1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1 . 1 I NTR O D UCT ION

1 . 2 IM POR T AN CE O F TH E ST U D Y

1 . 3 OB J EC T IV E S

1 . 4 STU D Y RE G ION

1 . 5 LIM I TA TI O N S

1 . 6 M E TH O D O LO G Y

1 . 6 .1 D a t a ba se

1 . 6 .2 S of t wa re s Us ed

1 . 6 .3 Me t h o d s Ap p l i e d

1 . 6 .4 H ypo th es i s

1 . 7 R EVI EW O F LIT ER A TU RE

1 . 8 C H A PT ER SC HE M E

R E FERE NC E S

2

3

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1 . 1 In troduc t ion :

La n d , w a t e r , f l o ra a nd f au na a re t h e ba s i c na t u ra l

r e s ou rc es w hi c h a r e su b j e c te d t o va r i o u s p r oc e s se s l ea d i n g t o t h e i r

de gr ad a t i o n pa r t i c u l a r l y i n r a i n f ed a re as . W i th t he i n c r e as i n g

p r e s s u re o f po pu l a t i on , h ow e v er , de f o r es t a t i o n , in d i sc r im i na t e u se

o f f e r t i l i ze r s , e xp l o i t a t i o n o f g ro un d a n d s u r f ac e wa te r r e s o u rc e s ,

e xc e s s i ve g r az i n g a n d d e g ra da t i o n o f l an d be c am e a re gu l a r

p h en om e n o n . The e xc e s s i v e e x p l o i t a t io n o f na t u ra l r e so u rc e s

a d ve rse l y a f f ec t s t he a va i l a b i l i t y a n d q ua l i t y o f t he se r e so u rc e s

a n d c a use s e r io us t h re a t t o t he ex i s t i n g e c o -s y s te m. Th u s na t u ra l

r e s ou rc es a r e g e t t in g d e g ra de d , po s i n g a s e r i o u s ec o l o g ic a l

p r ob l e m. He nc e , i t i s ne c es sa ry t o d e ve l o p s t ra t e g ie s f o r

c o nse rva t i o n a nd i m p ro ve m en t o f t h ese re so u rc es .

Wa t e r i s a s im p o r t a n t f o r s u r v i va l o f h um a n b e i n g a s

m uc h a s f o o d , a i r e t c , b u t ha rd l y an y a t t e n t io n i s pa i d fo r i t s

e co no m i c a l u se a n d c o n se rva t io n o f t h i s p re c io us r e so urc e . D ue t o

i nd i sc r i m i na t e p u m p i n g o f g ro u n d wa t e r , th e wa t e r t a b l e i s g o i n g

d o wn a bn o rm a l l y a n d i f t he p ro b l e m i s no t g i ve n a se r io us l oo k ,

t he n t h e f u t u re ge ne ra t i o n s m a y h a ve t o f a c e s e ve re c r i s i s o f wa t e r .

W at e r i n i t s t o ta l i t y i s n o t a s ca rc e r e so u rce , b u t w he n we c o n s i d e r

i t s u sa b l e q ua n t um , i t be co me s a s c a rc e r e so urce . W i t h e ve r

i nc re a s i n g p r es su re o f po p u l a t i o n an d i t s e ve r in c rea s i ng d e ma n d ,

pa r t i cu la r l y f o r a g r i cu l t u r e , i nd u s t r y a n d do m e s t i c p u rpo se , wa t e r

be c om e s sc a rc e r e so u rc e i n r ea l s e nse .

In t h i s s i tu a t i o n ‘ wa t e rs he d d e v e l o p m e n t a nd

m a n a ge me nt ’ be co me a ke y f o r su s t a i na b le d e ve l op me n t . To d a y ,

w a te rs h ed ma na ge m e nt h a s b ec om e t h e m a in i n te rven t io n fo r

na t u ra l r e so u rc e ma na ge m e n t . W a te r sh e d d e ve l op m en t p r o gr am m e

n o t o n l y p ro t e c t a nd c o n se r ve t he e n vi ron me nt , b u t a l so c o n t r i b u t e

t o l i ve l ih oo d sec ur i t y . T he i m p o r t an ce o f wa t e r she d de ve lo pm e n t

a s a co nse rva t i o n p ro g ra mm e i s be i n g r ec o g n i ze d , n o t on l y f o r

r a i n f e d a re a s , b u t a l so f o r h i gh r a i n f a l l a r ea s , c o as t a l a re as , a nd

t he c a tc h m e nt a r ea s o f da m s . W i t h t he l a rge i n ve s t men t o f

f i na nc i a l r e so urc e s i n t he wa t e r she d p ro g ra m me , i t i s i m p o r t an t

t ha t t he p ro g ra m me b e co m e s suc c es s f u l . Fo r t h i s , i t i s ne c es sa ry t o

i n t e g ra te t he s oc i a l a n d t ec hn ica l a sp ec t s o f w a t e rs he d

de ve l opm e nt .

Wa t e r s he d s a re n a t u r a l h yd r o l o g i c e n t i t y w he re wa t e r

f l ow i n a d e f i n i t e p a t h . A wa t e r sh e d h a s be e n l oo se l y de f i ne d a s a

