Radical America - Vol 16 No 6 - 1982 - November December

8/8/2019 Radical America - Vol 16 No 6 - 1982 - November December

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Editors: Margaret Ceullo, Marge Davies, John Demeter, Marla Erlien, Phylis Ewen, LindaGordon, Alen Hunter, Joe Interrante, Nei McCafferty, Jim O'Brien, Donna Penn, Gail Sullivan, and Ann With. Intes Brian Flynn and Ann Haycox.

Staff John Demeter

Associate Editors: Peter Biskind, Car Boggs, Frank Brodhead, Paul Buhle, Jorge C. Corralejo,Ellen DuBois, Barbara Ehrenreich, John Ehrenreich, Dan Georgakas, Martin Glaberman, JimGreen, Michael Hirsch, Mike Kazin, Ken awrence, Staughton ynd, Betty Mandel, Mark Naison,Brian Peterson, Sheia Rowbotham, Annemarie Troger, Matha Vicinus, Stan Weir, David Widgery

Cover ustration an esign b Nck Thokeson fm an raq paintng

Radical America wecomes unsocited manuscripts, but can return hem only if sufcient postage is ncluded. Writers

may aso send absracts or inquries to Manuscript Coordinator c/o Radca America

RADICAL AERICA (USPS 873-880) s publshed fve mes a yea (bmonhy excep JuyOcobe) by he AleavEducaon Pojec Inc a 38 Unon Suae Somevlle A 02143 617) 628-6585 Copyigh 1982 by Radca AmecaSubscpon aes: $5 pe yea $26 fo 2 yeas $0 pe yea fo unemployed eed o fxed ncome Fee o psonesAdd $3 pe yea o a pces fo foegn subscpons Doube aes fo instiutons Bulk aes: 40% educon fom covepce fo fve o moe copes Dsbuon n England by Southe Dsbuon 7 A Balfe S Bldg K Albon Yad LondonN9ED Engand US dstbuon by Cae Pgeon peseng by New sssspp pos and msakes by Alfed Neman

Second cass postage pad at oston Mass and addiona post ofces

POSMSER Sd addr hag RAICA AMRICA 38 U Sqar #14 Smrvll M 02143

RAICA AMRICA s aaable on micom from Xerox niersity Microms 300 orth Zeeb Road Ann AroM 480 and indexed in Alternaie ress Center Index ox 722 atimore M 228 It is aso indexed nmra r ad Slgal ra and Wm Sd ra


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ARV D INTRODUCTON

LEBANON AFTER THE ISRAEI INVASON

Fuad Faris

POEMS Dick Louie

FOUR DECADES OF CHANGE: BLACK WORKERS IN SOUTHERN TEXTILES, 4Mary Fedrickson

POEMS 4Browen Walace Robin Becker

MOTHERNG, TE UNCONSCIOUS AND FEMINISM 47Judy Housman

SEXUAITY AND MALE VOLENCE Pete Badbury

POEM John Demete

GOOD READNG

LETTERS


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Since last summer's invasion of Lebanon, we perhaps like many of our aders, have

been examining our past assumptions and actions garding the Midde East. As an editoriacolective we have been taking, ading, and thinking together about how to engage ina serious review of Israeli and US poicy and of the complex social, economic, and politicaquestions invoved in the simple phses "Arab-Israeli conict or "Paestinian question

One sult of our review is that we have been somewhat astounded by our own previousignorance We have not arrived at a unied position, nor have we really strived for one,

but colectively we have come to a new awaness of the impoance of directly addressing

issues in the Mideast no matter how "uncomfoabe they may make us in order to deveop a serious critique of US policy at least, and of inteational political forces and trends at best ()

In ture issues we hope to engage in such questions more directly He we are pleasedto psent Fuad Faris's aicle "Lebanon Aer the Iseli Invasion as a sta in our effoto conquer our ignonce and to better understand the compex dynamics of Middle Eastepolitical stggle The aicle allows us to see the Lebanon situation in a ler historical con

text and to get away fm the easy, but isleading, categorization of Christians, Jews,

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and As which we hae een gien o expainidde Ease poiics. Fais heps us o see heos of he Phaangiss and he cun diisions

) in egad o inea eanese poiics and oeanons compex eaions wih ohe Aasaes Isae and he US. He egins one impo

an pa of ou poiica educaion y suggesing ha hee ae impoan diffeences amongChisian and Aa goups in he aea and ha an infomed anaysis mus ake such diffeences

ino accounOf couse one sho aice eaes us wih

many quesions which mus aso e answeed ifwe ae o deeop a moe use anaysis. Faismenions he posiie pogessie hope of heaiona Fn in eanon u we need oknow moe aou such goups us as we need oknow moe aou eis foces wihin he PO

and wihin sae. Wha ae he posiions of suchgups? How do hey connec o dieen inenaiona e aignmens? Wha ae hei aseswihin hei communiies.? Any hope fo a ceae sociais posiion on he idde Eas is

dependen on ou knowing mo aou indigenous e fomaions hee

Simiay we need o know moe aou heeaiy and he iusion of eigious issues in

dening poiics in he egion Fais expainshow Fnch confessiona poiics was used o diide peope and o ceae a sense of faseeigious ahe han cass uniy. Bu sueyosem ndamenaism is a foce in he aea as is ewish adiionaism Wha hope is heefo oecoming eigious deniions of po-

ems and achieing a e sociais appoach?As wih so many eiss we hae oen sough o aoid he iaiona igious dispues of hewod o o edene hem as cass o naiona

poems. Can we eay do his in he iddeEas o is he effo oo easy fo us a way of

aying ou caegoies on he quesions?

Pease ea wih us as we expoe such ques ions in fuue issues. Fo now we ae happy o egin he discussion wih a piece which ses aseious nonpoemica one whie si aising he

ciica poiica quesions which we hae aoided fo oo ong.

* * *

ohehood coninues o e as i has aways een a poiicay chaged issue Howee

hese deaes ae aking pace in a poiica con ex quie diffeen fm ha in which he

womens moemen s ised he issue.Whee he womens moemen once examinedmohehood as a socia insiuion in ode o

chaenge is oe in dening and esicingwomens ies moheood is now aised y

he ew Righ and some ef goups as we assome womens gups he asis fo womens

paicipaion in socia moemens. (See Vo. o. and he ees coumn in hisissue Whee he ems and expeience ofmoheing wee once examined o eea is compex eaion o he deepy ooed noms ofheeosexuaiy moheng is now seen y some

as he essence of femininiy And whee hewomens moemen once iewed mohehood as one of many insiuions and eaionsepoducing mae dominance and saw mohehood isef as a compex gup of aciiies(incuding housewok as we as chideaingmohehood is now dened mo naowyin ems of chideaing. Coespondingy changes in chideaing ae seen as he pimayif no excusie way o change gende oes.

I is wihin his changing poiica and ideoogica conex ha Judy Housman eexaminesancy Chodoows Te Reproduction of

Mothering, a ook poduced wihin (and made possie y he "second wae of feminism

u one which can ake on ey diffeen mean

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ing in he cuen pei o anieinis backash. Housans aice is ess a specic ciique

o Chodows wok (alhough she aises ipoan quesions abou he assupions behind and aeas o ocus in ha wok han a eising oissues which once suounded he wok and aenow in dange o being ogoen. She uges us o econside ou assupions abou gende andsexuaiy and wha chenges o ae poweigh ean o he ue o dieences be

ween en and woen And she was us agains pessiis in he ace o hese deepseaed ways o eaing; she ephaasizes heipac which changes in ohe socia insiuions

can hae on he nos o ohehood iseWe ae aso epining in his issue Pee Bad

bus analysis o sexuaiy and ae ioence

CORRECTION

In Vol. No of Radica Aeca this photograph was incorrectly credited It was taken by Pamela Harris We are sor for theerror

4

which expoes soe o he sae quesions. Iepesens a aep by one heeosexua an o

expoe in a e pesonal way he oos o hisscuiniy ! ha sense i ebodies a consousness-sg expon o se, uch like

he aciiy hough which woen s ised he cuse o issues which gae ise o Chodows wok. Bdbu aises ian ques

ions abou he ways boys ae aised in a ae doinaed culue hei eaion o woen and

doesiciy, hei conscion o sexualiy, and hei habi o using physica ioence in iniaeeaionships We uge ha boh aices be ead

as uch o he quesions hey pose abou each ohe as o he insighs which each poides.

