Upload
others
View
5
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
© 2000 Kimberly Purdy Lloyd
All rights reserved.
Published in Australia by:
Spectrum Marketing
P.O. Box 264
Toorak Vic 3142
Australia
The information in this book is for educational purposes only. All matters concerning physical and mentalhealth should be supervised by a health practitioner knowledgeable in treating that particular condition.Neither the publisher nor author directly or indirectly dispense medial advice, nor do they prescribe anyremedies or assume any responsibility for those who choose to treat themselves. This product is not intendedto diagnose, treat, cure, prevent or mitigate disease. These statements have not been approved by the U.S. Foodand Drug Administration.
This publication may not be copied, photocopied, reproduced, translated or converted to any electronic ormachine-readable form in whole or in part without prior written approval of Kimberly Purdy Lloyd.
Preface
I wish to thank Dr. Patrick Flanagan for graciously providing his knowledge and research
information. Patrick Flanagan as a teenager was acknowledged in “Life” magazine to have an
exceptional mind and it was predicted that he would be a substantial contributor to science. He was
primarily an electronics expert early in his career, but later trained in alternative health care. He has
studied numerous areas including cellular bioelectronics. During a research project with the U.S.
Government, Dr. Flanagan met Henri Coanda, the father of fluid dynamics. Coanda shared his keen
interest and knowledge about healthful properties of mineral waters with Dr. Flanagan. This
inspired further research and investigation into the unique properties of mineral waters and the
recreation of small silicate minerals called Microclusters®. Although it would take additional years
to recreate the reducing potential found also in glacier waters, Flanagan discovered that these
particles could be further absorbed with hydride creating particles with antioxidant potential. These
particles are now showing bioenergetic affects on cell metabolism. Microcluster® silica chemistry
is relatively new technology but requires understanding of concepts in advanced physical
chemistry. These types of particles were predicted by a few earlier geochemists and colloidal
chemists to possibly play a substantial role in nutrition. Patrick Flanagan set out to study, recreate
and provide them in a convenient, consumable form to the public. Patrick Flanagan has devoted
years of work, expertise and research to develop Microhydrin® and Crystal Energy®. Many wish
to thank him for his contributions to nutritional science.
Kimberly Purdy-Lloyd, M.S.
Contents
Silicate Minerals 4
Silica as a Nutritional Trace Element 5
Research of Glacier Waters and Lifestyle in Hunza Pakistan 5
Silicate Minerals as a Dietary Supplement 6
Dietary Water vs. Industrialization 7
Silicates Bind Hydrogen and Hydrogen Electrons 8
Zeta Potential 8
Microcluster Technology® 11
Silica Minerals Transport Bioavailable Water 11
Hydration as Related to Age 14
Biological Terrain Assessment Values Illustrate Binding Properties of Silicates 14
Hydride Electrons as a Biological Antioxidant 19
Microhydrin® Increases NADH in Intact Cells 19
Microhydrin® Effectively Lowered Blood Lactic Acid Levels During Strenuous Exercise 22
Hydrogen Electron Transport as an Antioxidant Function 25
Water of Hydration 27
Specific Functions of Water in the Body 28
Structured Water Surrounding Functional Proteins of Muscle and Brain Tissue 29
Reduced Water Theories in Biological Systems 31
Summary 32
Bio-Electronics of Microhydrin® by Dr. Patrick Flanagan 34
Authors Biography 41
References 42
5
Silica compounds have been used medically as over-the-counter antacids for over 40 years and
pharmaceutically for certain types of heart condition (Neilson, 1988). Silica solutions have been
used to help preserve and keep organs viable for transplant in animals (Toledo-Pereyra, et al 1977,
1974). Silica solutions tend to have a strong buffering capacity (stabilize pH) in many biological
systems. In order to clarify any confusion in terminology, silicone breast implants were so named
because they contained a solution with many chemical compounds including silicon. When these
devices leaked their contents, they become a health problem due to the composition of numerous
compounds in this synthetic fluid which was not meant to leak in the first place.
Silica as a Nutritional Trace Element
In the 1970’s the element silicon was established as a necessary dietary mineral in the human
body and the body of animals (Hopps 1975, Neilson 1988). Experiments in animals showed that
the highest concentrations of silica were found in the skin, cartilage tissue, bone and connective
tissue. Chickens raised without silica in their diets had severe deformities in skull, bone, joint, and
cartilage formation (Neilson 1988, Carlisle 1980, 1976). Carlisle also observed that chickens fed
a silicon- supplemented diet had significantly greater amounts of cartilage and water as compared
with the silicon deficient group. The greater water content in bones of the chicks supplemented
with silicon coincided with a larger cartilage content of glycosaminoglycans, long
polysaccharides that form fluid substances of joints, cartilage, tendon and eye (Carlisle, 1976). As
a necessary trace mineral, nutritionists have speculated that a silica mineral deficiency is involved
in the causation of several human disorders including atherosclerosis, osteoarthritis, and
hypertension, as well as the aging process (Neilson, 1988).
Research of Glacier Waters and Lifestyle in Hunza Pakistan
As early scientists were interested in the properties of water containing silicate mineral
derivatives and their possible relationship to health, research was directed towards this area. It was
found that inhabitants of glacier regions often had associated longevity and health. Hunza
Pakistan, the location of the Ultar glacier, was one of the areas of primary interest and although it
was not easily accessible to outsiders because of the difficulty in traversing the routes into the
land, several researchers made the journey. Visitors needed permission directly from the king in
order to enter the land. Writers, health researchers, a team of cardiologists, and geologists who
MICROCLUSTER® MINERAL TECHNOLOGY
4
Silicate Minerals
Geologists have studied glacier waters throughout the world for over a century fascinated with
the number and types of minerals that exist in these locations (Keller & Reesman, 1963, Keller,
et al. 1963, 1979). In nutritional or biological science, a mineral often refers more specifically to
a single element or salt of an element, however, to a geologist, mineral also refers to aggregates
of several elements bound together forming clusters or tiny rocks, so to speak. There are hundreds
of different types and sizes of these minerals found throughout various regions of the world.
Silicon (Si, chemical symbol) is the name for an element found in numerous rocks or
minerals. Minerals containing this element in the form of silicon dioxide (SiO2 or silica) are called
silicates (Dove, Rimstidt 1994). Silicates comprise one of the most abundant mineral types on the
planet. Pure crystals containing only silica in their structures make up the quartz group and are
more rare than other groups. Many silica minerals combine readily with other elements such as
hydrogen, potassium, magnesium, chloride, iron, sodium, calcium, phosphate, and aluminium.
These elements can be further released in solution. Silicate minerals, depending on their
composition and resulting structures, make up minerals such as opal, cristabolite, feldspar,
stilbite, orthoclase, phillipsite, olivine, the zeolite group and numerous others that geologists have
classified (Dove, Rimstidt 1994, Keller, Balgord, Reesman, 1963).
Silicon is in the same chemical group as carbon and has similar bonding characteristics. Silica
originates primarily from ocean animals. It is found abundantly in seashells and small micro-
organisms that inhabit the oceans. Diatoms are one-celled microorganisms that secrete a tiny shell
or covering made of silica and it is this material, when these creatures die, that settles to the ocean
floor creating sand. Sand usually provides the source material for grinding into food grade silica
for processing into dietary products or other of its many industrial uses.
Silicon has unique properties that have been utilized by several industries including the
production of glass and the computer chip. It is a transition element meaning that it has both
metallic and nonmetallic properties. Silica has also been used in numerous biological capacities
to the researcher in the isolation and stabilization of bio-molecules on columns of silica gels
because of their ability to bind biological and chemical compounds.
MICROCLUSTER® MINERAL TECHNOLOGY
6
were interested in verifying the legends of long life and optimal health managed to obtain
permission to enter Hunza in the 1960’s and 70’s. Geologists tested glacial waters for their
composition and others published observations of the lifestyle, habits, diet, longevity and health
of the inhabitants (Leaf 1973, Murray 1984, Keller 1978, Keller and Feder 1979, Taylor
1964,1962). Although research was somewhat limited, the findings of those that observed this
community directly, suggested that the inhabitants did tend to experience a longer and healthier
life without typical diseases usually inflicting people of other regions. Cardiologists observed and
reported that the heart health of centenarians in this area was exceptionally good and may have
been a factor in delayed aging (Murray & Murray 1984). Health researchers reported several
factors in this community that added to their well being such as community participation of the
elderly, a high fruit and vegetable diet and exercise (Leaf 1973, Murray 1984, Taylor 1964).
Geologists were primarily intrigued with the fact that the only available water source was
glacier water with numerous dissolved silicate minerals (Keller and Feder 1979). A group of
geologists who studied and analyzed the content of glacier waters throughout the world, were
curious as to the possible role of silicate minerals in drinking water that might play an important
role towards the health and longevity of these inhabitants (Keller 1978). Keller was particularly
interested in the silicate mineral content of glacier waters and predicted in the 1970’s that water
with these minerals might be provided to consumers in the future (Keller 1978). He was aware that
not only did the waters contain numerous elements like calcium, iron, potassium, magnesium and
others important to health, but silica minerals forming somewhat larger conglomerates with
colloidal properties helped in the specific bonding and “slow release” of transported nutrients. As
discoveries of silicate mineral properties began to unfold it was noticed that small colloidal
minerals provided by the drinking water had several functions that could have a positive affect on
health and longevity.
