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United Sta t e s Marine Corp sRanks and Grades

1775-1969by

Bernard C. NaltyTruman R. StrobridgeEdwin T. Turnbladh

andRowland P. Gi l l

F i r s t Pr in t ing : 1962

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Preface

"United Sta tes Marine Corps Ranks and Grades , 1775-1969"i s a concise h i s t o ry of o f f i c e r and en l i s t ed grade s t ruc tu r e .Off i c i a l records and appropr ia te h i s t o r i c a l works were used incompil ing t h i s na r r a t i v e , which i s publ ished fo r th e in fo rma tio nof those i n t e res t ed in t h i s aspec t o f Marine Corps h i s t o ry .

/7/ / I/7 .. ?: fcL I C c Y ' ~ ~ "W J . VAN R Y Z I ~ ."Lieu t enan t enera l , U. S. Marin e CorpsChief of Sta f f , Headquarters , Marin e Corp s

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PageOff i ce r Ranks and Grades- -Enl i s t ed Ranks and GradesNotes - - -

1

16

46Appendix A- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 56Commandants of th e United Sta tes Marine CorpsAppendix B- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 60Annual Base Pay of Marine Off i ce r s , 1775-1969Appendix C

Table 1: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 61Basic Compensation, Noncommissioned o f f i c e r sand Enl i s ted Personnel , 1775-1898

o f f i c e r sTable 2: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Basic Compensation, Noncommissionedand Enl i s ted Personnel , 1899-196962

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*OFFICER RANKS AND GRADESThe re so lu t ion of th e Cont inen ta l Congress of 10 November

1775 which e sta bl is he d t he Cont inen ta l Marines a ls o e st ab lis he dthe bas ic o f f i c e r grades fo r th e Marines : colone l , l i eu t enan tcolonel , major, and "o the r of f i c e r s as usua l in o th e r regiments ."(1) According to th e p rac t i c e of th e day, th e l a t t e r phraseprobably meant cap ta ins , l i eu t enan t s (wi thout d i f f e r en t i a t i on ,except between sen io r and j un io r l i eu t enan t s in th e sma l lun i t s ) , and ensigns . In a ctu al p ra ct ic e, it appears t h a t th eMarines never u t i l i z ed th e title of ensign and t h a t t he re weret i t l e s of " f i r s t " and "second" l i eu tenan t he ld pe rsona l ly andpermanently by i nd iv idua l of f i c e r s . (2)

Because o f manpower shor tages and va r ious s t r a t e g i c cons id era tio ns , th e Cont inen ta l Marines never achieved th er e g i m e ~ t a l s ta tu s o r ig in a ll y prescr ibed; indeed , th e twoba t t a l ions were never r a i sed as such. Thus, th e h ighes t rankachieved among th e Cont inen ta l Marines was t h a t o f major .This title was confer red 25 June 1776 on Samuel Nicho las whowas th e sen io r Marine o f f i c e r of th e Revolut ion and i s reckonedas th e f i r s t Commandant of th e Marine Corps (3 ) (See AppendixA)

After th e winning of Independence, th e new na t ion nolonger cons idered th e Cont inental Navy o r Marines o f pr imeimportance, and th e var ious warships were gradua l ly decommiss ioned. The sa le in 1785 o f th e l a s t one, All iance , pu t anend to our naval es tab l i shment .

The s t rugg l ing new repub l i c , however, soon saw th e neces s i ty fo r a naval fo rce l a r ge enough to p ro t ec t its na t iona li n t e r e s t s and to p r event d epr eda ti on s by p i r a t e s . In th e f i r s t

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d is t ingu ish ing one grade of l i eu tenan t from ano the r - - i f twol i eu t enan t s served on th e same ship , rank in s ign ia alonedi s t ingu i shed th e sen io r from th e j un io r in se rv ice . (6)I t was th e Act o f 11 July 1798, which crea ted th e NavyDepartment and organ ized th e Marines as a corps , t h a t es tabl i shed th e bas ic commissioned grade s t ruc tu re which preva i l sto th e p re sen t t ime . (7) It provided fo r th e ranks o f major ,cap ta in , and f i r s t and second l i eu t enan t .Increased importance of th e Marine Corps caused by an

expanding Navy and th e demands of waging an undeclared warwith France b ro ug ht ab ou t an increase in rank fo r th e posi t ionof Commandant. Thus, th e Act of 22 Apri l 1800 es t ab l i shedth e rank o f l i eu tenan t co lonel fo r th e Commandant, who waspromoted on 1 May 1800. (8) At th e same t ime, s in ce th e in te rna ls t ruc tu re of th e Corps d id not ca l l fo r an organ iza t ion l a r ge rthan ship guard o r barracks detachments , th e rank of major wasabol i shed. This rank was not res tored un t i l 3 March 1809, whena major was au thor i zed fo r th e Marine pos t a t New Orleans whichPres ident Je f fe r son han determined to r a i s e to a s t rength of300 men, a command, ar .cording to th e Secre ta ry of th e Navy," too extens ive" fo r a cap ta in . (9)

The nex t s ign i f i c an t innovat ion was th e breve t rank,adopted by th e Marine Corps during th e War of 1812. Of course ,the re had been breve t commissions during th e American Revolut ion,and, in one case , de f in i t e proof t h a t Captain John Paul Jonesgave a b reve t to a l i eu t enan t of Marines, (10) but th e War of1812 f i r s t o f f i c i a l l y provided fo r th e b reve t in the MarineCorps. On 16 Apri l 1814, th e Pres iden t was authorized byCongress " to con fe r 1:.revet rank on such of f i c e r s of th e MarineCorps as s h al l d is ti ng u is h themselves by ga l l an t ac tio ns o r

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Second Lieu tenan t in th euniform pre sc r ibed by th ere gu la tio ns o f 1859(USMC Photo # 515334)

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Af te r t h i s s ta tement by Congress , th e s t a f f was notsepara ted from th e l in e u nt i l 2 March 1847. Congress thenprovided t h a t o f f i c e r s o f th e s t a f f ' r e ce iv e th e same pay andemoluments they now rece ive by law, and hold th e same ass imi la tedrank, to w it: qua rte rm aste rs , paymasters , and ad ju tan t s andin sp ec to rs , th e rank o f major , and a s s i s t an t quar te rmas ters th erank o f cap ta in , " and "the s t a f f of th e Marine Corps ... i s hereby sepa ra t ed from th e l i ne of s ai d c or ps ." (lS )

"The Peace Establ i shment Act" of 3 March 1817, fol lowingth e War o f 1812, had again abol ished th e rank of major byomission when it p resc r i bed t h a t " the peace esta t l i shment ofth e Marine Corps sha l l cons i s t of ... one l i eu t enan t co lope lcommandant, nine cap ta ins , twenty- four f i r s t l i eu t enan t s , s ix teensecond l i eu . tenan ts ... (16) Any supernumerary o f f i c e r s ,r e su l t i ng from t h i s law, were to be discharged from th e serv iceo f the United Sta t e s and rece ive t h ree months ' add i t iona l pay.

The rank o f major again s ta ye d v ac an t in th e Marine Corpsfo r 17 yea r s , un t i l Congress aut ho ri ze d f ou r majors on 30 June1834. (17) This a c t a lso provided fo r one co lonel commandantand one l i eu t enan t co lone l , which ranks th e Corps f i l l ed th enex t day. (18) In ano the r a t t empt to res t ra in th e too casua lbes towal o f breve t s , Congress in t h i s ac t a l so repea led t h a tp a r t of th e law which au thor ized the g ran tin g of breve t s fo rten years se rv ice in grade . But th e Mexican War, never the less ,was to b r i ~ g ano the r f lood o f breve t s . In th e Marine Corpsalone , breve t rank was confer red upon 27 o f f i c e r s , approximately40 percen t of th e t o t a l number, fo r th e Mexican War ac t ion . (19)

The highes t rank in th e Marine Corps through th e Civ i lWar was co lone l . Although often re fe rred to as "Br igad ierGeneral ," Archibald Henderson, th e f i f t h Commandant of th e

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necess i ta ted an i n c rease of o f f i c e r s . Congress, t h e r e fo r e ,approved th e augmenting o f o f f i c e r s t reng th on 25 Ju ly 1861-permi t t ing th e Marine Corps anothe r co lonel bes ides th eCommandant, and two l i eu t enan t co lone ls , as well as morecap ta in s and l i eu t enan t s . (24) . The nex t day, th e Marine Corpsimmediately appointed a new colonel and tw o l i eu t enan tco lone l s . (25)

The Civ i l War, in a dd it io n, produced numerous Drevetpromotions, including 21 in th e Marine Corps. (26) Congress ,whi le au thor iz ing such promotions on 3 March 1863, made su reto i nd ica t e t h a t J::revet rank would not en t i t l e an o f f i c e r " toany increase of p a y o r emoluments." (27)Near th e end o f th e Civ i l War, Congress provided a newr ec og ni ti on o f bravery on 24 January 1865: " ... anyo f f i c e rof th e navy o r marine corps may J::e advanced, not exceedingt h i r t y numbers in rank, fo r having exh ib i t ed eminent andconspicClous conduct in ba t t l e , o r e xtr ao rd in ar y hero ism." (28)He would be promoted, whether o r not th e number o f sa id gradewas fu l l , but no f u r the r promotions would tak e p lace in t h a tgrade, ex cept fo r heroism, un t i l th e number was reduced tot ha t provided by law.Shor t ly a f t e r th e Civ i l War, Congress again s t ruck a t th ebrevet t r ad i t i on , pre sc r ib ing in 1 March 1869 t h a t "commissionsby brevet sha l l only be confer red in t ime o f war . " (29) Thislaw , however, was apparen t ly too l a t e to preven t a Marine

cap ta in from being breve t t ed on 15 Apri l 1869 as a major fo rga l l a n t ac t ion on Formosa in 1867.(30) This o f f i c e r appears tohave been th e only Marine breve t t ed ,be tween th e Civ i l War andthe Spanish-American War. (31)Severa l t imes during th e l a t t e r ha l f o f th e 1 9th c en tu ry ,Congress re tu rned to th e problems concerning th e b reve t ranks .On 3 March 1869, it dec la red t h a t "breve t rank sh a l l not

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Corps, on th e othe r hand, promoted a numrer o f o f f i c e r s retween1899 and 1900, covering th e War with Spain and o the r engagementsin the P hil ipp ines and North China . Most of these r reve t t edo f f i c e r s soon were ar1e to or ta in l i ne promotion to t h e i rbrevet rank due to th e subsequent increase in the s t reng th ofth e Marin e Corp s.

The l a s t ges tu re o f honor to r reve t t ed o f f i c e r s was madeby th e Marine Corps, when it awarded th e Brevet Medal in 1921to i t s 23 Marine o f f i c e r s still a l ive who had received r r eve tcommissions. (36) No fu r the r Brevet Medals were awarded.The War Department was inc l ined to cons ider t h a t th e newdecora t ions o f World War I were a subs t i tu te fo r r r eve t promotion. In a s ta te me nt o f pol icy on 17 May 1922, th e Secre ta ryof War expressed h is be l i e f t h a t th e Dist inguished Serv iceCross and , the Dis t ingu ished Service Medal would p r ov i d e "more valuab le and su i t ab le form of decorat ion fo r meri to r ious

serv ice" than a r r eve t rank . (37) The lega l au th or i ty toaward breve t commissions, however, l ingered on th e rooks un t i l1956, when Congress f i n a l l y erased it as orso le te . (38)

The dec l ine o f honorary promotion c oin cid ed w ith th ebeginnings of promotion s t r i c t l y by examination, lo th in th eMarine Corps and th e Army. On 28 July 1892, promotion toevery grade of commissioned o f f i c e r in the Marin e Corp s"below th e grade o f Commandant" was made su r j ec t to thejudgment o f an examining board, to cons i s t of not l e s s thanf ive o f f i c e r s , th ree of th e Marine Corps and two Navy medicalof f i c e r s . (39)

As ea r l y as 1 May 1891, th e new School of Applicat ion hadbeen organ ized a t Marine Barracks , Washington, D. C.,

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I , the rank o f major g en era l , o th er than fo r th e Commandant,was crea ted fo r the Corps, and prov i s ions were made fo r twoo f f i c e r s of t h a t rank, one permanent, and one temporary fo rthe per iod of th e war. (45)With th e passage o f th e National Defense Act o f 29 August

1916, th e Marine Corps s t a f f underwent a number o f changes . (46)From then on, no fu r t he r permanent appoin tments were to bemade in any grade in any s t a f f depar tment . A vacancy in alower grade would be f i l l e d by th e de t a i l o f an o f f i c e r of th el i ne fo r a per iod of fou r years , unless sooner re l i eved , andan upper grade vacancy was to be f i l l ed by an o f f i c e r with th erank of co lone l holding a permanent appointment in th e s t a f fdepartment where th e vacancy occurred. The heads of th e th re es t a f f departments would have th e newly crea ted rank o f b r igad i e rgenera l while so se rving.

