Radiotheraphy is Used in the Treatment of Cancer

8/12/2019 Radiotheraphy is Used in the Treatment of Cancer

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Diagram 3.1 and Diagram 3.2 show a student throwing a javelin using different throwingtechniques. The forces used by the student are the same. The angles of projection aredifferent.

(a !bserve Diagram 3.1 and Diagram 3.2.(i "ompare the distance traveled by the javelin from # to $.%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%..(1 mar&(ii 'hat happens to the distance of the javelin when the angle of projection is lessthan the angle of projection shown in Diagram 3.2%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%..(1 mar&(b )tate the shape of the javelin so that it moves with minimum resistance throughair%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%..(1 mar&(c The force acting on the javelin is 1* + and the throwing distance ,* m."alculate the wor& done by the student in Diagram 3.2.

-2 mar&s


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(d (i )tate the changes of energy e/perienced by the javelin from # to $ fortechniques.%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%..(1 mar&(ii )tate the energy produced when the javelin touches the ground.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%..(1 mar&

3 (a (i 0urther in Diagram 3.2 compare to Diagram 3.1 1(ii Decreases 1(b streamline 1(c ' 1* / ,* ,** 11(d (i inetic energy to potential energy to &inetic energy 1(ii )ound 4 heat 1TOTAL 7

Diagram 2 shows a model of a hydraulic jack. The force F 1 applied on the small piston Risable to support two loads which placed on piston S and T.

(a !ame the principle used in the hydraulic jack. Namakan prinsip yang digunakan dalam jek hidraulik."""""""""""..""""""""""""""""""""""""".

#1 mark $(b (i %f F 1 & '. !) calculate the pressure e*erted on piston R. Jika F 1 = 4.0 N ) hitungkan tekanan yang dikenakan pada omboh R.


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#2 mark $(ii +ompare the fluid pressure at S and T to the pressure at R

Bandingkan tekanan bendalir pada S dan T dengan tekanan bendalir pada R .""""""""".."""""""""""""""""""""""""#1 mark $

(iii Determine the magnitude of the force F 2.Tentukan magnitude daya F .#2 marks $(c ,i-e one reason why it is more suitable to use a li uid instead of air as the hydraulicfluid.

Berikan satu sebab mengapa !e!air lebih sesuai digunakan sebagai bendalir hidraulik berbanding udara.""""""""""".."""""""""""""""""""""""""#1 mark $

/. Diagram / shows a cross0section of a unsen burner

a i !ame the hysics3s principle related to the working principle of unsen burner Namakan prinsip "i#ik yang terlibat dalam prinsip kerja penunu Bunsen""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""(1 markii 4hich region 5) 6 or 7) e*periences low pressure

$a%asan manakah &' ( atau ) yang mengalami tekanan rendah"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""".(1 mark

b State one reason for your answer in 2 (a (ii Nyatakan satu sebab bagi ja%apan anda di *a+*ii+..........................................................................................................................................


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(1 markc 8*plain how a unsen burner can produced blue flameTerangkan bagaimana penunu Bunsen boleh menghasilkan nyalaan api yang be%arnabiru""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""(2 markd State another application that is related to the hysics3s principle in (a (i

Nyatakan aplikasi lain yang berkaitan dengan prinsip "i#ik dalam *a+*i+""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

1 a 9orce per unit area 1 b (: 5 1 ; ('


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1. ? non0insulated alluminium block is heated at a constant rate using a low powerimmersionheater.The result is shown by the temperature against time graph.

a 4hat is the room temperature@""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""..#1 mark$

b 8*plain why the temperature becomes constant at A o+ e-en though heat is stillsupplied to

the block@""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""#2 marks$c 4hat does the gradient of the graph represent@"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""#1 mark$d +ompare the rate of heat loss to the surroundings at point ? and point ."""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""#1 mark$e The specific heat capacity of alluminium is B C kg 01 o+ 01 and the mass of thealluminium

block is 1 kg. ow much heat is re uired to raise the temperature of the block from / o+toA o+ if there is no heat loss@#2 marks$

Solid naphthalene is placed in a test tube and then heated as shown in the diagram.The graph shows how the temperature of the naphthalene changes with time.


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a. 4hat is the use of the stirrer@"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""#1 mark$

b. State the melting point of naphthalene."""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""#1 mark$

c. (i 4hat is happening to the state of the naphthalene between time 2 s and A s@"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""#1 mark$c. (ii 8*plain why the temperature of the naphthalene is constant e-en though heat is stillsupplied""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""#2 marks$

d. 4hy does the temperature rise again after A s@""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""#2 marks$e. %f the rate of heat supplied to the naphthalene is constant at 1 4) and the mass of thenaphthalene is 2 g) calculate the specific latent heat of fusion of naphthalene.#/ marks$

Diagram 1 shows two weights and E) of the same mass but of different materials) placed ina steam bath. Fn the right are two polystyrene cups containing the same amount of water.


