Railway Traning Report-1

8/12/2019 Railway Traning Report-1

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A

SUMMER TRANING PROJECT REPORT

On

SIGNALLING &TLECOMMUNICATION

IN

INDIAN RAILWAY (NWR)

AT

JAIPUR

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

RAILWAY DEPARTMENT POOJA AGARWAL

JAIPUR (RAJASTHAN) B.TECH, 4thYR. (7thSEM.),ECE


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Training is one of the important aspects for an engineering students carrier. It is basically to

strengthen the practical concepts. During this training student gets aquainted with the latesttechnology and recent development.

Firstly, I convey my sincere thanks to all the employees of NORTH WESTERN RAILWAY, JAIPUR.

Their love and guidance are omnipotent and incompatible throughout the training period. I

convey special thanks to mr. ra saini for providing me the opportunity to undergo this training

and I also express thanks to all hrd members for their help and co operation.

Pooja Agarwal


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PREFACE

Engineering students gain theoretical knowledge only through books. Only theoretical

knowledge is not sufficient for absolute mastery in any field. Theoretical knowledge in our

books is not of much use without knowing its practical implementation. It has beenexperienced that theoretical knowledge is volatile in nature; however practical knowledge

imparts solid foundation in our mind.

This report is infact a summary of, what I have learnt and seen during my training in

Railway Organization, Kota. Succeeding chapters give details what I have learnt in Divisional

Railway Manager (DRM) Office, jaipur

POOJA AGARWAL


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TABLE OF CONTENT

S.NO CONTENTS

1. ABOUT INDIAN RAILWAYS

2. RAILWAY SIGNALLING

3. INTERLOCKING

4. TRAIN TRAFFIC CONTROL

5. EXCHANGE AND TEST ROOM6. IRIS MODULES

7. COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

8. MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION

9. OPTICAL FIBRE

10. PASSENGER RESERVATION SYSTEM

11. UNRESERVED TICKETING SYSTEM

12. INTERACTIVE VOICE RESPONSE SYSTEM

13. RAILNET


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Indian Railways.

Type

Departmental Undertaking of The

Ministry of Railways,Government of

India

Industry Rail transport

Founded 16 April 1857[1]

Headquarters New Delhi,Delhi,India

Area served India

Key people

Mukul Roy

(Ministry of Railways)

K. H. Muniyappa&Bharatsinh

Madhavsinh Solanki(Ministers of State)

Vivek Sahai

(Chairman,Railway Board)[2]

Products Rail transport,Cargotransport,Services,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_business_entityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Railwayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Railwayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukul_Royhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukul_Royhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Railways_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Railways_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Railways_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._H._Muniyappahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._H._Muniyappahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatsinh_Madhavsinh_Solankihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatsinh_Madhavsinh_Solankihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatsinh_Madhavsinh_Solankihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatsinh_Madhavsinh_Solankihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-Chairman-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-Chairman-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-Chairman-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_Sectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_Sectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_Sectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indian_Railway.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_Sectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-Chairman-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatsinh_Madhavsinh_Solankihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatsinh_Madhavsinh_Solankihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._H._Muniyappahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Railways_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukul_Royhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Railwayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_business_entity


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more...

Revenue88,355crore(US$19.7 billion) (2009-

10)[3]

Net income9,595crore(US$2.14 billion) (2009-

10)[3]

Owner(s) Republic of India (100%)

Employees 390,000 (2011)[4]

Divisions 17 Railway Zones

Website Indianrailways.gov.in

INDIAN RAILWAYS, is thecentral government-ownedrailway company ofIndia,which owns

and operates most of the country'srail transport.It is overseen by theMinistry of Railwaysof

theGovernment of India.

Indian Railways has more than 64,215 kilometres (39,901 mi)[5]

of track and 7,083 stations. It

has the world's fourth largest railway network after those of theUnited States,Russiaand

China.[5]

The railways traverse the length and breadth of the country and carry over 30 million

passengers and 2.8 million tons offreightdaily.[6][7]

It is one of the world's largest commercial or

utility employers, with more than 1.6 million employees.[6][8]

As torolling stock,IR owns over230,000 (freight) wagons, 60,000 coaches and 9,000 locomotives.

[6]

Railways were first introduced to India in 1853. By 1947, the year ofIndia's independence,

there were forty-two rail systems. In 1951 the systems were nationalised as one unit, becoming

one of the largest networks in the world. IR operates both long distance and suburban rail

systems on amulti-gaugenetwork ofbroad,metreandnarrowgauges.It also ownslocomotive

andcoachproduction facilities.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-Budget-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-Budget-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-Budget-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_incomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-Budget-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-Budget-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-Budget-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-Personnel-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-Personnel-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-Personnel-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(business)http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government-owned_corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government-owned_corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government-owned_corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Railways_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Railways_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Railways_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-CIATable-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-CIATable-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-CIATable-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Railwayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Railwayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Railwayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-CIATable-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-CIATable-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-CIATable-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-Stats_2007-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-Stats_2007-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-Stats_2007-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-Stats_2007-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-Stats_2007-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-Stats_2007-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_stockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_stockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_stockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-Stats_2007-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-Stats_2007-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-Stats_2007-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(rail)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(rail)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(rail)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(rail)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-Stats_2007-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_stockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-Stats_2007-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-Stats_2007-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-Stats_2007-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-Stats_2007-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-CIATable-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Railwayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-CIATable-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Railways_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government-owned_corporationhttp://www.indianrailways.gov.in/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(business)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-Personnel-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-Budget-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_incomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-Budget-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crore


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Railway zones

Indian Railways is divided into zones, which are further sub-divided into divisions. The number

of zones in Indian Railways increased from six to eight in 1951, nine in 1952, and finally 17 in

2010. Each zonal railway is made up of a certain number of divisions, each having a divisional

headquarters. There are a total of sixty-seven divisions.[10][11]

The Delhi Metro is being built and operated by the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited

(DMRC). The Government of India and the Government of Delhi jointly set up a company called

the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) on March 5, 1995 with E. Sreedharan as the managing

director.He is Padma Vibhushan awardee(Second highest honour) by Government of India[17]

