27

CHAPTER II

WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS

2 . 1 INTR O D U CT IO N

2 . 2 GE O LO G Y

2 . 3 GE OM OR PH OLO G Y

2 . 4 S IZE A N D S HA PE

2 . 5 GE O H YDR O LO G Y

2 . 6 D IG I TA L T ER R A I N A N A LY SI S O F DU D HG A N GA BA SI N

2 . 6 . 1 R o le o f D EM a nd GIS

2 . 6 . 2 T IN M od e l

2 . 6 . 3 S l ope an d Aspe c t

2 . 6 . 4 Hi l l Sha de

2 . 6 . 5 F l o w d i re c t i on

2 . 7 DR AI N A GE

2 . 8 M OR PH OM ETR IC C HA R A CT ER IST IC S O F D U D HGA N G A

B A SIN

2 . 8 . 1 S t re am Ord e r

2 . 8 . 2 S t re am Num be r

2 . 8 . 3 B i fu rc a t i o n Ra t i o

2 . 8 . 4 S t re am Le n g t h

2 . 8 . 5 Me a n S t r ea m Le n g t h

2 . 8 . 6 D ra i na ge D en s i t y

2 . 8 . 7 Ge om e t r i c C ha ra c te r i s t i c s

2 . 9 C LIM A TE

2 . 10 SO I L

2 . 11 FLO R A A N D FA U N A

2 . 12 D EM O GR A PHIC C H AR AC TE RI STI C S

2 . 13 LA N D U SE PA TTE RN

2 . 14 SU MM AR Y

R EFER ENC ES

28

29

CHAPTER I I

WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS

2 . 1 In troduc t ion :

A s se ss me n t o f w a t e r s he d c h a rac t e r i s t i c s p l a y s a ve ry

v i t a l ro l e i n p ro p e r w a t e r she d m a n a gem e nt . W a t e r s he d ma na ge m e n t

m a y be d e f i ne d a s t he p ro c es s o f f o r m u la t i n g a nd c a r ry i n g o u t a

c o u r se o f a c t i on i n vo l v in g m a n i p u l a t i o n o f na tu ra l , a g r ic u l t u ra l

a n d h um an re s ou rce s o f a wa te rs h ed t o p ro v i d e r e so urc e t h a t a re

de s i re d b y an d su i t a b l e t o t h e wa te rs h ed c o m m uni t y , b u t u n de r t h e

c o nd i t i on t h a t s o i l a n d w a t e r re so u rces a r e n o t a d ve rse l y a f f ec t ed

(R a j o r a , R . , 2 0 0 2) . Fo r p l an n i n g an d su s ta i na b l e de ve lo pm e nt o f

r e s ou rc es , t ak i n g s t o ck o f a va i l ab le r e s ou rce s an d id e n t i f i c a t i on o f

p r ob l e ms i s ve ry m uc h i mp or ta n t on e . I n t h i s ch a p te r , a n a t t e m p t

ha s be en m ad e t o a s se s s t he i m po r t a n t ch a rac t e r i s t i c s o f

D u d h ga n g a wa t e r s he d .

2 . 2 Geo logy :

D u d h ga n g a b as i n i s ba s i ca l l y d o m i na te d b y Ba sa l t

f l ow s be l on g i n g t o Dec c a n t ra p o f l a t e c r e t a ce o u s t o p a l a eo ge ne

pe r i od w h ic h i s ha rd co m p ac t a nd f i ne t o me d i um g ra i n ed . The

w e s te rn p a r t ma i n l y b e lo n gs to Aa s i m pl e f l ow of Pu ran da rga rh

fo rm a t i o n . Pu ra n d a r ga rh f o rma t i o n i s ab ou t 4 00 m t h i c k a n d

c o m p r i se s s i m pl e A a t ype b as a l t f l ow wi t h a f e w co mp o u n d f l o ws .

T he to p o f t h i s f o rma t io n i s m a rke d b y 2 0 to 2 5 m . t h i ck

m e g ac ry s t i c f l ow c o n t a i n i n g l a r ge p l a g io c l a se p he noc ry s t s . T he

ne x t im p o r t a n t g eo lo g i ca l f o rma t i o n i n th i s re g i o n i s La t e r i t e ,

w h i c h o cc u r s o n i so la t ed p l a te a u t o p s a l o n g t he r i d ge l i ne o f t h i s

w a te rs h ed . T h i s l a t e r i t e be l o n gs t o t he C a i n z o i c o f Q ua t e r na ry a ge .

I t s t h i c k ne ss va r i e s be t wee n f ew me t e r s t o a s m uc h a s 3 0 m e t e rs .

I n t he m id d l e pa r t o f th e wa t e rs he d , ma i n l y i n Ra d ha na gr i t a l uka ,

c o n g lo m e ra t e , s an d s t one a n d q ua r t z i t e (Ka l d g i Sup e rgr o u p ) o f

Me so t o N e o p ro te ro zo ic p e r i o d a re o b se r ve d . (Ge o l o g i ca l Su rv e y

o f I n d ia , 1 99 9 )

2 . 3 Geomorphology :

T he r e g i o n e x h ib i t s p ec u l i a r p h ys i o g ra ph i c s e t up

w i t h u nd u la t i n g t e r r a i n th ro u gh o u t t h e re g i on , e xc ep t som e e a s te rn

pa r t .

30

F i gu re 2 .1

31

I n t he we s t , t he b as i n ha s t he Sa h ay a d r i an sc a rp w i t h i t s m a j o r

pe a ks , us ua l l y f l a t t o p p ed a n d in te rv en in g sa d d l e s . T he re s i d ua l

h i l l r an ge s a n d t h e i n t e rm ed ia t e v a l l ey s , a l l we l l de ve l ope d o n a

t a b le l a n d su r f ac e fo r ms t he ma i n ge om o rp h i c e l em e n t o f l an dsc a p e

i n t he re g i o n . M id d l e l e ve l p la t ea u b a s ic a l l y d om i na t e s in t h i s

ba s i n . I n t he m i d d l e p a r t t owa rds e a s t e rn Ra d h a na gr i t a hs i l

de nu da t i on a l p l a t e au o n De cc a n t r ap d o m i n a t e s ( Geo lo g i ca l Su rve y

o f I n d ia , 1 99 9 ) .

2 . 4 S i ze and Shape :

Fo r p ro pe r wa t e r she d m a na ge m en t , t he pa ra m e t e r s l i ke

s ha pe a n d s i ze a re ve ry c ruc ia l . Th e s i ze o f t h e d ra i n a ge ba s in i s

de f i ne d a s t h e a re a o f th e c lo sed cu rve wh i ch i s ob ta i ne d b y

p r o j ec t in g t h e c a tc h m e nt b ou n da ry o n t o a h o r i zo n t a l p l an e . Th e

s i ze o f t h i s wa te rsh e d i s ab ou t 5 2 84 9 he c ta re s . T he y i e ld , r un of f ,

pe a k f l o od d i sch a r ge c a n be e s t i ma t e d b y c o n s i de r i ng t he se

pa ra m e t e r s . A s t he s i ze o f wa t e rs he d i n c r ea se s t h e r uno f f v o l u m e

a n d r a t e s a l so i nc re a se s . H o we v e r , bo t h r a t e an d vo lu me p e r u n i t

o f wa t e r s he d a r e a de c re ase s a s t he a re a i nc re a ses (T i de ma n , 19 99 ) .

E s t i m a t i on o f p e ak run of f i s ne c es sa ry f o r de s i gn i ng e ro s i on

c o n t ro l m ea su res . T he a ve ra ge wi d t h a nd l e n gt h o f t h i s b a s i n i s

1 1 .6 a n d 5 6 . 4 km . r e sp ec t i ve l y . T h i s wa t e r she d i s ha v i n g

e l o n ga t ed a nd n a r ro w s ha pe , w hi c h i s r e s p o n s i b le f o r l on g e r t i m e

o f co nc en t r a t i o n o f wa t e r re su l t i n g in l o w er ru no f f r a t e s .

2 . 5 Geohydro logy:

T he e n t i re ba s i n i s u n de r l a i n b y D e c ca n T ra p b a sa l t i c

l a v a f l ow s o f l a t e C re t ac e ou s t o Pa l a eo ge ne a ge . Dec ca n ba sa l t s

a re h y dro -ge o l o g ic a l l y in ho m o g en e o us roc ks . The m a s s iv e p o r t i on

o f b a sa l t i c f lo w s a r e de vo id o f wa t e r , b u t w he n i t i s w e a th e red ,

f r ac t u re d , j o in te d o r c o n ta i n we a ke r zo ne s , g r o un d wa t e r oc cu rs i n

i t . A l t h o u g h t h e roc ks a r e ge ne ra l l y i n h om o gen e o u s , th e z on e o f

w e a t he r i n g a n d s t r uc tu re s i n t he ba sa l t , s uc h a s s he e t j o i n t s a nd

ve r t i ca l j o i n t s , s e rve a s zo n es o f g r ou n dwa te r f lo w. G ro u n d wa t e r

i n l a v a f lo w s oc cu r s u n de r wa te r t a b l e a nd se m i - c o nf i n ed

c o nd i t i on s . T he b asa l t i c ha rd ro c k h as ve ry p o o r p r i m a ry p o r os i t y .