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LEBANON AFTER THESRAEL NVASON

December

Fuad Faris

Secto , relate evets that occurred aer the srael vaso started Jue

Secto , try to lace these evets ther hstorcal cotext to better uderstad themFally, Secto , try to assess how the stuato may develo the ext few

moths

I. THE ASION AND THE FEW MONTHS AFTE

Shortly after the srael army wthdrew from Berut late Setember, the (ewly

reorgazed) Lebaese army started a camag of roudus the cty These roudus, whch lasted for the best art of October, were rmarly coducted the shatytowsad oorer sectos of West Berut, ot the resdetal areas. t was the rst largescaleoerato by the Lebaese army sce the - cvl war.

would lke to say a few words about these roudus ad the way they were carredout, because they llustrate rather well the atsocal character of the reset govermet

Although they were coducted by the army, the roudus should be viewed as the co

tuato of ast actos by the Phalagst mltas ad ther alles, but ow uder the cover

m cnempy exhii f qi pinin 17 pned y he ciin f -mecn Unieiy 7Gde nd he qi peci nee ecin pecil hnk he ciin f mecn UnieiyGde Belmn ) f pplyin wih l he phic f hi icle


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of legality. In this there is no surprise The Lebanese army, as presently constituted, is dominatby elements sympathetic to the Phalangists The

relationship between the two is in fact deeper thanthis simple connection, and goes back to the historical role played by the Phalangists vis-avis theLebanese state over the last forty years. I will comeback to this history later, but for now I want tomake a few points explicit about these roundups:

FIRST, it is true that they first rounded up

Palestinians, but later they went ater Egyptians,Sudanese, Syrians, and other nonLebanese Arabs,who were charged with not being legal residents ofLebanon As you might expect, these were all poorpeople, like the poor Mexicans who cross the USborder without legal papers and who end up doingthe most menial work. Rich and welltodo Egyptians, Syrians, and even Palestinians invariably have

all necessary legal papers. Threfore they have notbeen bothered, and wl not be bothered, by theLebanese government

SECOND, once they inished with people without proper identiication, they went aer peoplewho had built their houses on private or government land without permit. During the rst threeweeks of October, the Lebanese army demolishedwhole sections of squatter homes occupied bypoor Lebanese from the South or the Beka vaey.When the army brought bulldozers to destroywhat it said were ilegay but houses in Ouzai(a neighborhood near the airport), there was abloody confrontation with the residents (all Lebanese) which ende up in the death of several

peopleTHIRD, the roundups in West Beirut provokeda public outcry, not only among progressive circlesin Lebanon but also in Europe So much so thatboth the French and Italian governments, whosetroops are part of the multinational peacekeepingforce in Beirut, found it necessary to warn theLebanese government against taking further repressive measures The Lebanese government's answer

8

George ehmeh Regee women a ood disrbon poin

in Sidon

was that it was conducting routine roundups, disarming all armed elements in the capital, and thatit intended to exercise its authority in both Eastand West Beirut Up to this moment, however, thearmy has not disarmed any armed element in EastBeirut, which effectively remains under Phalangist

control.This last point raises a crucial question aboutwhere the center (or centers) of authority lie in the present government For one thing, the governments defensive and apologetic attitude concerning actions by its military indicates that some ofthese actions went beyond what was ocialysnctioned by the government. Furthermore, part

of the reality is that the Lebanese army cannot


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angist miitias he nw wanted t gvern thecuntry Fr this he had t find new interna aiances that wud nt ny egitimize his presiden

cy ut wud as save him frm ecming aLeanese prcnsu fr Israe In this effrt Bashircud cunt n the supprt f traditina piticians as we as the supprt f the "civiian wingf his wn party; they a had an interest in restring the sciaecnmic-pitica rder which eisted in Leann efre the civi war and which

made Leann mre dependent n the Ara wrdthan n Israehe cntradictin etween haangist rue and

Israei dminatin in Leann came t a head justa few days ater Bashirs eectin In a nw wedcumented encunter etween Menachem Beginand Bashir Gemaye in Nahariyah Begin accusedGemaye f eing ungratefu fr a that Israe had

dne fr the haangists Gemaye n the therhand decared that Begin was making impssiedemands n him and Leann.!

his cnfict in fact reected a simiar cnictwithin the ranks f the haangist arty with themiitias taking an vert prIsraei psitin andwith the "civiian wing f the party trying tkeep a distance frm Israe hus whereas themiitias have refused t make cncessins hweerminima fr the sake f "natina recnciiatinthe "civiian wing wants t gvern Leann yfinding ways t accmmdate sme f the traditina ppsitin grups as we as the Ara states

he intrahaangist cnict as reached thecrisis pint as a resut f the Israei invasin In

the few days efre his assassinatin BashirGemaye in his quest t ecme the uncntestedeader f his party and the cuntry met severatimes with the cmmanding ficers f the haangist miitias He wanted t discuss ways fintegrating the miitias int a Leanese army thatwud e sey respnsie t the gvernmentBut just as in his meeting with Begin Bashir reprtedy fund himsef at ggerheads with his

0

miitary icers wh preferred t keep theirmiitias utside the authrity f a gvernmentthat might nt give tp pririty t the war against

the aestinians

Who Kied Bashr Gemaye?

Nt much has een said in the American mediaaut the assassinatin f Bashir Gemaye Bycntrast cnsiderae cverage has een given t

the Sara and Shatia massacresBth events are hwever intimatey reated nt the sense that the assassinatin ed t theIsraei ccupatin f Beirut which in turn awedfr the massacres t take pace In fact frm thevarius depsitins in frnt f the Israei pane finquiry it has ecme cear that (1) Bashirs assassinatin was ny an excuse fr the Israei army's

entry int Beirut which had een carefuypanned y the Israei genera staff and (2) thejint Israeihaangist peratin int the Saraand Shatia camps was as part f the attack paneven thugh the kiing inside the camps may havegne eynd what Israei generas had expicityawed.

he rea intimate ink etween the tw events(Bashirs assassinatin and the massacres) is thatthey were cnducted y the same frces pursuingthe same pitica jective he jective is tcreate a aestinianfree Leann under a gvernment that is suservient t and why dependentn Israe As it is turning ut the pursuit f thisjective is fraught with prems and may sti

ackfireerhaps the arge-scae kiing in the camps wasnever expicity rdered y Israei fficers And \>perhaps the iquidatin f Bashir Gemaye wasnever expicity rdered y Israei inteigenceeither But the fact is that in th events theinstrument that carried ut the actin (nameyspecia units frm the haangist miitias tgether

with sme units frm Saad Haddads frce) was


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an insrumn crad by Isral and wildd byppl wih a sd inrs in h cninuainf Israli dminain f bann

On rsul f h assassinain and h massacrs is ha h Israli grnmn undr harsh

inrnal and xrnal criicism has bn rying dc h blam h Phalangis miliias If h

public ucry cninus h Israli grnmnwill ha find scapgas fr is acin Sharnand sm f h hr Israli gnrals may ha b dismissd Bu in addiin, if public prssurcninus Isral may ha disanc islf frm

h Phalangis miliias If his urn f ns dsak plac, i will ha impran inrnal rprcus

George ehmeh En el-Hweh camp. Sidon.

sins in bann Wihu Israli assisanc hPhalangis miliias ar cnsidrably wakr andmay ls h dg cnrl h siuain

Th ns surrunding h assassinain andh massacrs ha als mbarrassd h nw grnmn f Amin mayl Amin mayl andhrs in h Phalangis pary ha akn grapains in xnraing hmsls frm any rspnsibiliy Bu hrin lis h dangr If h grnmn can nw kp is disanc frm h Phalangis miliias wihu far f immdia raliain frm hm i is in par bcaus Isral is busy

rplishing is public imag ar h inasin andh massacrs and prbably prfrs ha h mili


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.Don MClln Faang gunmn cwing hugh h obb o th oida Inn ot Beit, 7

ts o ot try or the momet to corot thegovermet O the other h oboy Lebo is ow powerul eou to srm themlts ot eve the Lebese rmy (whch ict is ether powerul or trustworthy. ThePhlgst mltis re thereore big their timeow hopg tht circumstces wl soo eoughchge ther vor.

O October 24 the Phlgist milts orgze mss rlly Est Berut. It ws show o orce wrg tht they o ot ite to srmutil ll "terrorsts oreigers (whch recoe wors or Plests Syris hve beeorce out o ebo I the metime mGemyel the govermet re tryg to bulup their stregth uortutely ot by reorg

izg the rmy securg ts legce gstthe Phlgst milts, but by expig the

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multtol pecekeepg orce Put simply theLebese govermet views its ow uthorty sbeg evetully erecte o lrge ilux o oreg troops ( oreig moey The roy i lo ths s tht we hve govermet which clims mte to ri the coutry o ll oreg troops(otbly Isrel Syri but which is somost eger to itrouce other oreg troops(merc Frech Itli.**Th Lbans govnmnt is not taking about a whundd o vn a w thousand Amrican Frnch and

Itaian sodirs rom th numbrs mntiond what s nvisiond is a u-dgd ogn arm that wi u

assum th o o a nationa arm. Whn Gmac to th UN and thn visitd Washington Paris andRom h patd said that his govrnmnt wantd a

mutination oc that woud incud no w than

0000 sodis as w as an xpansion o th psnt

000-strong UN packping orc southrn Lbanon (New Yrk mes, Oct. 1, 198).


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.)

II. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE:

THE PHALANGIST PARTY

AND THE LEBANESE STATE

Let me mention a few dates in the history ofthe Phalangists. he founder of the party, PierreGemayel, rst thought of reating a nationalistyouth movement when he was attending the 1 936Olympi games in Berlin. Many years later, Ge-mayel explained that here [in Germany] I was

struk with admiration. We orientals are, by na-ture, a unruly and indivdualisti people InGermany I witnessed the perfet ondut of awhole, unifed nation" He went on to explainthat he was partiularly impressed with Germanyssense of disipline, order, purpose, and nationalistzeal that were manifestly absent in his nativeLebanon

he Phalangist party was formally reated onNovember 2 1 , 1 936 , by five Frenheduated mid-dlelass pofeionals, all Christian. hey inludeda pharmaist (Gemayel himsel, a lawyer, twoournalists, and an engineer. Gemayel was deig-nated the superior leader" (in Frenh, Ie chefsuperieu), whih is still the way they refer to him

today. he party's motto, whih in a way sums upwhat it is all about , is God, Fatherland, Family

From the late 1930s until the outbreak of theivl war in 1 975 , the Phalangists were always theparty defending the state. So muh so that politi-al ommentators in Lebanon alled it the partyof the state ." Whenever the state was in risis, andthe army (always weak and with oniting alle-gianes) was hesitant in oming to its defense, the

Phalangists would invariably play the role of theshok troops" in defense of the state

Now what was this Lebanese state that thePhalangists were most eager to defend?

he modern state of Lebanon was reated inthe 1 920s After the First World War, England and

Frane divided up the Ottoman booty. Englandtook ontrol of that part of the Levant whih

omprised Palestine, ransordan, and Iraq, whileFrane arved up two new states, Lebanon andSyria, out of the remaining area.