4

c a t c h m en t o r d r a i n a g e b as i n . I t i s a t o p o gr ap h i ca l l y de l in ea t ed

a re a d ra i n i n g i n to a s i n g l e c ha nne l (B ro o k s , 19 85 ) . A l l l a n d

s u r f a ce s o n t he ea r t h a re pa r t o f on e w a te rs h ed o r o t he r . W a te rs h ed

i s t h u s t he l an d a n d wa t e r a re a , wh ic h c o n t r i b u t e s run of f t o a

s i n g l e po i n t . W a te r s h e d i s c on s i de re d a s a b i o l o g i c a l , p h ys i ca l ,

e co no m i c a n d s oc i a l s y s te m . V i ew e d i n an o t he r a n g le wa t e rs he d i s

a na tu ra l u n i t o f l an d , w hi ch c o l l e c t s wa te r a nd d ra i n s t h ro u gh a

c o m m o n p o i n t b y a s ys t e m o f d r a i ns . He nc e i t c om p r i se s a

c a t c h m en t a r ea , a c om m a n d a re a a n d a d e l t a a r ea . T he re fo r e

w a te rs h ed i s t he a r ea en c o m pa ss in g t h e c a tc hm e n t , c om m a nd a n d

de l t a a r ea o f a s t re am . T h e to pm o s t p o r t i on o f t he w a t e rs he d i s

k n ow n a s t he “ r i d ge ” a n d a l i n e j o i n i n g t he r i d ge p o r t i o ns a lo ng

t he b o un da ry o f t he w a t e rs he d i s c a l l ed a “ r i d ge l i ne ” . A w a te rs h ed

i s a l o gi c a l u n i t f o r p la nn i n g o p t im a l de ve l o p m e nt o f

e n v i ro nm e n t a l re so u rce s . Th us wa t e r s he d i s a c ce p t e d t o be t he

“ na tu ra l h om e ” f o r ma na g i n g t he re s ou rce l i k e l a nd , w a t e r a n d

b i o m a ss i n a su s t a in a b le m an ne r .

W a te r sh ed m a n a gem e nt ha s e m e r ge d a s a n e w p a rad i gm

fo r p l a n n i n g , d e ve l op me nt a n d m an a ge me nt o f l a nd , w a te r a nd

b i o m a ss re so urce s w i th a f oc us on s o c ia l a nd e n vi ron m e n ta l

a s pe c t s f o l l ow i n g a pa r t i c i pa to ry a pp roa c h . I t i s mo re a p h i l o so p h y

o f c om pre he n s i ve i n t e g ra t ed a p p roa c h t o n a t u r a l r e s o u rc e s

m a n a ge me nt . I t a im s a t i n t e g ra t i o n o f s oc ia l r e so urce s ma na ge m e n t

w i t h na t u ra l re s ou rce m a na ge m e n t . T he a pp roa c h i s ge ne ra l l y

p r e v en t i ve , p ro gr es s i ve , c o r r ec t i v e a n d cu ra t i ve . W at e rs hed

m a n a ge me nt i n v o l ve s t he j ud i c io us u se o f na t u ra l re so u rc e wi t h

a c t i ve p a r t i c ip a t i o n o f i n s t i tu t i o n s , o rga n i za t io ns , i n ha rm o n y w i t h

t he ec os y s te m . Th e wa t e r she d m a n a ge me nt m a y be de f i ne d a s t h e

p r oc es s o f f o rm u la t in g a n d ca r r y i n g o u t a c o u rse o f a c t i o n

i n vo l v in g m a ni pu l a t i o n o f na t u ra l , a g r ic u l t u ra l a n d h u m a n

r e s ou rc es o f a w a te rs h e d , w i t h o u t ad ve r se l y a f f e c t i n g t he m .

W at e rs he d m a na ge m e n t m u s t c on s i de r t he soc i a l , ec on om ic a n d

i ns t i t u t i ona l f ac t o rs ope ra t i n g wi t h i n a n d o u t s i de t he w a t e r s he d . I t

i s a n i n t e g ra te d a nd i n t e rd i sc ip l i na ry ap p ro ac h . The wa t e r a n d l a n d

m a n a ge me nt o n wa te rs h ed b a s i s h as a s c i e n t i f i c p ro ven b a se w h i ch

he l p s i n i nc re as i n g p ro d uc t i v i t y , a l on g w i t h s us t a ina b l e u t i l i za t i on

o f re s ou rce s . Su s t a i n ab le wa te rs h ed de ve lo pm en t l e ad s to va r i o us

be ne f i t s f o r n a t u r a l re s ou rce s an d e n vi ro nm e n t . A w a t e rs hed

p r o t ec t i o n s t ra te gy m ea n s i m pro ve d q ua l i t y a nd q ua n t i t y o f wa t e r

f o r t he su rv i va l o f l i ve l i h o o d . P ro pe r wa te r sh ed ma na ge m e n t

e n su res s u s t a i na b l e de ve l o p m en t o f s u r f a c e a n d g r ou n d wa te r

r e s ou rc es . I t a l s o r e duc e s s o i l a nd s t r ea m ba nk e ro s i o n a n d

5

w i l d l i f e h ab i t a t i s r e s t o r e d . I n t e g ra t e d wa t e r she d de ve lo pm e n t

p l a n ne d b y l oc a l go v e rnm e n t s , a ge nc i e s a n d c o m m uni t i e s r e q u i re s

p r io r i t i z in g g o a l s a n d a d d res s i n g ne e d s t ha t i nc o r po ra te a w i de

r a n g e o f soc i a l , ec on om ic a n d e n v i r onm e nt a l f a c t o r s .

C o n s i de ra t i o n s a bo u t wa t e r qu a l i t y , s t r ea m m a n a gem e n t , ha b i t a t

r e s t o ra t i o n , a nd t h e re la t i o n sh i p be tw ee n l a n d u se p la n n i n g a n d

he a l t h y wa t e r sh e d s h a ve be c o me k e y c om po ne n t s o f p l a n n i n g a t

c o m m u ni t y an d re gi on a l l e ve l s .

Su s ta i nab l e wa t e r sh e d de ve l o pm e nt i s a c om p re h e n s i ve

m ul t i - r e so urc e ma na ge m en t p la nn in g p ro ce s s , i n vo l v in g a l l

s t ak eh o l de r s wi th in t h e wa t e r she d , w h o to ge th e r a s a g r o up ,

c o op e ra t i ve l y w o rk t o wa rds i de n t i f y i n g th e r e so u rc e i s su e s a n d

c o nc e rns o f t he wa te rs h ed , a s we l l a s d e ve l o p a n d imp le m en t a

w a te rs h ed p la n w i t h so l u t i o n s th a t a r e e n v i r onm e nt a l l y , s o c i a l l y

a n d e c on o mi c a l l y su s t a i n ab le .