H o we ve r , t he ba sa l t i c l a va f l o ws de ve l op se c on d a ry p o ro s i t y l i k e

w e a t he r i n g , j o i n t in g , f i s su r i n g a n d f r ac t u r i n g w h i c h m a ke t he

ba sa l t i c r oc ks ca pa b l e o f ho l d i n g a nd t ra n sm i t t i n g g r ou n d wa t e r i . e .

32

F i gu re 2 .2

33

F i gu re 2 .3

34

a q u i f e r . T he g e o l o g i c a l y f o rm ed San ds t o ne s oc c u p y ve r y sm a l l

a re a o f th e re g i o n . T he se roc k s ha ve be e n ex pose d i n no r t h we s te rn

pa r t o f Ra d h an ag r i t ah s i l a n d p ro ve d t o be a p ro m i s i n g

g r o u n d wa t e r p o t en t i a l z on e t o som e ex te n t . Th e w e a th e red

sa nd s t on e a c t s a s g o o d po te n t i a l a qu i f e r . T he l o we r p a r t o f t he

D u d h ga n g a ba s i n i s ve ry m u ch s u i t a b le f o r g ro u n d wa t e r r e s o u rc e

de ve l opm e nt a s co m p are t o t he u p pe r pa r t o f th e b a s i n a s p e r

f i gu re 2 . 2 (Ge o l o g ic a l Su r ve y o f I nd ia , 1 9 9 9 ) .

2 . 6 Di g i ta l Terra in Anal ys i s o f Dudhganga Bas in :

D i g i ta l Te r ra i n a n a l ys i s a l so p l a ys a n i m p o r t an t r o le in

q u an t i t a t i ve l y de sc r i b i n g t h e ch a rac t e r i s t i c s o f l a n d fo rm a n d i t s

s t ruc t u re , w h i ch a re ve ry m uc h im po r t a n t f o r w a te rs h ed

m a n a ge me nt . I t i s a u se fu l a p p ro ac h , a s i t c an h an dl e t he

c o m pl e x i t y o f in d i v i d ua l l a n d sc ap e p ro ce s se s a nd pa t t e rn s a s w e l l

a s so m e o f t he d i f f i c u l t i e s t ha t a r e en co un t e re d i n de l i ne a t i n g t he

a p p ro p r ia t e spa t i a l a n d t e m p o ra l s c a l e s (Ma l a n so n a nd A rm s t r on g ,

1 9 97 ) . Ph y s i o grap h i c pa ra m e t e rs f o r h y d ro l o g i c a l mo de l s a re

u su a l l y de r i ve d man u a l l y , b u t t he se t ec h n i q ue s a re t e d i ou s , c os t l y ,

a n d t i m e c o ns u m i n g . H e re , a n a t t em p t ha s b ee n m ad e t o a p p l y G IS

t ec hn i q ue s i n c o n j u n c t i on wi t h SR TM (Sh u t t l e Ra da r T o p o gra p h i c

M i s s io n ) d a t a f o r t e r ra i n an a l ys i s .

2 .6 .1 Ro le o f DEM and GIS:

T he STR M (9 0 m ) d a t a s e t o f Spa c e S h u t t l e En de a v o r

s a te l l i t e (Ta b l e 1 .2 ) h a s b ee n us e d t o c re a te D i g i ta l E l e v a t i on

M od e l (D EM ) . Th e D E M , a n i m po r ta n t so urce o f i n fo rma t i o n , i s

u su a l l y u sed t o e xp re s s a t o p o g ra ph i c su r f a ce i n t h r e e d im e n s i on s

a n d t o i m i t a te e s se n t i a l n a t u r a l ge o gra p h y . D EM i s v e ry e f f e c t i ve

t oo l f o r t e r ra i n a na l ys i s , m a n y t e r r a i n a t t r i b u t e s ( s uc h a s s lo pe ,

a s pe c t , r e l i e f , wa te rs h ed h i l l sha de a n d f lo w d i re c t i on ) ca n be

de r i ve d , a n d th e se a t t r i b u t e s c a n be d i s p la ye d wi th b o t h i m a ge a n d

a t t r i b u te da t ab a se s , w i t h t he he lp o f ARC GIS 9 . 0 so f t w a re .

T he f o l l o win g me t h o d o l o gy h as be e n u se d t o d e r i ve t he

va r i ou s m a p s f ro m t he s a i d da ta se t , w h i c h a r e use d a s l a ye r s in

G IS d om a i n fo r f u r t he r a na l ys i s .

2 . 6 .2 TIN Mode l :

35

Fi gu re 2 . 4

36

SRTM Data

DIGITAL

ELEVATION

MODEL

Subset/ Geometric

Correction

TIN Model HILL SHADE ASPECT SLOPE FLOW

DIRECTION

A T r ia n g u l a te d I r r e gu l a r Ne t w o rk (T IN ) i s t e r r a in

m ode l t ha t use s a s h ee t o f c o n t i n uo us , c o nn ec t e d t r i an gu la r f a ce t s

ba se d o n De la un a y t r i a n gu la t io n o f i r re gu la r l y spa c ed n o de s w h i ch

a p p ro x i m a te s t he l an d s u r f a c e wi t h a s e r i e s o f no n o ve r l a p p i n g

t r i a n g l e s . A TI N m o d e l o f t he s t u d y re g i o n h as b e e n ge ne ra t ed b y

u s i n g t h e D EM da t a ( F i g u re 1 . 4 ) . I t s ho ws t ha t t o wa rd s so u t h

w e s te rn pa r t t he t e r r a i n i s u nd u l a t i n g a n d h i l l y a s c om pa re t o n o r t h

e as t e rn p a r t wh i c h i s c om p a ra t i ve l y p la i n a n d o p en .

F i g u re 2 .5 : GIS App roa c h

2 .6 .3 S lope and Aspec t :

S l ope a n d a s pe c t a r e t h e b as i c e l e me n t s f o r a n a l yz i n g

a n d v i su a l i z i n g l a n d fo rm c h a rac t e r i s t i c s . The y a re im p o r t a n t in

s t u d i e s o f wa t e r she d u n i t s , l an dsc a pe un i t s , a nd m or p ho m et r i c

m ea s u res (Mo o re e t a l . , 1 9 9 1) . W h en use d wi t h o t he r v a r ia b l e s

s l o pe a n d a sp e c t c an a s s i s t i n r un o f f ca l c u la t i o n , f o re s t i n ve n t o ry

e s t i m a t e s , so i l e ro s i on , wi l d l i f e ha b i t a t s u i t ab i l i t y a nd s i t e

a na l ys i s (Wi l s on a n d Ga l la n t , 20 0 0 ) .

A n a spe c t - s l o p e m a p s i m ul t an eo us l y s ho w s t he a s p ec t

( d i r ec t io n ) a n d d egre e ( s t e e p ne ss ) o f s lo pe fo r a t e r ra in . Asp ec t

c a t e go r ie s a r e s ym b o l i ze d us i n g h ue s (e . g . , r ed , o r a n ge , ye l lo w ,

e tc . ) a nd de gree o f s l o p e c la s se s a re m a p pe d wi t h sa tu r a t i on (o r

b r i l l i a nc e o f c o l o r ) s o t ha t t he s t ee pe r s lo pe s a re b r i g h te r . A sp ec t

i s t h e d i re c t i o n a l m ea s u re o f s l o pe . A t t he n o r t h i t s t a r t s w i t h 0

a n d m o ve s c l o ck wise , a n d e n d s a t t he n o r t h wi t h 3 6 0 . As p ec t i s a

c a t e go r ic a l d a t a wh ic h i s ge ne ra l l y c l a s s i f i e d i n t o f o ur o r e i g h t

d i re c t i o n s .

37

F i gu re 2 .6

38

F i gu re 2 .7

39

F i gu re 2 .8

40

A n a sp ec t ma p ( f i gu re 2 .6 ) o f D u d h ga n g a ba s i n

i nd i c a t e s t ha t m o s t l y t he t e r ra i n i s f ac i n g to wa rd s no r t h d i re c t i on .

T h i s an a l ys i s a l s o i nd ic a te s th a t , t h e we s t e rn s id e i s ha v i n g l e s s

p l a in a r ea a s c om pa re t o ea s t e rn pa r t .

S l ope i s th e ra t e o f c ha n ge o f e le va t i o n a t a su r f ac e

l oc a t i on , m ea s ure d a s a n a n g l e i n d e g re es o r a s a p e r ce n ta ge . S l o pe

a na l ys i s (F i gu re 2 . 8 ) re ve a l s t ha t g r a d i e n t i s h i g he s t i n s ou th

w e s te rn pa r t a n d m i d d l e h i l l y a re as an d l o we s t g r ad ie n t c a n be

o b se r ve d a t t h e lo we r e nd o f D udh ga n ga R i ve r to wa rd s n o r t h

e as t e rn p a r t o f t h e ba s i n .

2 . 6 .4 H i l l Shad ing :

B y u s in g 3 D a na l ys t e x t en s i o n o f A rc G IS 9 . 0 so f t wa re ,

a sha de d r e l i e f ma p ( F i g u re 2 .7 ) o f t he s tu d y re g i o n h as b een

p r e p a re d . I t w o rks a s a m o de l a n d s i m u la t e s ho w t h e t e r r a i n l o ok s

w i t h t he i n t e ra c t i o n be t we e n su n l i gh t a nd su r f a ce f e a t u r e s . A

m ou n ta i n s l ope d i re c t l y f a c i n g t o war ds s un l i gh t wi l l be v e r y b r i g h t

a n d a s l o p e op po s i t e t o t h e l i g h t wi l l be da rk . Th e a na l ys i s r e v ea l s

t ha t t h e s ou t h wes t e rn pa r t o f t he s t u d y r e g i o n i s h i l l y a n d

u n du l a t i n g a s c o m pa re t o no r t h e a s te rn pa r t .