In 1926, the Frenh Mandate authoritiesequipped Lebanon with its first and only onstitu-tion his onstitution maintained and extendedthe soalled onfessional" system of governmentin Lebanon he ornerstone in this form of gov-ernment is the distribution of all government postsand publi oes on a religious or onfessional

basis. Whle onfessionalism suited rather wellFrenh olonial poliy of divideandrule, it wasto ontribute greatly to the strife and unrest inLebanese politial life many deades later

In 1 943, the soalled National Pat was adopt-ed by the then dominant politial fores whihhad ust hosen omplete independene from adelining Frane he National Pat extended the1 926 Constitution and rearmed its onfessional-ist form.

Still in effet today, the National Pat stipu-lates that the president of the republi be Maro-nite, the prime minister Sunni, the speaker of theparliament Shiite, the deputy speaker of the parliament Greek Orthodox, the hief of the army

Maronite, and so on Seats in the parliament aredistributed aording to a 6to5 ChristiantoMoslem ratio, and appointments in the ivil servieaording to a 1 to1 ChristiantoMoslem ratio.

What I have ust esribed is the general makeup of the Lebanese state However, this distribution of power on a onfessional basis, far from

being what its apologists have presented as a fairrepresentation of the ountrys ommunal balane," in fat served only to preserve a semifeudalsystem of government over the uneven apitalistdevelopment of a serviebased eonomy In the1 950s and 1 960s, the Lebanese eonomy flourished as a result of a vigorous growth in its om-merial and banking setors, as well as in tourism.

But the other side of the oin was a gradual depop-ulation o the ountryside, a deterioration of

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agriulture, and the expansion of Beirut as a typ-ial hird World metropolis (a glittering entersurrounded by miserable shantytowns).

The Man Contradcton

ontrary to general impression, the ommerialand nanial lass in Beirut (headed by a smallplutoray that has had a virtual monopoly ongovernment positions) has maintained a ontradi-

tory attitude visavis the state of Israel over thelast thirty years.Indeed the boom of the serviebased Lebanese

eonomy in the 950s and 960s was the diretresult of the emergene of the state of Israel andof the Arab eonomi blokade against it: ( 1) start-ing in 948 , the port of Beirut arried all the tran-sit that used to be arried by the port of Haifa;

(2) the oil pipelines from the Arab hinterlandpassed through Lebanon and Syria instead of Hai-fa; (3) were it not for the blokade, the surplusapital that trnsited to Europe and the Ameriasthrough Lebanese brokers would have been han-dled in Israel; and (4) beause Israeli airraft werenot allowed ight over any Arab ountry Beirut

managed to beome the Middle East's enter ofworld air transport hus it was to the benefit ofLebanons ommerialfinanial lass to keep theIsraeli eonomy sealed off from the Arab world asmuh as possible and therefore not to reah asettlement of the ArabIsraeli onit Suh asettlement would have brought strong ompetitionfrom Israeli ommerial and inanial power

On the other hand, the presene of a large num-ber of Palestinian refugees in Lebanon, itself theresult of the nonresolution of the ArabIsraelionit, was a destabilizing fator As a refugeeproblem in the 1950s and early 960s the Pales-tinian presene was (at worst) an irritant to theLebanese soioeonomi order. As an organizedmovement, the Palestinian presene later beame aserious threat to a state that ould neither ontain

Palestinian ativities nor repel Israeli punitive raidsagainst Palestinian enters in Lebanon In allianewith Lebanese opposition groups (left parties,trade unions and student organizatiors), the Pal estinian movement in Lebanon inurred the wrathof the parties defending the status quo Firstamong these was the Phalangist Party

The 1975-76 Cv War

his was the immediate bakground of theLebanese ivil war. Having reaped the benefits ofbeing the Wests exlusive broker in the MiddleEast, largely beause of the Arab eonomi blok-ade against Israel, the ommerialnanial lass inBeirut found itself in the early 1 970s aught up inall the onsequenes of the unresolved ArabIsraelionflit Its wellbeing was threatened by the

emergene of an organized Palestinian resistanewhih not only led to steppedup Israeli attaks onLebanese territory, but whih was also the naturalally of revolutionary fores within Lebanesesoiety

In its struggle against the Palestinian movement,the Lebanese state alled on the army first In theearly 1 970s , as the Lebanese army repeatedlyproved itself unable to ontrol the situation, thePhalangist militias and other rightwing paramili-tary groups intervened Mass demonstrations andgeneral strikes invariably ended up in bloody on-frontations. he spring of 975 marked the beginning of the ivil war, when the Phalangist militiasand their allies launhed a ampaign of harassment

and armed provoation against Palestinian andLebanese opposition groups

However, by attributing the internal tensions and the rise of a militant Let exlusively to thePalestinian presene, the rightwing militias misal-ulated their ability to pursue suessfully theiroffensive against the Palestinian resistane move-ment his opened the door for the interventionof various outside fores in the ivil war pri


17/76

Don Clln oug Patiia with potof Aaat

marily Syia and Irael both of whih feared theonequene of a vitoriou Lebanee NationalMovement in alliane with the PLO

he ivil wa and it aftermath are now hitoryhroughout the lat eit year the fore of

hange in Lebanon remained alive againt al odd.

hee fore alo kept alive the pomie of a renewed tuggle for a demoati Lebanon and foPaletinian elfdetermination

ontary to wha it tried to ahieve the Iraeliinvaion in the ummer of 1 982 did not put an endto the Paletinian quet fo national elfdetermi-nation no did it eliminate progreive foe in

Lebanee oiety.

WHEE THE STUATONMAY GO FOM HEE

Of all the partie involved in the Lebanee on-fit the US and Iael are for the time being themot poweful he two have trong interet inLebanon ometime onverging and ometimediveging and both will eek to ontrol the itua-tion to thei advantage*

What i at take i the natue of the preent

Lebanee govenment and in partiular it inte-nal and external alliane Let me therefore tartby ummaizing what would be fom the Lebanee government' point of view the mot oppor-tune development in the next few year

Ideally the people in power in Lebanon wouldlike to eover their ole of middleman betweenthe Wet and the Arab hinterland. hi mean the

renewal and expanion of thei eonomi relationwith the Arab tate epeially the oilproduingamong them. If they want to meet the ame degreeof ue a in the 1950 and 1960 the bankimportexport ompanie and othe ommeialand nanial onern in Beirut wll have to be farremoved from Iraeli ompetition hi in turn

mean that they have no peial interet in reolv-ing the ArabIraeli onit or normalizingeonomi elation with Irael

But at one and the ame time they alo wantto redue the Paletinian preene in Lebanon andeliminate any emblane of oganized oppoitionthat may dirupt the working oder of the ervie-baed eonomy. hi of oure would put Leba

* hd b cafu i what I wi a I do ot ma that

Ira i th qua of th US i th Lba ad mor

ga MiddEatr ituatio. It i tru that Ia

coud ot cotiu it aggriv poic wr it ot fo

Amica mitar ad coomic aid. But Ia i ot a

puppt tat of th Uitd Stat ad thrfor do ot

awa act i a wa which i i th bt itt of it

Amrica pato. r ha v b a mat pa

accordig to which all ractioar foc dtrmi thr

poici ad actio.

1


18/76


19/76


20/76

n, nor wll t demand, a omplete Israel pulloutfrom Lebanon

However, whle these dfferenes annot be the

ause (at least dretly) of a showdown betweenthe US and Israel, the same s not true of therrespetve frends n Lebanon.

ProIsraeli Lebanese versusProAmerican Lebanese

he Lebanese proponents of an "Ameran

soluton, or what they magne an Ameransoluton ought to be, nlude Amn Gemayelsnew government as well as the ommeralfnan-al establshment n Bert. Somewhat ronally,

the man support they wll reeve will be essfrom the US than from the onservatve Arabgovernments, whh all share the same onspra-

toral vew of a powerful Israel lobby holdngaptve an otherwse bengn Ameran poly n the regon Gven the mportane of the olprodung states for the West, these Arab govern-ments wll ertanly be more effetve advoatesof an Ameran soluton n Lebanon than theLebanese government tself

he proAmeran amp n Lebanon s now

most fearful of Israel and the proponents of anIsrael soluton he latter nlude the LebaneseFores (the oalton groupng the Phalangst mlitias and other protofasst groups) as well as

Don MCn Pasnans Sundng o Xan gunmn 976

1 8


21/76

Majo Saa Haa's ecenay oce n sohenebanon Wh he P o o e an he nen ange o a "esMosle aeove

eove hese vaos gops no onge have a! ncon o peo n he vew o any o heoe sppoes Mos sgncany hey o nohave he sppo o he coecalnanca esablshen whch s now lly pa o he poAecan cap Ahogh he songe lalyhe ebanese poponens o an "sael soonae he oe solae pblcy Wh sael esce by s own nena opposon an bsy epolshng s anshe age he posael cap nebanon s now only aneveng o bee accal posons (soees who sael consen) an s no n a poson o ecly chalenge he poAecan cap he an angeepesene by hese ghwng as s ha

he seveal hosan ebes ay pee opecpae a css ahe han see he caseabanone n a poac chess ove

y way o ecapang he peceng agen ebanon's pesen govenen s no onyelng sel on he nae o he an conacon ha govene ebanese le ove he lashee ecaes naely he conacon o bengfor he Aab wol econocaly b aga polcaly (o beng for saes econoc solaono he Aab wo b aga assng hepolcal conseences o he nesove Aabsael conlc) he ebanese govenen s alsoeng sel an s pblc on he exen oAecan sppo can ge o ebng s