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Diagram 2 shows the situation after the two weights are transferred into separate cups andthermal e uilibrium is reached.

a 4hat is meant by thermal e uilibrium@#1 mark$

b ases on Diagram 1 and Diagram 2) compare the temperature of the weights and Ewhenthey are in the temperature bath and when they are in the polystyrene cups. Relate thechangeof water temperature in each cup to the amount heat gi-en out by and E. encedeterminewhich weight contains more heat and name the physics concept relating to the amount ofheatstored in an object.#: marks$c i 4hen a cannon ball is dropped to the ground from a tall building) its temperature isfoundto be higher after hitting the ground. 8*plain why.#1 mark$ii State the transformations of energy of the cannon ball.#1 mark$iii 4hat happens to temperature of the cannon ball after some time@ 8*plain.


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Diagram / shows an electric o-en being used to roast a chicken. %t is found that thechickenis not e-enly cooked and the o-en consumes too much electricity.Suggest modifications that can be made to the o-en so that the problem stated can be

sol-ed.8*plain each medication suggested.#1 marks$

1.

a. / o+ b. Rate of heat loss increases with temperature difference o-er the room temperature. ?tA o+) therate of heat loss & rate of heat supplied by the heater.c. rate of change of temperatured. the rate of loss of heat at is greater than the rate of heat loss at ?e. eat & m! & 1 * B * (A G /& 2H C

2.

a. to keep the temperature uniform throughout the water b. I o+c. i changing from solid to li uid (meltingii During melting) heat supplied is used only to separate' & .2 >> & 2 C kg 01.


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/.a. !o nett heat flow between 2 bodies

b. 0%n the steam bath both and E ha-e the same temperature

0The temperature of is lower than E when they are in the cups0The bigger the change of temperature) the larger the amount of heat gi-en out by theweight0E contains more heat0The concept of heat capacity0 the larger the heat capacity of a body) the more heat isstored in the

body at a certain temperaturec. i The kinetic energy of the cannon ball is con-erted to heat after hitting the ground.ii otential energy kinetic energy heatiii same as the surrounding temperature.Thermal e uilibrium is reached

'.roperty of material suitable for gas container Reason,ood conductor of heat ,as in container absorbs heat uicklySpecific heat capacity must be low Temperature of container attains thetemperature of surrounding water uickly

>ittle e*pansion Jolume of gas in container kept constant4all of container must be thin eat uickly transferred to gas in container +hoose container R ecause its made of good conductor) low specific heat capacity) e*pand -ery little andhas thin wall.

Radiotheraphy is used in the treatment of cancer. The radioacti-e ray used can causeside effects to the patient.Ksing the knowledge about radioacti-ity) e*plain the steps taken to reduce the sideeffects. %n your e*planation) emphasi=e the aspects ofL

(i The type of ray used. (ii ow the radioacti-e radiation is >argetted on the cancer cells.


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(iii The dosage of the ray re uired. (i- The time of the ray e*posure. #1 marksl

,amma 0 The power of penetration is high0 The power of ionisation is lowuse MR% < 5ray0 %dentify the position of cancer cellsconectly

point out to thetargetaccurately0 To a-oid other li-ing cells from

being destroyedSuitable dose 0 %f high dose) other cells will destroy

0 %f low dose not all the cancer cellswill be destroyedTime of e*posure is nottoo longTo pre-ent other healthy cells fromdestroy

The population of pests can be controlled using radiation from radioacti-e source.6ou are assigned to study the characteristics of some radioisotopes that aresuitable for use in controlling the population of pests.Table 12.2 shows the characteristics of four radioisotopes


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Radioisotope Radioisotope+haracteristics of radioisotope,iri-!iri radioisotopState of matter

$eadaan jirimTypes of ray

Jenis sinar alf0lifeSeparuh hayat %odine01/1

odin-/ />i uid,e!air ,amma1amaI days2 hari5enon01//

&enon-/Solid

pepejal

eta Beta: days3 hari+obalt0A

$obalt- 0Solid

5epejal ,amma1ama: years3 tahunStrontium0BStrontium-60


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li uid!e!air eta

Bet aI years

2 tahun

8*plain the suitability of the characteristics of the radioisotope to be used in thecontrolling the population of pests based on the following aspectsL0 State of matter 0 Types of ray0 alf0lifeDetermine the most suitable radioisotope to be used and gi-e the reason for your choice. #I marks $

solid 8asier to handledgamma0ray enetrating power is high>ong half0life >ast longer

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Radiotheraphy is Used in the Treatment of Cancer