2 . 6 .5 F low D irec t i on :

Fl o w d i re c t i o n m a p o f D u dh ga n ga b a s i n ha s b ee n

p r e p a re d b y us i n g th e D EM da ta se t . W at e r f l o ws i n t h e d i r ec t i o n o f

t he s t e e pe s t d o wn h i l l g r ad ie n t . I n D E M d a t a se t , e v e ry p i x e l i s

p o te n t i a l l y s u r r ou n de d b y e i gh t ne i gh b o r i n g p i x e l s . The s l o pe i n

e ac h o f t he se e i g h t d i re c t i o ns ma y b e ca l cu la t ed b y t a k i n g t he

d i f f e r en ce i n e l e va t i on i n d ic a te d b y t he D EM v a l ue a t e a ch o f

t he se e i gh t ne i g hbo r i n g l o ca t i o ns a nd t h e va l u e a t t he p ix e l b e i n g

e xa mi n e d . T h i s d i f f e re nc e i n e l e va t i on i s t h en d i v id ed b y t he

c en te r - t o -c en te r d i s t a nc e be t wee n t h ese p i x e l s a nd t he d i re c t i on

t ha t y i e l d s th e s t e e pe s t d o wn hi l l s l op e i s th e i n f e r re d d i r e c t i on o f

w a te r f l ow . Th i s b a s i c a l g or i t h m i s r e f e r r e d a s t he D8 me t ho d .

D e te rm i na t i on o f f lo w d i re c t i o n a t e ve ry po i n t t h ro u gh ou t a

w a te rs h ed a l l o ws i n f e r r i n g d ra i na ge a r ea s , f l ow i n g l e n g t hs a nd

de l in ea t in g w a t e rshe d s ( J e ns o n a n d Dom i n gu e , 1 98 8) . The a na l ys i s

r e ve a l s t ha t t he f l ow d i re c t i on i s m os t l y to wa rds e as t e rn s i de .

41

F i gu re 2 . 9

2 . 7 Dra inage:

D u d h ga n g a i s t he m a j o r r i ve r o f t he s t ud y r e g i o n ,

w h i c h f l o w s i n t o t he Kr i sh n a R i ve r . Du dh g an ga wa te rs h ed i s

p r im a r i l y a c a tc hm e nt o f t h e Kr i s hna d ra i na ge s ys t e m . The

d r a i na ge i n t he wa t e rs he d i s ha vi n g de nd r i t i c d ra i na ge p a t t e rn o f

s t re am s . W a ki R i v e r i s a m a j o r t r i bu ta ry o f Du dh g an ga R i v e r . The

e n t i r e wa te r sh e d i s c o m p ose d o f ma n y s u b -w a t e rs he d s w i t h va r y i n g

s i ze s .

D ra i na ge de n s i t y v a r ie s b ase d on l i t h o l o g y a n d

s t ruc t u re . T h i s i s e l on ga te d ba s i n w i t h s i x t h o rde r . Mo s t o f t h e

s t re am s a re p a r a l l e l t o su b p a r a l l e l .

42

F i g u re 2 .1 0

43

2 . 8 Morphome tr ic Charac te r i s t i c s o f Dudhganga Bas in :

M o rp h om e t r i c a na l ys i s i s o f f u nd am e nt a l i m p o r ta nc e

i n p l a nn i n g , d e s i gn , an d m an a g em e nt o f r i v e r . M o rp h o m e t r y i s

t e rme d a s me a s u rem e nt o f t h e s h ap e , o r g e o me t ry o f an y n a t u ra l

f o rm ( S t r ah le r , 1 9 69 ) . Mo rp ho me t r i c t ec hn i q ue s s h o u l d b e a p p l i ed

fo r th e i n t e r p re t a t i o n o f s a l i en t f e a t u r e o f d ra i na ge ba s i n . T he se

t ec hn i q ue s a re o f i m me n se im p o r t an c e t o co r re l a t e m o rp h o m et r i c

e le m e n ts wi t h h yd ro l o g i ca l b e h a v i o r o f t he ba s i n .

The f l u vi a l m o r ph o me t ry i nc l ude s th e a na l ys i s o f t h e

c ha ra c t e r i s t i c s o f l i ne a r , a r ea l , an d re l i e f a s pe c ts o f t he f l u v ia l l y

o r i g i n a t e d d r a i na ge ba s i n . " F lu v i a l m o rp ho me t ry" , a ge ne r i c t e rm

i s use d h e r e to s i g n i f y s tu d i e s w he re t h e f i e l d o f v i s i on i s

na r r owe d t o th e r i ve r i t s e l f .

The s t u d y a re a i s d r a i ne d b y t w o m a in r i ve r s i . e .

D u d h ga n g a a n d W a k i . B o t h r i ve r s mee t a t Asa n ga o an d t he n f l o w

fu r t he r t o j o i n Ve d ga n g a r i ve r . Fo r c o n ve n ie n ce o f me a s u re m e nt

a n d a n a l y s i s , t he w h ol e D u d h ga n ga ba s i n i s su bd i v i d ed i n t o

s i x t ee n m i n o r su b -ba s i ns (F i gu re 2 .1 0 ) . Th es e s a m p le s ub - ba s i n s

a re s e l ec t ed a c co rd i n g t o th e i r t e r ra in c on d i t i o n s . So me s u b -b a s i n s

be l o n g to h i l l y a re a a nd s o me a r e o f p l a i n .

Le f t f l ank o f Dudhganga River = DA1 to DA8 Sub-ba s ins

R igh t f l ank o f Dudhganga River = DB1 to DB8 Sub-ba s ins

2 .8 .1 Stre am Order :

A r i ve r ba s in co ns i s t s o f i t s s e ve ra l b ra nc he s ha v i n g

d i f f e r en t p o s i t i on s i n t h e ba s i n a r e a a n d t he y ha ve t he i r o w n

m o rp ho me t r i c c ha ra c t e r i s t i c s a n d t h er e f o re , i t be come s ne c es sa ry

t o l o ca t e th e re l a t iv e p o s i t i on o f a b r an c h i n th e ba s i n , s o t ha t t h e

h i e ra rc h i ca l o r ga n i za t i o n o f a s t re a m se g me n t i s v i su a l i ze d . T hu s ,

‘ s t re a m o r de r i s de f i ne d a s t he m e a su re o f t h e p o s i t i on o f a s t re a m

i n th e h i e ra rc h y o f t r i bu t a r i e s (Le o p o l d , e t a l . , 19 6 9 ) . Fo r

c a l c u l a t i n g s t r ea m o r de r S t ra h l e r ’ s s c he m e o f s t r ea m orde r i n g h a s

be e n use d .

T h i s wa t e r she d i s l a r ge b as i n wi t h s i x t h o rde r a s t he

h i gh e r o rde r s t re am i nd ic a te s l a r ge r b a s i n a n d l o we r o rde r s t re a m

i nd i c a t e s sma l le r b as i n . DB 1, D B2 , DB 3 a nd D A 2 a r e f i f t h o rd e r

ba s i n . O th e r su b ba s i n s a re o f l o we r o rd e r .

44

F i g u re 2 .1 1

45

2 . 8 .2 S tr eam Number :

S t re am nu m be r m ea n s t h e t o t a l n um be r o f s t re am s i n

t he b as i n . Ho r t on ’s l a w (19 45 ) o f s t r ea m n u m be r s t a t e s t ha t t he

n u m b er o f s t re a m se g me nt s o f s u c ce s s i ve l y l owe r o rde r in a g i ve n

ba s i n t e nd s t o f o rm a ge om e t r i c s e r i e s be gi nn i n g w i t h a s in g l e

s e gm en t o f t he h i ghe s t o rd e r a nd in c r ea se s ac c o rd i n g t o co ns t a n t

b i fu rc a t i on r a t i o .

T he t o t a l n o o f s t re am s in t he D u dh ga n ga ba s in

a cc o u n t s f o r 22 36 , o u t o f t h ose 16 9 3 s t r ea m s a r e o f f i r s t o rd e r .

Se co nd a nd t h i rd o rde r s t re am s a r e 4 1 9 a n d 10 2 re s pe c t i ve l y .

S t re am nu m b e r a n a l ys i s (Ta b l e 2 .1 ) re ve a l s t ha t a s t he s t re a m

o r de r i nc re a ses , n o o f s t re am d ec re a ses . T he re i s ne ga t i ve

c o r r e l a t i o n b e t we en s t re a m o r de r an d s t re a m nu m be r s w h i c h

j us t i f i e s H o r t o n ’s l a w o f s t r ea m ord e r .