*Ths s fo eampe what s ow happei maof the vaes ad smae tows i sothe ebao

whee coto has bee deeated to ihtwi mitiaseavi the Isae am chae of the ae tows ad

mao commcato ies I these a aeas the htwi miitas have bee fa moe thess i the teat

met of the popato tha i the ae tows whee omoe tha oe occaso Isae toops peveted them

fom commadee efees' beos o fom m

dei them

econoy senghenng s ay posng sahoy on he ghwng las an secnga coplee sael whawal

hee ae acos eally wong agans saeloccpaon o ebanon hen hese s be o aeen n

ebanese esisance AgansIsraei Occupaion

e saels nvason o ebanon was a sebaco he ebanese aonal Moveen (he loosecoalon o opposon paes gops an assocaons) no eove he easons o sexsence n he conay anyhng he nvason has p no shape ocs wha sepaaeshe ebanese aonal Moveen o s opponens he (posael) ghwng las as well

as he (poAecan) Geayel govenenpenly lnng he ae o sael's pesence n

ebanon he ghwng las appea o whahey ae an nsen o sael onaon Aso he new Geaye govenen a pblc sllsonen s seng n baely hee onhsae he begnnng o s e Ae he nalephoa geneae by Aecan saeens o

sppo ebanese govenen ocals ae gowng espeae n he es o a c Aecansponsoe sae whawa

he ebanese aona Moveen s cang oa ne ebanese san n he ace o sael occpaon no conng on Aecan goo wl ooce an sae pllo cose ebanese so

**Thei despai s sch that the ow seem w tocosde optos that wee tota ot of cosideato

Septembe O ovembe 29 Am emae caed o

the Sovet io to pa a oe ebao, add that"S paticpatio i hepi ebao estoe ts sove

eit does ot e ot eatos wth othe coties

This was the fist pbic si of the ebaese ove

mets fstatio wth the ack of poess made b theS to d ebao of Isaei toops h B Gl

ov 982

19


22/76

George ehmeh aesnan ooks a ns of hs house a Bu e Shama camp

iety is not yet ree o all the internal dierenesthat led to the ivl war A united stand againstIsraeli oupation wll thereore not be on thebasis o an equal partiipation rom all setors othe Lebanese population But, or now, Lebanonis aing an overriding threat the threat o losing

its very identity as a united ountry with a reason-ably ohesive and independent soiety (with all itspeuliar internal problems still to be resolved). Inthis sense Lebanon today is threatened with thesame ate that beell Palestine in the 1 940s

How well is the Lebanese National Movementaing this threat? Aording to Israeli oialsoures, there have been eightythree "terrorist

20

attaks against Israeli soldiers rom the assassina-tion o Bashir Gemayel n September 14 throughNovember 30_ hs does not inlude the explosion in the Israeli miltary headquarters n yre onNovember 1 in whih ninety people were killed .What we are thereore witnessng is ontinual at

taks on Israeli troops, on the average o morethan one a day O ourse this kind o guerrila _ation wl not by itsel ore an Israeli withdrawal. In at, as guerrla attaks are stepped up,we an expet Israeli retaliation (in the orm omore roundups punitive measures harassment,and so orth), but also depending on the extentto whih the Israeli government an sustain ur


23/76

ther loss pblc spport (both at hoe anabroa

The potental for resstance s not only n ger

rlla acton, however Varos other acts of resstance are occrrng aly (an ncreasngly reporten the ert press There has been passve noncooperaton wth pblc orers, boycott of sraelgoos, an refsal to eal wth srael ltaryathortes.

As the Geayel governent proves nable toacheve the state goal of total evacaton of

foregn troops, the ebanese atonal Moveentwll raw ore pblc spport, an wll becoethe rallyng pont of the opposton to sraeloccpaton

The Prce For Israe's W Poic

Another portant factor worng aganstsrael presence n ebanon s the hgh prce sraelhas pa to carry ot the nvason an wll probably contne to pay to antan the occpaton.

ac n Jly (the secon onth of the nvason, srael governent offcals estate thatrect an nrect costs for the war n ebanonha reache $3 blon. f we estate that the

war cost at least twce as ch by the te theP wthrew fro ert at the en of Agst,a conservatve gre for the war cost s $6 bllon.Ths oes not ncle the costs of antanng theoccpaton snce Septeber, an varos othercosts resltng fro t, sch as the ecrease ntors, estate at $1 00 llon, an the lossof bsness wth Egypt

Tre, the srael econoy has ae hge pro fts by penetratng the ebanese aret t theseare relatively sall, of the orer of $ 1 0 llon orless per onth, e, less than 1 percent of a conservatve gre for the total war effort n ebanon At the en, t s the Aercan taxpayer whos ase to foot the bll, or at least a conserable

part of t, for srael's war polcy

The very hgh cost of the war n ebanon snow coponng the probles of an sraeleconoy wth a gallopng nflaton (well n excessof 100 percent n recent years , an wth a veryhgh ncrease n the cost of lvng (alost 100percent n 1981).

Ths ffclt econoc staton has le to nternal ssenson n srael an, not least of al, afarly wesprea opposton to the governentpolcy ebanon Wthot overestatng thestrength of ths opposton now, t ay well trn

ot to be that extra obstacle necessary to stop afrther srael war aventre t also nerlnesthe portance of wthholng Aercan a tosrael, whch s now essentally sent to cover thewar cost ch ore than to allevate the enecprobles of the srael econoy

Fooo . New ok TimesSpt. . Invi givn to t ky Biu Mgzine Fb. Again in Novmb dcibing i viit in to Iay and Gmany Pi Gmay aid a a "-oganizd adoking dicpind yout

toiing to buid a dynamic -odd ocity. I antdto cat an oganization in Lbanon tat coud int t

am kind of civic and moa couag I a t taian

and Gman dvopng in t youngt (e N-tion Jun . Le Monde Diplomtique Novmb . New ok TimesOc. 5 W E Fa in New ok TimesDc . Le Monde Diplomtique Novmb 7. Ibid.

FUAD FARS is a Lebanese cuently liing in theUnited States.

2 1


24/76

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25/76

th sto of th tst o ts s fo so fft o

this ming the tw them have gttenint a discussin whether theartist reay needs t get invved in pitics

in act they are bth artists ne might bea painter r a muscan a writerthe ther a dancer r a scuptrmaybe a ptter smene in theater

anyway the questin just seems t havecme up this particuar ming vera reaxed cup cee smewhere inthe United States where bth them ive

they seem t aee that in the Sixties

as the phrase ges there were pepe dyingin the war s artists here et the needt respnd react prtest take part inthe peace mvement but that nw it seems

nthing is reay happening as ne themputs it except the persna stuwhich is reay imprtant t and I ee

that the best way r me t cnibuteis t d my wn wrk nw by myse

but they dn't want t be isatedeither they are gad r each ther and ra the artists with whm they can she theirwrk ideas and peasant cmpaninship

ike this ming's cee and in their minds

r in their artistic visin s t speakthey see the wrd as a giant caewhere seated at tabes in Eurpe AicaAsia Latin America ther artistsare caing ut t them artists

fo Vto

the United States! gd ming have a nice dayand waving their hands

Dick Lurie23


26/76

! I ! , , 1j:, II li;1 ' ,!I Ii i ' II! I i 24

HT H T T TH Q

why d yu write s many pitica pems?ver the ast twenty years my reigeratrhas kept getting ed up with eggs, mik, tmates,beef, carrts, cheese, pie, cffee, ceery,ettuce, bacn, bread, cream, ranges, andnw it wn't hd anymre

why d yu write s many pitica pems?Vietnam Miins and milins f itte bnes.

why d yu write s many pitica pems?the fwing artice appears every newspaper every day last night a wman was raped here.authrities have specuated, hwever,

that she may have cnsented, r that by herbehavir r the way she was dressedshe may have sme way prvkedthe aleged attack

why d yu write s many pitica pems?: FAGS MURDERED

why d yu write s many pitica pems?after Wunded Knee I frgt, unt Wunded Knee in and then I frgtagain please excuse me


27/76

why do you write so many political poems?that night on the popular TV comedyshow the best joke was "Two Polacks "Two Spics"Two Irish drunks "Two little Japs:the great Amecan ft of laughter.

why do you write so many political poems?

an overwhelming majority of thepoets I spoke with told me that despitetheir efforts thy could not find anythingto rhyme with "Karen Silkwood, "Soweto,"Chle, "multi-national, "Puerto Rico, or "Love Canal

why do you write so many political poems?

when I try to recall the phone numbersof old friends, all I can nd in my headis a seemingly endless list underthe heading BLACK PEOPLE WHO GOT KILLED YOUNG of names I don't recognize, which repeatover and over until they start tobecome vaguely familiar Addie MaeCollins, Phillip Gibbs, James Earl Green, Denise

McNair, Carol Robertson, CynthiaWesley, and more ; they go on and on

Dick Lourie

25


28/76

'


29/76

.FOUR DECADESOF CHANGE:

Black Workers in Southern Texties,1 9 4 1 - 1 9 8 1

Mary Frederickson

Black wokes the southe textle dusty have exeeced adly chagg

attes of emloymet dug the last foty yeas Befoe fewe tha oe southetextle woke te was black ad ecet of black wokes toled as mll laboes ooducto jobs By oe of evey ve wokes was black ad black wokesheld oefouth of all oeatve ostos At eset black wokes eeset the lagest

gou of ecetly ecuted wokes wth the dusty may southe mlls they aea majoty of the wokfoce The oltcal motace of black wokes ety to admoblty wth the textle dusty ca be measued tems of the ole ogog

ogazg effots wth the textle dusty. The soldaty of black textle wokes local southe commutes ad the ole gassoots ogag fo socal oltcal

ad ecoomc feedom the decades ate Wold Wa II lad the goudwok fo thecucal ole layed by southe black wokes today.

