Radical America Vol 11 No 3 - 1977 - May June

8/8/2019 Radical America Vol 11 No 3 - 1977 - May June

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UTY PRORS

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FN-NG DC

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Editors: Frank Brodhead, Margery Davies, Marla Erlien, Phyllis Ewen,

Linda Gordon, Jim Geen, Alen Hunter, Jim O'Brien, Nick Thorkeson,

Ann Withorn.

Associate Editos: Peter Biskind, Pau Buhle, Jorge C Corralego, Ellen

DuBois, Dan Georgakas, Martin Gaberman, Michael Hirsch, Mike Kazin,

Ken Lawrence, Staughton Lynd, Mark Naison, Henry Norr, Brian

Peteson, Sheia Rowbotham, Annemarie Troger, Martha Vicinus, Stan

Weir, David Widgery.

RADICAL AMERICA: Publshed bi-monthly by the Alernative Educaton Project, Inc. a Unon Square Somervile Massacuses (MAILING ADDRESS PO. Box B, NorCambrdge, Massachuses ) Subscrpton rates $ per year $ for two years $ peryear or the unemployed Subscripions with pamphlets are $ per year $ or two years.Add $ to al prces or oregn subscriptions Doube raes for insiuions Fre toprsoners Buk raes: per cen reducion rom cover price or ve or more copes.Booksores may order on a consgnment bass A arices copyrgh by Radical Amerca

Second cass posage paid a oston, Massachuses


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ICL

AER 1977 Volume , Number

ITRODUCTION 2

THE EW LEFT AND THE PROFESSONALMANAGERIAL 7CLASS

Babaa and John Eheneich

THE COMMUNIST PARTY: AN ITERVEW WTH 25

DOROTHY HEALEY

Jon Wiener

BEAUTY PARLOR - A WOMEN'S SPACE

Phys wen

POPULAR POWER PORTUGAL

Joe Matin

LETTERS

47

59

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I s ssue ofadi me Barara ad Jo rerec appyereory of e ProfessoaMaagra Cass (PMC) presed e as umber o e ew f of e xs ey do so suc away as o rase crca quesos for f oday Aackg e oepopuar eory a radca sudes wre par of a proearaed ewworkg cass, e Ererecs maa a mos we radcas of e1960s were fac professoas ad maagers rag auors

aso argue a ef acvy oday wc s s domaed y PMCradcas cao be udersood w e curre forms of cass aaysse wo cass mode ( wc everyoe s par of e workg cass excep

for a y rug cass) ad e reecass mode ( wc a argeadamorpous pey bourgose cudg professoas es ewee workg cass ad capass)


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Of e var ous polcal edeces emergg from e New Lef, eErerecs pck ou for aalyss wo very dere peomeo eradcals e professos ad e MasLess e ew

commus moveme. ey exame ese edeces for woreasos: o groups are readly deale o e lef oday, ad ogroups, despe er dere polcs, dsplayMC elsm.

By focusg oly o e radcals e professos ad e ew commus moveme, e Ererecs radcally dcoome oday's lef s udouedly rue a radcals w PMC ackgroudscoue o dsplay er class caracerscs varous ways, u ee scealy a muc wder varey of expereces o aalye efore we kow

jus ow ose caracerscs ave aeced lefss egaged workg class polcs. I s also mpora o po ou a may people wPMC ackgrouds ave o prolearaed emselves voluarly How mpoa s PMC rag for example, o collegeeducaed wome workg as clercal workers? Wa s e role of depede radcalsw professoal rag wo are ow workg ad orgag o uo servce dusres lke eal? Fally, ow deep are e esos w e ProfessoalMaageral Class, esos a ru ewee pulc scool eacers ad admsraors, or socal sece workers ad

maageral ureaucras? Of wa sgcace s e fac a eacersad socal sece workers are uog?ese are e key quesos e Ererecs' aalyss rases for us. We

are sure our readers wll pose may oer quesos Ideed, e auors as well as e edors ope s aalyss of e rofessoalMaageral Class wll provoke meagl deae w e lef ad eace our aly o aswer crcal quesos facg e lf day Barara adJo Ererec ave made a valuale cor uo y aalyg eersoal dmeso o e dcul prolems PMC lefss face er

orgag as a resul of er class caracerscs s aalyss sould o e read o say a radcals of PMC org ave o role o play a workgclass moveme Isead pos ou wa s ecomcreasgly ovous: PMC elsm s o sed easly, eve y lefss wocoscously dey er class orgs.