Ta b l e 2 .1 : To t a l S t r e a m N u mb e r s o f Du d h ga n g a B as i n

S t r ea m Orde r S t r ea m Num be r s In pe r c e n t

F i r s t 1 6 9 3 7 5 .7 0

Se co nd 4 1 9 1 8 .7 0

T h i rd 1 0 2 4 . 76

Fo u r t h 1 7 0 . 70

F i f t h 4 0 . 10

S i x t h 1 0 . 04

T o t a l 2 2 3 6 1 0 0

S ou rce : C o m p i l ed a n d c o m p ut e d b y re se a r ch e r .

T he s u b -b as i n w i se s t r ea m n um be r ha s a l s o b e en

c a l c u l a t e d whi c h sh o w s sa m e r e su l t s .

Ta b le 2 .2 : Num be r o f t h e S t re a m s o f Su b Ba s i ns f r om Le f t F la nk

o f Du dh ga n ga R i ve r

S u b

B a s i n

S t re a m

O rde r DA

1

DA

2

DA

3

DA

4

DA

5

DA

6

DA

7

DA

8

To

tal

Me

an

Pe

rce

nta

ge

I S t r ea m

o rde r

7 3 1 7 6 1 9 2 7 7 8 2 1 3 3 2 4 4 5 1 5 6 .3 7 4 .6

I I

S t re a m

o rde r

2 4 4 4 7 8 1 6 4 8 3 1 1 4 1 4 .2 1 8 .9

46

I I I

S t re a m

o rde r

4 1 3 2 3 4 1 1 1 2 9 3 .6 4 . 9

I V

S t re a m

o rde r

1 3 1 2 2 - - - 9 1 .8 1 . 5

V

S t re a m

o rde r

- 1 - - - - - - 1 1 0 . 1

T o ta l 1 0 2 2 3 7 2 9 4 0 1 0 0 2 6 4 2 2 8 6 0 4 1 0 0

So u rc e : C om p i l e d an d c om put e d b y r ese a rc he r .

Ta b le 2 .3 : Num be r o f t h e S t re a m s o f Su b Ba s i ns f r om Ri gh t F la n k

o f Du dh ga n ga R i ve r

Su b

Ba s in

S t r ea m

O rde r DB

1

DB

2

DB

3

DB

4

DB

5

DB

6

DB

7

DB

8

To

tal

Me

an

Pe

rce

n

tag

e

I S t r e am

o rd e r

1 6 3 1 2 3 8 9 7 2 2 5 3 5 4 4 4 5 5 9 6

7 4 .5 7 6

I I

S t r ea m

o rd e r

4 4 3 4 2 1 1 8 6 5 9 1 0 1 4 7 1 8 .3 1 8 .9

I I I

S t r ea m

o rd e r

1 0 4 5 5 2 1 1 2 3 0 3 . 7 3 . 8

IV

S t r ea m

o rd e r

2 1 2 1 1 - - 1 8 1 . 3 1

V

S t r ea m

o rd e r

1 1 1 - - - - 3 1 0 . 3

To ta l 2 2 0 1 6 3 1 1 8 9 6 3 4 4 1 5 4 5 8 7 8 4

1 0 0

So u rc e : C om p i l e d an d c om put e d b y r ese a rc he r

2 . 8 .3 B i furca t i on Rat io :

47

T h i s i s a d im e n s i o n l e s s p r op e r t y o f a d r a i na ge ba s in

w h i c h b a s i c a l l y s h o w s t he ra t io o f th e nu m b e r o f s t r ea m s o f a

g i ve n o rde r t o t he n um be r o f s t re a m s o f t h e n ex t h ig he r o rd e r .

B i f u rc a t i o n ra t io i s c a l c u l a t e d b y us i n g t he fo l l ow i n g

e q ua t i o n ,

R b = Nµ / Nµ + 1 ( 4 )

W he re ,

Rb = Bi fu r ca t i o n ra t i o

Nµ = N o . o f s t re a ms o f a g i ve n o rde r .

Nµ + 1 = No . o f s t re a m of th e ne x t h i gh e r o rde r .

B y a p p l y i n g t he ab o ve f o rm u l a fo r t he w h o l e b a s i n a s we l l a s f o r

s ub -ba s i n , b i fu r ca t io n ra t io h a s b ee n c a lc u l a te d .

Ta b le 2 .4 : B i f u r ca t i o n Ra t i o f o r En t i r e D u d h ga n ga Ba s i n

S t re am Ord e r S t re am Num be r s B i f u rc a t i o n Ra t i o

F i r s t 1 6 93 4 . 04

Se co nd 4 1 9 4 . 10

T h i rd 1 0 2 6 . 00

Fo u r t h 1 7 4 . 25

F i f t h 4 4 . 00

S i x t h 1 -

T o t a l 2 2 36 2 2 .3 9

So urce : C om pi l ed a n d c o m p ut e d b y r e se a r ch e r .

Ta b l e 2 .5 : B i f u rc a t i on R a t i o o f Se l ec t ed Sub -Ba s in s ( F ro m Lef t

F l a n k )

Sub B as i n

S t r ea m O rde r DA

1

DA

2

DA

3

DA

4

DA

5

DA

6

DA

7

DA

8

Me

an

I s t r ea m

o rd e r

3 . 04 4 2 . 71 3 .3 7 4 . 87 5 .2 5 4 . 12 8 4 . 42

I I s t re am

o rd e r

6 3 .8 8 3 . 5 2 .6 6 4 4 8 3 4 . 38

I I I s t re a m

o rd e r

4 4 .3 3 2 1 . 5 2 - - - 2 . 76

IV s t r ea m

o rd e r

- 8 - - - - - - 8

V s t re a m

o rd e r

- - - - - - - - -

48

To ta l 1 3 .0 4 2 0 .2 1 8 . 21 7 .5 3 1 0 .8 7

9 .2 5 1 2 .1 2 1 1 -

Mea n 4 . 34 5 .0 5 2 . 73 2 .5 1 3 . 62 4 .6 2 6 . 06 5 . 5 4 . 30

So u rc e : Co mp i l e d a n d c om pu te d b y re sea rc he r .

Ta b l e 2 .6 : B i f u rc a t i on R a t i o o f Se l ec t ed Sub - Ba s i n s ( F ro m Ri gh t

F l a n k )

Su b Ba s in

S t r ea m Orde r DB

1

DB

2

DB

3

DB

4

DB

5

DB

6

DB

7

DB

8

Me

an

I S t re am

o rd e r

3 .7 0 3 .6 1 4 .2 3 4 4 .1 6 7 4 .8 8 4 .5 4 .5 1

I I S t re a m

o rd e r

4 . 4 8 . 5 4 . 2 3 . 6 3 5 9 5 5 .3 3

I I I S t r ea m

o rd e r

5 4 2 . 5 5 2 - - 2 3 .4 1

IV S t re am

o rd e r

2 1 2 - - - - - 1 . 6

V S t r ea m

o rd e r

- - - - - - - - -

To t a l 1 5 .1 1 7 .1 1 1 2 .9 3 1 2 .6 9 .1 6 1 2 1 3 .8 8 1 1 .5 -

Me a n 3 .7 7 4 .2 7 3 .2 3 4 . 2 3 .0 5 6 6 .9 4 3 . 8 3 4 .4 1

So u rc e : Co mp i l e d a n d c om pu te d b y re sea rc he r .

Me a n b i f u rc a t i on r a t i os o f th e ba s i n s o f m o u nt a i n o us

a n d d i s sec t e d re g i o n s a r e s l i gh t l y m o re t h an t h e me a n b i fu rc a t i on

r a t i o o f t he ba s i n s o f th e f l a t an d ro l l i n g su r f a c es ( S i n gh , e t a l . ,

1 9 84 ) . Th i s h o l ds p a r i t y wi t h t h e a b o ve a na l y s i s a s t h e m e an

b i fu rc a t i on ra t i o o f t he b a s i n d e v e l op e d o ve r h i l l y a nd d i s s ec t e d

r e gi on i s q u i t e h i gh th a n o t he r su b ba s i n s o f f l a t s u r f ac e s .

B i f u rc a t i o n ra t i os o f l e f t a nd r i gh t f l a n k o f su b -ba s i n s o f

D u d h ga n g a b a s i n ha s b ee n g i ve n i n Ta b l e n o 2 .5 an d 2 . 6 . Mean

b i fu rc a t i on r a t i o o f l e f t f l a nk (D A1 t o DA 8 ) ra n ge s f ro m 2 . 51 to

6 . 0 6 . T he l o we s t an d h i ghe s t b i f u rc a t i on r a t i o i s ob se rv ed f o r DA 3

a n d DA 7 s ub b as i ns r e sp ec t i v e l y . Me an b i fu r c a t io n ra t io o f r i g h t

f l a n k (D B 1 t o DB 8 ) ra n ges f r om 3 .0 5 t o 6 .9 4 .

2 . 8 .4 S tr eam Length :

49

T he s t r ea m l e n g t h c a lc u l a te d f o r e ac h o rde r re ve a l s t ha t

t he t o t a l s t re a m l e n g t h de c r ea se s f r om t he l o we r o rde r t o

s uc c es s i ve h i ghe r o r de rs . S t re a m l en g t h o f f i r s t o rde r i s 9 0 3 .1 k m .

w h i c h ac c ou n t s h i gh e s t i n t he ba s in . The t o ta l s t re am l en g t h o f t h e

ba s i n a cc o u n t s f o r 1 5 63 .2 km .