It is no way connected to Indian Railways.[12]

Each of the seventeen zones, includingKolkata Metro,is headed by a General Manager (GM)

who reports directly to the Railway Board. The zones are further divided into divisions under

the control of Divisional Railway Managers (DRM). The divisional officers of engineering,

mechanical, electrical, signal and telecommunication, accounts, personnel, operating,

commercial and safety branches report to the respective Divisional Manager and are in charge

of operation and maintenance of assets. Further down the hierarchy tree are the Station
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-Bhandari_Chap7-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-Bhandari_Chap7-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-Bhandari_Chap7-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-IRFCA_zones-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-IRFCA_zones-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-IRFCA_zones-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_Metrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_Metrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_Metrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Railway_network_schematic_map_2009.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Railway_network_schematic_map_2009.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Railway_network_schematic_map_2009.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Railway_network_schematic_map_2009.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_Metrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-IRFCA_zones-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-Bhandari_Chap7-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-Bhandari_Chap7-9


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Masters who control individual stations and the train movement through the track territory

under their stations' administration.

Sl.

NoName Abbr.

Date

EstablishedHeadquarters Divisions

1. Central CR1951,

November 5Mumbai Mumbai,Bhusawal,Pune,Solapur,Nagpur

2. East Central ECR2002,

October 1Hajipur

Danapur,Dhanbad,Mughalsarai,Samastipur,

Sonpur

3. East Coast ECoR 2003, April 1 Bhubaneswar Khurda Road,Sambalpur,Visakhapatnam

4. Eastern ER 1952, April Kolkata Howrah,Sealdah,Asansol,Malda

5.North

CentralNCR 2003, April 1 Allahabad Allahabad,Agra,Jhansi

6.North

EasternNER 1952 Gorakhpur Izzatnagar,Lucknow,Varanasi

7. NorthWestern

NWR 2002,October 1

Jaipur Jaipur,Ajmer,Bikaner,Jodhpur

8.Northeast

FrontierNFR 1958,15th JanGuwahati Alipurduar,Katihar,Rangia,Lumding,Tinsukia

9. Northern NR 1952, April 14 Delhi Delhi,Ambala,Firozpur,Lucknow,Moradabad

10.South

CentralSCR

1966,

October 2Secunderabad

Secunderabad,Hyderabad,Guntakal,Guntur,

Nanded,Vijayawada

11.South East

CentralSECR 2003, April 1 Bilaspur Bilaspur,Raipur,Nagpur

12.South

EasternSER 1955 Kolkata Adra,Chakradharpur,Kharagpur,Ranchi
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Railway_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhusawal_Railway_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhusawal_Railway_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhusawal_Railway_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune_Railway_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune_Railway_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune_Railway_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solapur_Railway_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solapur_Railway_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solapur_Railway_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagpur_Railway_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagpur_Railway_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagpur_Railway_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Central_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danapurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danapurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhanbadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhanbadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhanbadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughalsaraihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughalsaraihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughalsaraihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samastipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samastipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samastipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhubaneswarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khurda_Roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khurda_Roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambalpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambalpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambalpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visakhapatnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visakhapatnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visakhapatnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Railway_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howrahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howrahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealdahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealdahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealdahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asansolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asansolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asansolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Central_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Central_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agra_Railway_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agra_Railway_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agra_Railway_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhansihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhansihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhansihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Eastern_Railway_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Eastern_Railway_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorakhpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izzatnagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izzatnagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Western_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Western_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajmerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajmerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajmerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikanerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikanerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikanerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodhpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodhpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodhpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Frontier_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Frontier_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guwahatihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guwahatihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alipurduarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alipurduarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katiharhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katiharhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katiharhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumdinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumdinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumdinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinsukiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinsukiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinsukiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Railway_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firozpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firozpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firozpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moradabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moradabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moradabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Central_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Central_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secunderabad_Railway_Stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secunderabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secunderabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guntakalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guntakalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guntakalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guntur_divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guntur_divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guntur_divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayawadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayawadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayawadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_Central_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_Central_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilaspur,_Chhattisgarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilaspur,_Chhattisgarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Eastern_Railway_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Eastern_Railway_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adra_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adra_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakradharpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakradharpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakradharpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharagpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharagpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharagpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharagpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakradharpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adra_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Eastern_Railway_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Eastern_Railway_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilaspur,_Chhattisgarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilaspur,_Chhattisgarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_Central_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_Central_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayawadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guntur_divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guntakalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secunderabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secunderabad_Railway_Stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Central_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Central_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moradabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firozpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Railway_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinsukiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumdinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katiharhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alipurduarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guwahatihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Frontier_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Frontier_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodhpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikanerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajmerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Western_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Western_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izzatnagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorakhpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Eastern_Railway_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Eastern_Railway_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhansihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agra_Railway_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Central_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Central_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asansolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealdahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howrahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Railway_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visakhapatnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambalpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khurda_Roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhubaneswarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samastipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughalsaraihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhanbadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danapurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Central_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagpur_Railway_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solapur_Railway_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune_Railway_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhusawal_Railway_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Railway_(India)


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13.South

WesternSWR 2003, April 1 Hubli Hubli,Bangalore,Mysore

14. Southern SR 1951, April 14 ChennaiChennai,Tiruchirappalli,Madurai,Palakkad,

Salem,Trivandrum(Thiruvananthapuram)

15.West

CentralWCR 2003, April 1 Jabalpur Jabalpur,Bhopal,Kota

16. Western WR1951,

November 5Mumbai

Mumbai Central,Ratlam,Ahmedabad,Rajkot,

Bhavnagar,Vadodara

17.Kolkata

Metro

2010,

December 25Kolkata Kolkata Metro

Subsidiaries

AWAP5locomotive

Indian Railways manufactures much of itsrolling stockand heavy engineering components at its

six manufacturing plants, called Production Units, which are managed directly by the ministry.