In I n d i a , t h e wa t e r she d de ve lo pm e n t e f fo r t s go b a c k to

1 9 70 . T he re ha ve b ee n m a n y c ha ng e s i n th e i m p l em e nta t i on

s t ra te gi e s d u r i n g t he fo l l o wi n g y ea r s . Un t i l 19 95 , w a t e rs he d

de ve l opm e nt p ro j e c t s we re o f f i c i a l l y c o o rd i na te d b y m ul t i - s e c t o ra l

p r o gram m e s l a u nc he d b y t h e Go v er nm e n t o f I n d i a . Af t e r r e v ie w in

1 9 99 b y t he Mi n i s t ry o f R ura l De ve l o p m e n t a n d t h e Mi n i s t ry o f

A gr ic u l t u re , a co mm on se t o f o pe ra t i o n a l gu i de l i n es , ob j e c t i ve s ,

s t ra te gi e s a nd e x pe n d i t u r e no rm s we re d es i gn e d f o r w a te rs h ed

de ve l opm e nt p r o gram m e s in 2 0 01 . Th ese a re i mp le m e nted th ro u gh

p r o gram m e s suc h a s D PA P (Dr ou g h t -Pro ne A rea P ro g ra mm e ) , DD P

(De se r t D e ve l op me n t P ro g ra m me ) a nd IW D P ( In t e g ra te d W at e rs hed

D e ve l o p m e nt P ro gr am m e ) .

1 . 2 Impor tance o f t he S tudy :

Th e wo r l d ha s e n t e re d t he n e w m i l l e nn iu m w i th

e n o rmo us ch a l l en ge o f s a f e d r i n k i n g w a t e r f o r a l l . I n ma n y p a r t of

t he w o r l d , d r i n k i n g wa t e r ha s b ee n a ck n ow l e d ge d a s a f un da m e n ta l

r i gh t . H o we ve r , t he p o o r c o n t i nue t o be t he m os t vu ln e r a b l e to

c ha n ge s i n wa t e r r e s ou rce s a va i l a b i l i t y . The U ni t e d Na t i on ha s

p r oc la i me d th e ye a r 2 0 03 a s t he i n t e rna t i o n a l yea r o f t h e f re s h

w a te r wi t h th e s l o gan “ W a te r - T w o b i l l io n pe op le a r e d y i n g f o r i t . ”

W a te r i s i m p o r t a n t t o t he su rv i va l o f h um an , p l a n t s a nd

a n i ma l l i f e . In I n d i a , wa te r de m an d i s s ho o t i n g u p wi th t he g ro w th

o f a g r i c u l t u r e , i n d u s t r i e s a n d p o p u l a t i on s o wa t e r c r i s i s m a y l e ad

i n ne a r f u tu re . As f a r a s I n d i a i s c o nc e rn ed , t he pe r c a p i t a f re sh

w a te r re s ou rc es ha ve a l re ad y en te re d t h e g r e y z o ne an d i t m a y r un

6

i n t o t he re d z on e b e f o re l o n g (W DR , 1 9 99 -20 00 ) . In I nd i a t h e

de m an d o f wa t e r i s p ro j e c te d a t 1 05 0 s q . km . i n 20 2 5 ( Nav a l a wa l a ,

1 9 99 ) .

F i g u re 1 .1 : Pe r Ca p i ta W at e r A va i l a b i l i t y i n In d ia .

( So u rce : C GW B , 20 0 7)

T he p ro b l e m s o f l a nd de gra d a t i on a r e p re va l en t i n

m a n y f o rm s t h r ou g h o u t th e c o u n t ry . A cc o rd i n g t o Na t i on a l B u rea u

o f So i l Su rv e y a nd La n d Use P l a nn i n g (N B SS& LU P. , 2 0 0 5 ) , t h e

de gr ad ed l a n d u n de r va r io us l a n d u se s ys t em s i n I nd ia a re 1 4 6 .82

m i l l i o n h e c t a r e . I t i n c l u d es wa te r e ros i o n 9 3 .6 8 mi l l i on ha . , w i nd

e ro s i o n 9 .4 8 m i l l i o n h a . , wa t e r l o gg i ng / f lo od i n g 1 4 . 30 m i l l i on ha . ,

s a l i n i t y / a l ka l in i t y 5 . 9 4 mi l l i o n h a . , so i l a c i d i t y 1 6 . 0 4 m i l l i on ha

a n d c om p l ex p ro b le m 7 .3 8 m i l l i o n ha . A l s o t h e t o t a l a r ea u nd e r

pe rm a ne n t f a l lo w , pa s t u re , c u l t u ra b l e w a s te a nd f o re s t i s mo re o r

l e s s d e g ra de d .

He nc e b y a p p l y i n g ra i n wat e r h a r ve s t i n g t ec hn iq ue a n d

i n t e g ra te d wa te rs h ed m a na ge m en t t h e p r ob le m o f w a t e r a n d l a nd

de gr ad a t i o n ca n b e s o r t ed o u t . I n v i ew of t h e v i t a l i m po r ta n ce o f

t he se na t u ra l re s ou rc es f o r h um a n a nd a n i m a l l i f e , f o r m a i n t a i n i n g

e co lo g i ca l ba l an ce a n d f o r ec o n om ic a n d de ve lo pm e n ta l a c t i v i t i e s

7

o f a l l k i nd s , a n d c o ns i de r i n g i t s i nc re a s i n g sc a r c i t y , t he p l a nn i n g

a n d m a na ge m e n t o f t h i s re so u rc e a nd i t s o p t im a l , e c o no m i c a l a n d

e q u i t a b le use ha s be co me a m a t t e r o f t he u t m o s t u rge n c y .

1 . 3 Objec t i ve s :

In v i ew of th e a b o ve , p r e se n t s t ud y e n co mp as se s fo l l o wi ng

o b j e c t i ve s ,

1 ) C re a t i on o f d i g i t a l da ta ba se t o a s se s s th e wa t e rs he d

ch a rac t e r i s t i c s o f th e ba s i n .

2 ) To i n v es t i ga te i r r i ga t i o n s t a t u s o f t he s tu d y r e g i on .