Ta bl e 2 .7 : To ta l S t r e a m Le n g t h o f Dud h ga n ga Ba s i n

S t r ea m Or de r S t r ea m Le n g th

( I n km )

I n Pe r ce n t

F i r s t 9 0 3 . 1 5 7 .8

Se co nd 3 5 3 . 8 2 2 .7

Th i r d 1 8 5 . 9 1 1 .9

Fo u r t h 3 5 .8 2 . 3

F i f t h 2 5 .6 1 . 6

S i x t h 5 9 .0 3 . 7

T o t a l 1 5 63 .2 1 0 0

Sou rc e : Co m p i l e d a n d c om pu t e d by r e se a rc he r .

Su b -ba s i n w i se s t re a m le n g t h (Ta b l e 2 . 8 & 2 .9 ) i s a l so

c a l c u l a t e d f o r de ta i l a na l y s i s . I t sh o w s t ha t D A 2 , D B1 a nd DB 2 a re

ha v i n g l a r ge s t s t r ea m l en g t h a s c om pa re t o o t h e r s ub -ba s i n s . D A 3

i s h a v i n g t he s ma l le s t s t re a m l e n g t h wh ic h a cc ou n t s f o r 1 5 . 72 km .

Ta b l e 2 .8 : Du d h ga n ga B as i n : Sub -Ba s i n W i se S t r ea m Le ng t h ( In

k m )

Su b

B a s i n

S t r ea

m

O rde r

DA

1

DA

2

DA

3

DA

4

DA

5

DA

6

DA

7

DA

8

To

tal

In

pe

r c

en

t

I

s t r e am

o r de r

4 2 .8 9

1 1 5 . 4

6 . 2

1 1 .3 1

3 3 .4 2

1 0 .6 4

1 9 .1 1 1 4 .1 0 2 5 3 5 7 .9

I I

s t re am

o r de r

1 2 .6 9

3 4 .5 4

5 . 93

5 . 8

1 5 .7 7

4 . 39

1 0 .3 5 6 . 4 2 9 5 .8 9 2 1 .9

I I I

s t re am

o r de r

6 . 36

1 6 .5 6

2 . 75

1 . 58

8 . 96

2 . 83

1 7 .9 7 6 . 0 9 6 3 .1 1 4 .4

IV

s t re am

o r de r

3 . 64

8 . 27 0 . 84 1 . 94

6 . 36

- - - 2 1 .0 5 4 . 8

50

V

s t re am

o r de r

- 4 . 45 - - - - - - 4 . 4 5 1

T o t a l 6 5 .5 8 1 7 9 . 2

2

1 5 .7 2 2 0 .6 3 6 4 .5 1 1 7 .8 6 4 7 .4 3 2 6 .6 1 4 3 7 . 4

9

1 0 0

So u rc e : Co mp i l e d a n d c om pu te d b y re sea rc he r .

Relation between Stream order and Stream length

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Stream Order

Stream Number

F i g u re 2 .1 2

Ta b l e 2 .9 : Du d h ga n ga B as i n : Sub -Ba s i n W i se S t r ea m Le ng t h ( In

k m )

Su b

Ba s i n

S t r e am

O rd e r DB

1

DB

2

DB

3

DB

4

DB

5

DB

6

DB

7

DB

8

To

tal

%

I

S t r e am

o rd e r

9 8 .5 1

6 7 .3 3

4 1 .8 0

3 2 .9 7

7 . 8 3

1 4 .4 9

2 0 .8 5

2 0 .7 3

3 0 4 . 4 6 2 .9

I I

S t r e am

o rd e r

3 0 .2 6

2 3 .9 9

1 3 .2 7

8 . 79

7 . 3 2

6 . 86

6 . 85

6 . 7 3

9 6 .8 2 0

I I I

S t r e am

o rd e r

9 . 98

1 1 .9 7

5 . 4

5 . 17

2 . 3 2

5 . 99

7 . 09

5

5 2 .8 1 0 .9

51

IV

S t r e am

o rd e r

3 . 85

4 . 17

2 .1 0

4 . 49

1 . 3 9

- -

2 . 0 5

1 8 .0 5 3 . 8

V

S t r e am

o rd e r

8 . 25

-

3 .2 8

- - - - - 1 1 .5 3 2 . 4

T o t a l 1 5 0 .8 1 0 7 . 4 6 5 .8 5 5 1 .4 2 1 8 .8 6 2 7 .3 4 3 4 .7 9 3 4 .5 1 4 8 3 . 5

1 0 0

So u rc e : Co mp i l e d a n d c om pu te d b y re sea rc he r

2 . 8 .5 Mean S tream Leng th :

B y us i n g t h e fo l l o w i n g f o rm ul a , m ea n s t re a m le n g t h

ha s be e n ca l cu la t ed .

Me a n s t r ea m l e n g th = T o t a l S t re am l en g t h / N o . o f s t r e am ( 5 )

Me a n s t re a m le n g th a na l ys i s re ve a l s t ha t t h e a ve ra ge

l e n gt h o f s t r ea m s e gme nt s i nc re a se s p r op o r t io na l l y t o s t re am

o r de r .

Ta b l e 2 .1 0 : D ud h ga n g a B as i n : Me an S t r e a m Le n g t h o f Le f t F l a n k

( In km )

Su b Ba s i n

S t re a m

O r de r

DA

1

DA

2

DA

3

DA

4

DA

5

DA

6

DA

7

DA

8

To

tal

I s t r e a m

o rde r

0 . 59 0 . 65 0 . 33 0 . 42 0 . 43 0 . 51 0 . 58 0 . 59 4 . 1

I I s t r ea m

o rde r

0 . 53 0 . 78 0 . 85 0 . 72 0 . 98 1 . 1 1 . 29 1 . 07 7 . 3

I I I s t re am

o rde r

1 . 59 1 . 27 1 . 37 0 . 53 2 . 24 2 . 83 1 7 .9

7

6 . 09 3 3 .8

I V s t re a m

o rde r

3 . 64 2 . 76 0 . 84 0 . 97 3 . 18 - - - 1 1 .3

V s t re a m

o rde r

- 4 . 45 - - - - - - 4 . 45

T o t a l 6 . 35 9 . 91 3 . 39 2 . 64 6 . 83 4 . 44 1 9 .8

4

7 . 75 5 0 .9 5

So u rc e : Co mp i l e d a n d c om pu te d b y re sea rc he r .

52

Ta b l e 2 .1 1 : D ud h ga n g a B as i n : Me an S t r e a m Le n g t h o f R i gh t F l an k

( In km )

So u rc e : Co mp i l e d a n d c om pu te d b y re sea rc he r .

2 . 8 .6 Dra inage Dens i ty :

D ra i na ge d en s i t y i s an i m p o r ta n t m or ph o m et r i c

i nd i c a t o r w hi c h p r o v i d es f u r t he r i n f o rm a t i o n c onc e rn i n g t he

r e s po nse o f d ra i na ge b as i n t o ru n of f p roc e s se s . I t i s de f i ne d a s t he

r a t i o o f t o t a l nu mb e r o f s t re a ms t o t h e d ra i na ge a re a . I t r ep re se n t s

t he n um be r o f s t r ea m s p e r u n i t a re a ( Ho r t o n , 1 9 3 2 ) . D ra i n a ge

de ns i t y i s a n i m po r t an t f e a tu re o f d ra i n a ge s y s te m f ro m b o t h t he

ge om or p h o l o g i c a l an d h y d ro lo g i ca l v i ew po in t s .

Dd= L K /A K ( 6 )

W he re ,

D d = D ra i n a ge de ns i t y .

LK

= T o t a l l e n g t h o f a l l s t re a m se gm e n t s o f a b a s i n .

AK

= To ta l a re a o f t he ba s in .

To t a l 2 . 12 : Du d h ga n g a B as i n : Su b -Ba s i ns D ra i n a ge De ns i t y o f Le f t

F l a n k

Sub B as i n

S t re a m

O r de r DB

1

DB

2

DB

3

DB

4

DB

5

DB

6

DB

7

DB

8

To

tal

I S t re a m

o rde r

0 . 60 0 . 55 0 . 47 0 . 4 6 0 .3 1 0 .4 1 0 . 47 0 . 46 3 . 73

I I S t r ea m

o rde r

0 . 69 0 . 70 0 . 63 0 . 4 8 1 .2 2 1 .3 7 0 . 76 0 . 67 6 . 52

I I I S t re am

o rde r

0 . 99 2 . 99 1 . 08 1 . 0 3 1 .1 6 5 .9 9 7 . 09 2 . 5 2 2 .8

I V S t re a m

o rde r

1 . 92 4 . 17 1 . 05 4 . 4 9 1 .3 9 - - 2 . 05 1 5 .0

7

V S t re a m

o rde r

8 . 25 - 3 . 28 - - - - - 1 1 .5

3

T o t a l 1 2 .4 8 . 41 6 . 51 6 . 4 6 4 .0 8 7 .7 7 8 . 32 5 . 68 5 9 .6

53

Su b

ba s i n

T o t a l Le n g t h o f S t re a m

( In km )

Ba s i n Are a

( I n s q . km )

D ra i na ge

D e n s i t y

( In k m / sq .

k m )

D A 1 6 5 .5 8 1 9 .0 4 3 . 4 4

D A 2 1 7 9 . 22 5 5 .2 9 3 . 2 4

D A 3 1 5 .7 2 5 . 02 3 . 1 3

D A 4 2 0 .6 3 6 . 66 3 . 0 9

D A 5 6 4 .5 1 2 2 .5 0 2 . 8 7

D A 6 1 7 .8 6 1 0 .2 2 1 . 7 5

D A 7 4 7 .4 3 1 7 .8 4 2 . 6 6

D A 8 2 6 .6 1 1 2 .0 6 2 . 2 1

So u rc e : Co mp i l e d a n d c om pu te d b y re sea rc he r .