Silicate Minerals as a Dietary Supplement
Microhydrin® and Crystal Energy® are a proprietary blended silicate mineral analog similar
to those found in nature. The silicate analog has been formulated by Patrick Flanagan for Royal
BodyCare. Inc of Irving Texas. The microcluster silicate mineral is an aggregate mineral
containing potassium, magnesium and silica partially coated with safflower oil in order to increase
its bonding and transport of compounds. The microcluster silicate has been formulated to retain a
MICROCLUSTER® MINERAL TECHNOLOGY
7
spherical shape and is about 50 Angstroms or less in diameter. This article will cover an overview
of research showing various functions of this supplement and studies that are indicating beneficial
biological and physiological functions. Crystal Energy® is a dilute suspension in water of the
colloidal silicate mineral. Microhydrin® is the same mineral silicate that has been further
saturated with hydride ions (H-). The difference in the two products is that Microhydrin® contains
a higher concentration of the silicate mineral (250 mg/capsule) and Microhydrin® has been
further saturated with hydride. One capsule added to 4 oz of water shows a negative oxidation
reduction value (approximately -500 mV), as well as, biological antioxidant properties towards
superoxide free radicals, hydroxyl free radicals and serum alkenals (membrane fatty acid
oxidative free radicals).
Several interdisciplinary sciences (geology, material geochemistry, physical chemistry, and
cluster chemistry) are converging on the unique properties of colloidal minerals and complex
mechanisms that structure both transported compounds and water. Biochemists such as Linus
Pauling and Szent-Gyorgyi were also looking at more specific roles that water played in biological
systems realizing that water helped form structural and functional bridges between molecules and
could also form arrangements around certain organic or inorganic compounds. Although these are
separate chemical areas they involve the same type of water structures and provide insight into
water chemistry found throughout nature.
Dietary Water vs. Industrialization
Nutritional status in humans and animals primarily focuses on the types of foods consumed,
fat, fiber, vitamin, mineral and antioxidant intake. More recent investigation is addressing the role
of water in the diet, not only of adequate amounts but also the type of water. The study of water
is becoming a research field of its own and many facts and ideas are emerging.
Natural reservoirs of water have different properties often due to the mineral content
depending on geographic location. Minerals and salts such as calcium, potassium, magnesium,
iron, silica, and sodium, common to natural water sources, can cause numerous and costly
industrial problems, forming deposits on machinery. Modern filtration and purification treatments
have rendered water better fit for industrial purposes rather than human and animal consumption.
Colloidal silicate minerals indeed display a variety of functions and form complex interactions
MICROCLUSTER® MINERAL TECHNOLOGY
8
between solute and solvent and because of their abundance in certain locations may have provided
colloidal particles beneficial to drinking water. Colloidal particle interactions may play a
substantial role in nutrient bioavailability by enhancing solvation properties and were predicted to
play an important nutritional role in health in the 1970’s (Keller 1978). The particular area of
physical and colloidal chemistry, known as cluster science, has further defined and measured
unique properties of naturally occurring and synthesized colloidal minerals. Complex cluster
reaction dynamics have demonstrated that colloidal silicate particles are hydrophilic (water
loving), bind and release ions, and alter dielectric constants, surface tension and solvation
properties of water.
Silicates Bind Hydrogen and Hydrogen Electrons
Another function of silicate minerals and clays is that many types bond hydrogen readily. Some
mineral formations bond high concentrations of hydrogen atoms or hydride ions. Silicate minerals
displace or exchange hydrogen in solution with other elements or compounds. Geologists knew in
the early 1900’s, that silicate minerals bonding hydrogen can then release and exchange it for other
elements (Mukherjee 1948; Keller 1958; Keller, Balgord and Reesman 1963).
H- created from ionized water provides a reducing potential until the electron exchange capacity
or reducing potential has been dissipated through the surrounding media. Although the hydride
species is fairly short lived (4-6 hr.) in water and other species of hydrogen are generated, water and
aqueous systems tend to maintain transfer of hydrogen potential across water bridges. Hydride
generated from elecrolized water tends to give up electrons to the silica surface. Silanol bonds at the
silica mineral interface tend to attract water forming structured water (three layers of water
molecules) at this surface. Water caging tends to trap small ions or electrons. This reduced water
system and the caging of electrons, as well as, reduced water generated from electrolized water show
an antioxidant effect towards biological free radicals (Shirahata, et al 1997; Flanagan, Lloyd 1999).
Zeta Potential
Zeta potential refers to the charge potential surrounding a large molecule or colloid particle.
Zeta potential is measured at the boundary between what is moving in a solution with the particle
and the rest of the solution. Colloidal reaction dynamics have demonstrated that nanocolloidal or
MICROCLUSTER® MINERAL TECHNOLOGY
9
microcluster spherical minerals have unique bonding properties. They are hydrophilic, bind and
release ions (adsorption, desorption), and alter solvation parameters of water or dispersed fluids.
As the spherical mineral sets up a binding potential and ionic particles are introduced, the silicate
mineral reaches an adsorption value due to its electronegativity, which is defined by a measurable
zeta potential (measured in mV). Electronegativity refers to the tendency to attract electrons. The
addition of an increase in the concentration of anions added to the colloidal particle suspension
MICROCLUSTER® MINERAL TECHNOLOGY
10
compresses the double layer around the silicate mineral driving more ions toward the surface of
the colloid. At some saturation level the anions that have been added to the colloid become the
controlling ions. Adsorption takes place to a degree which is represented by an increase in the
electronegative zeta-potential (a 0.1 mM anionic solution = -57 mV). Further addition of a higher
concentration of anions increases the zeta potential to its maximum (a 0.35 mM anionic solution
= -70 mV) and forms a monolayer. When mineral colloids of uniform size and spherical shape are
well dispersed, and when natural bulk-stress is not excessive, “fluid” suspensions of 65-80% or
higher are often possible (Riddick 1968). Ions binding to the silicate get intermingled with water
and silica gels often look fluid or opaque because of water clinging to them.
Advanced techniques in colloidal and cluster chemistry have evolved over the past three
decades further defining regions on silicates and other minerals that identify the presence of
structured water arrangements around ions and in conjunction to the surface of the mineral. X-ray
diffraction, NMR, laser and mass spectroscopy now predict and identify these complexes.
Advanced technologies provide a close up view as to the stable mineral-water-ion complexes
forming at mineral interfaces. Silicates, zeolites and other metal water interfaces have been
analyzed for the appearance of water cages that are observed at the mineral interface. Semi stable
hydrogen bonds between water clathrates are essentially the same as formed in ordinary ice.
Although ice does not contain any chambers large enough for occupancy by molecules other than
those of helium or hydrogen, some water arrangements form chambers large enough for slightly
larger elements including another water molecule or a chlorine atom. The dodecahedron
arrangement is common and consists of 46 water molecules (Pauling 1961). Some water/mineral
cages are revealing fairly stable complexes. These form at the surface of silicate minerals.
Modern methods have enhanced the understanding of how and why colloidal mineral
suspensions in certain size ranges behave the way they do. These complexes (water clathrates) were
also observed and discussed by Linus Pauling and Szent Gyorgyi in biological systems. Ionic groups
on proteins also tend to layer or structure water forming cagelike arrangements (lattices) between
protein chains. In these systems it was revealed that reducing equivalents in the form of hydride ions
or atomic hydrogen could be transferred across “water bridges” between biological molecules.
Colloidal microclusters can be further enhanced by coating the particle with oils or fatty acids.
This increases the stability of the colloid and aids in increasing the repulsion necessary to keep
MICROCLUSTER® MINERAL TECHNOLOGY
11
particles dispersed in solution. This process can also create a variable region for charge
distribution to the particle. When this technique is applied, particles resemble functional micelles
or chylomicrons like those naturally produced in the stomach for suspending fats for digestion and
transport. Chylomicrons follow a specific absorption pathway via the lacteals, lymphatic
channels, left thoracic duct, superior vena cava, heart circulation, systemic circulation and finally
the liver. Compounds can be delivered through this lymphatic pathway bypassing the liver’s
immediate dissociation or conversion of the structure. The surface tension of Microhydrin® is
similar to that of body fluids. These delivery systems offer a unique property in that they can
deliver an original substance without it being initially broken down. Although silica-ion water-
cages are short lived, silicate water interactions may provide enough support for delivery of
specific nutrients at least once through a circulatory cycle in the body.
Microcluster Technology®
Under specific chemical conditions silica can be formed back into colloidal minerals
resembling a variety of naturally occurring glacier minerals (depending on their composition).
This is a result of Microcluster Technology®, the capability of creating mineral clusters from
source elements, structuring them in the tiny, beneficial size range in order to maintain their
qualities. Colloidal means that a particle is small enough or has suspension properties that keep it
afloat rather than sinking. Chemical characteristics also render it to act more as a fluid particle
itself. Depending on the size, shape and how they have been treated helps to create a colloidal
surface that will absorb, exchange or release components and changes some of the subtle flow
properties of bodily fluids.
Silica Minerals Transport Bioavailable Water
Silica minerals also transport water molecules through fluid systems. A hydration study was
conducted by Gary Osborn R.Ph. and H. Salinas M.D. of Texas Institute of Functional Medicines.