3 ) To s t u d y t he wa t e r r e s ou rce de ve lo pm en t i n t he ba s in a nd i t s

a s se s s m en t b y a p p l y i n g l a n d use / l an d c o ve r c ha n g e

(LU LC C ) , ND V I a nd C ha n g e de t e c t i o n a na l y s i s .

4 ) To e s t im a te th e p o t en t i a l o f r oof a n d su r f ac e r a i n wa t e r

ha rve s t in g .

5 ) To s u gge s t ap pro p r i a te s i t e s f o r r a i n w a t e r h a rve s t in g .

6 ) To i n t ro du ce t he l an d c ap ab i l i t y c la s s i f i c a t i on fo r t he s t u d y

r e g i on .

7 ) To s u g ge s t t r e a tm e n t m e as u re s t h r o u g h ap p ro p r i a te s i t e

s e l e c t i o n f o r t h e w a t e r s he d d e ve l o pm e n t b y a p p l y in g G I S ,

G PS a nd Re m o te s e n s i n g t ec h n i q ue s .

1 . 4 S tudy Reg ion:

T he r e g i o n se l ec t e d f o r t h e p r e se n t s tu d y i s D u d h ga n ga

ba s i n o f Kol ha p u r d i s t r i c t . Th i s ba s i n d r a i n s so u t h we s t e r n p a r t o f

Ra dh an a g r i , n o r t he rn pa r t o f Ka ga l an d s o u t he rn p a r t o f Ka rv e e r

t a h s i l o f Kol ha p u r d i s t r i c t c om p r i s i n g e i gh t y v i l l a ge s . I t i s l oc a t ed

be t wee n 1 6 ° 7 ’ t o 1 6 ° 3 7 ’ n or th l a t i t u d e s an d 7 3 ° 5 3’ to 74 ° 2 0 ’

e as t l o n g i t u de s . The r e g i o n h as d i ve rs i f i e d p h ys i o g ra p h y , wh o se

w e s te rn b o rde r i s d e m a rca t ed b y W e s te rn Gha t s . Th e s o i l va ry

f rom l a te r i t e pa tc he s i n t he we s t to d ee p me d i um b l ac k a l l u v i a l o f

t he r i ve r t r a c t s i n t he c e n t r a l p a r t a nd po o r g re y so i l i n t he ea s t .

T he m o n s oo n c l i m a t e d o m i n a t e s t he r e g i o n . The r e g i on r e ce i v e s

r a i n f a l l m a i n l y f r om s o u t h we s t m o ns oo n , r an g i n g be t w ee n 3 7 0 0

m m i n t h e we s t t o 1 0 0 0 mm i n t he ea s t . T he t o ta l a re a o f t h e s tu dy

r e gi on i s a bo u t 5 2 84 9 he c ta re s .

1 . 5 L imit a t i ons :

In re t ro sp ec t , t he re a re a f ew, s pe c i f i c l im i ta t i o ns i n t h i s re se a r ch

w h i c h sh ou l d b e a dd res se d a s a m e a ns f o r i m p ro ve m e n t o r

p o te n t i a l s t r a t e gi e s f o r f u r t he r s t u d y .

8

N o m a p p ro du ce d b y d i g i t a l ma n i p u la t io n o f

m ul t i s pe c t r a l da t a i s e ve r 1 0 0 % c o r rec t w h en i t i s p ro du ce d b y a

c o m p ut e r (R o b i n o ve , 1 98 1) . B y na t u re , t he p ro ce s s o f c l a s s i f y i n g

s uc h a b ro a d ra n ge o f t he Ea r t h ’ s f ea t u re s i n t o s p ec i f i c an d o f ten

s i m p l i f i e d l an d u se a n d l a nd c o ve r c l a s ses i n t ro d uc e s e r ro r b y

d r a wi n g b o u n d a r i e s a ro un d ge o gra p h ic a l l y lo c a t e d c l a s se s t ha t a re

‘ h om o ge n eo u s ’ o r ac c ep ta b l y he t e r o gen e o u s .

W h i le pe r f o rm i n g l a n d u se / l a n d c o ve r c l a s s i f i c a t i on o f

La n d sa t M SS ( 19 7 3 ) , La nd sa t T M (19 9 1) a nd La n d sa t ET M ( 20 0 6 )

i ma ge s a b o ve m e n t i o ne d l i m i t a t i on s a r e e nc ou n t e r ed i n t r i ns i c a l l y .

T he se co nd l i m i ta t i o n f oc use s o n t he g r o u n d t ru th d a t a

a cq u i re d f o r a cc urac y a s ses sm e nt o f La n dsa t M SS a n d TM im a ge s .

A s th e se i m a ge s be l on g t o s e ve n t y an d n in e t y d e c ad es , i t wa s ve ry

d i f f i c u l t t o co l l e c t g ro u nd t r u t h i n fo rma t io n . He nc e , t opo gr ap h i ca l

m a p s a n d o t he r r ec o r ds a r e u se d fo r t h i s p u rp o se . T he spa t i a l

r e s o l u t i o n o f t h ese i m a ge s wa s a no t he r p ro b l e m f a ce d wh i le d o i n g

a na l ys i s .

T h e t h i rd l i mi t a t i o n o f t h i s re sea rc h wo rk r e i t e r a t e s

t he s t r i c t r e c t i f i c a t i on s t a nda rd s r eq u i re d f o r ac c u ra t e a nd

q u an t i t a t i ve ch an ge d e t e c t i o n a na l ys i s .

1 . 6 Me thodology :

Fo r t h e p r e se n t s t ud y f o l l o win g m e t h o d o l o g y ha s be e n ad o p t e d .