Weagree w e Ererecs we ey sugges a e lef mus efar more sefcoscous of s ow class orgs e forgg of a allace ewee radcaled people of PMC org ad rag ad workg class mlas depeds o advacg eyod a srcly ecoomc

oreao meas developg a polcal pracce w self coscously recoges e persoal ad culural ssues a ave always aeced (ofe adversely) e relaos ewee workers ad lefss ofoer class ackgrouds

If e Ererecs eory aou PMC radcasm s correc, e eU. S. Commus Pay s aoer eres case sudy, que dere

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from the New Left of course, but equally important The CPUSA is no longer an organization whose members are mostly working class, as it was through the 1940s It is questionable to assume, however, that te Party's politics would have been signicantly dierent if theyorganization had retained a working-class majority

As Jon Weiner's inteiew with Dorothy Healey suggests, the Communist Party's politics remain the product of decisions by top leaders who remain largely unresponsive to their own membersDorothy Healey is a person who is unusally wellinformed about the Party and its politics; she was active in the CP for over 40 years (until1973), and emerged as one of the most inuential party leaders in the

country through her work in California Healey is in a good position to provide a critical but useful analysis of the CPUSA today; she is not an embittered exCPer of the Godthatfailed stripe, nor is she a sectarian enemy of the Party who sees the organization as a primary obstacle torevolution in the US

The adical meaeditors are not as optimistic as Dorothy Healey is about the various reformist trends in communist parties around theworld However, we do believe that her responses to questions about theCPUSA will be very important reading for many people on the Left For

too long Marxists outside the CP have either ignored he largestorganization on the US left or dismissed it with polemical remarks Wemust increase our uderstadig of the Party and learn more about why after all that has happened this organization continues to suiveand grow In previous issues, we have published articles evaluating the CPUSA in historical context, but our analyses have never extendedbeyond 1950

he CP today is an important force to be understood and reckonedwith, not only because it is the largest left organization in the country It

also displays the following important qualities: 1) the most signicant trade union base of any left organization, despite (or perhaps because o the fact that the Party has abandoned socialist politics in the AFLCIO; 2) a legal defense network which remains a strong source of left opposition to political repression; 3) the most support among ThirdWorld groups even though, as Healey observes, the Party allows for noautonomy (a feat performed partly on the basis of the CP's establishedreputation as an antiracist organization with inuential black leaders)hesequalities help to explain why the CPUSA has retained a loyal core

of supporters for so many years despite its stubborn allegiance to theMoscow line The CPUSA's uncritical support for orthodoxy over the years has cost it many resourceful members like Dorothy Healey, but others have remained loyal for various reasons, including the personalties and social networks which have provided Party members withsuival spaces

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Of course the cotext i which some Europe Commuist pies re developi (e. . Spi) is rdiclly dieret from te US, where theNew Left explosio of the 'sixties hs ive wy to te coservtive

climate of the 'seveties d the multiplictio of MistLeiist roups deicated to relivi vrious spects of CP history Hoever, sJoe Mai repo from Poul idictes, commist prties crmai ti eve i revolutiory cotexts e Pouese Commuity (PCP), accordi to its press represettive, spports"the brode$ demorcy everywere is is suspicios c im sice

ithe PC el bureucrcy still sties democracyThe ora of populr power i Pol ve bee weaeed

sicl ice the military coup of November 95 but tey remi,

s Mi sQs, a more democratic veicle for te oueseRevolutio t the Commuist Py Ulie te Commuist Py ofSpi, whic eered from Frco's fscist dicttorsip wit eemoy o the left d populr suppo for its ledership i te cotii stle ais repressio, the Stliist Comist Prty of Portlemered fo e fscist period cotedi wit atoomos ors of poplr powe d with impot oppositio movemets ofrevolutioa Maists

Ivestiatiosito the realm of everydy life ve bee bset, for the most p, from socialist iqiry We are plesed to fetre te wor of Phyllis Ewe, oe of the editors i the R collective, whosepotoraphic essy explores impot istittio of woes cultre the beuty prlor. Phyllis Ewes photorps record experieceeerlly hidde from public view. ltho s wom with cmersheitded ito the privte spce of te beuty sop, te woe beiphotorphed cooperted willily