T o t a l 2 . 13 D ud h ga n ga Ba s i n : Su b Ba s i ns D ra i na ge D e n s i t y o f

R i g h t F l a n k

Su b -ba s i n T o t a l Le n g th

o f S t re a m ( I n

k m )

Ba s in A re a

( I n s q . km )

D ra i na ge

D e n s i t y ( In

k m / s q . k m )

D B 1 1 5 0 .8 5 4 4 .6 6 3 .3 8

D B 2 1 0 7 .4 6 3 1 .2 9 3 .4 3

D B 3 6 5 .8 5 2 0 .5 4 3 .2 0

D B 4 5 1 .4 2 1 3 .7 4 3 .7 4

D B 5 1 8 .8 6 8 . 35 2 .2 6

D B 6 2 7 .3 4 9 . 84 2 .7 8

D B 7 3 4 .7 9 1 3 .2 3 2 .6 2

D B 8 3 4 .5 1 1 3 .1 2 2 .6 3

So u rc e : Co mp i l e d a n d c om pu te d b y re sea rc he r .

54

T he a na l y s i s re ve a l s t ha t DB4 su b- ba s in i s ha v i n g

h i gh es t d ra i na ge de n s i t y a n d D A 6 i s l o w es t . Th e s pa t i a l va r i a t i o n

i n d ra i n a ge de ns i t y ha s b ee n re la t e d t o p r e c i p i t a t i o n e f f ec t i v en e s s

(Me l to n , 1 95 7 ) pe rm ea b i l i t y o f t e r ra i n (Ca r l s to n , 1 96 3 ) , r a i n f a l l

i n t en s i t y (C h or l ey , e t a l . , 1 96 2 ; Me l t on , 19 5 7 ) s t r uc tu re ,

pa r t i cu la r l y ro c k t yp e , r e l a t i ve ea se i n in f i l t r a t i o n o f p re c i p i t a t i o n

i n t o g ro un d su r f a ce a nd ve ge t a l c ov e r (S i n g h a nd Shr i va s t a va ,

1 9 74 ) .

T he su b -ba s in w ise d r a i na ge de ns i t y r a n ges be t we e n

1 . 7 5 t o 3 .7 4 k m / s q . k m . The su b -ba s in ha v i n g l o w d ra i na ge de n s i t y

i s h i gh l y r e s i s t a n t o r h i gh l y p e r m eab l e su b s o i l m a te r i a l u nd e r

de nse ve ge t a t i o n c o ve r a n d l ow re l i e f . H i g h d r a i na ge de n s i t y i s t h e

i nd i c a t i o n o f we ak i m pe rm e a b le ro ck , s p a r se v e ge t a t i o n a n d h i gh

r e l i e f . D B1 , D B2 , D B 3 , DB 4 , D A1 , D A 2 , DA 3 a n d DA 4 s u b -b a s i n s

a re ha vi n g q u i t e h i gh e r d ra i na ge de ns i t y ( a b o ve 3 k m / sq . k m) . A

h i gh e r d ra in a g e de n s i t y re p re se n t s a r e la t i v e l y h i gh e r n u m be r of

s t re am s p e r un i t a r ea a nd th us a ra p i d s t o rm r e sp on se . I t a l s o

r e p rese n t s c o n d i t i o n s f a vo ra b l e fo r h i gh e r e ros i on f ro m t h e

c a t c h m en t . In th i s w a t e rs he d , o n l y D A 6 a nd D A8 a r e ha v i n g q u i t e

l o w dra i na ge de ns i ty a s c o m pa re t o o t he rs .

2 . 8 .7 Geometr i c Charac te r i s t i c s :

T he ge om e t r y o f ba s i n sha pe i s o f pa ra m o u nt

s i gn i f i c an ce a s i t h e l ps i n t he de sc r ip t i on a n d c om pa r i s on o f

d i f f e r en t f o r ms o f t h e d r a i na ge b a s i n s a n d i t i s a l s o re l a te d t o t he

fu nc t i on in g o f t he u n i t s o f th e b as i ns a nd i t s g en e s i s (S i n gh ,

1 9 98 ) . For wa t e rsh e d ma n a g em e n t i t i s v e r y m uc h ne ce s sa ry to

c a l c u l a t e f o l l o wi n g g e o me t r i c c h a rac t e r i s t i c s a s i t h e l p s u s i n s i t e

s e le c t i o n f o r s u r f ac e ra i n wa te r ha rve s t in g a nd ru nof f c a lc u l a t i on .

T o ca l c u la t e t he sh a p es o f t he su b -ba s in s , Ho r t on ’ s (1 9 3 2) f o rm

f a c to r ha s be en a p p l i e d .

F= A / L 2 ( 7 )

W he re ,

F = Fo rm f a c t o r i nd ic a t i n g e l on ga t i on o f t he

ba s in s ha pe

A = Ba s i n a re a

L= B as i n l en g t h

55

Ta b le 2 .1 4 Du dh g an ga Ba s i n : Su b-B as i n W i se Ge o m e t ry

S u b

B a s i n

B a s i n

O r d e r

Σ L T o t a l

S t r e a m

L e n g t h

( k m )

T o t a l

B a s i n

A r e a

( s q . k m )

L e n g t h

o f T h e

B a s i n

( I n k m )

F o r m

F a c t o r

W i d t h

o f t h e

B a s i n

( I n

k m )

P e r i m e

t e r o f

t h e

B a s i n

( k m )

D A 1 F o u r t h 6 5 . 5 8 1 9 . 0 4 7 . 2 2 0 . 3 6 2 . 9 4 2 0 . 5 5

D A 2 F i f t h 1 7 9 . 2 2 5 5 . 0 9 1 0 . 0 9 0 . 5 4 5 . 7 3 3 0 . 8 1

D A 3 F o u r t h 1 5 . 7 2 5 . 0 2 2 . 9 3 0 . 5 8 2 . 7 4 9 . 0 8

D A 4 F o u r t h 2 0 . 6 3 6 . 6 6 4 . 4 0 0 . 3 4 2 . 6 4 1 0 . 9 1

D A 5 F o u r t h 6 4 . 5 1 2 2 . 5 0 6 . 2 4 0 . 5 7 6 . 3 9 2 0 . 4 9

D A 6 T h i r d 1 7 . 8 6 1 0 . 2 2 4 . 7 2 0 . 4 5 3 . 3 9 1 3 . 3 4

D A 7 T h i r d 4 7 . 4 3 1 7 . 8 4 8 . 0 4 0 . 2 7 3 . 9 8 2 0 . 8 3

D A 8 T h i r d 2 6 . 6 1 1 2 . 0 6 7 . 1 6 0 . 2 3 3 . 2 9 1 7 . 9 0

D B 1 F i f t h 1 5 0 . 8 5 4 4 . 6 6 1 0 . 9 7 0 . 3 7 4 . 4 6 3 0 . 5 5

D B 2 F o u r t h 1 0 7 . 4 6 3 1 . 2 9 9 . 7 9 0 . 3 2 3 . 9 1 2 4 . 8 6

D B 3 F i f t h 6 5 . 8 5 2 0 . 5 4 6 . 4 9 0 . 4 8 5 . 7 6 1 8 . 6 1

D B 4 F o u r t h 5 1 . 4 2 1 3 . 7 4 5 . 4 8 0 . 4 5 3 . 8 2 1 5 . 0 3

D B 5 F o u r t h 1 8 . 8 6 8 . 3 5 4 . 5 2 0 . 4 0 2 . 5 8 1 2 . 2 3

D B 6 T h i r d 2 7 . 3 4 9 . 8 4 6 . 0 1 0 . 2 7 3 . 0 9 1 5 . 5 9

D B 7 T h i r d 3 4 . 7 9 1 3 . 2 3 6 . 1 2 0 . 3 5 3 . 4 3 1 6 . 5 6

D B 8 F o u r t h 3 4 . 5 1 1 3 . 1 2 4 . 7 7 0 . 5 7 4 . 9 1 5 . 8 7

So u rc e : Co mp i l e d a n d c om pu te d b y re sea rc he r .

T he va l ue o f f o rm f a c t o r va r i e s f r om 0 (h i gh l y

e l o n ga t ed ) t o 1 (pe r f e c t c i r c u l a r ) . He re , t he an a l ys i s re ve a l s t ha t

t he va l u e r an ge s f rom 0 . 2 3 t o 0 . 58 , wh ic h i nd ic a te s e l o n ga t ed

s ha pe o f a l l s ub -ba s i n s . A h i ghe r e lo n ga t io n ra t io i n d uc e s l e s se r

e ro s i o n . He nc e , DB 6 , DA 7 a nd DA 8 s ub - ba s i n s a re l e s s v u l ne ra b l e

t o so i l e ro s i o n .