1 . 6 .1 Da tabase :

Fo r t h e p r e se n t s t ud y p r i m a ry an d se co n da ry d a t a ha s b e en u sed

1 . 6 .1 (a ) Pr imary Da ta:

In v o l ve me nt o f l oc a l pe op l e i n a l l a spe c t s o f

w a te rs h ed p la n n i n g i s ne c es sa ry . Fo r t ha t s a ke t o ge t p r ec i se

k n ow l ed ge ab ou t p ro b l em s , ne e d s , v ie ws an d e x pe c t a t i o n s o f t h e

pe op le , t e n pe r ce n t v i l l a ge s o f th e ba s i n a r e su rve y e d b y a p p l y i n g

s t ra t i f i e d r a n d om sam pl i n g me t h od . He re , d i s t an ce o f v i l l a g e f ro m

r i ve r i s t a ke n a s s t ra ta f o r s e l ec t io n . To s u g ge s t t r e a t m e n t

m ea s u res f o r su i t a b le s i t e s i n t en s i ve f i e l d su rve y h a s b ee n ca r r i e d

o u t .

H o we ve r , G ro un d c o n t ro l p o i n t s a nd t ra i n i n g s i t e d a t a

i s ge ne ra te d b y a pp l y i n g G P S ( G l o ba l Po s i t i on i n g Sys t em )

t ec hn i q ue .

9

F i g u re 1 .2 : S t u d y R e g io n

10

1 . 6 .2 (b ) Secondary Da ta :

The se co n da ry da ta i s c o l l ec t e d f rom fo l l o wi ng G o vt .

O f f i c e s , No n Go v t . A ge nc i e s a nd R es ea rc h O rg an i za t i o n s .

1 . D is t r i c t Ce n su s Han d bo ok , Ko l ha p u r .

2 . So c io - Ec on om i c Re v i e w an d Di s t r i c t S t a t i s t i c a l A bs t ra c t s

3 . Wa t e r R e so u rce s Dep t . , Go v t . o f M a h ar as h t r a .

4 . Sta t e I r r i ga t i o n D ep t . , G o vt . o f Ma ha ra s h t ra .

5 . Ta l u ka A gr ic u l t u re De p ar tm e n t .

6 . Ta l u ka / Vi l l a ge Re ven ue Of f i ce s .

7 . So i l a n d W a te r c on se r va t i on a nd Surv e y D ep a r tm e n t , Go v t .

o f Ma ha ra sh t ra .

8 . N at i ona l B urea u o f So i l Su r ve y & La nd Use P l an n i n g

(N B SS& LU P) , Na gp u r .

9 . G l o ba l La n d Co ve r Fa c i l i t y Da ta Ce n t e r .

h t t p : / / g l c f . um i ac s .um d .e du / da t a

Ta b l e 1 .1 : D e t a i l s o f La nd sa t Da t a Se t

Sa t e l l i t e Se nso r / Sub -

sc e n e

Pa t h /

O rb i t

R ow /

Sec t o r

D a te o f

pa s s i n g

La n dsa t

M ul t i s p ec t ra l

M SS

1 4 6 / 1 47 4 8 / 49 3r d

M a rch

1 9 73

Ta b l e 1 .2 : De t a i l s o f SR TM Da ta Se t

Sa te l l i t e Se nso r Y ea r o f

A cq u i s i t i o n

Ca p t u re Re s o l u t i o n

Sp a c e

Sh u t t l e

E n de a vo r

C -ba nd an d X -

b a n d

2 0 0 0 3 a rc s e c on d

11

F i g u re 1 .3

12

F i gu re 1 .4

13

Ta b l e 1 .3 D e t a i l s o f La n dsa t Da t a Se t

F i gu re 1 .5

Sa te l l i t e Se nso r / Su b -

sc e n e

Pa t h /

O rb i t

R o w /

Se c t o r

D a te o f p as s i n g

La n d sa t T M 1 4 6 0 4 8 2 5 Feb rua ry 1 9 9 1

14

F i gu re 1 .6

15

Ta b l e 1 .4 De t a i l s o f La n d sa t da ta s e t

Sa t e l l i t e S e n so r / Sub -

sc e ne

Pa t h / O rb i t R ow /

Sec t o r

Y ea r

La n d sa t E T M 1 4 6 0 4 8 1 4t h

Fe b rua ry . , 2 0 06

Ta b l e 1 .5 D e t a i l s o f La n dsa t Da t a Se t

Sa t e l l i t e S e n so r / Sub -

sc e ne

Pa t h / O rb i t R ow /

Sec t o r

Y ea r

La n d sa t P A N 1 4 6 0 4 8 1 4t h

Fe b rua ry . , 2 0 06

1 0 .W at e r a n d La n d Ma na ge me n t I n s t i tu te , A u ran ga ba d .

1 1 .Su rv e y o f I n d i a Top os he e t .

Ta b l e 1 .6 : De ta i l s o f Su rv e y o f I n d i a T o p o sh ee t

A g e n c y In d ex N o . Sc a le

Su rve y o f I nd ia ,

D e h rad un .

4 7 L/ 3 ,6 an d 47

H / 1 5 , 16

1 : 5 0 ,0 00

1 2 .D is t r i c t R es o u rc e Ma p o f Ge o l o g i c a l Su r ve y o f I nd i a .

1 . 6 .2 Sof tware ’ s Used:

• E rda s 9 .3

• A rc G IS 9 .0

• A rc Vi e w 3 .2 a

• Ma p wi n d o w G IS ( O p e n so urc e )

1 . 6 .3 Me thods Appl i ed:

Re c en t a d va nc es in Re m ot e s e n s in g a n d G IS p ro v i d e

ve ry u se f u l i n f o rm a t i o n i n un de r t ak in g t h e i n t e g ra te d re so u rce

a na l ys i s . Sa t e l l i t e r em o te s e ns i n g p ro v i d es re l i a b l e a nd a cc u ra t e

i n fo rm a t i o n o n na t u ra l re s ou rc es , w h i ch i s p r e - re qu i s i t e f o r

p l a n ne d a nd b a la nc e d de ve lo pm e n t a t wa t e r she d l e ve l (R a v in d ra n

e t a l . , 1 99 2 ) . Re m ot e s en s i n g i s th e m o s t e f f i c i e n t wa y f o r

m a n a ge me nt o f ou r n a t u r a l re s ou rc es (An o n . , 1 9 9 3 ) . He re a n

a t t e mp t ha s b ee n m a d e t o a p p l y t he r ec e n t t e c h n i que s l i ke G I S ,

G PS a nd R em ot e s e n s i n g fo r t he wa te rs h ed ma na ge m en t .