I the erly days of the wome's movemet, femiists mde mssculture piclr oject for scrtiy. Bety cultre, for exmple, ws

uderstood o be solely ale cotrivce to cotrol wome But beuty cultre s lived i the bc ste of te beuty prlor is ot simply the product of a maledoited, cosmerorieted society.Wome, s Ewe suests, cre for their apperce ot st becseme wat them to. Wome te tis crefor temelvead for eacoter.

e adl mca Editors

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W FA s ud fss-

g ss dcsm

Barbara and John Ehrnrich

n the frst part of ths essay RACA AMERCA MarchAprl we argued that advanced captalst socet has generated anew class not found n earler stages of captalst developmentWe defned the ProfessonalManageral Class MC as con-sstng of salared mental workers who do not own the means ofproducton and whose maor functon n the socal dvson of labormay be descrbed broadly as the reproducton of captalst cultureand captalst class relatons he PMC thus ncludes such groupsas scentsts engneers teachers socal workers wrters ac-countants lower and mddlelevel managers and admnstratorsetc n all some twenty to twentyfve per cent of the US populaton he PMCs conscousness we argued s shaped by the ap-parentl contradctory aspects of ts exstence Both the PMC andthe workng class are forced to sell ther labor power to the cap-talst class to whch they share an antagonstc relatonshpMembers of the PMC as the ratonalers and managers of cap-talst enterprses corporatons government agences unverstes etc are thrown nto drect conflct wth captalst greed

rratonalt and socal rresponsblt But the PMC s also nan objectvely antagonstc relatonshp to te workng class s-torcall the PMC exsts as a mass groupng onl b vrtu of thexpropraton of the sklls and culture once ndgenous to teworkng class And n daly lfe ts functon s the drect or n-drect management and manulaton of workngclass l atCopit ( 1976 b Brr d ohn Ehrenreih


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home a work at school hus the PMCs obectve class nerestsle n he overhrow of he capalst class bu no n he rumphof he workng clas s and ther acual attude s often mx hostly

toward he capals class wh eltsm toward he workng classHE NEW LEF AND HE PMC

We now aempt to use hs analyss to undersand some aspectsof the development and curren dffcules of he left n he U.Sstarng wh some observaons on the New Lef of he sxtesWe wll not try o gve a complee and defntve accoun of theemergence of the New Left. Raher we wll focus on the ways nwhch he PMC orgns of the New Lef shaped ts growh and de-

ology on how he orgnally PMCbased New Lef ultmately begano ranscend s own class and on how sought o deal wth heresultng lemmas.

he rebrh of PMC radcalsm n he sxes came at a mewhen the materal poson of he class was advancng rapdly.Employment n PMC occupaons soared and salares rose wththem. he growh was so rapd that exnsve recrutmen fromthe workng class became necessary o fll he job openngs Oneearly 60s sudy ndcated tha no less than a quarer of the sonsof sklled bluecollar workers and close o a ffth of the sons ofsemsklled workers were clmbng nto he PMC It has become fashonable o argue that engneers eachers al workersand the lke were becomng prolearanzed the fae Marx hadpredced for he mddle class. 2) Bu wha was aken as a symp-om of proletaranzaon eg. he expanson and bureaucratza-ton of he unversty was n many cases really a token of therapd expanson of he clas s he late fftes and early sxes werea golden age for the PMC not a tme of decreasng opportuntesand compresson no he prolearan mold

Wh Spunk n 5 and Kennedys elecon n 60 the restgeand publc vsbly of the class reached new heghs Governmentand foundaton fundng for research hgher educaon and profes-sonal servces beg an to skyrocke Members of the class appearedn promnen publc posons as presdental advsors scenssforegnpolcy straegsts and socal planners. New nsutons thnk anks consulng f rms emerged to meet the new demandfor PMC sklls.

he early sudent radcalsm of the sxes had many sourcesthe cvlrghts movement he Beatnks the college experenceself etc. For our present purpose s however we only want topont out tha ths new radcalsm also refleced the rs ng confdence of the ProfessonalManageral Class Accordng to he socologsts stdes he frs wave f student actvsts typcallycame from secure PMC backgrounds and were compared to othersudents especally wellmbued wth the tradonal PMC value