The Rudy J. Leidtke (RJL) Bioelectrical Impedence Analyzer showed that Total Body Water (total
intracellular and extracellular water) increased significantly (p< 0.05) in subjects who received 4
capsules per day of Microhydrin® (250 mg). Electrodes are placed on the wrist and ankle of the
test subjects and a 50 Khz current is administered. Depending on the conduction of current
through the body and its resistance, parameters are measured that account for the water content of
MICROCLUSTER® MINERAL TECHNOLOGY
MICROCLUSTER® MINERAL TECHNOLOGY
1312
the body and impedance of the cell membranes (Hoffer et al 1969, Segal et al 1985). The seven
subjects received 4 capsules per day of Microhydrin® for 2 weeks and then received a placebo of
rice bran flour for the next 2 weeks. Values taken during Microhydrin® supplementation were
compared to placebo consumption and changes were evaluated. This type of study allows for the
placebo to act as the experimental control taking into account the diet, water consumption and
other lifestyle habits that become part of the subject’s routine over the four week test period. Total
Body Water increased by 2.7%, Body Cell Mass increased by 2%, Intracellular Water increased
by 2.7%, Extracellular Tissue increased by 1.5% and Extracellular Water increased by 3.0%. Total
Body Water (Intracellular and Extracellular Water) showed a statistically significant probability
value (p =0.049). Extracellular Water also showed statistical significance (p = 0.027) meaning that
the increase in these values are greater than those due to a chance occurrence. Microhydrin® at
this level was increasing hydration or water delivery to the tissues and cells of the body.
The Nationwide Food Consumption Surveys have indicated that a portion of the population
may be mildly dehydrated. Several factors may increase the likelihood of chronic, mild
dehydration, including a poor thirst mechanism, dissatisfaction with the taste of water,
MICROCLUSTER® MINERAL TECHNOLOGY
15
cells and tissues is very important to their health and function. A Biological Terrain Assessment
(BTA) 2000 analyzer showed that 7 subjects receiving 4 Microhydrin® /day for 3 weeks showed
more optimal resistivity (1/conductivity) values in both the blood and the urine. Both blood and
urine resistivity values showed statistically significant (p< 0.05) changes as compared to baseline
values before beginning the supplementation program. Saliva resistivity values showed a strong
MICROCLUSTER® MINERAL TECHNOLOGY
14
consumption of caffeine and alcohol, exercise and environmental conditions. Dehydration of as
little as 2% loss of body weight results in impaired physiological and performance responses.
Water consumption can have an effect on the risk of urinary stone disease, cancers of the breast,
colon, and urinary tract, childhood and adolescent obesity, mitral valve prolapse, salivary gland
function, and overall health in the elderly (Kleiner 1999).
Hydration as Related to Age
Hydration or water availability to cells and tissues is important for increasing the overall
function and health of cells. Research has shown that babies have a higher level of intra cellular
water typically than aging adults. Szent-Gyorgyi in the “Pathology of Water” made the association
that muscle tissue, cartilage, connective tissue including skin, “aged” or became less pliable with
time due to the lack of water provided to cells and tissues. Much of his early research was with
muscle tissue and he realized that the aging process was substantially due to cellular and tissue
effects of dehydration (Szent-Gyorgyi 1971). Lack of intracellular water or dehydration is
predicted today to be part of the “aging” process. It stands to reason that water and the many roles
it plays generally and specifically for all parts of the body will enhance many biochemical and
physiological functions important to overall health when it is available to cells and tissues.
Biological Terrain Assessment Values Illustrate BindingProperties of Silicates
Another property of silica minerals is that they readily bind with other silica molecules, and
numerous elements and transport them. Due to the secondary conductivity layer these elements
and others found in glacier waters are particularly trapped and bonded within the silica water
interface and are slowly released (Keller 1978).
Biological Terrain Assessment measures the pH and resistivity (1/conductivity) or conductive
electrolytes in the blood and urine. A reduction/oxidation value is obtained also in relationship to
the pH of the fluid. These parameters are measured in the body fluids, blood, saliva and urine as
an indicator of how diet or lifestyle changes effects the internal milieu. Biological Terrain
Assessment was established as a physiological approach to observe nutritional status or disease
conditions due to effects on observed changes in body fluids. The terrain or environment of the
MICROCLUSTER® MINERAL TECHNOLOGY
0
50
100
150
200
250
Saliva ResistivityAveraged Values of 8 Healthy Normals
Before and After 18 Days of Supplementation
Before After
OptimalRange
180to
220
239
209
ohmscm
17
high concentrations of minerals in the diet are often characteristic of normal or premature aging
and of several pathological conditions. On the other hand, too few minerals in the body can
indicate a state of demineralization whereby the body compensates by utilizing structural minerals
from bone tissue. Biological Terrain Assessment (BTA) values contribute knowledge as to what is
occurring in the body as diets and conditions change. BTA values showed marked shifts towards
more optimal mineral balance after supplementation with Microhydrin®.
MICROCLUSTER® MINERAL TECHNOLOGY
16
trend as well (p< 0.08). Mineral balance effects osmotic pressure in cells and numerous structures
depend on elements (conductive minerals).
To the BTA clinician optimal mineral or resistivity values in the blood and urine signify
mineral balance. Excessive minerals in the diet can create disturbance to the kidney. The kidney
has a limited capacity for filtering and recycling minerals. Excessive and continuous filtration of
MICROCLUSTER® MINERAL TECHNOLOGY
0
20
40
60
80
100
Urine ResistivityAveraged Values of 8 Healthy Normals
Before and After 18 Days of Supplementation
Before After
Optimal Range30ó45
82
64
ohmscm
Blood ResistivityAveraged Values of 8 Healthy Normals
Before and After 18 Days of Supplementation
0
50
100
150
200
250
Before After
OptimalRange
190to
210
234
200
ohmscm
19
Hydride Ion as a Biological Antioxidant
Hydrogen in its normal state holds one electron however it can hold an additional electron.
When it has two electrons instead of one, it is called the hydride ion (H-). Hydrogen is the smallest
element (has one proton and one electron and tends to exist as H2 gas). Hydrogen is also abundant
in biological organic molecules. It further plays an important biological role and is exchanged in
numerous biochemical reactions. It is the primary donor of an electron, a pair of electrons or a
proton to biochemical reactions in the body of humans and animals (Leninger 1993). Biochemists
have established that most electron exchange in biochemical pathways within cells occurs with a
form of hydrogen. It often reacts or is carried by enzymes such as the dehydrogenase enzymes that
remove or add hydrogen, or split gaseous hydrogen (H2) (Happe et al, 1997). Hydrogen in the
form of H- is carried by cofactors such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) (Leninger et
al, 1993). NADH specifically provides the energy required in the cell to generate energy in the
form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) in the mitochondria electron transport chain. ATP stores
energy in the bonds of the molecule and will participate in numerous biochemical pathways
throughout the cell that depend on it exclusively.
Microhydrin® Increases NADH in Intact Cells
Recent studies showed that Microhydrin® would reduce or add hydrogen to NAD+ converting
it to NADH in vitro. It has also shown reducing activity by reducing cytochrome C (an electron
transport molecule in the mitochondria) and other free radicals.
Intact biological liver cells were also shown to convert NAD+ into NADH within living cells
when Microhydrin® was added to the live cell suspension. This study showed that Microhydrin®
is capable of reducing or transferring H- or electrons across the cell membrane and into the cell
making it available for the NADH pool in the cell. In the vehicle control group, with no
Microhydrin®, NADH fluorescence decreased by 30% over 20 minutes. In the Microhydrin®
treated cells, NADH fluorescence increased by 20%. These preliminary experiments suggest that
Microhydrin® promotes electron transfer to NAD in intact living hepatocytes. Moreover,
Microhydrin® prevented the spontaneous oxidation (or bleaching) of NADH that usually occurs
during incubation in a simple balanced salt solution (200 ug/ml). Microhydrin® caused a
continuous recharging of NADH within the mitochondria during the testing period rather than
MICROCLUSTER® MINERAL TECHNOLOGY
18
A trend was also noticed in the pH of urine in the seven subjects receiving Microhydrin®
indicating more optimal, less acidic values. Urine pH values are often affected by diabetes and
cystitis as both conditions make the urine more acidic. As Microhydrin® has a pH of 9.5 to 10
when added to water it was of interest to observe the noticeable trend in alkalinizing the pH of the
urine. Alkaline diets often can effect the pH of urine and Microhydrin® appeared to have this
effect on the biological terrain.