T o a s se s s ge o h y d ro l o gy , ge om o rp ho l o gy a n d ge o lo g i ca l

c ha ra c t e r i s t i c s o f D ud h ga n ga wa t e r s he d , t h e ma t ic m ap s o f

16

G e o l o g i c a l su rve y o f I n d i a h a v e be e n u se d i n A rc G IS do m a in t o

c re a t e t h e d i g i t a l da t a b ase f o r f u r t h e r G I S a n a l ys i s .

H e re , a n a t t e mp t ha s be en m a de t o a p p l y G IS

t ec hn i q ue s i n c o n j u n c t i on wi t h SR TM (Sh u t t l e Ra da r T o p o gra p h i c

M i s s io n ) da t a f o r t e r ra in a na l ys i s t o s t ud y s l op e , a s pe c t , h i l l sh a de

a n d t o p o gra p h y .

T he ba s i n m o rph om e t ry i n c l u d es t he a na l ys i s o f t he

c ha ra c t e r i s t i c s o f l i ne a r , a r ea l , an d re l i e f a s pe c ts o f t he f l u v ia l l y

o r i g i n a t e d d ra i na ge b as i n . Horton’s ( 1 9 32 , 1 9 4 5 ) m e th od ha s b ee n

u se d t o ca l cu la t e d r a i na ge de n s i t y , s t re a m n u m b er a n d f o rm f a c t o r .

Fo r ca l cu la t i n g s t r ea m o rd e r , Strahle r ’ s s c he me o f s t re a m o r de r i n g

ha s be e n em p l o ye d .

Re c o gn is i n g t he im po r t a n c e o f wa te r re s ou rc e

de ve l opm e nt t o p ro m o t e a g r i c u l t u r e a n d ru r a l de ve lo pm e n t , b o th

Ce n t ra l a n d S t a t e G o ve rnm e nt s h a ve m a d e h u ge i n ve s tm e n ts . A s

m i l l i o n s o f ru p ee s a r e i n ve s te d on t he se p ro j e c t s he nc e i t i s

e x pe c te d t ha t t he p ro gra m me s ha ve p os i t i v e i mp ac t . I t i s i n t h i s

c o n t e x t t h e a s ses sm e nt o f wa t e r r e so u rc e d e v e lo pm en t a s su m e s

i mp or t a nc e . I t i s ve r y m uc h im p o r t a n t t ha t t h e m ea ns o f a s se s sm e n t

s ho u l d be ve ry m uc h sp ec i f i c a nd u n b ia se d . Hen ce , t h e r ec e n t

t ec hn i q ue s l i ke Land Use /Land Cover Change (LULCC) , NDVI

a n d Change De tec t i on a na l y s i s h a ve b ee n e m p l o ye d .

Fo r LU LC C a na l y s i s , t he im a ge s we re c l a s s i f i e d i n t o

d i f f e r en t l a n d u se / l a n d c o ve r c a te go r i e s b y a pp l y i n g Superv i sed

C l ass i f i ca t i on t e c h n i q ue . He re , t h e a d v an ce na v i ga t io n t e c hn i q u e

l ik e GPS ha s b ee n u sed to co l l e c t t r a i n i n g s i t e d a ta a n d t o f i e ld

c he c k c la s s i f i e d da t a se t s . Th e c l a s s i f i e d d a t a wa s t r an s fe r r e d t o a

G IS p la t fo r m (E R DA S) , an d Change De tec t i on wa s d o ne .

T o a s se s s t he b i om a ss c o n d i t io ns NDVI a pp roa c h i s

u se d b y us i n g f o l lo w i n g fo rm u l a .

N D V I = (N IR -V I S) / (N IR +V IS) (1 )

T o ca l cu la t e t h e p o te n t i a l o f r oo f ra in w a t e r h a rve s t i n g

Gould and N is sen formula (1999 ) i s a do p te d . He re v i l l a ges a re

s e le c te d b y s t r a t i f i ed r a n do m sa m pl in g me t ho d .

S = R x A x . Cr ( 2 )

17

Ing l i s f ormula i s u sed fo r e va l u a t i n g th e su r f ac e

ru nof f t o kn ow th e p o te n t i a l o f su r f a ce r a i nwa t e r h a r ve s t i n g i n the

s ub w a t e rshe d .

Q y = 0 . 8 5 Py- 3 0 .4 a n d Q y = Py (Py- 17 . 8 / 2 5 4 ) ( 3 )

G IS i s a v e r y p ow e r f u l i n t e g ra t i o n t oo l a mo n g t h e

va r i ou s d a t a so u rc es . Land Capab i l i t y C la s s i f i ca t i on a n d Land

Su i tabi l i t y Cl as s i f i ca t i on a r e t he b as i s o f i n t e g ra te d w a t e rshe d

m a n a ge me nt . Hen ce , i t i s a l s o ca r r i e d o u t b y u s i n g t he w e i g h t e d

o v e r la y GIS t e c hn i q u e . P r i o r i t y a r e a s t o a d o p t c on se rva t i o n

m ea s u res a r e s u g ge s t ed b y u s i n g Water shed Eros ion Response

Mode l (WERM) i n c o n j u nc t i o n w i t h Weighted Over lay t e c h n iq ue .