This major piece of l eg i s l a t i on in 1916, j u s t monthsbefore our en t rance in to World War I , a l so con ta ined seve ra lo t he r s i gn i f i c an t c lauses . The proport ion o f commissionedo f f i c e r s to en l i s t ed men was f ixed a t four percen t , and s t a f fof f i c e r s were not to number more than e igh t pe rc en t of th eauthorized commissioned s t re ng th . In cid en ta lly , Congress, fo rthe f i r s t t ime , permi t ted a co lone l , a f t e r 45 years on th eac t ive list, to have th e rank of b r igad i e r genera l upon re t i r ement .This prov i s ion , th e fo re runner of what was to become known asth e "tombstone promotion ," underwent repea l , reenactment , .andadded requirements of combat se rv ice , bu t e s sen t i a l l y , itstayed on th e books un t i l 1 November 1959. (47) This law wasunique s ince it d id no t apply to Army o r A ir Force o f f i c e r s .Thei r resentment , a f t e r long e f fo r t s to make it genera l lyappl icable , p ro b ab ly h e lp ed to bring about its demise in 1959.

Another innovat ion o f th e 1916 ac t was th e prov i s ionauthor iz ing warran t of f i c e r s in th e Marine Corps. The warran tgrades of marin e g unne r and quar te rmas te r c le rk were es tab l i shed ,and 20 of each w ere author ized . In every way, the Marine

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La t e r dur ing World War I , l eg i s l a t i on provided t h a tr e t i r ed o f f i c e r s could ce ordered to ac t i ve duty in t ime ofwar . (52) Ear l i e r , dur ing th e Civ i l War, one re t i red Marineo f f i c e r , a t l e a s t , had eeen re tu rned to ac t i ve duty fo r thena t i ona l emergency. (53)On 22 :'1ay 1917, "temporary appointments" were au thor izedfo r World War 1 . (54) Actual ly , th e temporary rank had i t s

ceginnings ea r l i e r . During th e war with Spain, 43 temporaryof f i c e r s were appointed in th e Marine Corps from c i v i l l i f eo r from noncommissioned of f i c e r s of the Corps. (55) The l a s tof t h e se of f i c e r s a ppoin te d o nly fo r se rv ice dur ing th e warwas d ischarged on 16 March 1899. (56) Even ea r l i e r in th eCiv i l War, th e Navy made a l a rge use of vo lun teer o f f i c e r s . (57)When th e p re s s of war had passed cy 4 Decemeer 1865, most o ft hese 7,500 vo lun tee r o f f i c e r s had been discharged and re tu rnedto c i v i l i an l i f e . (58) None o f t he se voluntee r o f f i c e r s ,however , served in th e Marine Corps.

In c on tra st to th e easy promotion of th e war yea rs , thepost-Wor ld War I yea r s saw Marine of f i c e r promotion ceingreso lved i n to a su rv iva l o f th e f i t t e s t . Beginning 4 March1925, if an o f f i c e r fa i l ed twice to q ua li fy fo r promotion hewould, if o f l e s s than 10 y ea rs s erv ic e, be honorab ly d i s charged wi th 1 yea r ' s pay. I f o f se rv ice beyond 10 years ,he would be r e t a ined cu t be i ne l i g i b l e fo r promotion. (59)Not un t i l 30 June 1942 d id Congress r e l ax these s te rn prov is ionsand then on ly fo r th e per iod of World War 11.(60)

Li fe had eecome j u s t as exac t ing fo r th e new warran tof f i c e r s in th e 1920s, fo r Congress) a l though es tac l i sh ing th ecommissioned wa rr an t g ra de s of ch ie f marine gunner, ch ie fqua r t e rmas te r c le rk , and ch i e f pay c le rk on 10 June 1926,requi red s ix years o f se rv i ce , ees ides an examinat ion, fo r

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14/67Second Lieutenant , ca . 1920

Marin e Gunne r, ca . 1916-1917(USMC Photo # 530658)

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grade and rank of genera l" was es t ac l i shed , cu t to re heldonly by th e Commandant. (66) The f i r s t Marine to serve inth e rank o f gene ra l was Alexander A. Vandegr i f t , who waspromoted on 4 Apri l 1945. (67) This ac t was r e s t r i c t ed ine f f e c t to s ix months a f t e r th e war, but on 7 August 19 47, th erank of Conwandant was permanent ly f ixed as genera l . (68)The war years a lso saw redes igna t ion of s t a f f titles a tMarine Corps Headquar te rs . The o f f i c e of Adjutant and

Inspec to r ;Tas abol ished on 25 May 1943; i t s func t ions weret r an s fe r r ed to th e Direc tor of Personnel , who would be a l i neo f f i c e r on ac t ive duty in the Mar in e Corp s. (69) Then, on 24March 1944, Congress au thor ized t h a t o f f i ce rs serv ing as headso f th e Paymas te r ' s Department and th e Quar termas ter ' s Depar t -ment should rece iv e th e r esp ec tiv e t i t l e s of "PaymasterGenera l o f th e Marine Corps" and "Quar te rmaster General ofth e Marine Corps."(70) Later , th e of f ice and title ofPaymas te r Gene ra l was abol ished e f f ec t i ve 16 July 1946, whenth e Paymastoer I s and Quar te rmas te r ' s Departments were conso l ida tedi n to th e Supply Depar tment . (71) This Department was to beheaded by tohe Quar te rmas te r Genera l , who was des ignated on 1Ju ly 1947 too be a major genera l while so serv ing . (72)

World War I I a l so brought about ano ther d ra s t i c innovat ion- - t h e woman o f f i c e r . Although World War I had in t roducedwomen i n to th e Marin e Corp s, t h e i r highes t rank then was NCO.On 7 November 1942, th e Commandant approved a Marine CorpsWomen I s R e ~ ; e r v e , fo r Congress had given th e a uth or ity f or i t ses tab l i shment on 30 July 1942. (73) The f i r s t Direc to r of th eWomen I s Reserve , Ruth Cheney St ree te r , was appointed to th egrade o f me.jor on 29 January 1943, rece ived promotion tol i eu t enan t co lone l on 22 November 1943, and co lonel on 1February 1944. (74)

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73. / '

76. Lefl.

77.

I ,

78. 79.

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genera l s , and th e remainder sha l l be major genera ls . " (77)Short ly a f t e r th e end o f World War I I , Congress readjus tedt h i s prop: l r t ion under th e sweeping "Off icer Personnel Act o f1947."(78) Now, of th e authorized commissioned o f f i c e r s aboveth e grade o f co lone l , up to 50 percen t could ce major genera l sand th e remainder c r igad i e r genera l s .

The prac t i ce of t empora ry appo in tmen t, h i the r to a wartimep r iv i l ege , which was authorized fo r World War I and enormouslyincreased in World War I I , received sanc t ion fo r peacet imeuse . On 18 Apri l 1946, Congre ss h ad au thor ized t h a t maleo f f i c e r s o f the Marine Corps Reserve, o f f i c e r s o f th e regu la rMarine Corps without permanent appointment, and warran ts withtemporary appointments in higher g rad es co uld receive permanentappointment in th e regu la r Marine Corps - - tu t not to a grade anyh ighe r than t h a t h eld p re vio us ly on ac t ive duty . (79)

Then, th e Of f i c e r Personnel Act of 1947 provided t h a t apeace t ime t empor ary appo in tmen t could t e received ty anycommissioned o f f i c e r , toy warrant o f f i c e r s , and ty NCOs whowere s t a f f sergean t o r a tove . But only th e commissioned o f f i c e rcould be appointed to a higher temporary rank than capta in . Ano f f i c e r hold ing a permanen t appo in tment in one grade and at empor ar y appo in tment in a higher grade would be held to t eserv ing in th e h ighe r grade . Regarding e li g iJ :: il it y f o rs e l ec t i on , promotion, and invo lun tary re t i rement , however, hewould be cons idered as a t h is o ld grade. An o f f i c e r could ter e t i r ed in th e rank which he held on a t empora ry appo in tmen t,but no i nc rea se in r e t i r emen t pay would accrue so le ly as th er e su l t o f t h i s advancement in rank. Any o f f i c e r who had teencommended fo r combat duty would be placed on th e r e t i r ed listwith th e rank, bu t no t th e pay, of th e nex t higher grade .

With th e outbreak o f hos t i l i t i e s in Korea, th e MarineCorps again made wide use o f th e temporary o f f i c e r , t app ing

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ac t ive duty s t a f f noncommissioned o f f i c e r s and warran t of f i c e r s .In November 1965 it was announced t ha t beginning immediatelyand con t inu ing in th ree in cremen ts th ro ugh Feb ru ary 1966 morethan 2,300 new second l i eu tenan ts and warran t o f f i c e r s wouldbe se lec ted from the ranks of e l ig ib l e warran t o f f i c e r s ands t a f f NCOs. These t empora ry p romot ions were to be e f f ec t i v efo r three or four years un less the appoin tees were subsequent lyselected fo r a l imi ted duty o f f i c e r program or fo r permanentwarrant o f f i c e r . ( 80a )

The Off i ce r Personnel Act of 1947 a lso au thor ized l imi tedduty of f i c e r s , a l though th e number of LDOs was not to exceed6.22 percen t of th e t o t a l o f f i c e r s hold ing permanent appoint ments on the ac t ive list. At any t ime a l imi ted duty of f i c e rcould apply fo r unres t r i c t ed duty .

Fina l ly , a t t en t i on was turned again to the warran t of f i c e r .In 1949, the pay grades of W-4, W-3, and W-2 fo r commissionedwarrant o f f i c e r s and W-l fo r warrant of f i c e r s had been es t abl i shed , and then, in 1954, the t i t l e of " ch i e f warran t o f f i c e r "replaced t h a t of "commissioned warrant o f f i c e r " fo r those inthe W-4, W-3, and W-2 pay grades . (81)

On 17 August 1956, the t ime-honored title of mar in e g unnerwas re s to red fo r qua l i f i ed pe rs onne l appoi nt ed as nontechn ica lwarrant off i ce rs . (82 ) As f i r s t dra f ted , the proposed d i rec t ivewould have permi t t ed ce r t a in women Marines to be designated asmarine gunners . Since the t i t l e was being rev ived spec i f i c a l l yto len d d es er ve d pres t ige to the old l i n e f igh t ing Marine , theword "male" was i n se r t ed , thus ensuring t h a t only males wouldbear the title of Marine Gunner. (83) Ju s t t h ree years l a t e r ,on 10 September 1959, new appointments in th e nontechnicalwarrant o f fi ce r m i li ta ry occupat iona l spec i a l t i e s were d i s

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on the grade dis t r ibut ion s tructure of the Corps. As World WarI I had given the Marines the i r f i r s t active duty general andl ieutenant general , so the s t r i fe in Vietnam was, in 1969, toprovide the impetus for the appointment of an addi t ional fu l lgeneral on the active duty rosters . Following a statement byth e S ec re ta ry of Defense tha t th e in cre ased size and responsibi l i ty of the Marine Corps jus t i f ied the appointment of anadditional four-s tar general , the Chairman of the House ArmedServices Committee, L. Mendel Rivers, introduced legis la t ionto permit a fourth s tar for the Assistant Commandant of theMarine Corps at Pres ident ia l discret ion, whenever the activeduty strength of the Corps exceeded 200,000 a t the time ofappointment. Final Congressional approval was given on 22Apri l (84) and on 2 June 1969 a t the Marine Barracks, Washington,D. C., Lieutenant General Lewis W. Walt was promoted to thegrade of fu l l general .