MICROCLUSTER® MINERAL TECHNOLOGY
Urine pHAveraged Values of 8 Healthy Normals
Before and After 18 Days of Supplementation
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Before After
pH
Optimal Range6.50ó6.80
5.87
6.26
21
MICROCLUSTER® MINERAL TECHNOLOGY
20
MICROCLUSTER® MINERAL TECHNOLOGY
150
100
50
00 10 20
Microhydrin
Vehicle
Time (min)
NA
DH
(% o
f bas
elin
e)
Microhydrin Enhances MitochondrialNADH in Intact Liver Cells
Autofluorescence Microscopy
150
100
50
00 10 20
Microhydrin
Vehicle
Time (min)
Mito
chon
dria
l Mem
bran
e P
oten
tial
(% o
f bas
elin
e)
Microhydrin Enhances MitochondrialMembrane Potential in Intact Liver Cells
Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy
23
MICROCLUSTER® MINERAL TECHNOLOGY
22
MICROCLUSTER® MINERAL TECHNOLOGY
participant did the cycling trial twice, once on placebo and once on Microhydrin®. Maximum
oxygen volume (VO2 max), blood lactate, heart rate and work output were evaluated during the
exercise. Blood lactic acid levels (measured 5 min. after the end of the exercise trial) showed
statistically significant lower values during Microhydrin® supplementation as compared to
placebo (p< 0.05) (Unpublished data, Peter Raven, PhD. and Wendy Wasmund B.S., University of
North Texas Health Science Center at Ft. Worth 1999).
Lactic acid accumulates during strenuous or prolonged exercise. It causes stiff, painful
muscles and limits endurance. It is a common problem for athletes, people who work out, play
sports or do physical exercise for an extended time. The decreased lactate levels observed
immediately after strenuous exercise are another indicator of the ability of Microhydrin® to help
in providing a direct energy source (ATP production) to cellular function. Additional research is
necessary to determine exactly which biochemical pathways are being enhanced by the addition
of Microhydrin® during exercise. Strenuous exercise tends to turn muscle into anaerobic
being utilized and depleted as in the control group. Micrographs, although not as sensitive to the
naked eye as the instrumentation used to measure fluorescence changes, show individual dots of
autofluorescence increasing after Microhydrin® treatment. These are the mitochondria with a
greater concentration of NADH. By contrast, autofluorescence decreased in hepatocytes treated
with vehicle control. NADH, but not NAD, is fluorescent, and oxidation of NADH back to NAD
causes loss of fluorescence. Increased NADH production within the mitochondria is directly linked
to the increased production of ATP. ATP is often referred to as the bioenergetic currency of the cell.
This research study also evaluated the effect of Microhydrin® on mitochondrial membrane
potential, as measured with tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester (TMRM). In these experiments an
increase of the mitochondrial fluorescence of TMRM represents an increase of mitochondrial
depolarization (more negative membrane potential) further indication that NADH supply is being
enhanced. In the control vehicle group fluorescence decreased by about 6% over 20 minutes. In
the Microhydrin® group fluorescence increased about 25%. Actual photomicrographs show white
bead-like membranes within the cytoplasm brighter after 20 min. of exposure to Microhydrin®.
These results are indicating that the cell and membranes are resisting damage, as no signs of
cellular stress or toxicity occurred during these tests when treated with Microhydrin®. Cells
increased their energy production with the addition of Microhydrin®. It is also an indicator to
researchers that the Microhydrin® silicate in a buffered solution is able to deliver the hydrogen
reducing potential through the cellular membrane for incorporation into the mitochondrial
electron transport chain. The combination of increased mitochondrial membrane potential and
increased NADH suggest an enhancement of bioenergetic capacity of the mitochondria due to
Microhydrin® in these preliminary results (unpublished results 1999).
Microhydrin Effectively Lowered Blood Lactic Acid LevelsDuring Strenuous Exercise.
A recent double blind crossover study found that 4 capsules of Microhydrin® taken daily with
the addition of 2 capsules in water taken 30 min. prior to strenuous exercise, reduced blood lactate
levels by approximately 50%. Six male cyclists participated in a 40K (24.8 mi) bicycling exercise
trial on a stationary bike. Participants took either Microhydrin® or placebo for a week before the
exercise trial and were crossed over to receive the alternate product on the same schedule. Each
Lact
ate
(mm
ol/L
)
Microhydrin Reduces Lactic AcidBuildup After Strenuous Exercise
40K (24.8 ml) BicyclingN=6 Fit Males
Microhydrin
5
4
3
2
1
0
p=0.03
Placebo
*
25
Hydrogen Electron Transport as an Antioxidant Function
Hydrogen has been found to be trapped within structures such as quartz, amorphous silicates,
clays and carbon rings and is often rather slowly released (Mukherjee et al, 1948, Gross 1973,
Sasamori 1994). Additionally hydrogen is exchanged and often displaced with other ions. (Keller
et al 1963, Keller 1958). Mineral hydrides can be formed utilizing catalysts such as potassium
hydride (Becker).
Since electrons are “negatively” charged, when an atom gains a negative charge, it is
“reduced”, its charge is lowered. Furthermore, since hydrogen is readily attached to the silicate
mineral, the hydrogen atoms can hold an additional electron. The dynamic of the silicate mineral
bonding water, creating a secondary conductivity layer potential, helps in the conductance of
electrons surrounding it and tends to set up a condition that also provides the reducing potential
and control of the electron transfer process (Dove & Rimstidt 1994, Degani & Willner 1983).
When the colloidal silicate mineral is saturated with hydride ions they can react with free radicals
and act as antioxidants.
MICROCLUSTER® MINERAL TECHNOLOGY
24
metabolism as the body can not supply the amounts of oxygen fast enough to support energy
production through regular cellular respiration. An ergogenic energy function is when a substance
enhances biochemical energy without introducing additional carbohydrates or calories to the diet.
MICROCLUSTER® MINERAL TECHNOLOGY
27
same rate as Microhydrin® (a stronger reducing agent) will. Vitamin C, however, is required to
act as an electron donor in specific enzymatic reactions that only will recognize it, in order to
function, as is the case with other antioxidant vitamins. Enzymes must have particular vitamins
and minerals present on their structures in order to function maximally or at all. Research is
showing many vitamins to have antioxidant functions beyond their role as enzymatic cofactors
and are now realized to act towards random free radicals generated by metabolism or detrimental
intermediates. These antioxidants are preventing otherwise damaging free radical reactions
occurring in the body.
Many plant bioflavonoids show antioxidant effects towards low density lipoproteins (LDL i.e.
“bad fat”). Peroxides formed from free fatty acids in the diet can be reduced with many dietary
antioxidants. Microhydrin is a more general antioxidant in its function but research has shown in
a clinical evaluation that it may also be reducing these types of fatty acid oxidative products in the
body as measured as urine alkenal/creatinine.
Water of Hydration
Water as a small molecule has unique properties, different than other similar compounds in
different phases (gas, liquid, or solid). As you recall, when water is frozen it is less dense than
liquid water, meaning that the bonds are not closer together but are more spread out in the solid
or frozen state. Water in different phases forms different arrangements or lattices. This is the
reason ice is less dense than water and why ice floats in water rather than sinks. Ice, the solid form
of water, has fewer molecules per square inch as compared to the liquid state.
Compounds other than water tend to form bonds closer together when frozen and thus there
are more molecules per square inch making frozen or solid particles heavier as compared to when
in their liquid state. However, water molecules in the liquid state bond with each other more
tightly than in the solid state due to the unique polarization of water. The positive pole of one
water molecule is attracted to the negative pole of the next water molecule and so on. This tends
to hold water together and each molecule of water in the liquid state is fairly bound up by
hydrogen bonding to the next water molecule. The molecules of water form tightly bound clusters
or sheets of water. This has been referred to as the crystalline nature of liquid water.
MICROCLUSTER® MINERAL TECHNOLOGY
26
Free radicals are usually intermediate compounds from metabolism that have an odd number
of electrons. Since electrons around atoms are more stable when paired (even numbers) they seek
or attract electrons when they aren’t paired. A free radical is damaging in that if not soon
neutralized by an antioxidant or reducing agent they will randomly attract electrons from
neighboring molecules. Free radicals are compounds formed from digestion, fatty acid
breakdown, metabolites or intermediates from biochemical breakdown. Free radical intermediates
have a strong affinity to attract an electron from a neighboring molecule such as a large enzyme
complex or membrane system which when altered is limited or damaged in its regular function.
Membranes selectively separate many compartments and their contents within cells (ie. cell
membrane, nuclear membrane, mitochondria, golgi, endoplasmic reticulum, etc.).
As important bio-molecules are damaged they begin to “age” or are not as normal as healthy
cells. Microhydrin®, has shown antioxidant activity against superoxide and hydroxol free radicals
in vitro, two free radicals highly damaging to biological systems (Flanagan & Lloyd 1999). Free
radical damage is well established in the scientific community to be partially responsible for
numerous disease processes including cancer, heart and blood vessel diseases, Alzheimer’s
disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and adult respiratory disease (Pryor 1997).
A clinical double blind, placebo controlled preliminary trial showed that 4 capsules of
Microhydrin® per day taken for two weeks, reduced the production of serum alkenals, free
radicals produced from fatty acid oxidative products (membrane oxidative products). This trial
showed that the mineral antioxidant tends to protect against free radicals generated within and
circulating in the body. The seven subjects tested, received a placebo of rice bran flour for two
weeks as the control. The averaged serum alkenal/creatinine ratios were reduced by 43% in the
seven subjects when consuming the Microhydrin® supplement showing a strong trend in
protection against free radical damage.
Other antioxidants (i.e. vitamin E, vitamin C, etc.) do not tend to display such negative
electron availability, as measured by standard redox measurements because of the various
structures of the molecules, their individual chemical characteristics, and functional proximity in
reactions which tend to determine their antioxidant role. For example, vitamin C (+80 mV), has a
relative redox potential much higher than NADH (-320 mV) or Microhydrin (-350 to -650 mV).
