct of a structural analysis of the overlay and widening unit contributions to stress

reductions and extended pavement life of the composite pavement.


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CHAPTER:-5


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CHAPTER:-5

5. Major Activities

1. Formation cutting

2 .Sub-grade preparation

3. Base course & black topping

4. Construction of RCC Road

5. Shoulder 6.Permanent works

1. Formation cutting

Slope

Gradient

Geometric

Disposal of spoil


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5.1 Formation Cutting

In civil engineering, a cut or cutting is where soil or rock material from a hill or mountain

is cut out to make way for a canal, road or railway line. In cut and fill construction it keepsthe route straight and/or flat, where the comparative cost or practicality of alternate

solutions (such as diversion) is prohibitive. Contrary to the general meaning of cutting, a

cutting in construction is mechanically excavated or blasted out with carefully placed

explosives. The cut may only be on one side of a slope, or directly through the middle or

top of a hill. Generally, a cut is open at the top (otherwise it is a tunnel). A cut is (in a

sense) the opposite of an embankment

Fig:-18


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5.2 Sub-Grade Preparation

In order to maintain stable and durable sub-grade, uniform consolidation to be

incorporated

Sub-grade act as a cushion for other layers i.e. In order to achieve durable road sub-grade

should be strong.

Maintain proper Camber

Fig:-19


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5.3 BASE COURSE & BLACK TOPPING

Type I (Old)

Base course = 150 + 100 = 250mm thickness

150mm = 40-63mm, (Rolling)

100mm = 20-50mm, (Rolling) Premix = 25mm + blinding material (Rolling by applying

water)

Sand Seal coat

Resurfacing: 20mm

Type -II (New) Granular Sub-Base (GSB)

coarse graded (70mm below) Wet Mix Macadam (WMM) (40 mm, 20 mm, 10 mm &

Soil) mix with water

Concrete20mm

Fig:-20


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5.4 Construction of RCC Road

Fig:-21

Fig-22


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5.4.1 Tie bars

fig:-23

5.4.1Forms, Steel form

fig:-24


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CHAPTER:-6


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CHAPTER:-6

6 . Road Construction and Maintenance

RCC Road materials, test and construction practices

Routine maintenance, periodic maintenance

Common causes of failure, long life roads

The Road Construction Process The type of road construction used varies from one job to

another. The type of construction adopted for a particular road depends on: the volume and

nature of traffic to use the road,

The nature of the materials available,The topography,

Foundation conditions,

Type and availability of construction equipment, and

6 .1 Planning, programming and preconstruction activities;

Site clearance;

Setting out;Earthworks;

Bridge construction;

Drainage structures;

Pavement construction;

Placement of road surfacing;

Placement of road furniture; and

Landscaping.


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6.2 Earthworks properly

The eventual aim of the earthworks phase of the construction is to position the subgrade

underlying the pavement layers in the right location and at the correct level, and to provide

drainage. The operations to be performed are

Formation of cuttings by excavating through high ground,

Formation of embankments by filling over low ground,

Shaping the finished surface to design levels, and

Excavating for drainage works.

The earth works is often the largest task in the road building process and therefore careful

planning and organization are essential. Speed and efficiency depend very much upon the

quantity and types of earthmoving plant available.

6.3 Sequence of Operations

The normal sequence of operations in cut and fills work is:

6.3.1 In Cut

Excavate to the depth necessary to reach formation level,

Transport away from the site undesirable material such as organic soils,

Haul suitable materials from cuts to fill areas, and

Suitably dispose of any excess cut material


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6.3.2 In Fill

Drain water from depressions and dispose of any unsuitable underlying material, spread fill

material in horizontal layers not more than 250 mm thick , and thoroughly compact these

layers to required density.

6.4 pavement construction

Gravel and crushed rock pavements

Source: pits, quarries.

Haulage: trucks.

Spreading: grader or paver.

Compaction: higher compaction standard than sub grade different roller types used.

Accuracy of levels important.

Asphalt pavements

Manufacture: fixed plants (up to 400

Tone

Per hour), or large mobile plants.

Haulage: trucks.

Placement: paving machine.

Compaction: rollers smooth vibrating drum and pneumatic tyred.

6.5 cement concrete pavements

Manufacture: ready mixed batching

Haulage: agitator truck plant.

Large quantities: site manufacture + normal trucks.


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CHAPTER:-7


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CHAPTER:-7

7.DETAILS OF MEASURMENT AND CALCULATION OF

QUANTITIES


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Fig:-25


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CONCLUSION

The project, designing of RCC Road for a minor Road 800 Meter is the consequence of

prestigious RCC Road project. In the construction course of RCC Road, a four lane road

way has to be extended to six lanes, to avoid the occurrence of traffic problems. The minor

RCC Road in this course also has to be extended. We took existing RCC Road as an

example and designed retaining wall for the six lane road way. Each section has been

analysed for failure against sliding, overturning, tension and bearing capacity. After doing

trials for many sections, we got a section satisfying all the safety conditions, approximating

the standard dimensions of gravity RCC Road. The location of minor bridge being in rocky

strata, with mushroom soil, we got a high bearing capacity value. Taking this as a

reference, we also designed two economical sections- with reduced dimensions. Hence,apart from the main modified section other two sections can also be considered to make the

project economical, which is the main philosophy behind the project.


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REFFERENCE

For the designing of RCC road, we refer zila parishad karauli. This is suggested by

Er.M.L.MEENA, who also guide us in this project. We have collected few data from the

original project. Then we also refer the book SOR schedule of rates for the estimating and

costing. And refer the Wikipedia for the unknown details for the making of the project.

www.google.co.in,
http://www.google.co.in/http://www.google.co.in/http://www.google.co.in/


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Documents

Rcc Road Report