From the bir th of the Corps in 1775 down to the present , nodras t ic revision of Marine Corps off icer grades has been necessary.Certain innovat ions , such as "temporary officers ," have appeared,but the basic structure has remained. The only noticeable changehas been a steady upgrading o f the ranks as the strength andmissions of the Corps multipl ied to meet new challenges. Indeed,off icer t i t l e s seem the one unbreaking thread in the t radi t ion-clothed services. From general down through the ran ks, eachoff icer t i t l e bears a great and colorful his tory , to be carriedwith a j us t pride .

The current off ice r grade s tructure is as follows:

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C a p t a i n , Paymas ter ' sD e p a r t m e n t , 1 9 3 1 (USMC P h o t o# 5 2 7 6 8 7 )

Lieu tenan t C o l o n e l , A i d e toth e Commandant, 1 9 5 0 s(USMC P h o t o #A -47241)

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ENLISTED R & ~ S AND GRADES

In es t ab l i s h ing th e Cont inen ta l Marines, Congressspec i f i ed t .hat no person be en l i s ted "l:ut such as a re goodseamen, o r so acquain ted with marit ime a f f a i r s as to servewi th advant.age 1::y sea ." (85) This emphasis on sh ips ' detachmentsmeant t h a t th e proposed l : a t t a l ions would 1::e r roken up in tosmall g ro up s; and t h i s in turn meant t h a t the organ iza t ionswould have a comparat ively simple en l i s ted rank s t ruc tu re .The grades which evolved were those o f s erg ea nt, c or po ra l,drummer o r f i f e r , and p r i va t e . The drummer and f i f e r s , whoperformed an important funct ion in "drumming up" r e c ru i t s aswell as serv ing al:oard sh ip , were paid as much as corpora l s .These musicians , pro tab ly because o f t h e i r needed sk i l l s ,rece ived 7 1 /3 do l l a r s , th e same pay as corpora l s , whi le th ep r iva t e s drew only 6 2/3 do l l a r s per month. (86)

With th e c lose o f th e Revolut ionary War, th e AmericanNavy disappeared from th e seas ; l:ut th e danger of war withAlgiers in 1790 brought a new i n t e r e s t in seapower. Toprotect" American merchantmen ply ing th e Mediterranean, th eSecre ta ry c f War--a t th e t ime t h e r e ~ a s no Navy Department-asked fo r es t imates fo r th e bui ld ing o f f r i g a t e s . As was th ep rac t i c e in those days , each o f the 900- ton vesse l s had aMarine guard . The Secre ta ry proposed t h a t a t yp i ca l detach-

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vesse l s were organized in a pecu l i a r manner . The old titles ofsergean t , corpora l , drummer, f i f e r , and p r iva t e were re t a ined ;cu t fo r some unknown reason, to th sergean t s and corpora l s wereplaced in th e same pay grade , each of them rece iv ing 10do l l a r s pe r month. (89) Whether t h i s was proposed fo r reasonsof economy o r out o f th e honest be l i e f t h a t a l l noncommissionedo f f i c e r s should rece ive equal pay i s not known; bu t th e sca l esoon was modi f i ed . By May 1798, th e month in which Congressau thor ized th e cap ture of armed French vesse l s lu rk ing o f fth e American coas t , sergean ts were being pa id n ine do l l a r s ,corpora l s e i gh t do l l a r s , drummers and f i f e r s seven do l l a r s ,and pr iva tes s ix do l la r s . (90)

Meanwhile, Congress a t l a s t decided to t ake naval a f f a i r sout of th e hands of th e Secre ta ry of War. A nava l es t a t l i shmen twas crea ted , and on 11 Ju ly 1798, th e United Sta t e s MarineCorps came in to being. As f a r as sh ips ' detachments wereconcerned , th e o ld pay grades and t i t l e s used by th e WarDepartment were ca r r i ed over; but th e new law a lso providedfo r s t a f f noncommissioned o f f i c e r s . In th e event t h a t th eMarin e Corps o r any pa r t of it was ca l led upon to serve onland with th e Army, th e Commandant might appoin t a s t a f fwhich would inc lude a sergean t major , a qua rt ermas te r s e rg ean t,a drum major , and a f i f e major . (91)

Will iam Ward Burrows, the Lieu tenan t Colonel Commandant,l o s t no t ime in c rea t ing th e en l i s t ed ranks au thor ized cy th elaw o f 1798. As ea r ly as 21 January 1799, Will iam Far r wasserv ing as drum major , (92) and cy May 1800, a quar te rmas te rsergean t had been appoin ted . (93) On 1 January o f th efo l lowing year , Archiea ld Summers was appointed to th e ranko f sergean t major , and cy August 18 04, Antoine Dupless i s wasserv ing as f i f e major . (94)

The law o f 1798 governed th e ar rangement of en l i s t edgrades with in th e Marine Corps un t i l long a f t e r th e War o f

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During th e War of 1812, au thor iza t ion was provided fo r115 sergean t s , 233 corpora ls , 90 "drums and f i f e s , " and2,180 p riv ate s , in add ition to the top four noncommissionedgrades , (96) but no new en l i s t ed pay grades were crea ted . Withth e coming of peace came a na tu ra l reduct ion in the s t reng tho f th e Corps and in th e number of noncommissioned of f i c e r s .

By lE132, th e sergean t major and quar te rmas ter sergean te ach r ec ei .v ed ten do l l a rs pe r month, whi le th e drum major andf i f e major were gran ted th e same pay as a serg ean t, n inedo l l a r s . Corporals still earned e igh t do l la r s each month,drummers and f i f e r s seven do l l a r s , and pr iva te s s ix . (97)Although t he se same en l i s t ed grades dated from th e re -es tab l i shment o f th e Marine Corps in 1798, and in sp i t e o f th ef ac t t h a t they had been used throughout th e War of 1812, theyneve r the le s s were inadequate . The flaw lay in th e f ac t t h a tthe re were no in te rmedia te ranks between sergeants and sergean tmajor . There was only one sergean t major and one qua r t e r -

master s erg ea nt:; b ot h o f whom were s ta t ioned a t Headquar tersand not un t i l 1899 were any addi t iona l men added to theseranks . (98)Following th e War o f 1812, th e Navy shouldered th e heavyburden o f pro tec t ing American i n t e r e s t s throughout th e world .Many o f th e. n av al vesse l s had no Marine of f i c e r . Ins tead , asergeant was respons ib le fo r th e conduct o f th e sh ip s' detach-ment. Thus, a s er ge an t s er vin g on a s loop-of-war o ff Javadrew th e same pay as a sergean t a t th e Washington J::

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Fie ld Off ice r , B l u eD r e s s U n i f o r m , 1963(USMC P h o t o #A410939)

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sergean t" in ev ery sen se of th e word. His g re ate r r es po n si-b i l i t i e s bo-:h in lea de rsh ip and admin i s t ra t ion were r e f lec tedby h is h ighe r pay grade . He was a cu t a1:ove th e o rd in aryse rgeant .

By th e c lo se o f th e C iv i l War, th e order ly sergeant hadvau l ted above th e qu ar te rma s te r s er ge a nt in to the second paygrade . According to th e pay t ab l e s in fo rce on th e day o fLee ' s sur render , 9 Apri l 1865, th e sergean t major was al lowed$348 per annum, an order ly sergean t $312, the quar te rmas te rsergean t $2138, a sergean t $240, a corpora l $216, and eachp r iva t e , drummer, o r f i f e r $192 fo r a yea r ' s se rv ice . (102)

This arrangement of pay grades , however, was abandonedwith in a decade. Estim ates fo r expendi tu res during th e f i s c a lyear beginnLng 1 Ju ly 1872, placed the sergean t major , qua r t e r -master se rgeant , and drum major in th e h ig he st c ra ck et a t $300per year , w11ile orde r ly sergean t s wer e d ro pp ed to second placea t a year ly sa la ry of $264. Also, dur ing 1872, th e MarineCorps dropped th e title "order ly sergean t" in favor of th emore desc r ip t i ve " f i r s t sergean t . " (103)

F i r s t E;e rg eant s r ema ined in th e second pay grade un t i l1893, when, t oge the r with th e drum major , they received a payi nc rea se o f th re e d o lla rs pe r month. The sergean t major andqu ar te rma s te r s er ge a nt cont inued to head th e list o f MarineCorps nonconroissioned o f f i c e r s , cu t they were drawing only$23 each month, $2 l e s s than a drum major o r f i r s t se rgeant .(104) This unusual s i tua t ion was f u r the r complicated by awa rt ime meas ur e enacted on 5 May 1898, which au thor ized th egrade o f gULnery se rgean t .

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in melody o f th e Marine Corps drummer. Ever s ince th e daysof Major Samuel Nicholas and h is Cont inen ta l Marines , t h e r ehad been Marine f i f e r s . Although th e word "musics" had beenused as ear ly as 1816, (107) and probably ea r l i e r , th e o f f i c i a lterm des igna t ion remained "drummer" o r " f i f e r . " Actual ly ,th e f i f e had been of f i c i a l l y abandoned in favor o f th e t rumpeton 1 Ju ly 1881. The use o f th e bugle was encouraged o f f i c i a l l yas ea r ly as 1877, with its appearance in th e Marine Corpsprobably occur r ing even ea r l i e r . (108) But t he se f a c t s madeno d i f f e r ence , fo r a t le a s t in o f f i c i a l usage, th e man whosounded th e t rumpet was a f i f e r regardless o f th e ins t rumenthe played . (109) From 1899, on, th e co r r ec t titles were."drummer" and "Trumpeter . " Then, on 26 November 1937, t he set i t l e s were abo l i shed , and from then on, a l l band personnelwere r e t i t l e d " f i e ld musics" in a pp ro pria te grades . (110) Themembers o f th e Marine Band, of c ou rs e, c on tin ue d to be ca l led"mus i c ians . 1I

Thus, by Ju ly 1899, th e Marine Corps en l i s t ed ranks t r uc tu r e de f i n i t e l y had been a l t e r ed . Drawing base pay of$34 each month, th e sergean t major headed the list. Next, a tth e same sa la ry , came the quar te rmast er s e rg ean t, then th edrum major a t $25 pe r month. Ranked with th e f i r s t sergean twas th e gunnery sergean t whose monthly pay, f ixed by law a t$35, was th e h ig he st o f a ny Marine Corps noncommiss ionedof f i c e r . F i r s t sergean t s had to be con ten t with $25 permonth, sergean t s with $18, corpora l s $15, and drummers,t rumpeters , and pr iva tes with $13. (111) In b r i e f , th e f i r s tsergean t had assumed a more l og ic a l r el at io n s hi p, as f a r aspay was concerned, to the sergean t major . The gunnerysergean t , however, was being paid more than h is rank wouldi nd ica t e ; but t h i s , perhaps , could be j u s t i f i ed on th e groundsof h is t e chn ica l ab i l i t i e s .