Therefore, an equal amount of ascorbic acid will not reduce the same amount of NAD+ at the
MICROCLUSTER® MINERAL TECHNOLOGY
29
Fluids fill every space in cells and between them. As the primary fluid in the body, water
serves as a solvent for minerals, vitamins, amino acids, glucose, and many other nutrients. Water
also plays a key role in the digestion, absorption, transportation and use of nutrients. Water is the
medium for the safe elimination of toxins and waste products and whole-body thermoregulation
is critically dependent on it. From energy production to joint lubrication to reproduction, there is
no system in the body that does not depend on water (Kleiner 1999).
Structured Water Surrounding Functional Proteins of Muscle and Brain Tissue
It was often the thought that water and its dispersion within cells was a more random
occurrence. Yet research in various fields is shedding light of more specific arrangements of water
and interactions that occur when it is structured that lend more to its chemical importance. Water
is necessary for muscle contraction. Muscle fibers shorten when hydrated (bond water) and
lengthen when dehydrated (lose water). This phenomenon is responsible for muscular movement.
Szent-Gyorgyi studied muscle protein contraction for much of his career. He observed that
muscular contraction is essentially interplay between water and protein, the formation and
destruction of water structures induced by specifically built proteins. Muscle is a mechanism that
converts changes in hydration into translational motion (Szent-Gyorgyi 1971).
Szent-Gyorgyi and Klotz observed the hydration of muscle fibers and the role of water in the
contraction of muscle. Their studies began the early comprehension of the role of water molecules
towards substances in tissues. They also developed the ice crystal theory (clathrates and water
cages) showing water molecules orienting themselves in crystalline structures about certain ions
or specific sites on proteins. Another important realization is that this structuring around
substances facilitates not only structural properties but also conduction of electrons in tissues.
Observations of the unique features of protein behavior showed that up to five molecules of water
could layer between strands of protein forming electron or proton conducting pathways. This
correlation in interpretation of protein behavior emphasized the important role played by the
solvent in fixing the structure of the solute molecule, as well as, the influence of the solute in
imposing a structure on the solvent. It is this mutual interaction which has perhaps not been fully
appreciated in the interpretation of the behavior of proteins both experimentally and within
biological systems (Klotz 1958, Szent-Gyorgyi 1971, Tait 1971).
MICROCLUSTER® MINERAL TECHNOLOGY
28
When a particle that is small enough to be suspended is added to water, it can disintegrate this
cohesive bonding between water molecules. It splits up the sheets of water that have formed.
Alternatively it then allows another system to form. The silicate can specifically bind the water.
When certain particles such as silicate minerals are added to water, they decrease the surface
tension. In other words, the water spreads out further when spilled, for instance. It is more “fluid”
meaning that the hydrogen bonds holding molecules of water together have an interfering
molecule present, which breaks up the patterns.
Dispersed water can solubilize or surround other particles better making them more easily
transported in a fluid system, such as the blood. This also helps make water molecules available
for suspending other molecules or nutrients, attach to various enzymes that need water, participate
in hydrolysis reactions (chemical reactions that require water) and perform other vital functions.
This property of water is associated with the surface tension. When Microhydrin®, is added to
water it decreases the surface tension from 73 dynes to 45 dynes. This difference represents the
surface tension of digestive fluid and blood, another property important in the dispersion and
transport of nutrients.
Specific Functions of Water in the Body
It has recently been discovered that cell membranes have specific enzyme transport proteins that
specifically regulate water molecules into the cell, called aquaporins. The coiled DNA molecule
(blueprint instructions directing the construction and activity of all cell components) is saturated
with water at specific sites that are necessary for its structure, repair, replication and function.
Numerous chemical reactions depend on water and it is a factor itself in many biochemical reactions.
Water availability is important to cells, and to the fluids surrounding the cells called interstitial fluids
(fluids that surround joints, muscles and organs) and to the matrix of the blood.
Cell membranes contain hundreds of embedded large protein molecules (enzymes) that are
responsible for recognizing hormones, transporting nutrients (vitamins, trace elements and salts),
and water itself. Large molecules on cell surfaces and within the cell often attach water at specific
locations and the water molecules assist in helping the molecules hold their shapes in order to
function properly when necessary.
MICROCLUSTER® MINERAL TECHNOLOGY
31
Linus Pauling also had theoretical data and devised the clathrate cage theory, now well
verified, in observance of how water molecules arranged themselves around substances positioned
in biological systems. Water will orient itself around molecules such as an anesthetic drug at
particular sites (forming pentagonal dodecahedra) also a temperature dependent phenomenon. He
postulated the formation of hydrate microcrystals similar in structure to known hydrate crystals
of chloroform, xenon, and other anesthetic agents as these had been observed by x-ray diffraction.
He postulated the formation of clathrate water caging of protein ions. This mechanism of having
an ion on a protein molecule surrounded by structured water could decrease the energy of electric
oscillations in the brain. He theorized that unconscious memory or even hibernation in animals
could be a mechanism whereby water in the brain is structured such that consciousness is
electrically controlled by water crystal chemistry. When the outside temperature is colder, water
arranges in a certain pattern between brain chemicals in such a way that less conductivity occurs
and thus parts of brain tissue hibernate, sleep or are unconscious (Pauling 1961). The theory of
water being particularly oriented in biological systems in order to enhance or provide a conductive
media for electron exchange or further structural and functional properties was a keen interest to
Linus Pauling and Szent-Gyorgyi.
Reduced Water Theories in Biological Systems
Recent research has also given rise to the reduced water theory. When water is exposed to
electrolysis it shows an oxidation-reduction (redox or ORP value) potential of -350 mV. This water
was found to protect DNA from oxidative damage from free radicals and contains atomic
hydrogen, low dissolved oxygen and alkaline pH (Shirahata 1997). The same group of researchers
used the reduced water as a wash for skin disorders such as skin edema. Reduced water with an
alkaline pH and reducing potential relieved the majority of patients treated with this water as a
skin wash. The reduced silicate mineral, Microhydrin®, shows a redox potential of -350 to -750
mV (1 to 2 capsules) depending on the type and amount of water used. Since water forms the
matrix of life it is possible and highly likely that activated forms of hydrogen can provide the
ultimate antioxidant to biological systems (Hayashi 1995). Natural reservoirs of water show
negative reduction-oxidation potentials, after a rain shower. This motion of water is also thought
to charge or set up a different potential in the water molecules (Verhagen 1974).
MICROCLUSTER® MINERAL TECHNOLOGY
30
Pauling, Klotz and Szent-Gyorgyi, at the time, were looking at the unique structuring of water
molecules around various components forming unique lattice structures between or incorporated
between biological compounds. Part of Szent-Gyorgyi’s work involved the realization and early
theory that water played an important role when surrounding a protein in transferring electrons
through the water molecule itself via the atoms of hydrogen. Most enzymes and proteins within
the cell or surrounding the cell function by the exchange or conduction of electrons through their
structures. Certain bio-molecules require oxidation (lose electrons) and others require reduction
(gain electrons) in order to continue the dynamic flow of molecular energy conversion. Water
molecules were the likely transfer, bridge.
During studies with proteins whereby fixed ratios of water were added to proteins, it was
observed that the properties of the proteins, as well as, the properties of water had different
characteristics. Reaction kinetics and dielectric constants vary depending on the ratio of water
molecules added to a protein suspension. Proteins often have a hydration layer of 5 or so
molecules separating the intertwining folds of the protein (secondary structure).
Albumin studies with disulfide bonds (S-S), bonds that occur between sulfur atoms in large
proteins that help fold and shape them, showed that reduction occurred for more molecular
reducing sites (S-H) than added reducing agent was present. This phenomenon was attributed to
the fact that electrons could be transferred by a reduced hydrogen atom (H-) over a water bridge
between two atoms of different oxidative states. The most likely theory predicted the transfer of a
hydride ion, (H-), between groups of different oxidation states (on the same protein), separated in
space but connected by a bridge of oriented water molecules. The concept of H- ion transfer
through the lattice of water molecules provides a basis for the interpretation of long range and
cooperative energy-transfer processes such as are involved in photosynthesis or in other light
activated oxidation-reduction phenomena (Klotz et al.1958).
Szent-Gyorgyi and Klotz began to theorize about the transfer of electrons through the water
molecules themselves and since water molecules orient between strands of protein molecules this
mechanism was another important means for the transfer of electrons, via the transport of H-
through the water molecules between them. Since water is polar it has the potential (depending on
its environment) to act as a conductor of electrons itself.
MICROCLUSTER® MINERAL TECHNOLOGY
33
reduced hydrogen theory, which he combined with the geo-physical knowledge from silica
mineral colloids (Thomas Riddick 1968) to develop an analogous hydrated mineral like those
found abundantly in glacier waters. These particles combine the properties of enhancing water
transport and when they are saturated with hydride ions have antioxidant properties providing free
radical protection to biological systems. Historically chemists and biologists have come together
to observe the potential for colloidal silicate minerals in their multifunctional role as a nutrient
(Riddick 1968; Keller 1978, Flanagan 1999).