56

Monthly Average Rainfall in

Dudhganga Basin

0

500

1000

1500

2000

Jan

Feb

Ma

r Apl

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Months

Rainfall (In mm)

Radhanagri Bhudargadh Kagal Karveer

2 . 9 Cl imate :

D u d h ga n g a b as i n i s ch a rac t e r i ze d b y s u b - t ro p i ca l

m on so on t y pe o f c l i ma t e . T he wi n t e r s e aso n i s f r om N ov e m be r t o

a b ou t t he m i d d l e o f Fe b rua ry fo l l o w ed b y su m m e r seas o n w h i ch

l a s t u p t o Ma y . Ju n e t o Se p t e m b er i s t he so u t h -we s t m on so o n

se a so n , wh e rea s O c t o be r an d N o ve m be r c on s t i t u t e t h e p o s t -

m on so on sea s on . Th e m e an m i n im um t em p era t u r e i s 1 4 ° C a n d

m ea n m a xi mu m t em pe ra t u re i s 3 6 ° C . T he a v e ra g e r a i n f a l l a na l y s i s

(Ta b l e 2 .1 5 ) r e v ea l s t ha t t he n o rm a l a n n u a l ra in f a l l o ve r t he re g i on

va r i e s f ro m 94 6 mm t o a bo u t 3 7 7 3 mm . In t he n or t h e as t e rn pa r t o f

t he ba s i n a ro un d Ka ga l , i t i s m in im u m a nd i n c r ea se s to wa rd s t he

s ou th we s t e rn pa r t a n d re a c he s m a x i m u m a ro u nd Ra d ha na g r i .

F i g u re 2 .1 3

Ta b le 2 .1 5 M ea n Mo n t h l y Ra i n f a l l Da ta

M e a n M o n t h l y R a i n f a l l D a t a ( I n m m )

( 1 9 9 1 - 2 0 0 8 )

S t a t i o n s

Ja

n

Fe

b

Ma

r

Ap

r

Ma

y

Ju

n

Ju

l

Au

g

Se

p

Oc

t

No

v

De

c

A n n u a l

R a i n f a l l

R a d h a n a g r i 1 . 1 0 . 9 5 . 7 1 9 . 7 6 0 . 7 5 5 7 . 5 1 6 3 5 . 3 1 0 2 9 . 9 2 7 8 . 9 1 3 1 . 8 4 2 . 1 1 0

3 7 7 3 . 6

57

K a r v e e r 3 . 1 0 . 4 5 . 7 2 6 . 1 5 5 1 3 8 . 1 3 5 9 . 9 1 9 2 . 6 1 0 6 . 3 1 0 8 . 1 4 0 . 9 7 . 2

1 0 4 3 . 4

K a g a l 0 . 1 2 . 5 6 . 9 3 7 . 1 8 0 . 5 1 0 1 . 8 2 6 7 . 4 1 7 2 . 7 1 0 7 . 7 1 1 4 . 3 4 0 . 8 1 4 . 8

9 4 6 . 7

B h u d a r g a d h 2 0 . 6 5 . 3 3 2 4 9 . 7 2 4 1 . 1 6 4 4 . 2 3 3 1 . 8 1 2 6 . 6 1 2 0 . 6 3 5 8 . 9

1 5 9 7 . 8

A v e r a g e 1 . 5 1 . 1 5 . 9 2 8 . 7 6 1 . 4 2 5 9 . 6 7 2 6 . 7 4 3 1 . 7 1 5 4 . 8 1 1 8 . 7 3 9 . 7 1 0 . 2

1 8 4 0 . 3

So u rc e : De pa r t me n t o f A g r i cu l t u r e , Go v t . o f Mah a rash t r a , Pun e .

2 . 10 So i l :

So i l i s d e f in e d a s u p p e r l a ye r o f t he ea r t h c o m p ose d o f

l oo se m a t e r i a l . I t i s t h e e nd p ro d uc t o f c o n t i nu i n g i n t e ra c t i o n

be t wee n t h e p a r en t m a te r i a l , l oc a l c l i m a te , p l a n t a n d an i m a l

o r ga n i sm s a nd e le va t i o n o f l a n d . I t i s an i mp o r t a n t s e gm e n t o f o ur

e co s ys t em , a s i t s e r ve s a s a n a nc ho ra ge fo r p l an t a nd s ou rc e o f

n u t r i e n t s . Th us so i l i s th e fu nda m en ta l r aw m a te r i a l f o r p l a n t

g r o w t h . The k n o wle d ge o f s o i l r e sou rc e s i s e s se n t i a l f o r p ro p e r

w a te rs h ed d e ve l o pm e n t a nd p l a n n i n g . T he s o i l s o f t he s tu d y r e gi on

a re b ro ad l y d i v i d ed in to t h r ee t ype s .

T he b l ac k c o t to n so i l i s m a i n l y f o u nd a l o n g t h e r i ve r

ba nk s a n d sm a l l s t re am s in t he b a s i n . I t i s f o r me d b y

d i s i n t e g ra t i o n o f v o l ca n i c ba sa l t i c l av a . I t i s g e ne ra l l y c la y d e ep

a n d ha s l ow p e rm ea b i l i t y a nd i mp re gn a b le . I t i s ve r y t h i c k i n lo w

l a n d a n d t h i n i n h i gh l a n ds . A no t he r i m po r t a n t so i l t ype o f t h i s

r e gi on i s r e d s o i l . T h i s so i l t yp e ba s ic a l l y en c i rc l e s b l a c k s o i l .

I r o n c o m p ou nd s a re a bu nda n t m a k i n g t h i s so i l r e d d i sh in c o l o r b u t

i t i s de f i c i e n t i n o rga n i c m a t t e r . T h i s s o i l i s ge ne ra l l y l e s s f e r t i l e

b u t s u i t a b le f o r r i ce , m i l l e t , ma i ze an d f ru i t . T he l a te r i t e so i l s a re

c o m m o nl y f ou nd i n a re a s o f h i g h a l t i t u d e a n d he a v y r a i n f a l l a l o n g

t he r i d ge l i ne o f D u dh ga n ga wa te r sh e d . T he pe bb l y c ru s t i s a

i mp or t a n t f e a t u re a l a t e r i t e so i l . A s a r e su l t o f we a t h e r in g l a t e r i t e

be c om e e x t re m e l y h a r d .

A na l ys i s o f de p t h an d t e x t u re o f so i l r e so u rc e s i s ve ry

m uc h c ruc ia l f o r l a n d c a pa b i l i t y a n a l ys i s a n d f u r t he r su g ge s t i n g

t re a t m e n t m ea s u res w i th in a wa t e rs he d . So i l de p t h (F i gu re 2 .1 5 )

va r i e s w i d e l y wi t h in Du dh ga n ga ba s i n .

58

F i g u re 2 .1 4

59

Fi g u re 2 .1 5

60

T o wa rd s t he n o r th e a s te rn pa r t a n d a l o n g th e r i ve r s i de ,

s o i l de p t h i s de e p a s c o m p a re to so u th we s te rn p a r t o f Ra dha n a g r i

t a h s i l w h i c h i s sh a l l o w o ne . I t m i gh t be a re s u l t o f u n d u l a t i n g a n d

a r u gg ed t o p o gra p hy . M od e ra t e s o i l d ep th h as be e n o bse rv e d a lo n g

t he p ie d m o n t p la te a u an d p l a i n a re a s o f D u dh ga n ga w a t e rs he d

w h i c h i s l y i n g i n be twe e n sha l lo w a n d d e ep . Th e t e x t u r e a na l y s i s

(F i gu re 2 . 14 ) re ve a l s t h a t ba s i ca l ly f i ne an d m e di um te x t u r e

d o m i na t e s t h e s t ud y r e g io n . T he so u t h wes t e rn h i l l y a re a o f

Ra dh an a g r i t a hs i l i s o f m e d iu m t e x t u re an d m i d d l e a s we l l a s n o r t h

e as t e rn p la i n a r ea s o f Ka ga l t a h s i l a re o f m e d i u m te x t u r e .

2 . 11 Fl ora and Fauna:

N a tu ra l v e g e ta t i o n p l a ys a ke y r o l e i n su s ta i na b l e

w a te rs h ed d e ve l op m e n t . Ra te o f e ros i on , ru no f f , a va i l ab i l i t y a nd

q u a l i t y o f s u r f ac e a n d g ro u nd wa t e r i s go v e rne d b y t he a m ou n t a nd

q u a l i t y o f na t u ra l ve ge t a t i on . So u t h w e s t e rn p a r t o f Ra dh an a g r i

t a h s i l , ba s i ca l l y be l o n gs t o s u b t r op ic a l a n d de c i du ou s t y pe of

de nse fo re s t . Te m b h urn i , Pa l a s , Pa nga ra , Am b a , Hi rd a , Anj a n i ,

A i n i , R i t ha , Tea k , Ph a na s , A p t a , Su ra n g i , R a t a mb a , Nan a , Sh i s um ,

Ku m b h i a n d Um b er a re th e do m in a n t s pe c ie s o f t h i s re g i o n . The

Sc ru b s l i ke Ka r wad , R u i , Ka rv i a r e m os t c o mm on he re . To wa rd s

t he n o r t h e a s te rn s id e o f t h e b as i n , f o re s t a re as a re ge ne ra l l y

a b se n t .