No a t tempt was made to ad ju st th e r e l a t i on sh ip among th etop noncommissioned grades un t i l 1908. In th e spr ing o f t h a t

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problem; f o r , a lth ou gh th ey had c e r t a i n v a l u a b l e s k i l l s , theycould n o t be promoted t o t h e h i g h e r e n l i s t e d g r a d e s withou tworking a grave i n j u s t i c e . The Marine Corps, i n o t h e r words,faced t h e problem of rewarding s k i l l s withou t g i v i n g t h es p e c i a l i s t more a u t h o r i t y than he could h a n d l e . The answerwas found i n 1908, when t h e Corps was a u t h o r i z e d t o g i v ea d d i t i o n a l pay t o c e r t a i n e n l i s t e d men. This a d d i t i o n a lmonthly pay was d i s t r i b u t e d as f o l l o w s : (114)

MESS PERSONNELMess Sergeant Shore Duty OnlyCooks, f i r s t c l a s s " " "Cooks, second c l a s s " " "Cooks, t h i r d c l a s s " " "Cooks, f o u r t h c l a s s " " "Messmen (Afloa t and " " "ashore)

$ 6.00$ 10.00$ 8.00$ 7.00$ 5.00$ 5.00GUN POINTERS(Afloa t Only)

Heavy Gun P o i n t e r sf i r s t c l a s ssecond c l a s sI n t e r m e d i a t e Gun P o i n t e r sf i r s t c l a s ssecond c l a s sSecondary Gun P o i n t e r sf i r s t c l a s ssecond c l a s sSIGNALMEN

$ 10.00$ 6.00$ 8.00$ 4.00$ 4.00$ 2.00

Ashore and a f l o a ti r s t ClassSecond Class " " "$ 3.00$ 2.00

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as spec ia l s k i l l s .From 1908 un t i l th e a rmis t i ce o f 11 November 1918, t h e r ewere bu t t v lO major changes in th e Marine Corps en l i s ted ranks t ruc tu re . By 1 January 1914, th e gunnery se rgeant had beenre tu rned to th e top pay grade along with th e sergean t major ,drum major , qu ar te rma s te r s er ge a nt , and f i r s t sergean t ; (115)and in 1917, th e grade o f p r iva t e f i r s t c las s was au thor ized .(116)In reques t ing th e S ec re ta ry o f th e Navy to approve th egrade o f p r i va t e f i r s t c las s , th e Commandant based h is argument

on th e fact . t h a t th e Army had es t ab l i shed a s imi l a r grade th eprev ious yea r . Since th e o rg an iz at io n o f the Marine Corps, a tl e a s t fo r exped i t ionary se rv ice , was much l i ke t ha t of th eArmy, th e Commandant f e l t t h a t th e new grade was necessary . (117)The Secreta.ry o f th e Navy agreed; and th e coming of th e p r iva t ef i r s t c l a s s sounded th e death kne l l o f ano ther Marine Corpst r ad i t i on , fo r th e new rank ended th e u se fu ln ess o f th e lancecorpora l .Lance co rpo ra l s and la nc e s er ge an ts had been a pa r t o f theMarine Corps as f a r back as th e 1830s and probably evenea r l i e r . (118) By 1877, th e prac t i ce o f de t a i l i ng corpora l s toa c t as sergean t s and pr iva tes to assume th e dut i e s o f corpora l shad become so widespread t h a t th e Commandant di rec ted t h a t sucha pp oin tments b e only one month in dura t ion . I f , a t th e end o ft h a t t ime, th e in div id ua l could not pass an examination fo rth e grade in which he was serv ing t emporar i ly , h is appointmentshould go to someone e l s e . (119) In sp i t e o f th e c re at io n o f

th e p r iva t e f i r s t c l a s s , l ance rank. died hard . A chevron fo rla nc e c or po ra l appeared in uniform regu la t ions o f 1929, (120)and one wr i t e r on Marine Corps t r ad i t i on asse r t s th a t p riv ate swere being de t a i l ed lance co rpo ra l s as recent ly as 1937. (121)

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s ioned of f i c e r s and a r r ived a t an en t i r e ly new arrangement ofen l i s t ed ranks .In th e f i r s t pay grade a t $74 pee month were placed

sergean t s major and quar te rmas te r se rgeants . F i r s t sergean t sand gunnery sergean t s , both of whom were paid $53 each month,occupied th e second gTade; but t he re was no rank in th e MarineCorps which corresponded to th e Army's t h i rd pay grade .Sergean ts , in the four th grade, earned $45 pe r month; corpora ls ,f i f t h grade, $37; and pr iva tes f i r s t c la s s , s ix th grade,rece ived $35 each month. Drummers, t rumpeters , and p r iva t e s ,a t $30, formed th e seventh o r lowes t pay grade . (124)

"Addit i ona l pay ," th e al lowance adopted in 1908 to rewardsk i l l s and prof ic iency , was still car r ied on th e pay t ab lesin 1920. There was, however, some pre ssure to scrap th e ideaonce and fo r a l l s ince th e p rac t i c e of rewarding cooks and th el i ke , who genera l ly s tayed in th e r e a r , had s t i r r ed up d i s -con ten t among those whose pr imary job was t ha t o f r i f leman o rmachine gunner . (125) In sp i t e of t h i s objec t ion , spec i a l i s tpay was re t a ined ; but it was to be awarded on a more equ i t ab lebas i s . Effec t ive in 1920, p r iva t e s f i r s t c l a s s and p r iva t e sperforming ex t ra duty in ce r t a in f i e lds defined by law were tobe ra t ed as spec i a l i s t s . There w ere four ca tegor i e s fo r ext rapay. A spec i a l i s t t h i rd c las s was t o rece ive an add i t iona l$15 per month, a spec i a l i s t four th c l a s s $12, spec i a l i s t f i f t hc las s $8, and a spec i a l i s t s ix th c la ss $3. (126) The fo l lowingyear , th e Commandant es t ab l i shed th e prac t i ce o f s e t t i ngquotas fo r spec i a l i s t r a t ings in ea ch m ajor un i t . Commandingof f i c e r s were caut ioned to exe rc i se grea t care in s e l ec t i ngmen to rece ive th e add i t iona l compensat ion . (127) Thesechanges, though they d id n ot prev en t th e p r i va t e s fromcomplain ing , gave th e system a g rea t e r degree o f f l ex i b i l i t ythan was poss ib l e under th e law o f 1908. The Commandant,act ing in accordance with cur ren t l eg i s l a t i on , could rewardmen whose sk i l l s were v i t a l to th e Marine Corps withou t up-

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f i f t h pay grades ; in fac t , j u s t such a plan was drawn up, butit was di sapproved . (130)

A t h i rd major gr ievance was t h a t o f the f i r s t sergean t .Relegated to th e second pay grade , many a capable f i r s tsergean t watched in d isgus t as se rgean t s and even corpora l s ,men wi th a minimum o f l i ne exper ience , were a t t imes jumpedover to th e grade o f sergean t major o r quar te rmas ter sergean tfo r te ch nic al du t i e s . (131)

Once th e Marine Corp s b ecame aware o f th e weaknesses in i t s h i e ra rchy o f noncommissioned o f f i c e r s , it ac ted quick ly .To fill th e gap in th e t h i rd pay grade , th e f i r s t group o fs t a f f s e rgean t s rece ived t h e i r w arran ts in th e spr ing o f1923. (132) The nex t yea r saw an unsuccessfu l a t tempt toprov ide g rea t e r incen t ive fo r cooks, (133) and on 10 December1925, the ' Commandant reques ted th e establ i shment of th e rankso f master t e chn i c a l sergean t , f i r s t pay grade , and supplysergean t in th e second grade . The purpose of reques t ing th enew ranks was to reward men performing t echn ica l dut i e snecessary to th e opera t ion o f a l a rge pos t ; but in th e case ofth e master t e chn ica l se rgean t , Genera l Lejeune and h is adv i so r sf e l t t h a t such a rank a lso would prove usefu l to Marineav i a t i on . (134) The title "master t e chn i ca l se rgean t , " by th eway, was a combinat ion o f iwo Army grades, master se rgean t ,which i nd ica t ed th e top pay grade , and t e chn i ca l sergean t ,th e title o f a noncommissioned o f f i c e r in th e second paygrade engaged in t e chn ica l du t i e s . (135)

Another change occurred in 1926, with th e c rea t ion o f thetitle o f pa:rrnaster s e rgean t . Actual ly t h i s was a change intitle rathe.t: than th e c rea tio n o f a new rank. Quartermasterse rgean t s had been de ta i l ed to se rve in th e PaymasterDepartment; bu t , as General Lejeune poin ted ou t, the title

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qu ali fy in some phase o f e ng in ee rin g o r pos t maintenance,av i a t i on , communicat ions, motor t r anspor t a t ion , o r ordnance .To cor rec t th e ex is t ing i n j u s t i c e s in promotion po l i c i e s , th eCommandant decreed t h a t sergean t s major should be se l ec t ed fromth e list o f f i r s t sergean t s and gunnery sergean t s . (138)

Many o f th e "housekeeping" dut i e s once performed bydi sg run t l ed gunnery sergean t s were assigned to s t a f f s e rgean t s .A s t a f f sergean t ( c le r ica l ) was capable o f performing s tenograph ic work; a s t a f f se rgean t (mechanical) , who rece ived h iswarran t because o f h is ab i l i t y as an a r t i s an , could be ass ignedsuch va r i ed du t i e s as c a rp e nte r, u ph o ls te re r, o r plumber. (139)

Like cooks and bakers , drummers and t rumpeters were nots a t i s f i ed with t h e i r l o t . In 1927, Second Lieutenant FloydA. Stephenson submi t t ed a plan fo r the crea t ion o f th e ranko f t rumpe te r f i r s t c l a s s in th e s ix th pay grade . His idea,al though admi t t ed ly a good one , never the less was re je cte d; fo rth e number o f men in each pay grade was governed by th e appro-p r i a t i on s =or t h a t pa r t i c u l a r year , and th e Commandant d id notf ee l j u s t i= i ed in reducing th e number o f pr iva te s f i r s t c l a s sto make room fo r music ians . (140) For a t ime, th e problem laydormant. ~ 1 u s i c i a n s , undergoing four to s ix months ' t r a i n i nga t Par r i s I s l a nd , t o i l ed away, whi le men who en l i s ted withthem l e f t 1:he pos t and its onerous r e s t r i c t i on s a f t e r a meree i gh t weeks. This long' per iod o f t ra in ing ' , plus th e lack o foppor tun i ty fo r advancement caused many a musician to t r ans f e rto l i ne du1:ies. (141) At l a s t in 1931, th e Commandant au tho r i zed th e promotion of f i e ld musics , as drummers and t rumpetersof ten were ca l l ed , to th e grade o f pr iva te f i r s t c las s ,corpora l , o r se rgean t . In 1934, th e S ec re ta ry o f th e Navyapproved th e titles o f drummer and t rumpeter f i r s t c l a s s inthe s ix th pay g rade , drum and t rumpet corpora l in th e f i f t h ,

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master sergean t s , paymaster sergean t s , f i r s t sergean t s , andsupply sergean t s could hold only regu la r warran t s . Fur thermore ,warran ts o f noncommissioned o f f i c e r s above th e grade o fse rgean t could be revoked only by o rde r of th e Commandant o rby th e se nte nc e o f a cour t mar t i a l . (144) This change gave addedf l ex i b i l i t y to th e en l i s ted rank s t ruc tu re , fo r it paved th eway fo r th e advancement o f spec i a l i s t s by means o f t e chn ica lwarran ts fo r s pe cif ic d u ti es .

An example o f th e use of th e te ch nic al warrant to giveadded incent ive to a group of spec i a l i s t s was th e handl ing o fth e problem o f promoting sk i l l ed cooks . Bad in th e 1920s, th elo t o f th e Marine Corps cook had grown worse by 1935. Once ask i l l ed cook reached th e grade o f serg ea nt, he had no prospec tof advancem ent. True, he could reques t t r an s fe r to l i nedu t ies ; but what commanding of f i c e r would pa r t with a goodmess s teward to gain an u ntra in ed se rg ea nt of th e guard . (145)The Commandant, t he re fo re , au thor ized master t e chn ica lsergean t s to hold t e chn ica l warran ts in t h a t f i e l d . Af te rth e e sta bl is hmen t o f th e grade o f t e chn ica l sergean t , a l so inth e yea r 1935, th e pa th of advancement fo r a cook was arrangedas fo llow s: s ix th grade, a s s i s t a n t cook; f i f t h grade, f i e ldcook, mess c orp or al ; f ou rth grade , mess sergean t , ch ie f cook;t h i rd grade , s t a f f sergeant (m ess); se cond grade , t e chn ica lsergean t (mess); f i r s t grade , master t e chn ica l sergean t(mess) . (146) This was a d i s t i n c t improvement.