The properties of small molecular weight silicate minerals were found experimentally to
enhance water transport and water availability both within the cell and throughout the body. They
help in the transport of elements and have slow release properties that provide interchange of
conductive electrolytes and minerals. Silicate minerals that have been saturated with hydride ions
display a negative reduction oxidation potential and antioxidant potential against free radical
damage. These unique minerals and their ability to hydrate cells and tissues, transport water and
compounds and their ability to act as biological antioxidants provide several functions known to
enhance biological cellular and metabolic function, working against the aging process.
MICROCLUSTER® MINERAL TECHNOLOGY
32
Although the kinetics and forces that bond atoms within colloidal silicate-water cages is a
relatively complex science, technology is further identifying that theories proposed in the 1950-
1970’s are true. The history dates from 1925, when Richard Adolf Zsigmondy won a Nobel Prize
in Chemistry for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and for the
methods he used which have since become fundamental in modern colloid chemistry. Other
various chemists were involved in the study of the complex bonding dynamics of colloidal
surfaces and interactions including J. H. van der Waals and Thomas M. Riddick (Mackor, van der
Waals 1952; Riddick 1968).
Present day colloidal chemists reveal structural water cages surrounding particles or atoms
with techniques such as light scattering and reflection spectroscopy, which determine cage-water
structure and explain further functional bonding and releasing activities of these types of colloidal
systems (Meusinger, Corma 1996; Degani, Willner 1983,).
Some of the greatest scientists of the 19th century both in biological and geo-science were aware
of the structuring and more complex nature of water surface interactions. They were able to study
and theorize on this practical knowledge and predict a new era of biochemical importance for water.
Summary
Albert Szent-Gyorgyi and Linus Pauling, Nobel Prize laureate biochemists, recognized in
their published works the unique properties of water arrangement or disarrangement in biological
systems and theorized that it would be found to play an even more significant role in biological
function and health than previously recognized. Szent-Gyorgyi was also realizing the role of the
water molecule itself as a biologically functioning, reducing agent in some states or when oriented
such that electron transfer could occur between oxidant and reductant (occurring across water
bridges) and that H- could be transferred through water systems.
Geologists and colloidal chemists recognized the unusual properties of colloidal silica minerals
from studying numerous glacier rivers and their components and the conductivity or electron
transfer that could occur between water molecules arranged around hydrated mineral spheres.
Dr. Patrick Flanagan’s research extended the findings of Szent-Gyorgyi and biological
MICROCLUSTER® MINERAL TECHNOLOGY
35
molecules. These properties occurring at the mineral microcluster interface give it unique
functional properties.
Albert Szent-Gyorgyi and Linus Pauling also observed water cages in the 50’s and 60’s
fascinated with how water oriented itself in biological systems between proteins in muscle tissue
and albumin preparations. Water would form a structured lattice up to five molecules deep
between muscle proteins. Protein structure also depends on the hydration status both in solution
and within the cell.
Szent-Gyorgyi received the Nobel Prize in Biochemistry in 1937 for his work with metabolic
chemistry. He also discovered vitamin C. He studied muscle tissue during a large part of his
career. His investigations lead him to write numerous publications in several areas and for a period
of time he wrote about his observations on the bioelectronics of living cells. Specific experiments
completed by Szent-Gyorgyi and Hopkins showed that cells contained high quantities of a
reducing agent not attributed to more commonly investigated intracellular reducing agents, such
as glutathione.
“There is in muscle an unknown reducing agent in quantities ten times greater
than glutathione; this reducing agent is strongly bound to protein.” “The observation
of Hopkins indicates that tissues contain a rich store of electrons of high biopotential”
(Szent-Gyorgyi 1972).
Results using thiourea as the indicator of reduction (changes color when reduced) indicated
that the quantity of H (hydrogen) electrons stored by tissue was considerable. Intracellular
proteins were accumulating electrons for later use similar to a biochemical battery (Hopkins 1925,
Szent-Gyorgyi 1972).
During cell division and other compromising cellular situations such as muscle exertion and
cell damage; the cell reverts to fermentative conditions of energy production, utilizing the H pool,
because O2 is less available. He reasoned that the H pool contains enough H to cover the energy
needs of the cell during one division, which would be replenished later in interphase (completed
cellular division). In rapidly growing tissue there is no time to replenish the H pool so we can
expect to find it depleted (Szent-Gyorgyi, 1972). Embryonic and severely compromised tissue
BIO-ELECTRONICS OF MICROHYDRIN®
34
BIO-ELECTRONICS OF MICROHYDRIN®By Dr. Patrick Flanagan
Microclusters® are composed of 10-1000 atoms. In the molecular world there are numerous
atoms, molecules, and colloids found throughout nature in the plant, animal and mineral
kingdoms. Microcluster® silica in a nutritional form is a registered trademark owned by the
author. Colloidal and microcluster particles have similar properties but there are finely
differentiated variations in size, electron charge distribution and solvation properties.
Nanotechnology is used to control particle size in order to maintain certain unique properties
found in Microcluster® silica. Nanotechnology refers to the science that enables the creation of
particle characteristics that perform at subcellular and submolecular dimensions. Nanotechnology
will provide the next century with many productive uses involving environmental issues,
biological transport, biological engineering and information transfer at the nanoscale level.
Microcluster® silica is a conglomerate mineral cluster formed with potassium and magnesium
in addition to the mineral silica. Particles are stable, have a large surface/volume area and a potential
that creates a cloud of electrons, enabling bonding properties of other ions and compounds. In most
colloids, 99% of the atoms that make up the particles are on the inside. Less than 1% of the atoms
in colloids exist on the surface of the particles. In Microcluster® silica, 99% of the atoms making
up the particles are on the surface. The surface atoms exist in a flowing liquid energy state. These
particles have a chemistry energy profile that is very different from ordinary silica. After examining
Microcluster® silica, Dr. Bruce J. Marlow of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst said
“Using electrophoretic and differential electrophoretic fingerprinting
combined with photon correlation spectroscopy, it is shown that the silica
particles in the Flanagan Microcluster colloids do not show the properties of
other silica surfaces and are unique.”
(Marlow, 1989).
They uniformly bind water in a structured fashion, creating cages or spaces between
surface atoms and water. Structured water at the interface can hold small ions also between the
arranged water molecules. Hydrogen bonds formed between these water arrangements are
fairly stable. These spaces have been shown to trap small ions, electrons or other water
BIO-ELECTRONICS OF MICROHYDRIN®
37
of the reducing potential in the form of hydride electrons that may have been slighted in nutrition.
We studied Szent-Gyorgyi extensively reviewing these important concepts realizing that in the
abnormal, damaged or dividing cell hydrogen stores were being used up. If there were as much as
10 times more hydrogen in healthy cells, then the bioelectronics of the cell and overall energy
functions could also be affected.
We were also noticing the reducing potential in other natural systems. We worked with
electrolyzed reduced water systems and magnetized water realizing fundamental properties of
these systems were that water could be activated to provide forms of hydrogen, which were
biologically active. Microcluster® silicates also showed reducing potentials at their surfaces and
some could be activated to hold additional electron potential. Hunza water, the mineral water that
I particularly studied also had a fairly strong reducing (antioxidant) potential (-350 mV). The
waters were also renowned for centuries to enhance the health and longevity of native inhabitants.
L.C. Vincent, chief government hydrologist for France, found that the healthiest people in France
consumed copious amounts of reduced water. He also discovered that the areas in the country that
had the most disease statistics consumed water that contained no excess hydrogen (Roujon, 1977).
We found that these drinking water sources were also abundant in numerous silicate minerals with
traces of others such as quartz and microclustered silicate minerals. Silica in all of these forms
naturally sets up electron reducing potentials especially around the smaller formations because of
unique geo-physical properties. Microcluster’s in the range of 5-150 Angstroms are very stable
compared with other shapes, are high in energy and can be formed into spherical units.
Our next challenge was to create a process whereby we could form the optimal microcluster
mineral and activate it with electrons that would be at the correct energy level to be received by the
body. Water microclusters or clathrate cages trap electrons of 1 eV (electron volt) and 6-10eV. These
are known as solvated electrons. Life is energetically a very poor and modest phenomenon with actual
energy changes below 1.5 eV (Szent-Gyorgyi 1968). The Microcluster® silica particles are able to
release the hydride electrons at an energy level conducive to the cell proteins’ biopotential (1.5 eV).
In the 1920’s Langmuir referred to active hydrogen in his studies with gaseous hydrogen under
extreme heats of dissociation combining with various metals. Hydrogen, which had been in
contact with a heated filament, acquired entirely new chemical properties, and they were in accord
with properties expected of an atomic form of the element. When H2 is dissociated one atom gets
BIO-ELECTRONICS OF MICROHYDRIN®
36
could not reduce thiourea because they lacked sufficient amounts of hydrogen. This is contrary to
other tissues which would reduce thiourea in the following order liver>intestine>kidney>heart>
lung>spleen (Szent-Gyorgyi, 1972). Studies by L.C. Vincent have shown that rapidly dividing
cancer cells are oxidized and acidic and that they contain no hydrogen ions (Morell, 1982).
Normal yeast cells when grown in culture were found to reduce thiourea. If the same cells
were then incubated in saline without nutrients for a few hours starving them, no reducing
potential was observed. Reduction could be restored by suspending the cells for a short while in
a nutrient solution allowing the H pool to be filled up. This showed the H pool to be an active
constituent of the living system, closely linked to metabolic activity (Szent-Gyorgyi, 1972).