The emloymet shf whch has occued the southe textle dusty the last

fou decades followed a eod of sxty yeas whch black wokes the South faced

estcted ootutes a egoal maufactug system whch gdly segegated wokes o the bass of ace ad sex The agumet wll be made hee that deste the ovet

excluso of black wokes fom textle maufactug betwee ad black

Larage eorga feedig coon 27


30/76

en an woen have always playe a ctcal olen the growth an evelopent o the nstry n

the SothFrst behn the statstcs whch ncatesa percentages o blac ployees n theSoths ost potant nstry were thosanso worers or who the ttle "ll laboease wo whch range ro the least slleto the ost slle o any perore n the llsSecon blac worers copse a reserve labopool whch anageent col an tap when-ever necessary Althogh blac woers were onlyoccasonally se as strebeaers ther erepresence n proxty to sothern ll con-tes nctone as a potental threat to whte obsecty an serve to eep the eans o whteoperatves to a n Mll ownes contnally

consere hng greate nbes o blac wor-es an so whenever a shortage o whte laboappeae nent For exaple ng bothWol War an Worl War the pecentage oblac woes n the lls ncease slghtly tnot ntl the 1 60s the longawate seveeshotage o whte eployees nally transpre an

reslt n the hrng o blac worers n sgncantnbers Ate 1 65 blac en an woen wereactvely ecrte o pocton obs or the rstte

THE HSTOY OF BACPATCPATON N

SOUTHEN TEXTES

he long hstory o blac patcpaton n thesothern textle nstry began beoe the CvlWar when slave labo was responsble or spnnngan weavng n the hoe procton o clothSlave woen on sothern plantatons oten re-tne ro a ay o ha el wor to "spnweave an sew well nto the nght n the Soth-east the transton ro hoe to actoy proc-ton was ae by bonswoen an bonsen

28

who were ether owne by nstal entepre-nes or hre ot by ther owners to wor n thesall antebell lls whch otte the steasan vers o the Peont Pror to 1860 no oneqestone the ablty o blac wores n hanlng ( nstal wor o the contrary nstralstspase the vrtes o blac labo ove whte anslave labo ove ree

Eancpaton broght a new occpatonalstrctre an a reene stats or the blac

woer n plantaton aeas the transton oslavey to sharetenancy reslte n blac woesattanng vtally the sae econoc an as nonlanownng whtes n ctes an sall nstaltowns howeve slle an seslle postonsthat ha been lle by blac slaves were newlyene as "whte he change was ost notce-

able n textles As the nbe o lls n theSoth ore than oble between 1880 an1 00 the spnnng an weavng obs went to whtewoes preonantly woen an chlren wholet sall ars to wor n textles Most opera-tves ha been blac beore the Cvl Wa bt by100 blacs ae p less than 2 percent o the

labo orce n textles

nstralsts ha bagane wth whte soth-eners an grante the lte anesty orect copetton wth blac woers or pos-tons as operatves Moeover racal lnes wereawn wthn the lls whch relecte newtwentethcenty patterns o racal segregatonthroghot the Soth As pat o the extreeacs o these years an eology evelope thatsltaneosly rrore an renoce the occ-patonal segegaton o blac worers n textlesAs Herbet ahne wrote n 144 "hee appeare


31/76

)

he eoganzed labo sysem n sohen n-dsy was nac by 1 1 5 n exles he egons

mos apdly expandng ndsy he new occpaona codes whch vally exclded bac woes fom opeave posons wee sally nfomab a 115 Soh Caolna law gave sccnc expesson o hem he aw (no escnded nl160) necessaed sepaae weavng and spnnngooms fo blac and whe employees n hs wayblac woes wee banned fom he pmay woaeas of he mlls he lng ead n pa

e enaced by he Genea Assembly ofhe Sae of Soh Caona ha shall benlawfl fo any peson fm o copoaonengaged n he bsness of coon exlemanfacng n hs Sae o alow o pem opeaves hep and labo of dffeenaces o abo and wo ogehe whn hesame oom

he ac had a second clase howeve whchexclded

femen as sbodnaes n bole ooms

cmen o foo scbbes and hosepesons employed n eepng n pope condon lavaoes and oes and capenesmechancs and ohes engaged n he epao eecon of bldngs

fom s applcaon hee s evdence ha mllownes volaed hs sae wheneve convenen

o necessay alhogh he second clase of helng lef consdeable leeway fo hng blacemployees n a vaey of posons exle ene-penes acoss he Soh clealy waned heflexby o he whomeve hey peased b asconcssons o whe sohenes hey gave wheempoyees poy hed blac woes as neededsegegaed he wofoces whn he mll andlbealy nepeed he le "mll aboe

MI AORERS ANDINDUSTRIA OSERVERS

was as "mll aboes ha blac woes nsohen exles pefomed ass whch angedfom cleanng floos o nsalng eeccal wngo epang looms o conscng mll bldngsand mll hosng n he yeas afe blac woeswee segegaed o of opeave posons hosands of blac employees conned o pefom

essenal fncons whn sohen mls hewo of blac men and women ncded he mosados ass of lfng and loadng baes of awcoon and os of nshed goods as well as as-sgnmens n he openng and cadng ooms hesecons of he mll wh he hghes concenaons of coon ds n addon o dong he mosdsageeabe jobs blac woes made he lowes

wages pad n he exle ndsy a es boh ofhe confnemen o cean jobs and of oghwage dscmnaon on he bass of ace Sex povded a hd dmnaoy faco fo whe menmade moe han whe women and bac meneaned moe han blac women Race was hepedomnan wage deeman howeve Fo

exampe n Geoga n 138 bac men made65 pecen of he wages pad o whe men blacwomen eaned only 56 pecen of he wages pado whe women and bac men wee pad 78 pe-cen of he wages pad o whe women

Cleay blac woes eceved owe wageshan he whe conepas even whn den-cal job classcaons b s of geae long-

ange sgnfcance ha he 80 pecen of blacwoes caegozed as "mll laboes acallyheld a wde ange of jobs whn he mls Asealy as 1 00 an Aana coon manface esfed befoe he Uned Saes ndsal Commsson ha he neve aemped o wo blac andwhe labo ogehe excep when he whe

help goes o o ge a can of snff he cooedsweepes n he loom A 1 sdy of 750

29


32/76

women n en exle rms (840 of he womenwere blac) repore ha blac women werefoun n all of he welve occupaons n whch

whe women were employe alhough he blacwomen also wore a cleanng an feeng wojobs no performe by he whe women A sampleof 1 1 5 blac employees who wore n exles naGrange Georga for wenyfve consecuveyears (beween 195 an 1969) lse hryeghjob classfcaons among hese worers were

maser plumbers sle carpeners car srpperscar eners pcer eners mechancs machnefxers lanscapers an a woman who senceflower esgns A survey of seveny exle mlls nVrgna orh Carolna an Souh Carolna n1 95 1 repore ha blac worers were employeas paners plumbers carpeners an elecrcansas well as ruc rvers sweepers an janors

Fnally n he lae 1 960s Rchar Rowan reporen hs suy of blac worers n souhern exlesha "Close scruny of he jobs n he laborercaegory woul probably resul n some of hembeng reclassfe as semslle he nomen-claure remans bascally he same ha has beensnce he early 1 900's

The posons whch blac worers hel n exle mlls were more vare an reure greaersll han souhern nusral lore has recoreMoreover mechancs eamsers paners carpeners an sweepers ha conserable mobly wh-n he mll Unle whe operaves who coul noleave her spnles or looms blac worers hahe freeom o move from one secon of he mll

o anoher As rovng worers blac employeesobserve nusral wor an learne abou heoverall operaon of he mll When blacs woreas mechancs an m cleaners hey became fa mlar wh nusral machnery an as carpen-ers elecrcans an paners hey were amonghe few worers n exles who labore as crafs

men whn an nusral seng Thus blac wor-ers employe n exles pror o 1965 became

30

"nusral observers nowlegeable abou heorganzaon of he nusry an he herarchy ofhe worforce an accusome o he pace an

envronmenal conons of nusral wor Hren sgnfcan numbers n many mlls hese worers forme a subsanal cohor of mnory exleemployees forerunners of he housans of lacworers who move no operave posons afer1965

The wor hsores of wo Georga exle wor-ers llusrae he role of he "nusral observern more concree erms oh Julan Wes an Mnne rown grew up n Wespon Georga whereher fahers wore n he mll When Wesurne egheen n 1 93 he enere he mll as afullme worer rown go a mll job n 1 94 when she was wenyegh years ol aer havngwore for over a ecae as a omesc worer

oh Wes an rown rere afer 1975 anher worlves spanne four ecaes of change forblac worers n he nusry Ther own carefulescrpons of her wor elneae he param-eers of her nusral experence an emon

\.