In add i t ion to t e chn ica l sergean t , th e ranks o f mas tergunnery sergean t and pla toon sergean t a lso came i n to be ingduring th e autumn o f 1935. These changes were necessarybecause o f th e cont inuing misass ignments o f gunnery se rgean t s .

The rank of master gunnery sergean t , in th e f i r s t paygrade , was crea ted to give opportuni ty fo r f u r the r advancementto spec i a l i s t s in ordnance and gunnery . T echnica l sergean t ,l i ke gunnery sergean t a rank in th e second pay grade , wasau thor ized fo r noncommissioned o f f i c e r s holding th e title o f

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In 1 9 ~ 9 , th e Commandant proposed th e rank o f s t a f fsergean t ( f i e ld music) in an a t tempt to provide an i ncen t ivefo r f i e ld music s e rgean t s . The proposal , however, wasdisapproved by th e Secre ta ry of th e Navy. (149)

The fo l lowing year , th e Marine Corps recognized th e f ac tt h a t th e du t ies o f bakers had become d i f fe ren t from those o fcooks and s tewards by au thor iz ing fo r bakers th e same systemo f advancement which had been in e f f ec t s ince 1935 with inth e mess branch. The t i t l e s approved fo r bakers were mastert e chn ica l sergean t (baker) , t e chn ica l sergeant (baker) , s t a f fsergean t (baker) , ch i e f cook (baker) , f i e ld cook (baker) , anda s s i s t an t cook (baker) . (150)By 1940, th e t echn ica l warrant had become th e spec ia lwarran t . l,s before , it was gran ted fo r spec i a l duty; bu t itwas va l id fo r corpora l s and sergeants only a t a pa r t i cu l a rpos t . A ce r t a in number of spec ia l warrants i ssued fo r dutyin th e Q u a l ~ e r m a s t e r Depa rtment , P aymaste r Dep artmen t, Aviat ion ,Communicatj.ons, and Bands, were not affec ted by t r an s fe r . (151)All noncomnlissioned o f f i c e r s above th e grade of serg ean t received

permanen t vTa rr an ts .By th e eve o f World War I I , th e t i t l e s and pay grades usedby Marine Corps noncommissioned o f f i c e r s were varied and,because o f th e p rac t i c e o f in se r t ing in paren theses a f t e r th e

title th e na tu re o f any spec ia l duty , they were both r epe t i t i v eand confus: .ng. In genera l , these were th e t i t l e s : f i r s t paygrade , serqean t major, master gunnery sergean t , mastert echn ica l s er ge a nt , q u ar te rma s te r sergean t , and paymastersergean t ; second pay grade, f i r s t sergean t , gunnery sergean t ,t e chn ica l sergean t , drum maj o r , supply sergean t ; t h i rd grade,platoon sergean t , s t a f f s er ge an t; f ou rth grade, sergean t , messsergean t , chie f cook, and f i e ld music sergean t ; f i f t h grade,

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No sooner had t h i s p roblem been se t t l ed than th e messbranch was redesignated th e commissary branch. The samemonth t h a t t h i s change o ccur re d, J an ua ry 1943, th e Secre ta ryof th e Navy also authorized th e crea t ion o f a messman o rs t eward ' s branch. (156)

Pay grades e sta bl is he d f or commissary personnel , however ,were much th e same as those which had been branded as ambiguoustwo y ea rs b efo re . In th e f i r s t pay grade were master t echn ica lsergean t s (commissary) and (baker) . Technica l sergean t s in thesecond grade were d es ig na te d in a s imi l a r manner . Placed inth e t h i r d pay grade were s t a f f sergean t s (commissary) , ch i e fcooks (commissary), and, to th e dismay o f th e foes o fambigui ty , ch ie f cooks (baker) . Fie ld cook (commissary) andf i e ld cook (baker) occupied th e four th grade; whi le a s s i s t an tcook (c ommis sa ry ) and a s s i s t an t cook (baker) w ere ass igned toth e f i f t h pay grade . Ef fec t i ve 1 July 1943, a l l messsergean t s were g ra nte d wa rr an ts as s t a f f sergean t s (commissary);and s t a f f sergean ts ( raker) became ch ie f cooks (baker) . (157)In any case , th e Marin e Corp s e l imina ted th e mess co rpo ra l .

Ti t l e s f ina l ly se le cte d fo r use in th e s tew ar d's branchwere: master s teward and master cook in th e f i r s t pay grade;s teward f i r s t c la s s and cook f i r s t c l a s s in th e second; s tewardsecond c l a s s and cook second c l a s s in th e t h i rd pay grade; ands teward t h i r d c las s and cook t h i rd c l a s s in th e fo ur th . Thissystem of ra t ings was in e f f ec t by Feb rua ry 1944.( 158)

In th e meantime, ear ly in 1943, o the r new titles hadsprung up within th e c l e r i c a l branch . These were mastert ec ri ll ic a l s e rg eant ( c le r ica l ) ( l ine ) fo r genera l duty , mastert e chn ica l sergean t ( c le r ica l ) (SplW) a spec i a l warran t fo rduty in s t a f f o f f i c e s , master t e chn ica l sergean t (c l e r i ca l )(RW) f or re cr ui t in g duty , and th ree s im i l a r c las ses o f t e chn ica ls e rgean t s . (159)

This sudden mushrooming o f sub t i t l e s within th e seven pay

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-. Platoon Sergeant ,D ress Blue Uniform1938

(USMC Photo #530699)

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men in th e f i r s t pay grade. None save f i r s t se rgeants weree l i g ib l e fo r promotion to sergean t major . (162)Eyeing in dismay t h i s wild p ro fu sio n o f ranks, th e MarineCorps toyed fo r a t ime with th e idea of junking th e desc r ip t ivet i t l e s in favor of a system in which a l l except l i ne noncommissioned of f i c e r s would be given a spec i a l i s t ' s r a t i ng . In

engineer ing, fo r example, t he re would be a maste r engineer ingsergean t in the f i r s t pay grade, and an engineer ing sergean tin th e second. The t h i rd tp.rQugh s ix th grades would be occupiedby t echn ic ians (engineer ing) , f i r s t , second, t h i rd , and four thc l a s s . A s imi la r arrangement was proposed fo r th e o the r t e ch-n i ca l f i e lds such as ordnance, communications, o r c l e r i c a l .On th e o the r hand, l i ne noncommissioned of f i c e r s in the f i r s tgrade would be sergean t s major, f i r s t se rgeants , and maste rgunnery se rgeants . In th e o ther s ix l in e grades were gunner yse rgean t s , pla toon sergean t s , s er ge an ts , c o rp o ra ls , pr iva tesf i r s t c l a s s , and p r i va t e s . The pr inc ipa l reason fo r t u rn ingdown t h i s suggest ion was th e expense of changing not only th ecur ren t t ab les of organ iza t ion bu t a l so almost every personne lform then in use . (163)

The problem of fin ding adequate t i t l e s fo r each rank inth e Marine Corps was no t solved dur ing th e course of WorldWar I I . By mid-January 1944, en l i s t ed rank s t ruc tu re wasarranged as fol lows: (164)

PayGrade General Service(1 ) Sergeant Major1 s t SergeantMaster Gunnery SergeantMaster Technical Sergeant

OrdnanceMasterGunnerySergeant

Avia t ion , eng i -neer ing , communic at io ns , sp ec ia ls t a f f o f f i c e sMaster TechnicalSergeant

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(6 ) Pr iva te F i r s t Class

Priva te

Pr iva teF i r s tClass

Pr iva te

Pr iva teF i r s tClass

Pr iva te* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *PayGrade(1)

(2)

(3 )

(4)

(5 )

StewardMaster StewardMaster Cook

Steward 1 s t ClassCook 1 s t Class

Steward 2d ClassCook 2d Class

Steward 3d ClassCook 3d Class

Steward 's Ass is tan t1 s t Class

ConunissaryMasterTechnica lSergeantTechnica lSergeant

S t a f fSergeantChie f Cook

Fie ld Cook

Ass i s tan tCook

Band and Fie ldMusicMaste r T ec hn ic alSergean t

Drum MajorTechnica lSergean t

S ta f f Sergeant

SergeantFie ld MusicSergean t

Corpora lFie ld MusicCorpora l

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PayGrade(1)

(2)

(3 )(4 )

(5 )

(6)

(7 )

Quartermaster DepartmentQuartermaster Sergeant.Master Techn ic al Se rg eant

Supply SergeantTechn ic al Ser ge an t

Sta f f SergeantSergeant

Corpora l

Pr iva te F i r s t ClassPr iva te

Paymaster DepartmentPaymaster Sergeant

Paymaster Sergeant

Sta f f SergeantSergeant

Corpora l

Pr iva te Fi r s t ClassPriva te

* * * * * "t * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *This t ab l e does not include th e master t e chn ica l sergean t sand t e chn ica l sergean t s i s sued warrants fo r c l e r i c a l duty asout l ined in a prev ious paragraph. 'Ilhe p ic tu re was f u r the rcompl ica ted in Apri l 1945, when th e Commandant au thor ized the

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Corps. Ti t l e s were to be used merely to ind ica te the var ious'pay grades . Besid es b ein g be t t e r adapted to process ing by IBMmachines , such a system would end th e c on fu sio n c au se d by th eissuing of spec ia l warran t s . (167)By th e end of World War I I , ce r t a in branches had become

somewhat lax in enforcing th e requirements fo r promot ion. Thiscaused a grea t deal of d i s s a t i s f a c t i on , s ince men performingth e same du t ies in d i f f e r en t f i e lds were promoted by d i f f e r en ts t anda rds . There a lso were a g rea t dea l o f confusion with inth e branches . I f , fo r example, t he re were vacancies fo r b ridgeca rp en te rs in the t h i rd pay grade of eng ineers , and t he re wasa s h o r t a g ~ in t h a t pa r t i cu l a r occupat iona l f i e ld , plumbersmight be promoted in s tead . What was needed was a uniformsystem of rank t i t l e s within which promot ions could be made onth e b a s is of occupat iona l s k i l l . (168)

In se lec t ing th e ranks within th e new s t ruc tu re , the Divi -s ion of Plans and Pol ic ies proposed th e fo l lowing t i t l e s :master se rg ea nt in the f i r s t pay grade, t e chn ica l sergean t inth e second, s t a f f sergean t in the t h i r d , sergean t in th efour th , corpora l in the f i f t h , p r i va t e f i r s t c lass in the s ix th ,and p r i va t e in the seventh . (169) A counterproposa l to c a l ltho se in th e f i r s t th ree pay grades simply ch ie f noncommissionedof f i c e r , noncommissioned of f i c e r f i r s t c lass , and noncommiss ionedo f f i c e r second c las s was r e jec ted as being de t r imenta l tomorale , an important f ac to r during th e discourag ing per iod o fdemobi l i za t ion . (170)

Effec t ive 1 December 1946, th e new des igna t ions of rankwent i n to e f f e c t . Branch t i t l e s such as commissary wereabo l i shed , but the o ld t i t l e s , such as f i r s t sergean t o r platoonse rgeant , could be used when app l i cab le in informal conversa t ion .The "square" o r s t a f f chevron was ordered discarded as soon asth e supply was exhausted. In th e fu tu re , a l l s t a f f noncommis-s ioned of f i c e r s would wear th e same "ro cke r" ty pe chevron.