Szent-Gyorgyi also knew that it was highly likely that proteins surrounded by structured
water were passing hydride from one site to the next across water bridges. Szent-Gyorgyi and
Klotz theorized that reducing equivalents in the form of H- could also be transferred across
structured water bridges that surrounded ionic groups on proteins. In these studies the
experimental evidence was showing more reducing potential than could be accounted for by
reducing agents normally present in these tissues. Proteins could transfer hydrogen electrons in
the form of H- across specifically formed water structures (Klotz 1958, Gascoyne et al., 1981,
Szent-Gyorgyi 1971).
It was always regarded that hydrogen was the simplest transfer molecule available to the cell in
providing protons, an electron or electron pair to numerous enzymes. Hydrogen tends to be the
metabolic donor of electrons and O2 the electron acceptor in biochemical pathways of the cell.
Hydrogen or its electrons are constantly passed about in numerous reactions mainly attached to
enzymes. It is probably best noticed in fat and carbohydrate metabolism through glycolysis, Kreb’s
cycle, and the electron transport chain being exchanged in the form of NADH and FADH complexes
(reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide). The production of
reducing equivalents in the form of hydride is common in these biochemical pathways. Fermentation
(anaerobic glycolysis) relies primarily on increased NADH production for energy as opposed to
aerobic glycolysis whereby O2 provides the final electron acceptor and produces more ATP.
We began applying the collective knowledge of our work with microcluster technology and
the bioelectronics of cells. It was a recurring theme in our studies and we realized the importance
BIO-ELECTRONICS OF MICROHYDRIN®
39
the evening for 2 weeks. During the alternate two weeks subjects consumed a placebo of rice bran
flour. Subjects were tested 3 times per week prior to the trial to establish baseline variance and 3
times per week during the study using the RJL (Rudy J. Leidtke) Bioelectrical Impedance Analyzer
(BIA). The BIA measures the resistance and reactance of an electrical current conducted through
the body. Electrodes are placed on the wrist and ankle. The current experiences a slight delay (phase
angle) due to living cells and water resistance. The phase angle is compared to a reference signal,
causing the reactance reading to change and indicates a cell volume increase or decrease. Total
Body Water (Sum of Intracellular and Extra-cellular Water) showed a statistically significant (p<
0.05) increase of 2.7% during supplementation with Microhydrin® as compared to consuming the
placebo. Extra-cellular water was shown to increase by 3%, also statistically significant (p< 0.05),
during Microhydrin® supplementation. Other hydration parameters showed increases such as Body
Cell Mass (2%), Extra-cellular Tissue (1.5%), and Extra-cellular Water (3%).
Microhydrin® is helping the body retain and utilize a significant amount of necessary water.
Water participates in all cellular functions of the body, both within and surrounding the cells. It
provides the cytoplasmic matrix, predicted to be a highly organized system by many researchers.
It lubricates joints, and muscle contraction depends on hydration states of the fibers. The eye
functions due to the fluid matrix of its structure. Many people, especially the elderly, can be
affected by even mild states of dehydration. Dehydration is one of the most important indicators
of the aging process. Slight dehydration (1-2% decrease in body weight) can affect cellular
function, kidney function, blood volume, nutrient and waste transport, thermoregulation and many
other processes. Lack of proper hydration in body tissues is realized to be a substantial factor in
the aging process. Microhydrin® effectively helped the body circulate, absorb and utilize
consumed water for its maximal cellular and extra cellular physiological benefits.
As prior in vitro studies had shown free radical scavenging in standard assays against hydroxyl
and superoxide free radicals another study was undertaken to observe Microhydrin’s® reducing
(antioxidant effects) potential in mitochondria. Metabolically active and viable liver cells were
suspended for up to twenty minutes with Microhydrin® in the cell suspension. The cells were
observed with confocal microscopy for NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
flourescence within the cells. Cells showed approximately 20 % increase in NADH production
and showed less bleaching (oxidizing) than control assays.
BIO-ELECTRONICS OF MICROHYDRIN®
38
the two electrons and the other proton has none: H2∩ H+ + H- which is similar to the dissociation
of water: H2∩ H- + H+. This atomic hydrogen from a filament, in hydrogen gas, at a low pressure,
even after diffusing through several feet of glass tubing at room temperature, can manifest itself
by reducing such metallic oxides as WO3, CuO, Fe2O3, ZnO, or PtO3 (Langmuir 1927). Oxygen
and moisture tend to prevent the recombination of hydrogen atoms on a tungstun surface.
Langmuir had observed the blackening of these metals (becoming reduced) due to the active form
of hydrogen that had been created by higher heats (Langmuir 1927). By tailoring the composition
of the silica clusters and varying the number of water molecules, the effects of caging and their
influence on the energy surface can be achieved. The clathrate cages at the surface and the high
dielectric constant of water keeps the H- at the surface from combining excessively to create H2
gas. Chemical reactions that proceed following either a photophysical or ionizing event, are
directly influenced by the mechanisms of energy transfer and dissipation away from the primary
site of absorption. Neighboring solvent or solute molecules can affect these processes by
collisional deactivation (removal of energy) and also through caging and solvation effects. Proton
and hydrogen atom transfer reactions that are important in virtually all reactions which occur in
aqueous phases including biological systems continue to be studied extensively by physical
chemists (Castleman 1996).
In order to measure H- in a gas an electrode is inserted into the chamber. A Yag laser sends a
burst of light into the chamber and the energy (1.2 eV = wavelength of 1 micron) causes the
electron to detach from the H: -. The probe has a +20 Volt charge on it. It attracts the electrons
and a current is generated (Rev. Sci. Instrum. 55:3 March 1984, 338-341).
It is these unique structures that have the ability to carry electrons, ions, form or carry water
molecules, and provide conductance and antioxidant potential to biological systems in the form of
a slight biopotential to cellular proteins and for reduction (antioxidant potential) in general
reactions. Extensive literature research into geochemistry, nanotechnology and bioelectronics
including numerous professional studies, has shown Microhydrin® to be highly beneficial as a
nutritional supplement.
Several recent research projects conducted in 1999 have shown specific biological functions of
Microhydrin® at the cellular level or in clinical trials. In a double blind crossover trial, seven
normal subjects took 4 Microhydrin® capsules per day with one the morning, 2 at noon and one in
BIO-ELECTRONICS OF MICROHYDRIN®
41
anaerobic glycolysis depends on the hydrogen pool to restore energy. The experimental
observations of both increased hydration and lowered lactic acid values during exercise were two
important physiological benefits to athletes.
Numerous research projects are in progress this year [2000] testing Microhydrin®. It has been
shown to provide electrons to important energetic cofactors through the cell membrane in living
cells and to provide similar potential in physiological studies by reducing lactic acid in humans.
Prior research showed beneficial effects towards improving Biological Terrain values. Research
continues to show numerous physiological and cellular effects. We look forward to the next phase
of research with Microhydrin®, learning about its many healthful benefits, which are proving it
to be an amazing and unique dietary supplement.
Authors Biography
Kimberly Purdy Lloyd received a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Texas at
Arlington, Texas in 1975. She received a Masters of Science degree from the University of North
Texas at Denton Texas in 1979. She worked as a research associate in basic research at the
University of Texas Health Science Center at Dallas in Immunology during and after her
education. She was granted the Welch Scholarship for her graduate work in biochemistry with an
emphasis in enzymology and immunology. She published and presented numerous papers one of
which granted her a first place award with the American Chemical Society in 1976. Her thesis work
was published in the Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Purdy et al, 1979. Her academic
interests were directed into aspects of biochemistry towards education, health and nutrition as a
technical writer to present scientific material as it pertains to the use of nutritional supplements.
BIO-ELECTRONICS OF MICROHYDRIN®
40
A similar assay using a membrane marker (tetramethylrhodamine methylester) also showed
cells suspended in Microhydrin® solution increasing their membrane potential (more negative
membrane potential) by approximately 25%, as compared to the vehicle controls. Both of these
assays indicate a bio-energetic effect of Microhydrin® at the mitochondrial level. This is an
additional piece of important research information showing that the hydrided microcluster
(Microhydrin®) is delivering the electrons directly to the cell for its bioenergetic assembly. It
protected NADH against reverse oxidative damage, as is typical in assays of this type (see vehicle
control where NADH concentration declines over time).
In normal aerobic metabolism NADH is one of the primary cofactors that runs the
mitochondrial electron transport chain and delivers electrons in the form of hydride (H-) for the
formation of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) (Leninger, 1993). ATP stores valuable energy in the
phosphate bonds that participate in numerous reactions throughout the cell. ATP and water are
liberated with oxygen as the final electron acceptor in the transport chain. These results indicate
an ergogenic function of Microhydrin®, enhancing intracellular energy without providing
additional carbohydrates.
Another recent study performed by an exercise physiology department showed that
Microhydrin® significantly decreased the lactic acid buildup during strenuous exercise. Six
athletically fit males participated in a double blind crossover study whereby the subjects
consumed either Microhydrin® or placebo one week prior to a 40 Km (24.8 mi) bicycling timed
trial. Subjects took 4 capsules daily and then 2 mixed with water 30 min. prior to the exercise trial.