As with most developing economies, the main reason for this was the policy ofimportsubstitutionof expensive technology related products when the general state of the national

engineering industry was immature. Each of these six production units is headed by a General

Manager, who also reports directly to the Railway Board.

Locomotives
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Indian railways uses a number of different Diesel and Electric locomotives, Steam locomotives

were once very common but are now only used on heritage routes.

Technical details

Track and gauge

Indian railways uses four gauges, the 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in)broad gaugewhich is wider than the1,435 mm (4 ft 8

12in)standard gauge;the 1,000 mm (3 ft 3

38in)metre gauge;and twonarrow

gauges,762 mm (2 ft 6 in) and 610 mm (2 ft) . Track sections are rated for speeds ranging from

75 to 160 km/h (47 to 99 mph).

The total length of track used by Indian Railways was about 114,000 km (71,000 mi) while the

total route length of the network was 64,215 km (39,901 mi) on 31 March 2011.[17]

About 33%

of the route-kilometre and 44% of the total track kilometre was electrified on 31 March 2011 .[17]

Broad gaugeis the predominantgaugeused by Indian Railways.

Broad gaugeis the predominantgaugeused by Indian Railways.Indian broad gauge1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in)is the most widely used gauge in India with 102,000 km (63,000 mi) of

track length (90% of entire track length of all the gauges) and 54,600 km of route-kilometre(85% of entire route-kilometre of all the gauges) on 31 March 2011.

In some regions with less traffic, the metre gauge (1,000 mm/3 ft 338in) is common, although

theUnigauge projectis in progress toconvertall tracks to broad gauge. The metre gauge had

about 9,000 km (5,600 mi) of track length (7.9% of entire track length of all the gauges) and

7,500 km of route-kilometre (11.6% of entire route-kilometre of all the gauges) on 31 March2011.

The Narrow gauges are present on a few routes, lying in hilly terrains and in some erstwhileprivate railways (on cost considerations), which are usually difficult to convert to broad gauge.

Narrow gauges had a total of 2,400 route-kilometre on 31 March 2011. TheKalka-Shimla

Railway,theNilgiri Mountain Railwayand theDarjeeling Himalayan Railwayare three notablehill linesthat use narrow gauge.

[18]Those three will not be converted under the Unigauge project.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-Yearbook2011-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-Yearbook2011-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-Yearbook2011-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-Yearbook2011-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-Yearbook2011-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-Yearbook2011-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unigauge_projecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unigauge_projecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unigauge_projecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge_conversionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge_conversionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge_conversionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalka-Shimla_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalka-Shimla_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalka-Shimla_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalka-Shimla_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri_Mountain_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri_Mountain_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri_Mountain_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Narmada_at_Indore2.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Narmada_at_Indore2.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Narmada_at_Indore2.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Narmada_at_Indore2.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri_Mountain_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalka-Shimla_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalka-Shimla_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge_conversionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unigauge_projecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-Yearbook2011-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-Yearbook2011-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_gauge


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Double Decker Train arrives atHowrah Junctionafter a trial run.

The share of broad gauge in the total route-kilometre has been steadily rising, increasing from47% (25,258 route-km) in 1951 to 85% in 2011 whereas the share of metre gauge has declined

from 45% (24,185 route-km) to less than 12% in the same period and the share of narrow gauges

has decreased from 8% to 3%. However, the total route-kilometre has increased by only 18% (by

just 10,000 km from 53,596 route-km in 1951) in the last sixty years. This compares very poorlywith Chinese railways, which increased from about 27,000 route-km at the end of second world

war to about 100,000 route-km in 2011, an increase of more than threefold. More than 28,000

route-km (34% of the total route-km) of Chinese railway is electrified compared to only about21,000 route-km of Indian railways. This is an indication of the poor state of Indian railways

where the funds allocated to new railway lines are meagre, construction of new uneconomic

railway lines are taken up due to political interference without ensuring availability of funds and

the projects incur huge cost and time overruns due to poor project-management and paucity offunds.

Double deckerAC trains have been introduced in India. The first double deckar train was FlyingRani introduced in 2005 while the first double decker AC train in the Indian Railways was

introduced in November 2010, running between theDhanbadandHowrahstations having 10

coaches and 2 power cars.

Sleepers(ties) used are made ofprestressed concrete,or steel or cast iron posts, thoughteaksleepers are still in use on few older lines. The prestressed concrete sleeper is in wide use today.

Metal sleepers were extensively used before the advent of concrete sleepers. Indian Railways

divides the country into four zones on the basis of the range of tracktemperature.The greatest

temperature variations occur inRajasthan.

Train Numbering

Effective December 20, 2010, the railways will deploy a 5 digit numbering system instead of the4 digit system. The need is due to the fact that the Indian Railways runs 10,000 trains daily.

[29]

Only a prefix of the digit 1 will be added to the four-digit numbers of the existing trains to make

the transition smoother. The special trains run to clear festivals and holiday rush shall have theprefix of 0 (zero)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howrah_Stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howrah_Stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howrah_Stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilevel_rail_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilevel_rail_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhanbadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhanbadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhanbadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howrahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howrahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howrahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_tiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_tiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestressed_concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestressed_concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestressed_concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indian_Rail_Double_Decker.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indian_Rail_Double_Decker.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indian_Rail_Double_Decker.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indian_Rail_Double_Decker.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestressed_concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_tiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howrahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhanbadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilevel_rail_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howrah_Station


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Comparison of different gauges common in India with the standard one, which is not common in India
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Project_Unigauge_(India).svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Project_Unigauge_(India).svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IR_sample_ticket.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Project_Unigauge_(India).svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Project_Unigauge_(India).svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IR_sample_ticket.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Project_Unigauge_(India).svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Project_Unigauge_(India).svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IR_sample_ticket.jpg


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SYSTEM OF SINALLING AND INTERLOCKING

RAILWAY SIGNALLING

Railway signallingis a system used to controlrailway traffic safely, essentially to preventtrains

fromcolliding.Being guided by fixedrails,trains are uniquely susceptible to collision;

furthermore, trains cannot stop quickly, and frequently operate at speeds that do not enable them

to stop within sighting distance of the driver..