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M u s i c i a n , M a r i n e B a n d , 1938(USMC P h o t o #530594)

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(2)

(3)

(4 )

(5)

( 6)

(7)

Gunnery SergeantDrum MajorSupply SergeantSteward 1 s t ClassCook 1 s t ClassTechnical Sergeant

Pla toon SergeantChief CookSteward 2d ClassCook 2d ClassSta f f Sergeant

SergeantFie ld Music SergeantFie ld CookSteward 3d ClassCook 3d Class

Corpora lAss i s tan t CookField Music CorporalSteward 's Ass i s tan t 1 s t Class

Pr iva te F i r s t ClassFie ld Music F i r s t ClassSteward 's Ass i s tan t 2d Class

Pr iva teFie ld Music

Techn ic al Se rg eant

S ta f f Sergeant

Sergeant

Corpora l

Pr iva te F i r s t Class

Pr iva te

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sergean t o r se rgean t major was too important to be classedmerely as an adminis t ra t ive spec i a l i t y . This re-emphas is onth e ro le o f th e sen io r noncommissioned o f f i c e r s was followedby a s w e e p i ~ g rev is ion o f th e en l i s t ed ranks and grades o f theMarine Corps in 1958, a f t e r Congress amended th e CareerCompensatio Act o f 1949 and authorized tw o new pay grades ,E-8 and E-9. (174) This rev i s ion was designed to re l i eve th ecrowding a t th e E-7 grade , caused by th e rap id World War I Iou tpu t of noncommissioned o f f i c e r s and, s ince then , by themoving u p - - ~ p p r o p r i a t e l y enough--of th e s p ec if ic a ll y s ki ll edmen which every se rvice was requ i r ing more and more. The endr e su l t , however, was an unbalanced s t ruc tu re , too heavy a tth e top .

By 1958, th e p ro po rtio n o f NCOs in the Marine Corps hadcl imbed to 58% o f th e t o t a l e n li st ed s tr en g th , a s t a r t l i ngf igure when compared to th e 25% o f 1941.(175) It i s evenmore s t a r t l i ng when one cons iders t h a t th e Marine Corps fromits founding un t i l World War I never had a propor t ion h igherthen 18.8%, with th e usual percentage ranging between 13 and15%.(176) The increased mechanized natu re of World War I ,however, had shown th e need fo r mil i t a ry t echn ic ians in modernwarfare . From then on, an increase in th e p ro po rtio n o f NCOsr esu l ted . By 1937, it had reached 27%, and a s taggering 40%by 1954. (177)

This compression a t th e top , 58% in 1958, led to rankimbalance and confus ion . There were E-7 ' s superv is ing otherE-7 ' s , while some corpora l s cont inued doing th e same job a f t e rpromotion as they did b efo re . In sho r t , th e pre s t ige of th eNCO, t r ad i t i ona l and necessary to any mil i t a ry se rvice , wasdecl in ing a t th e very t im e when it should be increased .

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In t h i s revis ion o f 1958, the ranks of co rp ora l throughmas te r s e rgean t were upgTaded one pay grade each, making roomfo r an add i t iona l p r iva t e rank. The sergean t major / f i r s tsergean t program was re ta ined, with its h i s t o r i c commandpres t ige , bu t a new t e chn ica l l eader sh ip was in t roduced i n toth e top NCO l eve l s , in recogn i t ion o f th e eve r - inc rea s ingcomplexi ty o f wag ing modern warfare , by permi t t ing E-8 and E-9b i l l e t s to be f i l l ed a lso by occupat iona l spec i a l i s t s . Sincet e chn ica l adeptness was now reqUired o f qu i t e a few o ther sbesides th e t e chn ica l sergean t , t h i s title ceased to havevalue and it was de le t ed . Marines holding t h a t rank weredesignated ac t ing gunnery se rgean t s .

The rank o f corpora l was placed in pay grade E-4 in o rde rto preserve h is St2tus as th e j un io r NCO in th e Marine Corps.The rank of sergean t with th ree s t r i pe s , formerly E-4, wasse l ec t ed to rep lace th e rank of s t a f f sergean t a t E-5, ino rde r to have two ranks of NCOs and to remove one rank fromth e ranks o f s t a f f NCOs which would s t a r t a t S ta f f Sergean tin pay grade E-6. Personnel hold ing th e rank of s t a f f sergean twould carry the title of ac t ing s t a f f sergean t un t i l promoted.

The occas ion a lso enabled th e Marine Corps to reapply itsco lo r fu l h i s t o ry to th e grade s t ruc tu re . The title o f lancecorpora l , f i r s t used by th e Marines in th e Indian Wars of 1830swas revived. Now, fo r the f i r s t t ime , it was a permanentrank . In add i t ion , th e memorable "Gunny"--the gunnery sergean tand th e master gunnery sergeant- -was eXhumed.In E-7, th e gunnery sergeant was used in place of th emaster se rgeant , pa r t l y to res to re th e t r ad i t i ona l rank andto move th e title "master sergeant" from pay gTade E-7 to E-8.As fo r the f i r s t sergean t , no change was in vo lv ed exc ep t tor a i s e th e rank from E-7 to E-8. The rank of master gunnerys erg ea nt , re viv ed to provide l e ade rsh ip in occupat ional f i e lds ,was put a t th e top in E-9, alongside th e sergeant major , r a i sed

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Gunnery Sergeant , WinterService Uniform "A," 1963

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in to being as wel l as prof ic iency pay fo r gun po in t e r s .Technical developments , however, came so rap id ly a f t e rth e tu rn o f th e century t h a t th e t ab l e s o f o rg an iz at io n couldscarce ly be kep t up to da te . Alth ou gh s uc h ranks as master

sergean t and master gunnery sergean t helped to provide asu i t ab l e in ce nt iv e fo r sk i l l ed in div id u als , th e abandonmentof spec i a l i s t pay and th e grea t degree o f t ra in ing requiredto opera te and mainta in new dev ices , such as rada r , soonforced th e Marine Corps in to an awkward pos i t i on . DuringWorld War I I , th e only method o f rewarding spec i a l i s t s was toincrease t h e i r rank. This caused d i s sa t i s f a c t i on among l i nenoncommisssioned o f f i c e r s , bu t nothing could be done to remedyth e s itu a t io n u n ti l a f t e r th e f igh t ing had ended.

The system o f combining titles o f rank with SSNs i n s t i t u t edin 1946 helped to bring o rde r to th e en l i s t ed rank s t ruc tu re , butto many it seemed t h a t th e new po l i c i e s were no be t t e r than th eold . Ti t l e s roo ted in the t r ad i t i on o f th e Corps were abo l i shedto make way fo r th e s imp lif ie d s t ruc tu re . Two o f t he se t i t l e s ,sergeant major and f i r s t sergean t , were l a t e r rev ived ; bu tnoncommissioned o f f i c e r s with t he se ra nk s, a lth ou gh they tookprecedence o ve r m aste r sergean t s , d id not rece ive add i t iona lpay. The author iza t ion o f th e two new pay grades , E-8 andE-9, provided a means o f compensating th ese s en io r s t a f f noncommissioned o f f i c e r s fo r t h e i r increased r e spons ib i l i t i e sand fu rn i shed an added incent ive to th e master se rgean t s . Atth e same t ime , th e re tu rn o f th e "Gunny" and lance corpora lranks helped to bring back some o f th e t ime-ha l lowed t r ad i t i ono f Marine Corps ranks .

Another log ica l s tep in keeping with th e p rac t i c e s o f th eea r ly days o f the Corps was th e appointment of a sen io r NCOto the s t a f f o f th e Commandant. The pos t of Sergeant Major ofth e Marine Corps was es tabl i shed by th e Commandant as th e sen io ren l i s t ed b i l l e t in th e Mar in e Corp s in May 1957. The SergeantMajor o f th e Marine Corps serves on th e personal s t a f f o f th e

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Only f ive Marines have held the title in th e modern era .The f i r s t was Sergeant Major Wilbur Bestwick (23 May 1957-31August 1959) . He was fo l lowed by Sergeant Major Francis D.Rauber (1 Sept ember 1959-28 June 1962), Sergeant Major ThomasJ . McHugh (29 June 1962-16 July 1965), and Sergeant MajorHerber t J . Sweet (16 July 1965-31 July 1969). The presen tSergeant Major of th e Marine Corps, Sergeant Major Joseph W.Dai ley , has served in th e pos t s ince 31 July 1969.

The cu r r en t en l i s t ed grade s t ruc tu re i s as fo l lows:

GradeSergean t MajorMaster Gunnery SergeantF i r s t SergeantMaster SergeantGunnery SergeantS ta f f SergeantSergean tCorpora lLance Corpora lPr iva te F i r s t ClassPr iva te

PayGradeE-9E-8E-7E-6E-5E-4E-3E-2E-1

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1~

)oj

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NOTES(1) Jo urn als o f th e Cont inen ta l Congress (Washing ton: Govern

ment Pr in t ing Off ice , 1904) , vol . I .(2) Maj Edvrin North McClel lan, USMC, His to ry of th e UnitedSta tes Marin e Corp s, 2 vol s . (Washington: His to r i ca l

Sect ion , Headquarters , U. S. Marine Corps, 1925-1934),vo l . I , chaps . I - IV, passim.(3) Journal s o f the Continental Conaress (Washing'ton: Government Pr in t ing Off i ce , 1905), vol . II.(4) McClel lan, Q P . cit., vol . I , chap. IX, p. 2; 1 S ta t . 523.(5) 2 S ta t . 39; McClel lan, QQ. c i t . , vo l . I , chap. IX, p . 7.(6) "Uniform fo r th e Navy o f the United S ta te s o f America,"24 Aug'lIst 1797, pr in ted in U. S. Department of th e Navy,Naval Documents Related to th e Quasi-War Between th e UnitedSta t e s and France; Naval Opera t ions from February 1797 toOctober: 1798 (Wash ing'ton: Government Pr in t ing Off i ce ,1935) , p . 11 .(7) McClel lan, Q P . cit., vol . I , chap. X; 1 S ta t . 594.(8) 2 S ta t . 39; Will iam W. Burrows, Biography F i l e , Archives ,His to r i c a l Div.Lsion, Headquar te rs , U. S. Marine Corps(HQMC) ..(9) SecNav to A. Gregg, dtd 9 Feb 1809, American Sta t e Papers :Nava l l u f a i r s (Washington: Gales and Seaton, 1834) , vol .I , p . 192; McClel lan, QQ. c i t . , vo l . I , chap. XVIII, p.

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(16) Bernard C. Na1ty, Inspect ion in th e Q. ~ . Mar in e Cor ps ,1775-1957: His to r ica l Backg round (Mar ine Corps His to r -i c a l R e f e r e n c e ~ ~ e r ~ e s ~ o . 17, Washington: HistBr , G-3,HQMC, 1960), p. 6. 3 Sta t . 376-377.(17) LtCol J . H. Magruder, I I I , USMCR, "The Brevet in th e

Marine Corps," Marine Corps Gazet te , vo l . 39, no. 11(November 1955), p . 57; 4 S ta t . 312.(lS) Maj Richard S. Collum, USMC, His to ry of th e United Sta tesMarine Corps (New York: L.R. Hamersly Co., 1903) , pp.430, 447.(19) Magruder, QP. c i t . , pp. 54-57.(20) Archibald Henderson, Biography Fi le , Archiv es , H is tD iv ,HQMC.(21) Jacob Zei l in , Biography Fi le , Archiv es , H is tD iv , HQMC.(22) Collum, QP. c i t . , p . 430; 14 Sta t . 517.(23) 30 Sta t . 100S.

History of th e UnitedG.P. Putman's Sons, 1939),LtCol Clyde H. Metcalf , USMC, ~Sta tes Marine Corps (New York:p . 194; 12 S ta t . 275.(25) Collum, QP. c i t . , pp. 435, 441, 444.

(24)

(26) Magruder, QP. c i t . , pp. 54-57.(27) Ib id . ; 12 S ta t . 75S.(2S) 13 S ta t . 424.(29) "Brevet Rank," Subject Fi le , Archiv es , H is tD iv , HQMC.

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(38)(39)

(40)(41)

(42)(43)

(44)(45)(46)(47)

I b id .Corrnnandant o f the Marine Corps, Annual Report to th eSec re ta ry o f the Navy, 1892, p . 626, h e re af te r c ite d asCMC, Annual Report with year ; 27 Sta t . 321.CMC, Annual Report , 1891, pp. 621-622.Bernard C. Na1 ty , Marine Corps Off ice r Procurement: ~Br i e f History (Marine Corps His to r ica l Reference SeriesNo . 7 , Washing"ton: HistBr , G-3, HQMC, December 1958),p . 6, h e re af te r c it ed as Nalty , Off i ce r Procurement.CMC, Annual Repor t , 1899, pp. 914-915; 30 Sta t . 1009 .

