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3) Summarize the point made by the environmentalists in 4: the fly keeps herd

animal populations in check and thereby prevents them from destroying the Africangrasslands. (C) r estates this point.

(A): Opposite. The environmentalists argue that the grasslands will disappear if the

tsetse fly is eliminated.

(B): Opposite. As above, they believe that the tsetse prevents this situation from

happening.

(C): The correct answer

(D): Opposite. The environmentalists believe that destruction of the fly will lead to

destr uction of t he grasslands.

(E): Incorrect. The tse tse fly does not have an indirect effect on the grasslands by

restricting the population of cattle

Strategy Point:

You've now researched this information in 4 three times. On test day, make sureto use previous research to answer questions quickly and score easy points.

4) The first three paragraphs of the passage describe the negative impact of tse tse

flies but this paragraph provides an indirect benefit of the flies protection of

grasslands. C captures this perfectly.

(A): Opposite. This paragraph actually describes a benefit of th e tse tse fly

(B): Opposite. It is actually the eradication of tse tse flies that can lead to

deforestat ion of African grasslands

(C): The correct answer

(D): Distortion. This is actually stated in the fifth paragraph

(E): Too specific to be t he correct answer

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PASSAGE 11

Topic and Scope - The author d escribes tw o th eories of cloud electrification and t heir

possible impact on controlling lightning formation.

Mapping the Passage

1 describes the mechanism of lightning formation and notes that scientists hope to

someday control it.

2 introduces two competing theories of cloud electrification, convection and

precipitation, and describes the older t heory of precipitation.

3 describes the convection m odel of cloud electr ification.

1) What is the authors main purpose? To describe the competing theories on cloudcharge and to describe how they might help to control lightning. (D) fits well

(A): Out of Scope. The author doesnt discuss recent breakthroughs, and only oneof the theories presented has evidence described.

(B): Faulty Use of Detail. Though this is mentioned in the passage, its not the mainidea of the passage.

(C): Distortion. The author presents two competing theories, but doesnt endorseone or the other or argue that theyre inaccurate.

(D): The correct answer

(E): Out of scope. The auth or never states his preference for any t heory.

2) Go back to the referenced line numbers to read about breakdown potential. The

passage says that lightning occurs after the breakdown potential is reached. OnlyA catches this cause-and- effect relationship.

(A): The correct answer

(B): Opposite. The breakdown potential is required for lightning to occur, but its

not a characteristic of the lightning it self.

(C): Out of Scope. The author doesnt mention the distance between the earth andcloud.

(D):Opposite. As with (B), this is a quality of the lightning rather than a

precondition for it.

(E): Takes the meaning of breakdown too literally