Most forms oftrain control involve movement authority being passed from those responsible for

each section of a rail network (e.g., asignalman orstationmaster)to the train crew. The set ofrules and the physical equipment used to accomplish this determine what is known as the method

of working(UK), method of operation(US) orsafeworking(Aus.). Not all these methods require

the use of physicalsignals and some systems are specific tosingle track railways.

Block signalling

Trains cannot collide with each other if they are not permitted to occupy the

same section of track at the same time, so railway lines are divided into sections
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_trackshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signalling_block_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signalman_(rail)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stationmasterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_track_(rail)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rail-semaphore-signal-Dave-F.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_track_(rail)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stationmasterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signalman_(rail)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signalling_block_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_trackshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway


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known as blocks. In normal circumstances, only one train is permitted in each

block at a time. This principle forms the basis of most railway safety systems.

Entering and leaving a manually-controlled block

Before allowing a train to enter a block, a signalman must be certain that it is not alreadyoccupied. When a train leaves a block, he must inform the signalman controlling entry to the

block. Even if the signalman receives advice that the previous train has left a block, he is usually

required to seek permission from the next signal box to admit the next train. When a train arrivesat the end of a block section, before the signalman sends the message that the train has arrived,

he must be able to see the end-of-train marker on the back of the last vehicle. This ensures that

no part of the train has become detached and remains within the section. The end of train marker

might be a white disc by day or a steady or flashing red lamp. If a train has entered the nextblock before the signalman sees that the disc or lamp is missing, he will ask the next signal box

to stop the train and investigate.

Permissive and absolute blocks

Under a permissive block system, trains are permitted to pass signals indicating the line ahead isoccupied, but only at such a speed that they can stop safely driving by sight. This allows

improved efficiency in some situations and is mostly used in the USA.

Permissive block working may also be used in an emergency, either when a driver is unable to

contact a signalman after being held at a danger signal for a specific time, although this is only

permitted when the signal does not protect any conflicting moves, and also when the signalman

is unable to contact the next signal box to make sure the previous train has passed, for example ifthe telegraph wires are down. In these cases, trains must proceed at very low speed (typically

20 mph or less) so that they are able to stop short of any obstruction. In most cases this will notbe allowed during times of poor visibility (e.g. fog or falling snow).

Even when an absolute block system is implemented, multiple trains may enter a block with

authorisation. This may be necessary e.g. in order to split or join trains together, or to rescuefailed trains.

Automatic block

Under automatic block signalling, signals indicate whether or not a train may enter a block based

on automatic train detection indicating whether a block is clear. The signals may also be

controlled by a signalman, so that they only provide aproceedindication if the signalman setsthe signal accordingly and the block is clear.

Fixed block

Most blocks are "fixed", i.e. they include the section of track between two fixed points. On

timetable, train order, andtoken-based systems, blocks usually start and end at selected stations.On signalling-based systems, blocks start and end at signals.
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Moving block

One disadvantage of having fixed blocks is that the faster trains are allowed to run, the longer the

stopping distance, and therefore the longer the blocks need to be, thus decreasing the line'scapacity.

Under a moving block system, computers calculate a 'safe zone' around each moving train that

no other train is allowed to enter. The system depends on knowledge of the precise location and

speed and direction of each train, which is determined by a combination of several sensors:

active and passive markers along the track and train borne tachometers and speedometers (GPSsystems cannot be used because they do not work in tunnels.) With a moving block, line side

signals are unnecessary, and instructions are passed directly to the trains. This has the advantage

of increasing track capacity by allowing trains to run closer together while maintaining the

required safety margins.

Train detection

Track circuits

One of the most common ways to determine whether a section of line is occupied is by use of a

track circuit.The rails at either end of each section are electrically isolated from the next section,and an electrical current is fed to both running rails at one end. Arelay at the other end is

connected to both rails. When the section is unoccupied, the relay coil completes an electrical

circuit, and is energized. However, when a train enters the section, it short-circuits the current in

the rails, and the relay is de-energized.

This method does not explicitly need to check that the entire train has left the section. If part ofthe train is left in the section, that part will continue to be detected by the track circuit.

This type of circuit is used to detect trains, both for the purpose of setting the signal indicationand for providing various interlocking functionsfor example, not permitting points to be

moved when a train is standing over them. Electrical circuits are also used toprovethat points

are in the appropriate position before a signal over them may be cleared.

Axle counters

An alternative method of determining the occupied status of a block is using devices located atits beginning and end that count the number of axles entering and leaving. If the same number

leaves the block as enter it, the block is assumed to be clear. Although axle counters can provide

similar functionality to track circuits, they also exhibit a few other characteristics. In a damp

environment an axle counted section can be far longer than a track circuited one. The low ballastresistance of very long track circuits reduces their sensitivity. Track circuits can automatically

detect some types of track defect such as a broken rail. In the event of power restoration after a

power failure, an axle counted section is left in an undetermined state until a train has passedthrough the affected section.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS


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Fixed signals

On most railways, physicalsignals are erected at the line side to indicate to drivers whether the

line ahead is occupied and to ensure that sufficient space exists between trains to allow them tostop.

Mechanical signals

Older forms of signal displayed their different aspects by their physical position. The earliest

types comprised a board that was either turned face-on and fully visible to the driver, or rotatedso as to be practically invisible. While this type of signal is still in use in some countries (e.g.

France and Germany), by far the most common form of mechanical signal worldwide is the

semaphore signal. This comprises a pivoted arm or blade that can be inclined at different angles.

A horizontal arm is the most restrictive indication (for 'danger' or 'caution', depending on the typeof signal).

To enable trains to run at night, one or more lights are usually provided at each signal. Typicallythis comprises a permanently-lit oil lamp with movable colored spectacles in front that alter the

colour of the light. The driver therefore had to learn one set of indications for day time viewing

and another for night time viewing.