T he w i ld l i f e i s m a i n l y c onf i n ed t o t he h i l l y re g i on o f

t he Sa h y ad r i s a n d i t s f o o t h i l l s i n R ad ha na gr i t a h s i l . T he fo re s t o f

t h i s w a te r sh e d i s a p a r t o f Da j i pu r B is o n Sa nc t ua ry . The f o re s t i s

a l so f a m o us fo r An t e lo pe s , De e r , Be a r s , Se rpe n t s & Pa n t he r . A

va r i e t y o f b i rd s l ik e G ree n P i ge o ns , G re y Pa r t r i d ge an d Pea f o w l

a re a l so o b se r ve d .

2 . 12 Demograph ic Charac te r i s t i c s :

T he de m o gra p h i c c ha ra c t e r i s t i c s a r e o f p r i m e

i mp or t a nc e f o r w a te rs h e d d e ve l o p me n t . I t s a na l ys i s s ho u l d b e

c a r r i ed o u t be fo re a n y o t h e r a c t i v i t i e s a r e u nde r t a ke n . I t i s ve ry

m uc h im po r t a n t t o p la n t h e wa te r sh ed d e v e l o p me nt b y a s ses s i n g

t he c ha ra c te r i s t i c s a n d p ro b l em s o f p op u l a t i o n . Th i s i n su re s

pe op le ’ s p a r t i c i p a t i o n a n d r e s u l t s i n u l t im a te suc c es s o f t h e

p r o j ec t .

T he t o ta l p op u la t io n o f D u d h ga n ga wa t e rs he d a c c o rd i n g

t o 2 0 01 c e ns us i s 1 6 28 8 9 b e l on g i n g t o 3 25 0 3 h ou seh o l ds o f w hi ch

61

8 4 24 7 i s ma l e p op u l a t io n a n d 78 6 40 i s f e m a le p o p u la t i o n . The

o v e ra l l l i t e ra c y o f t h e ba s i n i s 6 0 %. T he sex r a t i o i s

u n sa t i s f a c t o r y a s i t ac c ou n ts f o r 9 2 8 .

Ta b l e 2 .1 6 : Tah s i l Wi se Dem o g ra p h ic D e t a i l s

Ta hs i l To t a l

Po p u l a t i on

N o of

H o use ho l ds

Ma l e

Po p u l a t i on

Fem a l e

P o p u la t i o

n

Li t e r ac

y i n %

Se x

R a t i o

Ra dh an

a gr i 7 9 92 5 1 6 10 3 4 0 98 5 3 8 93 8 5 6

9 5 0

Ka g a l 4 2 6 3 8 8 5 8 5 2 2 1 3 7 2 0 5 0 1 6 1

9 2 6

Ka rve e r 4 0 3 2 6 7 8 1 5 2 1 1 2 5 1 9 2 0 1 6 3

9 0 8

T o t a l 1 6 28 89 3 2 5 0 3 8 4 2 4 7 7 8 6 4 0 6 0

9 2 8

So u rc e : D i s t r i c t C en su s Ha n db oo k , K ol ha p ur , 2 00 1 .

2 . 13 Land Use Pat t ern :

Kn o w le d g e o f p re se n t l a n d u se p a t t e rn wi t h i n a

w a te rs h ed i s m u s t f o r f u r t he r i n te g ra t e d wa t e r she d de ve l o pm e n t .

Ma n e n v i ro n m en ta l re la t io ns h i p i s ba s ic a l l y de p i c t ed t h r ou g h t h i s .

O u t o f t he t o t a l l an d o f t h e ba s i n , th e l a n d un d e r f o re s t

c o ve r i s 7 9 79 sq . k m (1 8 % ) . T he p ro p o r t i o n o f un - i r r i ga te d l a nd

t o i r r i ga t e d l a nd i s q u i t e l a r ge o n e , a s i t a c co un t s f o r 50 %. To ta l

a re a u nd e r p l ou g h c o m e s t o a b o u t 6 3 p e r c e n t . Fo r l a n d u se / l a nd

c o ve r a na l ys i s pu rp o se sa t e l l i t e da ta h a s be e n use d . H e re , t h i s

i n fo rm a t i o n i s g i ve n t o t a ke no te o f s e c o nd a r y i n fo rm a t i on .

Ta b l e 2 .1 7 : D ud h ga n ga Ba s i n : La n d U se Pa t t e rn

A rea u n de r

C u l t i va t i o n

Ta

hs

il N

am

e

To

tal

Are

a

(In

ha

)

Fo

res

t

(In

ha

)

In

%

Irrig

ate

d

(In

ha

)

In

%

Un

irrig

ate

d

(In

ha

)

In

%

Cu

ltu

ra

ble

Wa

ste

(In

ha

)

In

%

Are

a n

ot

Av

ail

ab

le f

or

Cu

ltiv

ati

on

In

%

62

R a d

h a n a

g r i

2 6 09 1 7 9 60 3 0 2 3 0 4 9 9 4 0 8 3 6 2 2 37 9 4 1 8 2 1 6

Ka g

a l 8 9 17 1 0 0 .1 1 9 7 2 2 2 6 1 8 6 6 9 1 7 6 2 5 7 3

6

Ka rv

e e r 9 1 30 n i l 0 1 5 0 1 1 6 6 7 4 0 7 3 2 2 6 2 6 6 3

7

T o t a

l 4 4 13 8

* 7 9 70 1 8 5 7 7 7 1 3 2 2 3 3 4 5 0 2 6 39 6 5 4 1 8

1 2

* A rea un de r wa t e r b od y a nd so m e p a r t s o f f o r e s t h as n o t

m e n t i on e d .

So u rc e : D i s t r i c t C en su s Ha n db oo k , K ol ha p ur , 2 00 1 .

2 . 14 Summary :

D u d h ga n g a b as i n i s ba s ic a l l y d om in a t e d b y B a sa l t

f l ow s be l o n g i n g to D ec c an t ra p o f l a t e c r e t a ce o u s t o pa l ae o g e ne

pe r i od w hi c h i s h a rd co mp ac t a nd f i ne t o m e d i um g ra i n ed . Th e

w e s te rn p a r t m a i n l y b e lo n gs t o Aa sa m p le f l o w of Pu ra n d a r ga rh

fo rm a t i o n . Ge o m or p ho lo g i ca l l y , m i dd le l e ve l p l a te a u ba s i ca l l y

d o m i na t e s t he s tu dy r e g io n . I n t he m i d d le pa r t t o w a rd s ea s t e r n s i d e

o f R a d ha na gr i t a h s i l de n u da t i on a l p la t ea u on De cc a n t rap

d o m i na t e s . Th i s ba s i n i s ha v i n g na r ro w an d e lo n ga t e d sha pe . Th e

l o we r pa r t o f th e D u d h ga n ga ba s i n i s ve ry m uc h su i t ab le f o r

g r o u n d wa te r re s ou rc e d e ve l o p me n t a s c o m p a re t o th e u ppe r pa r t o f

t he ba s i n . Th e Du d h ga n ga wa t e r she d i s p re do mi na t ed b y h i l l y ,

m ou n ta i no u s a n d p l a t e a u a r ea s , wh ic h r e s u l t s i n s e ve re d i s se c t i o n

b y s t r ea m s . S l op e a na l ys i s r e vea l s t ha t g ra d i e n t i s s t ee p t o wa rd s

s ou th we s t e r n pa r t an d mi dd le h i l l y a re as a n d ge n t l e g r ad i e n t i s

o b se r ve d a l on g t h e Du d h ga n g a R i ve r t o wa rds e as t e r n pa r t . P l a in

s u r f a ce i s ve ry l i m i t ed a n d b as i c a l l y c o nf i ne d t o wa rd s t he no r t h

e as t e rn p a r t a nd a l o n g th e r i ve r b an ks . D ud h ga ng a ba s i n i s

c ha ra c t e r i ze d b y sub - t r op i c a l m o ns o o n t ype o f c l i m a te . Th i s re g i o n

i s ha vi n g g r e a t b i o d i ve rs i t y , t he ve ge t a t i on i s o f su b - t ro p i ca l

e ve rg ree n a n d de c i d u o u s t ype . The m a j o r so i l s o bse rved i n t h e

ba s i n a re l a t e r i t e , r e d a n d b la c k c o t to n s o i l s . Mo rp h o m et r i c

a na l ys i s re ve a l s t ha t t h i s b as i n i s i n ma t u re s t a ge w i t h s i x t h o rd e r .

T he me a n b i f u rc a t i o n r a t i o o f t h e b a s i n d e v e l o p ed ove r h i l l y a n d

d i s se c t e d re g i on i s q u i t e h i gh t ha n o t he r s ub b as i n s . Me a n

b i fu rc a t i on r a t io o f Du d h g an ga w a t e r s he d a cc ou n t s f o r 4 .4 7 . Th e

s ub ba s i n wi se d r a i n a ge d e n s i t y r a n ge s be twe e n 1 . 7 5 t o 3 .7 4 km /

s q . k m . Onl y D A 6 a n d DA 8 a r e ha v i ng q u i t e lo w d ra i na g e d e n s i t y

63

a s c o m pa re t o o t he r s . F o rm f ac t o r a na l y s i s re ve a l s t h a t a l l th e s ub

ba s i ns a re ha vi n g e lo n ga t ed s ha pe . B y t ak i n g s t oc k o f t he se

r e s ou rc e c ha ra c te r i s t i c s , p ro pe r w a t e r s he d de ve l op me nt i s

p o s s i b le .

64

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