T he p re sen t s t ud y c l ea r l y u t i l i ze s th e p o we r o f GI S f o r p r i o r i t y

s i t e s u i t a b i l i t y a na l y s i s , w h ic h i s o th e rw ise n o t po s s ib le b y

c o n ve n t i on a l t ec h n i q ue s w he re m a n y a na l y t i c a l c om pu ta t i o n s o f

va r i ou s pa ra m e t e r s a re re q u i r ed t o b e d o ne f o r a so l u t i on . I n t h e

p r e se n t s t u d y t he s i t e s f o r su r f a ce ra i n wa te r ha rves t i n g a nd

w a te rs h ed m a n a gem e nt a r e s e l ec t ed a f t e r e va l ua t i ng va r i o u s

c ha ra c t e r i s t i c s l i ke ge o h y d ro l o gy , s l o p e , l an d use / l a n d c o ve r ,

d r a i na ge o rd e r a n d v i l l a ge / a g r i c u l t u r a l b uf f e r m a p . T h e Over lay

Ana ly s i s ha s be e n use d b y t a k i n g v a r i o u s th e ma t ic m a p s a s a

s e pa ra te p r i o r i t y l a ye r t o su gg e s t su i t ab le s i t e s f o r r a i n wa t e r

ha rv es t i n g a n d w a t e r s he d m an a ge me nt .

1 . 6 .4 Hypothe s i s :

Fo r t he p r e se n t s t u d y f o l l o w in g h yp o t he s i s i s t e s t e d

1 . Wa t e r r e s o u rce de ve lo pm e n t i n D u d h ga n ga ba s i n i s n o t

ec o n o m ic a l l y v ia b l e .

1 . 7 Rev i ew of L i te ra ture :

A t In t e rn a t i o na l an d n a t io na l l e ve l t h e f o l l o wi n g sc ho la r s h a v e

c o n t r i bu te d i n t h i s f i e l d .

G e o gra p h i c i n fo rma t i o n s ys t e m (G IS) i s a n e f f e c t i v e

t oo l f o r l a nd m a na ge me nt . B y s t ud y i n g th e l a n d f o rma t i on s a n d

l a n d c o ve r o f a s i t e th e m a na ge r s o f p u b l i c o r p r i va te l a n d s m a y

f i nd th e c on ce p t o f a m ul t i - l a ye r a na l y s i s o f th e i r l a n d u se f u l i n

d i sc r i m i na t in g l o ca t io ns ba se d o n th e i r m a n y c ha ra c t e r i s t i c s . Ma n y

a u t h or s h a ve w r i t t e n a bo u t t he i m po r ta n ce o f l e a rn in g a bo u t n a t u r e

18

a n d wo rk in g w i t h i t (O d um , 1 9 6 3 , 197 1 , 1 9 9 3 , 1 99 6 ; Fa t h y , 1 96 9 ,

1 9 73 , 1 98 6 ; Mc Ha rg , 1 9 69 ; Va n d e r R y n , 19 9 6 ) u s in g a l t e rn a t i v e

m e t ho ds , i n vo l v i n g G IS wi t h s i t e - s p ec i f i c k no w le d ge . Th i s s ho w s

h o w f e as i b l e i t i s t o bu i l d a da ta ba se f o r u se i n G IS do m ai n .

B o u we r , ( 19 7 8 ) has g i ve n h i s c o n t r i b u t i o n i n g ro un d

w a te r re s ou rc e d e ve l o p me n t . M i c ha e l , ( 19 78 ) h a s w o r ke d o n

I r r i ga t i o n t he o r y an d P ra c t i ce . D e sh m u k h , ( 19 78 ) h as w o rke d o n

s t a t u s o f g r o un d w a t e r de ve lo pm en t an d u t i l i za t i o n i n In d i a .

P r a sa d , ( 1 97 9) wo rk ed o n r a i n w at e r h a r ve s t i n g i n I n d i a a nd

M i d d l e Ea s t i s q u i t e a p p r ic i ab le . Th e ro le o f f o re s t a nd t re s s in

w a te rs h ed h y dr o l o gy a n d t h e e f f e c t o f d e f o res t a t i o n on

h y d ro l o gi ca l r e s p on s e ha ve be en wi de l y s t u d i ed b y B os c h a n d

H e w le t t , ( 1 98 2 ) . Ma l c o l m, ( 19 8 2 ) ha s g i ve n h i s c o n t r i bu t i o n t o

de ve l op wa t e r h a rve s t i n g t e c h n i qu e s i n a r i d re g i o n . G a rg , ( 1 9 8 5 )

ha s g i ve n h i s c on t r i b u t io n a s H yd ro l o g y a nd W a t e r Re so u rc e s

E n g i ne e r i n g . J a g da l e , (1 9 8 6 ) h as w o rk e d o n Ec o - ge omo rp h o lo g i ca l

a na l ys i s o f Du d h ga n g a -Ve d ga n ga r i ve r b a s in i s q u i t e no t e w o r t h y .

A n um be r o f s t ud i e s w i t h r em o t e s e n s i n g t ec h n i q ue s f o r na t u ra l

r e s ou rc e ma pp i n g h a v e be en c on d uc te d in In d i a i n re c en t ye a r s

(R o y e t a l . , 19 8 5 ; R o y , 1 99 1 & 2 00 1 ; Mad ha va n e t a l . , 1 9 9 1 ;

Su d ha ka r e t a l . , 1 9 99 ) . B a rb i e r , (1 9 87 ) h a s p o i n t ed o u t t h e

i mp or t a nc e o f su s t a i na b l e d e ve l o p me nt an d c o n se rv a t i o n o f

e n v i ro nm e n t .

A b o o k e n t i t l e d “ Wa t e r in c r i s i s : a gu i d e t o t he f r e sh

w a te r re s ou rc es” a u t h o re d b y Gl e i c k , ( 1 9 9 3 ) p ro v i de s t he wh ol e

ga m ut o f wa t e r r e s o u rc e s m an a ge me n t . G o va rd h an , (1 9 93 ) h a s

a p p l i e d ne w t ec h n i q ue s i n wa t e r m an a ge m e nt . Sa v i n d ra S i n g h a n d

D u b e y (1 99 4 ) ha ve wo rk e d o n ge o ma t e r ia l , s e d i me nt a t i on , wa t e r

r e s ou rc es a n d ra v i na t i o n i n th e l o wer T o n s - B e l a n ca t c h me nt a re a .