Mechanical signals are usually remotely operated by wire from a lever in a signal box, but

electrical or hydraulic operation is normally used for signals that are located too distant formanual operation.

Colour light signals

Vertical colour light signal
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On most modern railways, colour light signals have largely replaced mechanical ones. Colour

light signals have the advantage of displaying the same aspects by night as by day, and require

less maintenance than mechanical signals.

Although signals vary widely between countries, and even between railways within a given

country, a typical system of aspects would be:

Green: Proceed at line speed. Expect to find next signal displaying green or yellow.

Yellow: Prepare to find next signal displaying red.

Red: Stop.

On some railways, colour light signals display the same set of aspects as shown by the lights on

mechanical signals during darkness.

Route signalling and speed signalling

Signalling of British origin generally conforms to the principle of route signalling. Most railwaysystems around the world, however, use what is known asspeed signalling.

Under route signalling, a driver is informed which route the train will take beyond each signal

(unless only one route is possible). This is achieved by a route indicatorattached to the signal.

Under speed signalling, the driver is not informed which route the train will take, but the signal

aspect informs him at what speed he may proceed. Speed signalling requires a far greater rangeof signal aspects than route signalling, but less dependence is placed on drivers' route

knowledge.

Safety systems

The consequence of a train driver failing to respond to a signal's indication can be disastrous. As

a result, various auxiliary safety systems have been devised. Any such system will necessitate theinstallation of train borne equipment to some degree. Some systems only intervene in the event

of asignal being passed at danger(SPAD). Others include audible and/or visual indications

inside the driver's cab to supplement the line side signals. Automatic brake application occurs ifthe driver should fail to acknowledge a warning. Some systems act intermittently (at each

signal), but the most sophisticated systems provide continuous supervision.

In-cab safety systems are of great benefit duringfog,when poor visibility would otherwise

require that restrictive measures be put in place.

Cab signaling
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Example of cab signal

Cab signalling is a system that communicates track status information to the train cab (driving

position), where the train driver can see the information. The simplest systems display the

trackside signal aspect, while more sophisticated systems also display allowable speed anddynamic information about the track ahead. In modern systems, atrain protection systemisusually overlaid on top of the cab signalling system to warn the driver of dangerous conditions,

and to automatically apply the brakes and bring the train to a stop if the driver ignores thedangerous condition.

[1]Cab signalling systems range from simple codedtrack circuits,to

transpondersthat communicate with the cab, andcommunication-based train controlsystems.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_protection_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_protection_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_protection_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_signalling#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_signalling#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_signalling#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_circuitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_circuitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_circuitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpondershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpondershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication-based_train_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication-based_train_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication-based_train_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Metro_North_Cab_Sigal.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Metro_North_Cab_Sigal.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Metro_North_Cab_Sigal.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Metro_North_Cab_Sigal.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication-based_train_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpondershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_circuitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_signalling#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_protection_system


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INTERLOCKING

In the early days of the railways, signalmen were responsible for ensuring any points (US:

switches) were set correctly before allowing a train to proceed. Mistakes were made which led

to accidents, sometimes with fatalities. The concept of the interlockingof points, signals and

other appliances was introduced to improve safety. This prevents a signalman from operating

appliances in an unsafe sequence, such as setting a signal to 'clear' while one or more sets of

points in the route ahead of the signal are improperly set.

Early interlocking systems used mechanical devices both to operate the signalling appliances

and to ensure their safe operation. Beginning around the 1930s, electrical relay interlocking

were used. Since the late 1980s, new interlocking systems have tended to be of the electronic

variety..

ROUTE RELAY INTERLOCKING (RRI):

The station is interlocked by means of RRI and worked with control Panel located in the RRI

cabin. Station is provided with multiple aspects color light signals and electric machine

operated points. The entire operation of interlocked points and signal for reception and

departure of trains is done through Control Panel by SM on duty, who is responsible for correct

& safe working of trains.

Reception & dispatch of trains on running lines are controlled by the SM on duty by using

operating panel and indication panel.

All signals are interlocked with points and are operated from operating panel by SM on duty for

the reception and dispatch of trains.

All running lines are track circuited. The station is provided with Home, Starter, Advanced

starter & shunt signals. Main Home signals are provided with calling on signals and shunt signals

are below them. Crank Handle interlocking is also provided.

CONTROL PANEL:

The control panel has a geographical layout of the entire yard controlled by route relay

interlocking.

INDICATION PANEL:
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All the indications of signals, points setting of the route approach locking and other indications

are depicted on the indication panel & provided in front of the SM(panel).

The SM on duty after performing the required operation on the control panel should watch for

the corresponding indication on the indication panel.

POINTS:

All the points in the yard except handoperated points are power operated and worked from th

RRI cabin by SM on duty. Motor operated points are numbered from 101 to 200. Hand

operated points are numbered from 201 to 250.

CRANK HANDLE INTERLOCKING:

For the purpose of crank handle interlocking and flexibility of movements in the yard the point

machines have been grouped into various groups. One crank handle of one group cannot be

used on the point machine of another group.

POINT INDICATION:

Point indication on the indication panel, indicate the posision of points , either lying normal orreverse, if the points are set correctly, steady white light will appear when the track circuit is

clear, and steady red light will appear when the track is faultyor occu[ied. Failure of the points

is indicated by flashing white or red indication depending upon point/track circuit being clear or

occupied/failed.

In case of point failure lasting for more than 10 seconds, the failure indication p lit on the

operating panel with a steady red light and audible warning, which can be silenced by operating

WXN button on the operating panel.

The flashing of the individual point will continue till the failure is put right.

TRACK CIRCUIT:

All track circuits on the indication panel are marked in different colours and are provided with

indication lamps. Normally there will be no light on the track portion on the indication panel.

When the route has been set for the movement of a train or a shunt movement, continuous

white light will be exhibited for the concerned travk circuits on indication panel.
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This indication will change to red as the train occupies the track circuits. After clearance of the

track circuit by a train, the indication will turn to white again and will extinguish finally when

the route is released. To avoid suppression of track circuit indication , due to lamp failure, the

track circuit indicators are having two or more lamps connected in parallel.