G e o r ~ e F. El l i o t t , Biography Fi le , Archives , HistDiv, HQMC.35 Sta t . 166.32 Sta t . 1368.CMC, Annual Repor t , 1918, p . 1600.39 Sta t . 417."Tombstone Promoti on ," Subje ct Fi le , Arc hiv es , H is tD iv ,HQMC.

(48) Marine Corps Order (hereaf te r MCO) 27 (S erie s 1 9l6 ), dtd18 Aug 1916; cop ies of c i t ed Marine Corps Orders a reava i l ab l e in Library , HistDiv, HQMC.(49) Log Sheet , d td 16 March 1960, Reference Branch,(he rea f te r HDR), His tDiv ,HQMC; 40 Sta t . 735.

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(57) Annual Report of th e Sec re ta ry of the Navy, 1861, pp. 18,19, her ea ft er c it ed as SecNav, Annual Report, w ith year .(58) SecNav, Annual Report, 1865, p. xi i i .(59) 43 Stat . 536.(60) 56 Sta t . 462.(61) CMC, Annual Report, 1926, p. 1213; 44 Sta t . 725.(62) Letter of In st ruc tion (herea ft er LOI) 285, dtd 16 Dec 1942;copies of cited Letters of Instruction are available in

Lib ra ry , H istD iv , HQMC.(63) Nalty, Officer Procurement, p. 42; LOI 609, dtd 10 Dec 1943;58 Sta t . 121.(64) 56 Stat . 10.(65) Alexander A. Vandegrift , Biography File , Archives,HistDiv,HQMC.(66) 59 Sta t . 36.(67) Alexander A. Vandegrift , Biography File , Archives,HistDiv,HQMC.(68) 61 Sta t . 876.(69) HistBr, Staff Organization, p. 19; 57 Sta t . 84.(70) 58 Stat . 121.

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(78) CMC, Annual Report, 1948, p. 8; 61 Stat , 811-876.(79) LOI 1298, dtd 25 Jun 1956; 60 Stat . 92-93.(80) MCO 1400.1A, dtd 19 Nov 1956.(80A) "Two Programs Slated for Temporary Officers ," Sea Tiger,vol. I , no. 2 (16 Navember 1965).(81) Log Sheet, dtd 16 March 1960, HDR, HistDiv, HQMC.(82) MCO 1210.1, dtd 17 Aug 1956.(83) Memo, dtd 6 Aug 1956, from Director of Personnel to Chiefof Staff , attached to MCO 1210.1, Central Correspondence

Files , HQMC.(83A) "Bursting Bomb Re.tings to Open Again for Some," MCAS El

Toro, Cali f . , Flight Jacket, 20 November 1964.(84) Public Law 11, 1st Session, 91st Congress; "Four StarGrunt," by SSgt Bob Bowen, in Leatherneck, vol. LIl , No.8(Aug 1969), pp. 60-61.(85)(86)(87)

Collum, E.. c i t . , p. 21.McClellan, E.. c i t . , vol. I , chap. IV, p. 13.Ibid. , vol. I , chap. VIII , pp. 9-10.

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(95) McCle llan, 2 . c i t . , vol. I , chap. XVI, pp. 41-42.(96) lb id . , vol. I , chap. XX, p. 14.(97) CMC, Annual Report, 1832, p. 225.(98) CMC, Annual Reports, 1832-1899, passim.(99) 4 Stat . 647.(100) "Rank- -Marine Corps," 2. ci t .(101) Amos Burton, ~ Journal of the Cruise of the ~ . ~ . ShipSusquehanna during the Years 1860, 1861, 1862, and 1863(New York: Printed by E d w a r d ~ J e n k i n s , 1 8 6 3 ) ~ . ~ t h i sl i s t of the Marine guard on the Susquehanna, for instance,shows an orderly sergeant and two "duty" sergeants.(102) Table I-B to "USMC Basic Standard Compensation Rates,"Log Sheet, dtd 14 Sep 1955, HDR, HistDiv, HQMC.(103) CMC, Annual Repor t,1871 , p .175 ; ibid, 1872, p. 167.(104) Navy Register , 1894, p. 171; ib id . , 1893, p. 171.(105) Log Sheet, dtd 14 Nov 1957, HDR,HistDiv, HQMC. 30 s ta t . 1009.(106) CMC, Annual Report, 1899, pp. 915-916.(107) McClellan, 2. c i t . , vol. I I , chap. I I , p. 10.(108) "u. S. Marine Corps Line Bands," pp. 5-6, a typewrit ten

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(114) Navy ~ e g i s t e r , 1909, pp. 260-261.(115) Ibid. , 1914, p. 312.(116) Major General Commandant (hereafter MGC) to the Secretaryof the Navy (hereafter SecNav), dtd 15 Oct 1917, File2165-15, RG 127, NA.(117) Ibid.(118) McCleHan, 9.. c i t . , vol. I I , chap. VI, pp. 24-26.(119) Marine Corps General Order 7, dtd 13 Dec 1877.(120) Uniform Regulations, 1929, para. 300.(121) LtCo1 Robert D. Heinl, J r . , USMC, "NCO's - A Challenge fromWithin," Marine Corps Gazette, v.38, no.11 (Nov 1954), p.44,(122) Table III-B to "USMC Basic Standard Military CompensationRates," Log Sheet, dtd 14 Sep 1955, HDR, HistDiv, HL:!MC.(123) The A ~ Almanac (Washington: Government Printing Office,1950), p. 697,(124) Laws Relating to the Navy, Annotated, 1921, p. 945.(125) Commandant's conference of 21 December 1920, File A19-1,Archives, HistDiv, HQMC.

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(133) Proposed change to MCM, dtd 21 Jan 1925, File 2165-15, ibid.(134) MGC to SecNav, dtd 10 Dec 1925, File 2165-15, ibid.(135) Memo for Genera l Feland, dtd 22 Ju l 1925, File 2165-15, ibid.(136) MGC to SecNav, dtd 6 Oct 1926, File 2165-15, ibid.(137) Memo for MGC from Chief, Division of Operations and Training,dtd 14 Jun 1926, File 2165-15, ibid.(138) MCM 1926, 6-22, 6-23.

(139) Ibid.(140) Adjutant and Insp ec to r to Chief, Div ision o f Operationsand Training, dtd 3 Aug 1927, File 2165-15, RG 127, NA.(141) LtCo1 H. N. Manney to Maj R. M. Randall, dtd 10 Jun 1930,File 2165-15, ibid.(142) MGC to SecNav, dtd 4 Oct 1934, and Circular Letter No. 95,dtd 3 Jan 1931, File 2165-15, ibid.(143) MCM 1926, 6-22.(144) MCM 1931, 6-22, 6-23.(145) CO, 1st Bn, 6th Marines, FMF, to MGC, dtd 25 Feb 1935,

File 2165-15, RG 127, NA.(146) MGC to a l l Commanding Officers , dtd 12 Sep 1935, File

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(152) Ibid. , 1-21.(153) I b i ~ . , 6-24(12).(154) Dir, Div p&p to MGC, dtd 25 Feb 1941, File 2165-15, RG 127, NA.(155) I b i ~ . , dtd 23 Sep 1941.( 156) LOI 310, dtd 6 Jan 1943.(157) LOI 444, dtd 9 Jun 1943.(158) LOI 671, dtd 26 Feb 1944.( 159) LOI 413, dtd 24 Apr 1943.(160) AWAV NR127 , dtd 23 Jun 1942.(161) AWAV 26 cited in Distr ic t Order 82-42, Ninth Naval Dist r ic t ,dtd 13 Feb 1943.(162) MCM 1940, 6-24(12, 1-21(2).(163) Memo to Dir, Div P&P, dtd 5 May 1943, File 2165-15, RG 127,NA.(164) LOI 638, dtd 15 Jan 1944.(165) LOI 1000, dtd 7 Apr 1945.

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(174) 72 Stat . 122-132.(175) MajGen Robert B. Luckey, USMC, rept to CMC dtd 29 May 1958,enclosing study and recommendations prepared by the Marine

Corps Enlisted Rank and Pay Structure Board (hereafterLuckey Report), Subject Fi le , Archives, HistDiv, HQMC.

(176) CMC, Annual Reports, 1825-1898, passim; "Strength and Dist r ibution," Subject Fi le , Archives , H is tDiv , HQMC.(177) LtCo1 R. D. Heinl, J r . , "NCDs - A Challenge From Wi thin,"E. c i t . , pp. 42-43.(178) MCO 1223.1, dtd 25 Nov 1958; Luckey Report; "BulletinBoard," Leatherneck, v. 42, no. 4 (Apr 1959), p. 92;"Enlisted Rank Structure ," Marine Corps Gazette, v. 42,no. 10 (Oct 1958), pp. 32-33.(179) ALMAR NR 21, dtd 1 Aug 1960.(180) CMC, Annual Report, 1959, p. 14.(181) Computed from s ta t i s t i cs supplied by the Sta t i s t ics Section,Personnel Services Branch, HQMC.(182) Sec. 205, 37 USC.

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Appendix ACOMMANDANTS OF THE UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS

I n i t i a lRank Final RankName Per iod as CMC !!!? CMC1 s t Samuel 28 Nov 1775- Captain MajorNICHOLAS (1) 17812d Will:.am Ward 12 Ju l 1798- Major Lieutenant

BURROWS (2) 6 Mar 1804 Colonel3d Frank l in 7 Mar 1804- Lieutenant Lieutenant

WHAR'::'ON (3) 1 Sep 1818 Colone l Colonel4 th Anthony 3 Mar 1819- Lieutenant Lieutenant

GALE 16 Oct 1820 Colonel Colonel5 th Archi.bald 17 Oct 1820- Lieutenant Colonel

HENDERSON (4 ) 6 Jan 1859 Colonel6 th John 7 Jan 1859- Colonel ColonelHARRIS (5) 12 May 18647 th Jacob 10 Jun 1864- Colonel Brigad ie rZEILIN (6 ) 31 Oct 1876 General8 th Char les G. 1 Nov 1876- Colonel Colonel

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*15th Ben H.FULLER*16th John H.RUSSELL17th ThomasHOLCOMB (11)18th Alexander A.VANDEGRIFT(12 )19th Cli f ton B.CATES20th Lemuel C.SHEPHERD, JR.21st Randolph McC.PATE (13)22d David M.SHOUP (14)

*23d Wallace M.GREENE, J r .24th Leonard F.CHAPMAN, J r .