Woman sweeper, gil pnner, and boy doffe


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strate the subtle distinctions which have to bemade when correlating job descriptions with job

classications

Julian West's family moved to Westpoint in10 when he was six years old, after his fathergot a job as a sweeper in the mil When teenagers,Juian and his two brothers went down to the millwith their father to help out in the cloth room fora few hours a day, and by the time West waseighteen he had a fulltime job cleaning and

"chucking coth West eft the mill in 1 43 wentto Michigan for several months, and when he re-turned asked for a job in the carding departmentHired immediately, West stayed in the carding department until he retired in 1 78 , and it was in thecard room that West became an "industrial observer Famiiar with the mill since he was a child,knowledgeable about the cloth room where he hadworked with his father and two brothers, Westentered the card room as a sweeper in 143 Pro-moted to lap racker in 148, West became a cardtender in 1 65 But West knew how to tend cardsong before he got promoted to a card tender'sposition As he explained,

Well, you see, when I was a lap racker I'dput up a bot of cotton on this card ma-chine Well maybe now the end of that cardhas stopped mean the cotton has brokeout and the card has stopped or either keptrunning and run over Well, would go overthere ow the card tender, he'd possiby beway down the line somewhere, and he got acard up here that's overrunning Well, woud stop and pick that cotton up and putit back in there and start it back to running,although that wasn't my job But Id do it,see, and that's the way it'd run

For seasoned "industria observers like JulianWest, transition to a production job did not in-vove additional training By allowing West to

"learn cards and help the white card tender,management had ensured his training, and when

the time came that West was needed as a cardtender he was well prepared:

They wouldn't bother you, you see itwas all right if the racker woud help the cardtender keep his job up had to be aroundthe machine anyway because I had to servicethe machine What mean by that is that Ihad to keep enough cotton up here for thecard tender to run coudn't let the cottongo out of the machine And at the sametime, when I got through supplying themachine, putting enough cotton on te ma-chine then see I had to sweep around it andkeep the oor clean and a that kind ofthing So every chance got to get up anend, as we call it, and start that machineback running, well then it was a help to thatcard tender, and nay, a long time before

they gave me a job running them, 'd learnedhow to do it One day the boss came outthere and he asked me, "Julian, you reckonyou could run a set of those cards? toldhim "yes, sir And the next morning hegave me a job on them

Unike Juian West, who changed positionsthree or four times during his worklife in the mi,Minnie Brown worked for thirtyfour years in thesame job Hired in 14 as a "cleaner, she retiredin 176 in the same position As a chid, Brown"had been used to going to the mil carrying mydaddy's dinner; years later, when one of the fewjobs available to black women opened up, she waseager to apply because the wages were much higher than those she coud make as a domestic worker Brown's job as a cleaner took her "al throughthe mil from one end to the other But Browndid not just clean Through her "white friends inthe weave shed and spinning room she learned howto weave, decided against spinning ("Id seen how

it as done al right, but didn't fool with it),and settled on work ling batteries

3


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d be caght p with my job yo nowand 'd go down there and they'd let me fllbatteries. Jst every night d go on bacdown there to the weave shed 'd get downthere and they'd say "start p there. Andd throw that spool in and whip it arondthere and lie that And began to lie itThey had so many to do. didn't chargenothing case was jst learning They'dsay "when yo get ready jst come on downhere and d say "all right

The testimony of worers lie West and Brownconrms the existence of an informal wor strc-tre within the mills which differed from theformal job and wage classications sed by man-agement. While classifed in "nonprodctionjobs both West and Brown performed tass which

directly aected prodction Moreover within"segregated mills West and Brown wored sideby side with the white worers who trained themWhite employees expressed appreciation for thehelp they received and according to West woldreciprocate with cash payment or favors. Thseveryone beneited in some way from the opera-tion of this informal system White prodction

worers received mchneeded ssistance blacworers got indstrial training and some extra payand management gained from ncreased prodc-tion withot additional wage costs. n the longrn the indstry beneted most becase it got awelltrained reserve wororce of blac men andwomen eager to move permanently into higher-

paying jobs as prodction worers .

FAM-TOFACTOY MIGATIONAMONG BLACK TEXTILE WOKES

The historical and political signicance of thisgrop of "indstrial observers is twofold. Firstthe experience of blac textile employees in the

decades between 1 900 and 1 940 was that of

32

sothern rban/indstrial worers not isolatedsbsistence farmers or sharecroppers. Lie theirwhite conterparts these rstgeneration blactextile worers came from agricltral bac-gronds to tae jobs within the mills. Bt themovement of blac worers into indstrial wor intextiles was a threestep process involving threegenerations of employees. The initial stage in-volved migration from farms to sothern rbanindstrial commnities and jobs as sweepers and

cleaners in the mills. The second step taen bythe children of this irst generation involved theobtaining of jobs at the level of picer tender andlap racer. The nal step by the third generationinclded the largescale movement of blac soth-erners into operative positions beginning in themid960s.

Second within the context of local sotherncommnities these individals formed a small btimportant grop of worers whose ability to earnreglar cash wages agmented their standing within the blac commnity and their power withinthe larger commnity. For example among the 1 5 longterm blac worers in the LaGrangeGeorgia mills at least 40 percent owned their

homes and many had credit at local frnitre andclothing stores. t was the norm for the children ofthese worers to nish high school and many sonsand daghters of this blac commnity gradatedfrom college Active in chrch wor a majority ofthe LaGrange sample served as ocers deaconsor lay preachers within local blac congregations

The experience of blac textile worers inLaGrange was not niqe. n Westpoint Georgiain the "relatively progressive commnity inwhich Jlian West grew p and then raised his ownchildren the prevailing philosophy of life wasbased on the adage "f yo wor hard yo canmae it. Blac families coming into town fromnearby farms soght to by a plot of land bild a

hose and send their children to school. Parents


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to provide their own children with the opportuni-ties for work which they had been denied Taughtby their parents to go ahead but be careful,"

black workers in the period between 1940 and1 980 used their positions within the communityand the plant to fight for the right to fill jobs theycould already perform, to have access to betterjobs, and to earn wages equal to those of whiteemployees.

RURAL INDUSTRIALIZATION

Another version of the multistep migrationpattern by black workers who have become textileopratives occurred in eastern North Carolna andin lowcountry South Caroina where mills werebut and still operate in sma rural communitiesIn these areas the children of black sharecroppers

have quit farming and come into the mills in a waywc initially appears to duplicate the farmto-factory migration of white workers in the years be-tween 1 900 and 1 940. But the lives of black work-ers migrating to the mills in the 1 960s and 1 970shave been inuenced as much or more by theirexperience off the land as by the fact that theirparents were sharecroppers. For example, whenJames Boone, a black North Carolinian in his earlytwenties, too a job as a doffer in 1 97 1 , he cameinto the mll after aleady having worked for sev-eral months in textiles and as a store clerk in Wash-ington, D.C Boone had grown up in the countryoutside Roanoke Rapids, but he had come intotown to attend high school, and unlike the white

tenant chdren who had migrated to texte com-munities in the 1 920s, he was familiar with thelocal J P Stevens plants His father had workedfor many years in a paper mill and was a proudmember of the International Woodworkers Unionof America. When the tetile workers union cameto Boones plant in 1 974, he was rarin to go .

In more rural areas, many workers still live withfamly members who farm; they have depended on

3

the land when work was irregular in the mills, and

vice versa One advantage of this dual farm/factoryworklife by familes has been that as black workers

organized in the mlls they had resources and options rarely available to earlier generations of t)

white workers who lived in companyowned housing For example, in a study of mill workers in arural North Carolina community, Dale Newman re-ported that two black workers involved in colec

tive action to improve working conditions in theplant expressed sensitivity to the possibility theiractions might result in losing their jobs but as theywere both landowners, they and their wives werewilling to take the chance.

,

CHANGING PATTERNS

OF EMPLOYMENT

The number of black workers in the textileindustry has changed dramatically within the lastforty years Between 1 940 and 1 978, the partici-pation of black texte employees multiplied six-fold (from 24,764 in 1 940 to 1 52,458 in 1 978).The greatest increase in black employment oc-

curred between 1 966 and 1968 when in NorthCarolina, South Carolina, and Georgia the propor-

tion of black workers rose from 1 0 to 1 5 percentIn South Carolina and Georgia, the southern tex-tileproducng states with the highest black popu-lations, the percentage of black workers withinthe industry traditionally has been higher than theregional average For example, in South Carolinain 1920, black workers comprised 10 percent of

the state's textile workers, at a time when the in-dustry average was 26 percent The representationof black workers has been consistently highest in Georgia, where between 1 966 and 1 968 the per-centage of black employees increased from 14 to18 percent with black men comprising 225 percent of al male textile employees in the state in

1968 The gains made in black employment in thetextile industry in the 1 960s continued and were

id d i h 1 970 B 1 978 bl k k


37/76

consoidated in the 1 970s By 1 978 black workersin Georgia held 28 percent of al available jobswithin the industry, and 34 percent of al black

empoyees worked as operatives. Looking atf) Georgia and the Carolinas combined in 1978,back workers hed 26 percent o f all positions and32 percent of al operative jobs.

The pivotal point at which textile employmentin the South opened to black workers occurred inthe mid-1960s, a period which black workers referto as "the change, and which Richard Rowan

described as "a virtual revolution in employmentin the southern textile plants But the groundwork for this transformation was laid in the 1940sand 1950s. n the forties with the growth of war-

time industries and the subsequent diversiicationof local manufacturing within the South, textilefirms began losing employees. As one Macon,

Georgia manufacturer amented,

About Word War II on, things started getting kind of rough. A ot of other industriescame to this area and your skiled people,such as loom xers, were the first ones theywoud hire away from you They wouldmove in here with the same wage scales theyhad up East, which was way above what wewere paying down here.

The hiring of black workers increased during the1 940s. n the LaGrange sample of 1 1 5 longterm

Arrow Shrt Factory Alana, Georgia

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I

i

unl 1 965, devered he mal o a plan where herecepons, a whe woman who sa n he fronoce, always called hm boy." Harrs, hen aman n hs mdhres, repeaedly red o ge hewoman o address hm by hs rs name In 1970Harrs, newy eleced as one of wo black members of he oca cy counc became asssan

personne manager n he mll where hs recepons sl worked. No words were echanged ashe wo adjused o a new herarchy whch placedHarrs n a supervsory roe, bu as Harrs recaed,I hadn forgoen, and Im ceran she hadneher

, 8

Neverheless, once black workers coud no be

dened jobs n he producon areas o he mlls,Julan Wes emphaszed ha The amospherechanged They changed and I changed. We gocoser ogeher n every way" The openng of producon jobs o black workers n souhern mllsaffeced he ways n whch black and whe employees neraced n he workplace, and he hgher wages earned by black workers new o operave

posons brough maeral mprovemens o homes

38

and busnesses whn he black communy. Inegraon of he schoos n mos souhern owns andces followed closey behnd negraon of heworkplace. Bu a man ke Floyd Harrs wll elyou ha despe negraon n he workplace and

he schools he mll communy he lves n remans segregaed, ke was." John Foser agreesha segregaon s sll a par of hs socey," andadds ha You sll have he same basc feelngbeng a mnory, and you know ha n everyhngyou do, you wl succeed or fal hrough how yourespond o he majory.'

