raja gyroscope

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ENGINEERING DYANAMICS

LABORATORY REPORT

To verify the effect of Gyroscope.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

HEAVY INDUSTRIES TAXILA EDUCATION CITY, UNIVERSITY

This Lab report is made by RAJA ALI RAZA.

Who study under Registration No. 08-Hitec-Me-14.

This lab report is submitted to Sir Imtiaz.

Lab Report submission valid date is ..


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(1) AIM

To verify the effect of gyroscope,

For this purpose it has been required some apparatus, so a list of apparatus is given below which is used.

(1.1) APPARATUS

The apparatus used in the experiment is specially designed for the gyroscope experiment.

It consist of two rotating parts

Frame

Gyroscope

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EngineeringDynamics

17 Jan

2011The main objective to perform this experiment is to acquire much

knowledge about the gyroscopic effect because this science isvery vast used in our aerospace and heavy military industries, thegyroscopic effect is actually the balancement of the momentsapplied on two different directions and see the resultant momenton the other direction in between both of them, this is

accomplished by the principle of right hand rule. This effect is tobe studied and verify in the experiment by using the apparatus in

the engineering dynamics lab. and also to observe the practical &graphical changes occurred in readings as compared to theoretical

formulas.

Gyroscope ,


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The gyroscope is attached with the output of a motor whose output is varied manually by a regulator

button. The instrument is closed with the protective covering. First fig shows the complete instrument

with the operating part while second fig shows the gyroscope.

(2) Theoretical Background

History of Gyroscope

A gyroscope is a device for measuring or maintaining orientation, based on the principles ofconservation

of angular momentum. A mechanical gyroscope is a spinning wheel or disk whose axle is free to take any

orientation. This orientation changes much less in response to a given external torque than it would

without the large angular momentum associated with the gyroscope's high rate of spin. Since externaltorque is minimized by mounting the device in gimbals, its orientation remains nearly fixed, regardless of

any motion of the platform on which it is mounted Within mechanical systems or devices, A conventionalgyroscope is a

mechanism comprising a rotorjoined with a spin about one axis, thejournals of the rotor being mounted in

an innergimbal or ring, the inner gimbal is journalled for oscillation in an outer gimbal which is journalled

in another gimbal. So basically there are three gimbals.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientation_(rigid_body)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_angular_momentumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_angular_momentumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimbalhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rotorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinate_axishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_(mechanics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimbalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foucault's_gyroscope.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientation_(rigid_body)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_angular_momentumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_angular_momentumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimbalhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rotorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinate_axishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_(mechanics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimbal


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The outer gimbal or ring which is the gyroscope frame is mounted so as to pivot about an axis in its own

plane determined by the support. This outer gimbal possesses one degree of rotational freedom and its axis

possesses none. The next inner gimbal is mounted in the gyroscope frame (outer gimbal) so as to pivot

about an axis in its own plane that is always perpendicularto the pivotal axis of the gyroscope frame (outer

gimbal). This inner gimbal has two degrees of rotational freedom. Similarly, next innermost gimbal is

attached to the inner gimbal which has three degrees of rotational freedom and its axis possesses two.

The axle of the spinning wheel defines the spin axis. The rotor is journaled to spin about an axis which is

always perpendicular to the axis of the innermost gimbal. So, the rotor possesses four degrees of rotational

freedom and its axis possesses three. The wheel responds to a force applied about the input axis by a

reaction force about the output axis.

A gyroscope flywheel will roll or resist about the output axis depending upon whether the output gimbals

are of a free- or fixed- configuration. Examples of some free-output-gimbal devices would be the attitude

reference gyroscopes used to sense or measure the pitch, roll and yaw attitude angles in a spacecraft or

aircraft.

The centre of gravity of the rotor can be in a fixed position. The rotor simultaneously spins about one axis

and is capable of oscillating about the two other axes, and thus, except for its inherent resistance due torotor spin, it is free to turn in any direction about the fixed point. Some gyroscopes have mechanical

equivalents substituted for one or more of the elements, e.g., the spinning rotor may be suspended in a

fluid, instead of being pivotally mounted in gimbals. A control moment gyroscope (CMG) is an example

of a fixed-output-gimbal device that is used on spacecraft to hold or maintain a desired attitude angle or

pointing direction using the gyroscopic resistance force.

(3) PROCEDURE DURING THE EXPERIMENTATIONS

(3.1) (Drawings & Instructions)

First of all the gyroscope is attached with the experiment apparatus and then the mass is set to the specificradius as per displayed. Afterwards the frame has given the constant rpm and then the rpm of a gyro is

increased manually. After some increase in gyro rpm the load at certain distance is balanced at certain

pivot point. And the rpm of a gyro is noted.

Similar experiment is performed with different radius and rpm of a frame.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpendicularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimbalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_dynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_dynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_dynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_moment_gyroscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gyroscope_wheel-text.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpendicularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimbalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_dynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_dynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_dynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_moment_gyroscope


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(3.2) Applications of Gyroscopes

Gyroscopes have very vast applications in the world, gyroscopes are used in tanks for exact pointing of the

fire and also in aero planes and jet fighter plains for firing and for turning the direction, they have also very

large applications in atomic and military uses in Pakistan and some other rich countries, so the knowledge

of gyroscope is of great importance.

(4) READINGS & RESULTS

(Tables & graphs)

m = 65.6 g; Jz = 0.0000375 m .kg

Mw=m.g.r

G=

F=

Mk=G.F.J

Radius

(mm)

Moment

Mw

(N.m)

Rotational

speed of

gyro NG

(rpm)

Rotational

speed of

frame NF

(rpm)

G

(rad/s)

F

(rad/s)

Moment

Mk

(N.m)

Deviation

(%)

25 0.016 2788 15.78 291.8 1.65 0.018 11.1

50 0.0321 3170 25.92 331.8 2.71 0.033 2.72

75 0.0482 3350 36.12 350.63 3.78 0.049 1.61

95 0.041 3800 41.05 397.73 4.3 0.064 4.53

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Graph between Ne (X-Axis) and Nf,(Y-Axis)

(5): DISCUSSIONS & CONCLUSIONS OF RESULTS

It is concluded that the application of a gyroscope in mechanical field is very vast and diverse. The

gyroscope resist the moment in any undesirable direction. The reactive forces acting on the gyro, controls

the moment in undesirable direction. The effect of moments applied on different planes can be resolved by

right hand rule,

(5.1) PRECAUTIONS:

Safety

o Dont exceed the predetermined limits of the machine while loading the weights because

the shaft will be deflected by doing this.

o Insert the cap of the machine very carefully before starting the device.

o Do not disturb the apparatus during the running position.o Note down the readings very precisely.

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(6) REFERENCES

o British Standards Institution: BS 1042.

o Group discussion.

o Internet.

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raja gyroscope