9 Ju1 193028 Feb 19341 Mar 193430 Nov 19361 Dec 193631 Dec 19431 Jan 194431 Dec 1947

1 Jan 194831 Dec 19511 Jan 195231 Dec 19591 Jan 195631 Dec 19591 Jan 196031 Dec 19631 Jan 196431 Dec 19671 Jan 1968-

MajorGeneralMajorGeneralMajorGenera lLieutenantGeneral

General

Genera l

General

General

General

General

MajorGenera lMajorGeneralLieutenantGeneralGeneral

General

General

General

General

General

Genera l

(1) The resolu t ion of th e Cont inen ta l Congress on 10 November1775 provided fo r a colonel to command th e two ba t t a l i on s o fMarines au thor ized , but th e highes t rank received by any Marineduring th e Revolut ion was t h a t o f major . Samuel Nicholas wasappointed "Captain of Marines" on 28 November 1775, and pro-

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Archibald Henderson served as Acting Commandants, 2-15 September1818 and 16 September 1818 - 2 March 1819, respec t ive ly .(4) By a uth or i ty o f th e Act o f 30 June 1834 (4 Sta t . 32) th erank o f Commandant was ra ised to Colonel . On 4 March 1843,Henderson was commissioned b r igad i e r genera l by brevet fo r h isserv i c e s during th e Flor ida Indian Wars. Subsequently, he wascommonly re fe r red to as Brevet Brigadie r General Henderson.This was a persona l rank in th e na tu re o f a decorat ion fo rga l l an t ry . It had nothing to do with th e of f ice of Commandant;l e s s , in f a c t , than th e persona l rank sUbsequently held byHeywood. In t h i s connect ion , it should be noted t ha t , ino f f i c i a l correspondence , Henderson usua l ly signed himsel f "Col .Commdt. "(5) Between th e death o f H arr is and th e appointment of Zei l in ,Major Augustus S. Nicholson, th e Adjutant and Inspector , servedas Acting Commandan t, 13 May -9 June 1864.(6 ) The A.ct of 2 March 1867 (14 S ta t . 174) provided t h a t "thecommandant o f the marine corps sha l l have th e rank and pay o f abr igad ie r -genera l o f the army." This law was repealed by th eAct o f 6 June 1874 (18 Sta t . 216) when th e off i ce o f Commandantwas re turned to th e rank o f co lone l when and if a vacancyoccur red . Thus, Zei l in re t a ined h is rank of br igad ie r genera lbut h is successor was s la ted to be a co lone l .(7 ) Because of Colonel McCawley's i l l n e s s , Colonel Clement D.Hebb--as he wrote to th e Secre ta ry of th e Navy on 10 September1899--" assumed th e dut ies of th e of f i c e of Colonel Commandantof th e Marine Corps in obedience to your orde r o f the 4thi n s t an t . " But he was eV id en tly n ev er more than ActingCommandant. When usuing th e Commandant's l e t t e r form, Hebbalways s igned as "Colonel , Commanding U . S. Marine Corps,"

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(8) The Act o f 13 May 1908 (35 S ta t . 166) provided fo r th epos t of "majo r -genera l commandant, in l i eu of th e presen tbr igad ie r -gene ra l commandant." Accordingly, on 21 May 1908,El l i o t t was promoted to major genera l .(9) From th e t ime of Major Genera l E l l i o t t ' s re t i r ement un t i lh is own a ppoin tmen t, B id dle served as Acting Commandant in h ispersona l rank of c olo ne l, 1 Decembe r 1910 -2 February 1911.During Bidd le ' s t enure th e term of Commandant was f ixed fo r th ef i r s t t ime - - four y ea rs " unle ss sooner re l i eved" - -by th e Act of19 December 1913 (38 S ta t . 3 ).(10) Barne t t was th e f i r s t Commandant reappointed a f t e r th ee xp ira tio n o f a f ixed term o f o f f i c e , see p . 155, JosephusDanie l s , The Wilson Era: Years o f War and Afte r 1917-1923(Chapel Hi l l : The Univers i ty o fl N or th C a ro li na Press , 1946).(11) The Act o f 20 January 1942 (56 S ta t . 10) provided fo r therank of l i eu t enan t genera l fo r th e Commandant, and Holcomb wasaccordingly promoted to rank from t h a t da t e . The same ac tprovided t h a t th e o f f i c e hencefor th should be known as "Commandan t of th e Marine Corps." Holcomb was advanced to genera l onth e r e t i r ed list e f f ec t i v e 1 January 1944-- the f i r s t Marineever to hold t ha t rank .(12) The Act o f 21 March 1945 (59 S ta t . 29) permi t t ed th ePres ident to appoin t th e Commandant to th e rank o f g en era l .When Vandegr i f t was promoted on 4 Apri l 1945, to rank from21 March o f t h a t year , he became th e f i r s t Marine to se rve inth e rank o f g en era l . The Act of 21 March 1945 was r e s t r i c t edin e f f e c t to "s ix months a f t e r th e t e rmina t ion o f th e war inwhich th e United Sta tes i s now engaged ... Hos t i l i t i e s hadno t ye t been o f f i c i a l l y terminated when, by th e Act o f 7 August1947 (61 S ta t . 880) , th e rank o f Commandant was permanent lyf ixed as genera l .

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'"

APPENDIX "B"MINIMUM ANNUAL BASE PAY OF MARINE OFFICERS, 1775-1969

1 7 7 ~ 1798 1612 1836 1848 1865 1875 1898 191. 1933 1942 1951 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969GENERAL 11.115 14,400 15,624.0< 16,560.0< 17,089.20 16,046.8019.292.40 21,722.40

LIEUTENANT GENERAL 0.000 11,115 12,759.60 113 ,835.61 ~ , 6 7 7 . 2 0 15,145.20 15,994.80 17,IOO.OC 19,252.80MAJOR GENERAL 8,000 6,800 8,000 11.115 11,559.60113,542.4013,294,80 13,119.6014,486.4C 15,487.20 11,438.40

BRIGADIER GENERAL 5,500 6,000 5,100 6,000 9,234 9,603.36 10,418.40 Il,044.S( 11,397.6012,034.8012,866.40 14,486.40

COLONEL 900 900 1,140 3 ,500 3,500 4,000 2,975 4,000 6,840 7,113.60 7,718.40 8,182.80 8,445.60 8,917.20 9"32.80 10,735.20LIEUTENANT COLONEL 720 720 720 96 0 3,000 3,000 3,500 2,550 3,500 5,472 5,690.88 6,554.80 6,753.60 6,753.60 7,131.60 7,624.80 8,586.00MAJOR 60 0 600 600 600 960(4) 2 , ' 00 2, '00 3,000 2,040 3,000 4 ,617 4 ,801 .68 4,809.20 ',522.40 5,69 .80 6,019.20 6,433.ZC 7,243.20m(5)CAPTAIN '0 0 0 0 6001z) : ~ g ( 2 ) .'0 1,800 f ' ~ g g Z.400 1,700 Z,4OO 3,762 3,912.48 4,244.40 ',133.60 5,29920 ' , ' 94.40 ' ,979.60 6,732.00'.01ST LIEUTENANT 160Ul '6 0 '6 0

4 80 (3 ) 4 80 (3 )60 0 1,!ggl6l 1,500 2,000 1,275 2,000 2,992.56 3,012.32 4,376.80 4,111.20 4,274.40 4,482.00 4,191.60 5,396.4036il 36il I,

20 LIEUTENANT 160(1) '00 '00 30 0 '0 0 340 1,400 1,400 1,700 1,275 1,800 2,565 2,667.60 2,094.40 3,535.20 3,646.80 3,852.00 4,118.40 4,360.80CHIEF WARRANT 3,000 3,841.20 3,994.80 4,334.40 5,227.20 5,392.80 5,69.5.20 6,870.60 6,854.40OFFICER, W-4CHIEF WARRANT 2,400 3,492 3,631.68 3,93Z.00 4,752..00 4,903.20 5,176.80 5,.533.20 6,231.60OFFICER, W_!CHIEF WARRANT 2,100 3,0.55.56 3,177.84 3,448.80 4.158.00 4,291.20 4,532.40 4,845.60 5,457.60OFFICER, W-2WARRANT OFFICER, W-I 1,800 2,531.76 2,633.04 2,858.40 3,466.80 3,578.40 3,780.00 4,039.20 4,546.80Over the years , the mo"y diff.re"t typ .. at ol lotme"" and splclol pay Ihat were aulhorized lor Morine olficerl,luch as foro;l, rolions,IO";IVtty, fli;h1,IIC., would of te" doubl l 01" IVI" tripll thl basic pay o f th lindividual offlClr.I II Thl only difflrlolation bltw'l" li.ut.nonts i" thl ContinlntOI Morin.. was bllw.en ..nior and junior lieutlno"t. in lhl smal l units .( 2) Commond i" ; pOll t and 01110.(3) Commandln; ;uordl or dl lochmlnlt a t 110.( 4) S to fl .(5) Linl .(6) lit Lilutenant and Aidl-dl-Comp.

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Cl'f--'

APPENDIX HC" - TABLE ONETYPICAL BASIC COMPENSATION,NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICERS AND ENLISTED PERSONNEl, 1775-1898

pUARTERMASTE TAILOR FIRST/ FIFER/SERGEANT DRUM MAJOR FIFE MAJOR ORDERLY SERGEANT CORPORAL DRUMMERI PRIVATEMAJOR SERGEANT SERGEANT SERGEANT TRUMPETER

CONTINENTAL MARINES 8.00 7.33 7.33 6.66PER MO PER MO PER MO PER MO

179610.00 10.00PER MO PER MQ

1798 9.00 8.00 7.00 6.00PERMO PER MO PER MO PER MO

1804 20.00PER MO

1832 to.OO 10.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 8.00 7.00 6.00PER MO PER MO PER MO PER MO PER MO PER Me PER MO PER MO

183316.00 16.00 16.00 13.00

PER MO PER MO PER MO PER MO

1 8 6 ~ 348.00 288.00 312.00 240.00 216.00 192.00 192.00PER ANN PER ANN PER ANN PER ANN PER ANN PER ANN PER ANN

tB72 300.00 300.00 300.00 264.00PER ANN PER ANN PER ANN :'ER ANN

1893 276.00 216.00 336.00 300,00 ,PER ANN PER ANN PER ANN PER ANNNoll' These enfries reflecf only outhoriz.ed chonliles in orodes and compensotion os of the dote noted.

In some instances, even though a billet may have been outhorized, there is no evidence of itshovinljl been filled.

APPENDIX" C" - TABLE TWO

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(1\tv

MINIMUM ANNUAL BASIC COMPENSATION,NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICERS AND ENLISTED PERSONNEL, 1899-1969

1899 1908 1911 1922 1940 1942 1946 1955 1958 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969SERGEANT MAJOR 388.00 540.00 540.00 988.00 1,512.00 1,656.00 4,560.00 5,936.40 6,121.20 6,469.20 6,915.60 7,786.BOQUARTERMASTER SERGEANT 388.00 540.00 540.00 98B.00 1,512.00 1,656.00DRUM MAJOR 300.00 540.00 540.00 1,008.10 1,656.00MASTER TECHNICAL SERGEANT 1,512.00 1,656.00PAYMASTER SERGEANT 1,512.00 1,656.00MASTER GUNNERY SERGEANT 1,512.00 1,656.00 5,936.40 6,127.20 6,469.20 6,915.60 1,786.BO

1ST SERGEANT 300.00 540.00 636.00 1,008.10 1,368.00 3,720.00 4,582.40 5,140.80 5,428.80 5,823.20 6,534.00

MASTER SERGEANT ' ,980.00 2 ,4 76 . 68 2 ,4 76 .6 8 4,582.40 5,14080 5,428.80 5,823.20 6,534.00GUNNERY SERGEANT 400,00 400.00 540.00 636.00 1,00e.10 1,368.00 3,132.00 3,232.80 3,412.80 3,646.80 4,107.60SUPPLY SERGEANT 1,008.10 1,368.00TECHNICAL SERGEANT t ,008 .10 1 ,368 .00 1 ,620 .00 2 ,109 .72 2,109.72PLATOON SERGEANT 664.00 1,152.00

STAFF SERGEANT 864.00 1,152.00 1,380.00 1,742.80 1,742.88 2,700 .00 2 ,786 .40 2,941.20 3,142.80 3,538.80SERGEANT/ FIELD MUSIC 216.00 36 0.00 540.00 720.00 936.00 1,200.00 1,467.60 1,467.60 2,329.20 2,404.80 2,538.00 2 ,714 .40 3 ,056 .40CORPORAL/ FIELD MUSIC 190.00 252.00 444.00 640.00 792.00 1,080.00 1,192 .44 1 ,192 .44 1,962.00 2,023.20 2,134.80 2,282.40 2,570.40

LANCE CORPORAL 1,414.80 1,461.60 1,544.40 1,652.40 1,861.20PRIVATE FIRST CLASS/

216.00 420.00 432.00 640.00 960.00 1 ,029 .60 1 ,029 .60 1,170.00 1,206.00 1,274.40 1,360.80 1,533.60F I EL D M US IC F IR ST C LA SSD RU MM ER / F IF E R / TRUMPETER/ 166.00 180.00FIELD MUSICPRIVATE 166.00 180.00 360.00 36 0.0 0 600.00 900.00 936.00 936.00 1 ,054 .80 1 ,087 .20 1,148.40 1 ,227 .60 1 ,383 .40