Subjects were monitored for heart rate, blood pressure, EKG (electrocardiogram monitoring),
maximum oxygen consumption, work output, perceived exertion and peripheral blood lactic acid
concentration. Other measured physiological parameters remained the same. Blood lactic acid
values showed a statistically significant (p<0.05) decrease by approximately 50% during
Microhydrin® use as compared to placebo use during the same workout regime. Recent research
in lactic acid utilization is revealing that lactic acid receptors exist within the cell and also the
mitochondria. This research has indicated that the cell utilizes lactic acid as an energy source
during intense exercise as it changes to alternative pathways of anaerobic glycolysis (Brooks
1999). Since Microhydrin® enhanced utilization of lactic acid by muscle cells, it again indicated
an ergogenic energy function. This condition is also related to Szent-Gyorgyi’s observations that
BIO-ELECTRONICS OF MICROHYDRIN®
43
Jaqmin Godda H, Commenges D, Letenneur L, Dartigues JF. Silica and aluminum in drinking water andcognitive impairment in the elderly. Epidemiology 7:281- 285,1996.
Keller WD, Balgord WD, Reesman AL. Dissolved products of artificially pulverized silicate mineralsand rocks: part I. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 33:191- 204,1963.
Keller WD, Feder GL. Chemical analysis of water used in Hunza, Pakistan. In Hemphill D.D. (ed): “TraceSubstances in Environmental Health-XIII, Proceedings.” University of Missouri-Columbia: 130-137, 1979.
Keller WD, Reesman AL. Glacial milks and their laboratory-simulated counterparts. Geol Soc Am Bull74:61-76,1963.
Keller WD. Argillation and direct bauxitization in terms of concentrations of hydrogen and metalcations at surface of hydrolyzing aluminum silicates. Bulletin of the American Association of PetroleumGeologists 42:233-245,1958.
Keller WD. Drinking Water: A geochemical factor in human health. Geological Society of AmericaBulletin 89:334-336, 1978.
Kleiner SM. Water: An essential but overlooked nutrient. J American Dietetic Association1999,99;2:200-206.
Klotz IM, Ayers, J, Ho JYC, Horowitz MG, Heiney RE. Interactions of proteins with disulfide compounds:some implications for electron transport in proteins. J Am Chem Soc 1958,80;2132-2141.
Klotz IM. Protein hydration and behavior. Many aspects of protein behavior can be interpreted in termsof frozen water of hydration. Science 1958,10;815-821.
Langmuir, Irving. Flames of Atomic Hydrogen. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 1927, June,19:8; 607-674.
Leaf A. Getting Old. Scientific American 229:44-52, 1973.
Leninger AL, Nelson DL, Cox MM, (eds.): Principles of Bioenergetics. In”Principles of Biochemistry”2nd ed. New York, Worth Publishers,1993.
Mackor EL, van der Waals J.H. The statistics of the adsorption of rod-shaped molecules in connectionwith the stability of certain colloidal dispersions. J Colloid and Interface Science 1952,6;535-550.
Marlow, Bruce. Privately funded research monograph entitled: Electrophoretic Fingerprinting of SilicaConcrete Treatment Solution, 1993.
Maugh TH. Soviet science: A wonder water from Kazakhstan. Science 1978, 202; 414.
Meusinger J, Corma A. Influences of Zeolite composition and structure on hydrogen transfer reactionsfrom hydrocarbons and from hydrogen. Journal of Catalysis 1996,159;2:353-360.
Morell, Franz. An Official Transcript of the three hour lecture and slide presentation by Dr. Franz Morelof West Germany regarding “The Bio-Electronic Method of Professor Vincent”, as given at the O.I.C.S.Alumni Association’s German Electro-Acupuncture Week in July, 1982 at El Rancho Inn, Millbrae,California, U.S.A.
42
References
Becker B, Corriu RJP, Guerin C, Henner BJL. Hypervalent silicon hydrides: evidence for theirintermediacy in the exchange reactions of di- and tri-hydrogenosilanes catalysed by hydrides (NaH, KHand LIAIH4). J of Organometallic Chemistry 1989, 369;147-154.
Brooks GA, Brown MA, Butz CE, Sicurello JP, Dubouchaud H. Cardiac and skeletal muscle mitochondriahave a monocarboxylate transporter MCT1. Journal of Applied Physiology 87(5): 1713-1718, 1999.
Carlisle EM. A silicon requirement for normal skull formation in chicks. J Nutr 1980,110;352-9.
Carlisle EM. In vivo requirement for silicon in articular cartilage and connective tissue formation in thechick. J Nutr 1976, 106;4:478-84.
Castleman AW. Invited Article. The Journal of Physical Chemistry 1996, Centennial Issue, 100: 12911-12944.
Degani Y, Willner I. Photoinduced hydrogen evolution by a zwitterionic diquat electron acceptor. The functions of SiO2 colloid in controlling the electron-transfer process. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105: 6228-6233,1983.
Dove PM, Rimstidt JD. Silica-water interactions. In Heany PJ, Prewitt CT, Gibbs GV, (eds): Silica, Physical Behavior, Geochemistry, and Materials Application. Reviews in Minerology 29:259-301,1994.
Flanagan P, Purdy Lloyd K. A silicate mineral supplement, Microhydrin(r), traps reduced hydrogenproviding in vitro biological antioxidant properties. Proceedings National Hydrogen Association1999,10;595-610.
Gascoyne PRC, Pethic R, Szent Gyorgyi A. Water structure-dependent charge transport in proteins.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981,78;1:261-265.
Gross ML, Aerni RJ. The unusual loss of hydrogen from ionized 1,5- Hexadiyne. J Am Chem Soc1973,95;23:7875-7877.
Happe RP, Rosebloom W, Pierik AJ, Albracht SPJ, Bagley KA. Biological activation of hydrogen.Nature 1997,385;126.
Hayashi H. Water the chemistry of life, part IV. Explore 6, 1995: 28-31.
Hoffer EC, Meador CK, Simpson DC. Correlation of whole body impedance with total body watervolume. J App Phys 1969;27:531.
Hopkins FG, Morgan EJ. Biochem J 1948, 42; 23-27.
Hopkins FG. Biochem J 1925, 19;787.
Hopps HC. Geochemical environment related to health and disease. Geological Society of AmericaSpecial Paper 155:1-9,1975.
44
Mukherjee JN, Chatterjee B, Ray A. Liberation of H+, Al+++ and Fe+++ ions from pure clay mineralson repeated salt treatment and desaturations. J Colloid Science May 1948, 437-445.
Murray MJ, Murray AB. Diet and Cardiovascular Disease in Centenarians of Hunza. Arteriosclerosis4:546a, 1984.
Neilson FH. Ultratrace Minerals. In Shils ME, Young VR (eds): “Modern Nutrition in Health andDisease” 7th ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger: 286-288, 1988.
Pryor WA, Shipley Godber S. Oxidative stress status: an introduction. Free Radical Biology andMedicine 10:173,1991.
Riddick TM. Control of colloid stability through zeta potential; with a closing chapter on its relationshipto cardiovascular disease. Livingston Publishing Co. 1968. Vol 1. pg 24-27. Published for Zeta-MeterInc. by Livingston Publishing Co. Wynnewood, PA (Library of Congress Catalogue #67-18001).
Roujon, Lucien, Vincent Bio-electronics Theory and Application, Sibev, Doktorgasse 8, 5963 Wenden,4 Ottfingen, Germany, 1977.
Sasamori R, Okaue Y, Isobe T, Matsuda Y. Stabilization of atomic hydrogen in both solution and crystalat room temperature. Science 265:1691-1693,1994.a
Segal KR, Gutin B, Presta E, Wang J, Van Itallie TB. Estimation of human body composition byelectrical impedance methods: a comparative study. J App Phys 1985;58;5.
Shirahata S, Kabayama S, Nakano M, Miura T, Kusumoto K, Gotoh M, Hayashi H, Otsubo K, MorisawaS, Katakura Y. Electrolyzed-reduced water scavenges active oxygen species and protects DNA fromoxidative damage. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 234:269-274,1997
Smith L Jr., Purdy Lloyd K, Phelps K. Biological terrain assessment results of 14 subjects before andafter testing with a supplement containing silicon bonded to reduced hydrogen ions. J Am Coll Nutri17, 522:1998.
Szent-Gyorgyi A. Biology and pathology of water. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Winter 1971,239-249.
Szent-Gyorgyi, Albert. Bioelectronics. Academic Press, New York 1968.
Szent-Gyorgyi, Albert. The Living State with Observations on Cancer. Academic Press, New York 1972.
Tait MJ, Franks F. Water in biological systems. Nature 1971,230;91- 94.
Toledo-Pereyra LH, Condie RM, Simmons RL, Najarian JS. Complete protection of severely damagedkidneys by a silica gel plasma perfusate. Surg Forum 25, 294-5:1974.
Toledo-Pereyra LH, Sharp HL, Condie RM, Chee M, Lillehei RC, Najarian JS. Preservation of caninehearts after warm ischemia (zero to thirty minutes) and one to two days of hypothermic storage. Acomparative analysis of crystalloid and colloid solutions with different osmolarity and ion composition.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 74:594-603,1977.
Verhagen BT. et al. Recharge of ground water of northern Kalahari by rain. Nature (London) 1974;249:5458,643-4.