RELAY:

A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of another electrical

circuit. In the original form, the switch is operated by an electromagnet to open or close one or

many sets of contacts. It was invented by Joseph Henry in 1835. Because a relay is able to

control an output circuit of high power than the input circuit, it can be considered to be, in a

broad sense, a form of an electrical amplifier.

Basic design and operation

A simple electromagnet relay, such as the one taken from a car in the first picture, is an

adaptation of an electromagnet. It consists of coil wire surrounding a soft iron core, an iron

yoke, which provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a moveable iron armature, and a

set, or sets of contacts; two in relay picture. The armature is hinged to the yoke and

mechanically linked to a moving contact or contacts. It is held in place by a spring so that when

the relay is de-energized there is an air gap in the magnetic circuit. In this condition, one of the

two sets of contact in the relay picture is closed, and the other set is open. Other relays may

have more or fewer sets of contacts depending on their function. The relay in the picture also

has a wire connecting the armature to the yoke. This ensures continuity of the circuit betweenthe moving contacts on the armature, and the circuit track on the printed circuit board (PCB).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Relay_symbols.svg


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A DPDT AC coil relay with "ice cube" packaging

Part of a relay interlocking

A large relay with two coils and many sets of contacts, used in an old telephone switching system.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phonerelay.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phonerelay.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Relay_room.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ACRelay.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Relay_symbols.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phonerelay.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phonerelay.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Relay_room.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ACRelay.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Relay_symbols.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phonerelay.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phonerelay.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Relay_room.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ACRelay.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Relay_symbols.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phonerelay.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phonerelay.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Relay_room.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ACRelay.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Relay_symbols.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phonerelay.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phonerelay.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Relay_room.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ACRelay.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Relay_symbols.svg


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TRAIN TRAFFIC CONTROL

RAILWAY CONTROL CIRCUITS

Railway control circuits are omnibus telephone circuits which provide communication with each

train working point, thus facilitating efficient train operation. They should provide satisfactory

and reliable communication between the controller and varios way side stations, important

signal cabins, loco sheds, yard offices etc.

TYPE OF CONTROL SYSTEM:

According to traffic requirements and to cater to the needs of electric traction area, a section

may be provided with one or more railway control circuits as detailed below:

a) Section control / train control:

This is provided for communication between the section / train controller in the control

office and way side stations, junction station, block cabins, loco sheds and yards in a

division for the control of train movements and effective utilization of section capacity.

b) Deputy control:

This is provided for communication between the deputy controller in the control office

and important stations, junctions & terminal stations, yard masters office, loco sheds

and important signal cabins in a division for supervisory control of traffic operation in

general.

c) Traction loco control:Provided between traction loco controller and loco sheds, important station masters

offices for optimum utilization of electric locomotives.

d) S&t control:

Provided between test room and way stations for effective maintenance of s&t

equipments.

e) Emergency control:

Provided for selected points along the track routes for establishing communication

between train crew(in case of emergency), traction and permanent way staff with

traction power controller. The emergency sockets are provided on rail posts at an

interval of 1km(max) along the route. They are also provided at FP/SP/SSPS isolators in

yards and near bridges.

f) Emergency wireless control communication:

The following equipment can also be utilized for emergency wireless

communication where such system exists:-


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i. Handsets for mobile train radio communication(MTRC) in sections.

ii. Walkie-talkie sets in sections where VHF communication from train to

control office has been provided in lieu of any physical medium or MTRC.


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EXCHANGE AND TEST ROOM

PD MUX

PRIMARY DIGITAL MULTIPLEXER

CMUX 128 provides a cost effective solution for the interconnection of a whole range of voice

and data interfaces required in communications networks, where multiple locations are

connected over fat pipes and a small pipe has to be dropped at each location. Large enterprises

like railways, army and utility companies who own their own networks are users of this product

segment.

FEATURES

Economical, Scaleable and Reliable

The unit can be easily configured as a Terminal, Drop Insert, Non-blocking or Branching/Cross

Connect Multiplex, simply by installing the appropriate cards in the shelf. The multiplexer has

cards which support a wide variety of interfaces. Channel cards are available for voice and data

applications.

The software-controllable concept enables a powerful method for configuring the equipment.

The flexibility of the CMUX 128 provides network operators the ability to configure all

performance parameters, including time slot assignment, gain level and data transmission

parameters either locally, using a PC/Laptop, or via the network. In both cases user-friendly

software enables reconfiguration at any time, should the requirements for voice and data

transmission grow or change. All the settings are stored in a non-volatile memory that retains

information even in power-down conditions.


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Abundant Applications

As a multi-service solution, the CMUX 128 can be used for voice or data access in public and

private networks. It combines E1 network lines with G.703, RS232, V.35, E&M, FXS, and

FXO client interfaces in a compact package.

You can configure the CMUX 128 in a variety of ways, from simple primary multiplexer for

drop and insert functionality to sophisticated digital cross-connect for concentration and

grooming. Its Voice application modules such as E&M, FXS and FXO support telephony

connections to POTs or private branch exchanges (PBX). These modules also support

networking between a PBX to central office (CO), or a PBX to another PBX using tie lines.

They can also provide extensions for telephones in remote 'points of presence' (POPs) or

branch offices, as well as modem or fax terminals.In addition to its versatility of application in

public telecommunication networks, the CMUX 128 is ideal for use by utility companies like

railways, electricity, oil, gas and mining and for private telecommunication networks. Easy to

install and economical to maintain, the versatility and features of the CMUX 128 position this

MUX as the ideal choice for meeting today's changing network needs.

Redundant Architecture

The CMUX 128 uses a distributed architecture design. This removes the inherent limitations of

centralized architecture, providing a scalable system with no single point of failure.Users can choose the level of network availability required for their application through various

redundancy options. In the CMUX 128, the CPU redundancy (1:1) and power supply

redundancy (1:1) protect against hardware failures. The E1 facility redundancy protects against

network failures as the CMUX128 can switch traffic to an alternate facility in the event of a

link failure.