H i rwa y & Pa t e l , (1 9 9 4 ) wo rke d on D yna m ic s o f d r i nk i n g wa te r in

r u ra l G uj a ra t . M u r t h y , ( 1 9 94 ) ha s wo rke d o n w a te rs h ed

m a n a ge me nt i n In d i a . Po s t e l , ( 1 9 97 ) h as a l so e x p res s e d

i mp or t a nc e o f wa t e r r e so urce i n h i s bo o k “ Lo s t oa s i s ” . Pa n ga re &

Lo k u r , (1 9 9 6 ) h av e d e ve l op e d ‘ Pan i Pa nc ha ya t Mo de l ’ f o r

s us t a in a b le wa t e r ma na ge m e n t . Ha za re , (1 99 7 ) ha s p ub l i she d h i s

b o ok e n t i t l e d “ Ra l e ga o n S id dh i : A ve r i t a b le t r an s fo rma t io n” .

Ra j o ra , ( 19 9 8 ) ha s p r o v i de d f i e ld m an ua l f o r i n t e g ra te d w a te rs h ed

de ve l opm e nt .

A b o ok e n t i t l e d “ W at e r sh e d s C om p reh e n s i ve

D e ve l o p m e nt .” a u t h o re d b y R a o , (2 0 0 0 ) p r o v i d es t h e w h ol e ga m u t

o f wa t e r s he d . R a n ad e , ( 2 0 0 0 ) ha s w o rk ed on a wa t e r h a rv e s t i n g

m a n ua l f o r u rb a n a r ea . Sha rm a & Sha rm a , ( 2 0 0 0 ) ha ve ap p l i e d

19

r e c en t t ec h n i q ue s l i ke m u l t i s pe c t r a l a n a l ys i s o f sa t e l l i t e d i g i t a l

da t a t o e s t i ma t e ro of a re a a n d r a i n w a te r a va i l a b l e f o r a r t i f i c i a l

r e c ha rge i n De l h i . Re m o te s e n s i n g h a s b e c om e a va l uab le s o u rce o f

i n fo rm a t i o n o v e r p as t th re e de c ad es fo r ma pp in g an d m o n i t o r i n g

a c t i v i t i e s ( Jo hn , 2 0 0 0 ) . The w o rk o f A s wa t ha na ra ya na ( 2 00 1)

e n t i t l ed “ W at e r R e so u rce Ma n a ge m e nt a nd t he E n v i r onm e n t ” s e ek s

t o e l u c i da t e t he va r i ou s t ec h n i ca l , s o c i a l a n d e c o no m i c me a ns o f

m a n a g i n g t he m ul t i p le us e s a n d re u se s o f wa te r . A t ha va l e , ( 2 0 0 3 )

w o r ke d on wa te r ha rve s t i n g a nd su s t a i n ab le su pp l y i n In d i a . Pa w a r

(2 00 3 ) ha s m a de a n a s se s sm e nt o f wa t e r she d de ve lo pme n t

p r o gram m e a t m ic ro l e ve l . G o sa i n & R a o (2 00 4) h a ve ap p l i ed G IS

ba se d t e c h no l o g i e s f o r w a t e rs he d m a n a ge m e nt . L i n s l e y a n d

F ra n z i n i w o rk e d o n w a te r re s ou rc e e n g i n ee r i n g . Mc Co y , ( 2 0 05 ) h a s

g i ve n ve ry u se fu l t e ch n i q ue s f o r f i e l d w o rk b y us i n g re m ot e

s e ns i n g . Th e po te n t i a l o f r oo f r a i n wa t e r ha rve s t i n g i n R . K. N a g er

Su b -u r ba n a r ea o f Ko l h ap u r c i t y ha s b e e n a s se s s ed b y Pan ha l k a r e t

a l . , ( 20 0 9 ) .

1 . 8 Chapter Scheme :

T he e n t i re w o rk i s d i v i de d i n t o seven chapters .

T he f i r s t c hapter d ea l s wi t h th e i n t ro d uc t i o n , w h ic h i n c l u de s

i mp or t a nc e o f t he s t ud y , s tu d y re gi on , ob j e c t i ve s , hy p o t he s i s ,

da t ab ase , me t h od o l o g y , re v i e w of l i t e r a t u r e a n d c ha p t e r s c he me .

T he se cond chapter i nc lu de s c re a t i o n o f d i g i t a l da ta ba se o f

w a te rs h ed c ha ra c t e r i s t i c s . I t de no te s s t oc k o f t he re so u rc e s

a va i l a b l e a nd i de n t i f i c a t i on o f p ro b l em s . So me i m p or t a n t

c ha ra c t e r i s t i c s l ik e s i ze , s h ap e , re l i e f , s l o p e , a sp ec t , h i l l sha de ,

m o rp ho me t r i c , ge oh y d ro l o gy , ge om or p ho l o gy , ge o l o gy ,

de m o gra p h i c , s o i l , c l i m a t e a nd ve g e t a t i on h a v e b ee n a s se s se d .

T he th i rd chapter de a l s wi t h t he pa s t a n d p re se n t wa t e r r e so u rc e

de ve l opm e nt an d i t s a s ses s m e nt .

T he f our th chapter h i gh l i gh t s t he p ro b l em o f wa t e r s c a rc i t y o f

s e le c te d sa m pl e v i l l a ge s .

I n f i f th chapter , t he p o te n t i a l o f ro of a n d su r f ac e r a i n wa t e r

ha rv es t i n g ha ve be e n e va l ua te d a n d a pp r op r i a t e m e t ho ds a re

s u g ge s te d f o r ro of r a i n wa te r h a r ve s t i n g f o r t he s e l e c te d v i l l a ge s .

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T he s i x th chapter c o nc e rns w i th t he ma na gem e nt o f wa t e rs he d . B y

a p p l y i n g v a r i o u s RS , G IS an d G PS t e ch n i que s , s i t e s s e l ec t i o n h a ve

be e n m a de fo r wa te rs h ed t r ea t me n t a nd a p p ro p r i a te t re a t m e n t

m ea s u res a re re co m me nd e d .

T he la s t chapter i nc l u de s t he f in d i n gs a n d r ec o m m e n da t i o n s .

21

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