Tangbe dfferences beween he oally segregaed socey of he pas and he paraly ne

graed communes of he Souh oday ncludehe fac ha black chldren no longer have o leavehe regon o become successful, ha a decen educaon n an negraed publc school s aanablefor boh black and whe, and ha black workersare no dened ndusral jobs on he bass of herrace. John Foser agrees ha There s a markeddference now, and people who couldn ge awayfrom here fas enough are comng back comfor

ably. oster grew up n Alabama n the 930s the unon consstently e along racal lnes


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y s g p ssere n a segregate unt n Worl War I heaethe mrun recreaton program for black workerswhle ghtng for cl rghts on the grassroots

leel n the 950s an 960s an toay s an employment manager for a major southern textlecompany Reectng on the changes he has experence he conclue

conser myself now as lng n twoworls the one remember an the one that

I'm nole n now ow the younger blackoesn't hae the hestances tat I hae n alot of stuatons because of the changes nthe local area an n the southern regonsnce he's been growng up. I n myself cautonng hm about my experences an abouths relatonshp to the whte majorty.

oster an Harrs who are among the fewblacks who hae been promote to whtecollarjobs n textles are uncertan of what wll happennext. They are concerne that black workers haenot moe nto management jobs as raply asthey nto operate postons. An they notethat the afrmate acton program "the tool thathas helpe us get nto these areas s uner re

both on the feeral an local leels t s arguablethat the mpetus for contnue black equalty nhrng wages promoton an senorty cannotcome from wthn the textle nustry tself butmust be promote by unonze workers on aregonal an natonal bass.

TEXTIE UNIONS

) Begnnng n the ays of the CI textle unonsn the South came to symbolze both the hope ofequalty an the promse of justce uner the lawIn the 950s an 960s a black man lke JulanWest foun hmself ghtng for the unon n bat-tles that were wage once or twce a year. In hsplant n southwest eorga otes for an aganst

y g

was for t. f we coul hae got t n thereeeryboy felt lke they woul hae bettere

themseles. Where we n't hae a unonan n't succee n gettng t well then wejust ha to put up wth what we haeWhte ote t own. It meant equal rghtsThe whte ote t own to keep me ownf the whte ha ote the way the blackote then the unon woul hae gotten nwoul hae taken oer control. Then that

woul hae mae me get just as much asthey get They just nt want t t was amatter of keepng t segregate

West ewe the refusal of whte worers to otefor a unon as a poltcal act ntene to mantanthe status quo both wthn the plant an wthnthe communty.

Snce the 960s just as the textle nustry hasrele on black labor to run the mlls so hae thetextle unons epene on black southernrs toorganze to wn electons an to fght ecertcatons. The effects of black partcpaton on effortsto organze n textles are eent n recent unonelectons across the South. or example the faor

able ote at the Roanoke Raps plants of J. P.Steens plants n 974 was ascrbe to a 70 percent black ote. ether the Amalgamate Clothng an Textle Workers Unon (ACTWU) nor theInternatonal Laes Garment Workers Unon(LGWU) recors the race of ts members n theSouth but unoffcal talles ncate a black major-ty. t has been argue that the unonzato of

textles epens on black workers lookng for the"promse of the cl rghts moement n factthe most acte black leaers n the textle unonsgrew up n southern urban/nustral areas learnether organzng sklls n the cl rghts moementle outse the regon n ew York Chcago orDetrot an then returne South. These actststogether wth local unon leaers from both urban

39


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the poblems aced by blac textile woes in the ad Rad L. Lws, ds, e B Woe V. IV


41/76

the poblems aced by blac textile woes in theSouth. The solutions will be hadwon. Today asblac woes lead eots to oanize the souten

textile industy tei lon and complex expei' ence as southen industial woes eniches andinoms that wo just as thei paticipation inthe civi ihts movement o the 1 960s seves as amodel o achievin the iht to baain colective-ly in te 1 980s. The stule to ean waes tatequal te national aveae industial wae to paticipate in industy decisions about automation

and healt and saety and inally, to ain unionepesentation w demand all the stenth andcouae o te men and women now unnin thelooms o te Sout

Fooo

Ths s a rsd rs a papr prstd at th

r Rt Bak Amra Hstr at Bstg, Fbrar 2, 1982 I wd k t thak mGr ad Hrbrt H r thr hp rtsm.

1. U.S., Eqa Empmt Opprtt mmss,

Minoiie n Women in ive Inuy 198, V I,p. 192. Eg D. Gs, Ro Jon Ro: The Wo

he Sve Me (Nw Yrk Path, 192), p. 495;

Rbrt S. Starb, Inui Svey in he O Souh(Nw Yrk: Ord Urst Prss, 190), pp 1, 16.

. . Va Wdward, Oigin of he New Souh18771913 (Bat Rg: Lsaa Stat Urst

Prss, 1951, 191), pp. 12, 222, 261; atha M.Wr, Soi Oigin of he New Souh m18601885 (Bat Rg: Lsaa Stat Urst

Prss, 198), pp. 19-194; Pa B. Wrthma ad ams

R. Gr, Bak Wrkrs th Nw Sth, 1865-1915,

Key Iue in he fomein Expeiene V. II,11 dtd b Natha Hggs, Mart Ks ad Da M. F (Nw Yrk: Harrt, Bra ad Jah, I.,

191), pp. 4-69.4. Hrbrt J. Lah, e Coon Mi Woe (Nw

Yrk : Farrar ad Rhart), p. 81.

5. Ii p. 82.6. Stat Grga, Dpartmt Labr, Seon n -nu Repo 198, p. 24.

. Lah, Coon Mi Woe p. 289; Php S. Fr

a R a L L s, s, B

(Phadpha: Tmp Urst Prss, 199), p. 15;

U.S., Dpartmt Labr, Wms Bra, 1922,Ngr Wm Idstr 15 Stats, Buein of he

Women ' Bueu 202; ad wrk hstr data 115Grga wrkrs btad rm th wy Beon Vs. 118 (1949- 1969), LaGrag, Grga, hratrtd as LaGrag Wrk Data Dad Dw, Ngr

Empmt St Tt Ms, Otbr 1950-Agst 1951, Seee Suie of Nego Empoymen

in he SouH Nata Pag Assat mmtt th Sth (Washgt : Nata Pbshg mpa,1955), p. 184; Rhard Rwa, Th Ngr th Tt

Idstr, Nego Empoymen in Souhen Inuydtd b H. R. Nrthrp, R. L. Rwa, D. T Barm,

ad J. . Hward (Phadpha Urst Ps

aa Prss, 190), p 848. Th rmat ad qtats whh w ar

rm trws wth Ja Wst ad M Brw Wstpt, Grga Apr 20, 1982. Th ams ths trwd ha b hagd t prtt thr

pra. trws dtd b th athr.9. Itrw wth Matt I, Fara, Aabama,Apr 21, 1982.

10 Data abt th Thmas am rm Cwy Be

on V. 6, N. 5, Sptmbr 6, 1954 ; Wst trw.

11. Qtd Mm wa, Rie onn Rie: Poi of Souhe Texie Woe (Gard t Dbda, 199), pp. 122-12412. Da Nwma, Wrk ad mmt L a

Sthr Tw, Lo ioy 19222

1 Rwa, Th Ngr th Tt Idstr, pp. 54,9899, 141; EEO, Minoiie n Women in ive In

uy 198, 1 19

14. Wst trw; Brw trw; Rwa, Th

Ngr th Tt Idstr, p. 85; trw wthF Wkham, Ma, Grga, Sptmbr 1981;

LaGrag Wrk Data.

15. Itrw wth h Fstr, Shawmt, Aabama,Apr 20-21, 1982.

16. Itrw wth Fd Harrs, Wstpt, Grga,Apr 20, 19821. Wst ad Fstr trws.18. Harrs trw

19. Itrws wth Wst, Harrs, ad Fstr.20. Fstr trw.

21. Itrws wth Fstr ad Harrs22. Wst trw.2 F. Ra Marsh ad Vrg L. hrsta, ds, Em-

poymen of B in he Souh Pepeive on he

43


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-metimesou have a hou'tat i not iled with goceie o

hoe o the kid o ou huband dinnean hou when ou leave the babwhining in hi toleand move at ack on acko dee

boueingeiean hou when ouimagine ouelinding hee among Muzakand aticial lant

the one gament

that itike ou old kin that bing ou aceinto ocu againand how ou in the mio

the womanou emembe

w

Fis pbishd in

u

You say i doesn' have o be

so u & died like day o nighfiends o oves. You say hisfo wo yeasin evey mao ease iywhie numeous house guess sleepin he dak behind you s long you emind me

ong disane whie I edi mseeling ike a ove Doumena:nighs I wahed youwah evey man who ame ino he ba& ae eve woman; you bodyneve quie ing you lohes pans baggy shi bowingYou say you'e in my ife

fo keeps ike blood sisesha I an oun on you.Splie dog seeps in he sunolumbine gows behind a shed a doo swings open& you walk owads me you ams ousehed you fae

a shok of summe igh.