Voice and Data Flexibility

There are a total of 20 slots available in the chassis of which 2 slots are reserved for the CPUcards and another 2 slots are reserved for the power supply unit. The remaining 16 slots can be

used for installing access cards. The unit supports a wide variety of interface options including

Voice cards (FXS, FXO, E&M), Data cards (64kbps co-directional, V.24, V.35, X.21,

Ethernet, nx64kbps) and Network cards (E1). The unit comes in a compact, metal chassis of 3U

height, which uses a minimum amount of rack space. All cards are fully configurable and


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have remote diagnostics through the CMUX 128 user interface. Using these flexible

configuration options, the MUX can be deployed in integrated voice and data networks across

the globe.

The unit comes in a compact, metal chassis of 3U height, which uses a minimum amount of

rack space. All cards are fully configurable and have remote diagnostics through the CMUX

128 user interface. Using these flexible configuration options, the MUX can be deployed in

integrated voice and data networks across the globe

Basically pd mux is a device which serves both as modulator , demodulator and multiplex

signals. It converts electric signal to digital signal.

STMSTM stands for synchronous transmit module . it is used to produce 63 channel

stream output which is in the form of light

IRIS Modules

IRIS is available in following configuration

128 Ports (With inbuilt Power Supply)

256 Ports (8 slots)

480 Ports (15 slots)



3000 Ports

4500 Ports

6000 Ports

7500 Ports


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Except 128 ports module, external power source is required for rest of the modules.However

128-port system also can be installed on external power source.

IRIS Cards Description

Main Controller Card - MCC

This Card is the Main Control Card of the system. This card supports maximum 8192ports.

One DSP card is inbuilt in this Card. DSP card performs following functionsa)

16 minutes music recording.

b) External music facility.

c) 3 VSN ports (For Voice guidance).

d) DTMF Generators and Receivers

e) MFC Tones Generation and Decoding

f) All tones (Dial tone, Ring back tone, Busy tone etc.).

Peripheral Board Controller Card -PBC

This card is used for communication between the Main shelf and the Peripheral shelves.

Peripheral Cards

Feature Line Card (FLC) :- 32 Port

It is used for giving analog Lines. It is a 32 Port Card. Line Operating Voltage is 48V.

Features provided by this card are

a) DTMF receiver and dialer


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b) Polarity Reversal

c) FSK CLI

d) DTMF CLI

e) 16KHz / 12KHz Pulse Generation.

f) Integrated Test & Diagnostic Features - ITDF .

g) Message waiting facility.

Direct Inward Dialing Card (DID): - 32 Port

This card is used to terminate the level DID trunks. Hardware for this card is same asFLC card. Therefore IRIS FLC can work as DID card. Only we have to change itssoftware by changing its microcontroller.

Feature Trunk card (FTC): - 24 Port

This card is used to terminate the analog trunk lines. This is a 24 Port Trunk Card. FTC

supports following features -

a) Polarity Reversal Detection.

b) 16KHz Pulse detection (Optional)

c) DTMF CLI detection.

Digital Communication Card (DCC):- 16 Port

This card is used to connect the key phones. It supports 16 key phones.

E&M card :- 8 Port

This Card Supports 8 E & M Ports.

Both Way Trunk Card (BWT) :- 16 Ports


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This card is used to generate the level DID trunks as well as terminate the level DIDtrunks.

This Card Supports 16 BWT Lines.

E1 or CEPT / PRI (30)

This Card supports 30 Digital trunks. Hardware for E1/PRI is same only software isrequired to be changed which can be changed in the field also by downloading requiredsoftware in tothe flash of the card. Using E1 or PRI, two exchanges can be tied-up.Moreover QSIG can be installed over PRI.

Basic Rate Interface Card ( BRI/ISDN) :- 8 Port ( S-Interface)

PCB for E1 and BRI Card is same, either E1 Components or ISDN components will be

loaded on the PCB.


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COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Communication means sending and receiving of signal between two stations through

different mediums. It plays a vital role for any system and becomes lifeline for the

concerned people who were being benefited for the system. In communication system

there are three essential components that should be considered:-

Sending(Tx)

RECEIVING(Rx)

Medium

This system is classified into various types according to the upgradation of technology

in the communication system from time to time.

1. OVERHEAD COMMUNICATION

Overhead communication is the most ancient and traditional method of communication thatwas practice during early times. It includes bamboos and poles which wires were transferred

over a long distance.

DRAWBACKS

Thefts

No secrecy

Faults due to contact, earth crust, break etc.

Limitations of circuits

2. UNDERGROUND COMMUNICATION

After the limitations found in overhead communication, a new technology was found i.e

cable system that means a bunch of conductors that were used for the signal transfer.

These cables laid by digging the ground approximated to 1 km. There are made several

junctions at certain distances(25km) so that the effective transfer of signal may be

checked.

DRAWBACKSTotal interruption with any fault(cut water entered)

Theft

Joining is difficult

Equipment cost high.


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3. MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION

Microwave communication brings revolutionary changes in the field of railways

communication system. It can be also termed as Renaissance for the whole

communication channel.

RECEIVING SIDE:

The system modulation plans conforms to standard CCITT modulation plan. The

standard CCITT super groups one through 600 channel. 12 channel in 12 to 60khz

frequency hand make up the CCITT group A. Two additional channels are available

between 4khz and 12khz. This system also conforms to the CCITT modulation plan withrespect to the erect and inverted sideband orientation. The erect sidebands required for

channel in group A and in subgroup 2 are derived by using channels carries below

4.896 Mhz first carrier frequency. Switch setting for S1,S2,S3, CCITT channel

designation baseband frequency carrier frequency, carrier frequency, divider number

and the test tone frequency are provided in this channel.

Waveguide &

switching

device

Radio MultiplexerFrom

antenna

HF


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MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION

INTRODUCTION

Radio communication involves:

The modulation of information (data to be sent) & generation of RF power tby the radio

transmitter.