Robin Beke

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#h"

Claene John aghln. The a Gw o

MOTHERNG


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MOTHERNG,HE UNCONSCOUS, AND FEMNSM

Judy Housman

The womens liberation movement cuts deep in calling for changes in who we are andin how we live and love It calls for deep-seated changes in our characters and in the contentof our most intimate relationships and examines our most private behavior and fantasiesIt has opened up questions of gender and of power relations between men and women whichperade all aspects of our social and personal lives, but about which orthodox Marxists andliberal theorists have largely remained silent The women's liberation movement and other

autonomous movements hav complicated our understanding of what is politically signicant Exploring, within consciousness-ising groups and elsewhere, the complexity of how this oppression takes hold has led to rejection by feminists of simple Marxist answers"women's oppression is merely the result of exclusion from the workplace Ceainsocialistfeminists have drawn upon and given a new political signicance to the more openstnds of Marxism They have been drawn to exploring the cultul forces which shapenot only behavior, but feelings, fantasies, and desires, and to exploring the tensions which

.emain between individuals so molded and the society within which we must exist" Nancy Chodorow undertook her work* at a time when the womens movement wasredening the terrain of political discussion and action In the antiwar movement with its

*Ths ssson s bas on Nany Choorow's book e Reprodon ofMoherng Psyhoanalyss and he Soologyof Gender (Unvrsy of Cafoa Prss 98 an on hr ssays by h sam ahor: "Bng an Dong A Cross

Cra Examnaon of h Soazaon of Mas an Fmas n Women n Sexs Soe (Bas Books 9, pp

599 Famy Srs an Fmnn Prsonay n Women Clre and Soe (Sanfor Unrsy Prss, 94,pp 466 an Fmnsm an Dffrn, Soals Reve 9 (Jy-Ags 99 569

47

i, I 'IIemphasis on dage men and ony sighy mo

b l i h N i d oppession suggesed i has deep psychic oos

i hi i d h


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subly in he New e in gene women ound hei paicipaion was maginaized a he same

ime ha he New e espoused equaiy o alpeope Pay in acion o ou excusion women came ogehe and ediscoveed wha he Newes iuso csssex soidaiy made us ogeha we we women ha we wee maginaized as such and ha ou pesona eaionshipseced a e o doinaion Togehe women

uncoved and chaeng hiheo invisibe noms

suunding housewok chidca sexuaiy andsex es This chaenge o sandas o noacy and deviance pescibed gende oes and seua epession was aken up and deepened by he

ae emeging esbian and gay movemensThe myh o equa access o poiica decision

making and poiica powe in he New e was

expoded. Women aicuaed he ways in whichmale bonding scua aspecs o heeosexua

coupes and he conining o women o less visibe nuuing oles esiced ou paici

paion in he wod a age and in he New eise n his conex challenging unequa divi- _sion o labo and auhoiy wihin he amiywihin heesexua coupes and in aions

beween women and men in genea was viewed

as ccia n paicua women challenged exclusive emae esponsibiliy o paeningWe chaenged i o he diec way i imied he paicipaion o mohes and because o he way he associaion o women wih moheing ein

oced subseience ne pace in which he

division o childcae and housewok was chaenged was wihin he individual eaionshipswih husbands and boyiends bu ha chaenging was backed by he bonds women oged

wihin consciousnessaising goups and ou pubic chaenge o sex oles

Nancy Chodoow uncoveed anohe eason

we had o challenge womens pma esponsibiiy o chideaing T he pesisence o emae

48

wihin ypica mae and emae chaace suc u Women who pojeced hemseves as

song and powel wihin he pubic spheesough o explain why hey expeienced hem

seves as inimidaed and deenseless in inimaeelaions wih men As he womens ibeaionmovemen won legiimacy we sough o expain why he aemp o ceae nonsexisscues was ony vey paially success

Nancy Chodoow examined he impicaions o

moheing i.e he ac ha o gils he pimay caeake is someone o he same sexo boys someone o he ohe sex o gendeelaed chaace scue. She indicaed how

pimay paening by women psychicay adaped men and women o he oppessive sexoles hey inhabi n so doing she gave a

psychological deph o ou undesanding o heway in which he poiical shapes he pesonal

Nancy Chodoows wok is now se wihin a dieen poiica conex. Thee is a uing away om he eminis impuse o aiculaewomens needs independenly o he adiionaloeso mohe and sex obec A poweu New

Righ has easseed peNew e noms pai acha and paea auhoiy he locus o pesona susenance o be locaed in he amiy and

he amily aone hieachia obedience and discipline igid eguaion o sexualiy. Ceain

leiss in imiaion o he New Righ would pocaim hemseves he ue "Fiends oFamilies saniizing he chaenge o adiional

noms epesened by gays esbians womensexuay acive ouside o maiage and single ",'mohes Poions o he peace movemen would . lhave womens paicipaion in aniwa aciviies

be as nuues o he nex geneaion and wouldsience discussions o sexual haassmen o

aboion cucia o chalenging adiiona

emale oesn he cuen changed conex Nancy

Codows wo aes on a dieen and dan ind o eson oneog o be in a canged


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ges meaning He wo ceases o be aen as a (aia exanaion o e socia ceaion o

, en and women as ey now ae and becomes a oma o cange in and og cangedamiy sces. Te way o end sexa dominaion is og e eqa aiciaion oaes in cideaing omens abiiy o ac

o canged eaionsis beween e sexes isseen o ie in ei e as moes and wiin

individa sgges wi men conceingaening Amazingy esbians and indeed awomen oside o eeosexa coes wi

ciden ae endeed invisibe and ieevan oeminis sgge Absen is e acnowedgemen o e owe oiica meaning emae bonding as aen on in e conex o ewomens ibeaion movemen. Regaded as

seconday ae e daiy oy socia esses oside e amiy og scoos eigion e mass media ee gos wic einocesexa ineqaiy and sae e meaning given

o e sexa division o abo wiin e amiy.

A a ime wen e New Rig is demonsingis soisicaion in sing eigion e mass

media and e sae o sae and cono sexaiy and sex oes Codoows wo aeas osgges a e oiics o esona ie can be

seaaed o m e oiics o socieyRae an examining e oiics o esonaie eminis oiics is dened by canges inesona ie and esona ie is edced oamiy ie

Te sogan e esona is oiica as e-

eny been given nonae ineeaionswic ae sed o siy wo disoions o eminism On e one and e oiica is reduced

o e esona: canges in iesye ae seen asoiica acions in and o emseves Aenaey e esona is essivey edced o

e oiica: o esona ie in e ee andnow is o be dicaed by an idea image o e

sociey Neveeess e sogan aicaes anddeveos e bes o e womens ibeaion

movemen's eiage o e New Le. I indi caes a canging o sense o se and econen o o esona eaionsis and com

mimens ms om a a o e ocess ooiica cange. A e same ime i indicaesa ecogniion a aseco o seemingy individa and ivae ie main embedded in and

deey aeced by social insiions wic aeindeenden o o imediae cono Heneie e esona no e oiica is aen o

deeminee oe. Rae e wo sides o esogan indicae a ension beween e cangedways o eaing oonese and oes a weae ing o eec in e ee and now and asociey wic does no so sc cange a

sociey wose sycic od caivaes s even as we esis is ems

I am conceeda o new eoies eain

e oen and exoaoy qaiy o e eaywomen's ibeaion mvemen I wod benonae i o new oisicaion abo eamiy esed in a ne abei exanded igid

and dogmaic se o anwes. My aim i s o se Te Social Repoducion of Moheringwiin e eminis exoaion o e oos o

e esona wiin e oiica wie caing aenion o qesions ic emain excded.

OOO UN

Tee ae ways in ic evaiing insi ions damage men and women's caaces and abiiy o eae o oe in simia ways Howeve eminiss and wi em Codoow a icay ocs on e dieing nae o edamage done o men an women. Tey noe awomen ave a geae dicy ssaining an

indeenden ideniy ad a sense o individaand disinc needs Me on e conay end

49


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i I

I :

o be unabe to susain a sense of connecedness to ohers o noice and ake seriously the needs of others and o see their identiy as paiayrooed in close emoional relaionships Evenwhen we aemp o form sructures which don'treinforce hese gender-aed chacter rais

these incapaciies oen persisI Remembering hat our aleative srcures are embedded in he arger sociey seems insucient o explain the deph for exampe of mae disdain forwomen or of the power of famiies over ourimaginations We carry our ways of reaing to ohers wih us.

Chodorow atemps o expain the persisence of such characer traits wihou aributing them

0

Paul Gttngs Studo. Houston Texas

o innae biologica difference She focuses heratenion on the powerfu forces of character formaion a work in infancy and eay chidhoodHer cenra caim is tha he differing ypica eary experiences tha males and femaes face in our culture (and wih some variaion across al

cutures in which women do he predominanmohering shapes adu male and femae fears and incapacities abiliies and possibiiies in asymmerical ways She unraves the psycho

dynamics of prevailing forms of chidrearingHer work hus gives a psychoogical deph o he way in which he poliica is undersood oshape he personal

Chodorows starting poin is that in examin


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ng crosscuul d wo geneizons cn be de:

1 Woen e devlued in l socieies.Whie woen do dieen hngs in dieensoceies hee is wys sexul dvison olbo. Fuheoe wheve cuu oewoen ssue is ccoded less powe nd pes

ige hn h which en ssue. She ciesMge Med on hs in "I such cvieske cooking nd weving e pppie occupons o en hen he whoe socey

en nd woen like voes he s ipon.When he se occupions e peoed bywoen hey e eged s ess iporn.

( Whees woen nd en exhib dieen

Pau Gngs Sudo Houson Texas

chce is in dieen socieies coss cuuy woen end o cuse one end o he specu wh espec o cein chce is whie en end o cluse he ohe Fo expe woen e oe ikely hn en o dene eselves hough hei eons o ohes nd o be peony invoved wih

rends Men on he ohe hnd end "o beindependen picipns he hn involvedwih ends.

Since wh woen do nd e ke dies n den socieies such geneizons e no o be explined biologicy. Chodoow seeksn expnon in es

Documents

Radical America - Vol 16 No 6 - 1982 - November December