Radiation of generated RF power into free space by transmitting antenna,

RF power transmitted in the form of electri waves to distant destination.

Reception of electro magnetic waves at destination by the receiving antenna.

The recovery of the information at the destination by the help of the radio receiver.

PROPAGATION:

In radio communication, the radio transmitter & distant radio receiver is coupled through

space. The free space forms the highway for the transmission of the electromagnetic energy.

The radio transmitter is a generator of power. The generated power is radiated to the free

space by the antenna in the form of EM enrgy. This energy is received by the receiving antenna

located at the distant then the transmitted information is receipted by the receiver.

THE PROPERTIES OF EM WAVES ARE AS FOLLOWS:-

The direction of electric field and magnetic field are perpendicular to each other as well

as the direction of propagation.

They travel with the velocity of lightthey can propagate in free space and vaccum.

Their behavior corresponds to light waves.

MICROWAVE(MW)

Indian railway has allocated the frequency band of 7.125 GHz to 7.425 GHz.

At present the microwave communication is largely employed for long multichannel

communication system. This is fixed communication with higher degree of reliability

with large channel capacity.


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ADVANTAGES OF MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION:-

Large bandwidth is possible. Hence, more information can be transmitted as hundreds

of channel is possible(approx 960). Better quality of service due tio negligible voice.


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OPTICAL FIBRE

The installation and termination of optical fibers used to be regarded as somewhat of a Black

art but with standardization and easier terminating techniques no longer true. A basic

knowledge of the subject, together with a quick lesson and some practice can get you started in

fiber optics, but to really understand the subject and gain full in depth knowledge will require

some formal training.

There are lots of fiber optics training companies offering recognized qualifications and a quick

search on the net should fine one in your area. If you are in the uk,optical Technology Limited

offer several different courses to choose from including a City & Guides qualification.

There are also hundred books on fiber optics and a search on the Barnes and Noble web site

will find nearly 600 titles. Without reviewing them all it is difficult to know what to recommend,

but two of the best sellers in this category seem to follow on quite nicely from this page

without getting too involved with mathematics. The two books are the introduction to fiber

optics by John Crisp and understanding fiber optics, Third edition by Jeff Hecht.

Right, lets get on with the lesson


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FIRST A BIT STORY

In 1870,John Tyndall demonstrated that Light travels the curve of a steam of water pouring

from a container, it was the simple principle that led to the study and development ofapplications for this phenomenon. John Logie Baird patented a method of transmitting in a

glass rod for use in a early colour TV, but the optical looses inherent at the time made it

impractical to use. In the 1950s more research and development into the transmission of

visible images through optical fiber led to some success in the medical world, as they began

using them in remote illumination and viewing instruments. In 1966 Charles Kao & George

Hockham proposed the transmission 0of information over glass fiber, and they also realized

that to make it a practical proposition, much lower losses in the cables were essential. This was

the driving force behind the developments to improve the optical losses in fiber,

manufacturing and today optical losses are significantly than the original target set out byCharles Kao &George Hockham.

THE ADVANTAGES OF USING FIBRE OPTICS

Because of the low loss, high bandwidth properties of over fiber cable they can beused overgreater distances than copper cable would be impractical, and by using multiplexors one fiber

could replace hundreds of copper cables. This is pretty impressive for a tiny glass filament, but

the real benefits in the data industry are its immunity to Electro Magnetic Interference(EMI),

and the fact that glass is not an electrical conductor. Because fiber is non-conductive,it can be

used where electrical isolation is needed, for instance between buildings where copper cable

would require cross bonding to eliminate differences in earth potentials. Fibers also pose no

threat in dangerous environment such as chemical plants where a spark could trigger an

explosion. Last but not least is the security aspect, it is very, very difficult to tap into a fiber

cable to read the data signals.


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FIBER CONSTRUCTION

There are many different type of fiber cable, but for the purposes of this explanation we willdeal with one of the most common types 62.5/125 micron loose tube. The number represent

the diameters of the fiber core and cladding, these are measured in microns which are

millionths of a meter. Loose tube fiber can be indoor or outdoor cables usually have the tube

filled with gel to act as a moisture barrier which stops the ingress of water . The number of

cores in one cable can be anywhere from 4 to 144

Over the years a variety of core sizes have been produced but these days there are only three

main sizes that are used in data communications, these are 50/125,62.5/125 and 8.3/125. The

50/125 and 62.5/125 micron multi-mode cables are the most widely used in the data networks,

although recently the 62.5 has become the more popular choice. This is rather unfortunate,

because the 50/125 has been found to be the better option for Gigabit Ethernet applications.

The 8.3/125 micron is a single mode cable which until now hasnt been widely used in the data

networking, this was due to high cost of single mode hardware. Things are beginning to change

because the length limit for Gigabit Ethernet over 62.5/125 fiber has been reduced around to

220m, and now, using 8.3/125 may be the only choice for campus size networks. Hopefully ,

this shift to single mode may start to bring the cost down.

WHATS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SINGLE-MODE AND MULTI-MODE?

With copper cable larger size means less resistance and therefore more current, but with fiber

the opposite is true. To explain this we first need to understand how the light propagates within

the fiber core.


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LIGHT PROPAGATION

Light travels along a fiber cable by a process called Total Internal Reflection (TIR) this is made

possible by using two type of glass which have different refractive indexes. The inner core has ahigh refractive index and the outer cladding has a low index. This is the same principle as the

reflection you see when you look into a pond. The water in the pond has a higher refractive

index than the air, and if you look as it from a shallow angle you will see a reflection of the

surrounding area, however if you look straight down at the water you can see the bottom of

the pond. At some specific between these two view points the light stops reflecting of the

surface of water and passes through the air/water interface allowing you to see the bottom of

the pond. In multi-mode fiber as the name suggests, there are multiplemodes of the

propagation for the rays of the light.

OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION

Optical fiber is generally made of glass and it is made into thin fibers of hairs size. It is a non-

metallic conductor and this can transmit light energy from one end to the other end by utilisingthe phenomenon of TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECT

Documents

Railway Traning Report-1