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o tca atooy ad pbc srvc. Thr ta rad-cas rprstd a attpt to rassrt th atooy whchth PMC had og sc cdd to th captast cass. For xapSSs sa Port Hro Statt 92) xprsss both ts o tradtoa PMC cass coscosss scor or th cap-tast cass ad ts toward th workg cass Too ay PMCrs SS arg had captatd to th dads o th syst

May soca ad physca sctsts gctg th bratg hrtag o hghr arg dvop ha ratos or oraprodcg tchs or th cor-rat cooy wh othrs xrcs thr tctasks to accrat th ars rac 4)

t th statt cotud th workg cass cod ot b rd

o as th sourc o soca rwa

Ay w t Arca st b arg asr a wth ra tcta sks cottd to dbratvs hosty rcto as workg toos. Th vrstyprts th potca to b a adjct to th acadco ad acto to b ord by raso 5

Th rky Fr Spch Movt 94 arcatd thprob o th cas s orcy Hstory has ot dd a bttr

socty s possb ad t s worth dyg or procad MaroSavo th voc o th Fr Spch Movt. t th vrsyhad sod ot; t was ot trag tr brs o th cass orthr hstorc soca ad ora sso

May stts hr at th uvrsty ar wadrgassy abot. Stragrs thr ow vs thr opac or th. Thy ar pop who hav ot ard tocopros who or xap hav co to th vrstyto ar to sto to grow to ar a th stadard

thgs that sod k cchs bcas o o taks thsrosy Ad thy d at o pot or aothr that orth to bco part o socty to bco awyrs strs bss pop govrt that vryot thy st copros thos prcps whch wrost ar to th Th trs ad carrs or whchArca stdts ow prpar ar or th ost part -cta a ora wastads ) phass ors

Th r Spch Mov t ad a drct appa to th cas s co-scosss o th acty

W chag th acty to b coragos. A vrsty a coty o stdts ad schoar b a to th


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oon o n ou ou o ow on w ouub o oo wo av uu ou w 7 )

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unA a a 9 an w L o Vbnqu

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La nub o oun o u aca o an oun v ua a o


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ng antovrt rogra atcar rogra tc but on avat xan ca. Bon tat n t xt t tat aoncrang r on t unvrt or tar atanc noton ro ngnr an natura cntt but ro antrooo

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a v a w o una an oBu w a na aa a cun o Nw L

o own ca wa Bac baon ovn. W u-

n nvovn n Soun cv u a onbn n w ana on nouxnc o o an ca on o n awn cnu T Non Bac ovn wa o cann Go un ca av 967 uavan Do an Nwa o a b o ana vouon b wonca Bac n wc unwou av o a Bac un a o vn w co n on o cv ovn bou Bac bon o cau Bac un an a w uo Bac wonca an -an o on aon an o on unv xanonno Bac nbooo)

oac bwn w un an Bac nonunou o noab Bac Pan Pa) w caaczb aoanc on a na v on o WPM ou ban o a own aca vn n- xnc wa a a abacon coa o -anc wc ca o T wa an acu con-

coun o v a ac an ana u o noon o cavn o oan o un aca ba w

PM wa conn o uban Bac anc on a-on wc a vo bwn PM an Bac co-un Lowau PM occuaon acn an ocawo a bn n a co vc/ocacono aon o Bac coun nc nowa aon o . n x oca concn abou ov uc n b Wa bon n 965 o a av aonoPM naon o o ob ooun u oa w) ann coun oanz cooanooo an c T Bac coun ca o a a o w c o PM o x a wan coun a a n 9 wa a nounu o xanon a boo n o oca aoo.Bu wa a o a av u B a 966 Bac -an an Bac coun ou w an an ocoun cono o v anc an nuon wc

w ovn ooun o w PMT an no no aona cao o O

L n ca o Nw Yo coo u Po-v Labo Pa c a councono anwa a unca o aan on wo n ac ) Bu wa a ca caaon o ca waa

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Back count ae woknca) aant te nvadnPMC In an ntance t wa Back ebe o te PMCwo won out unde te banne o count conto but te ad-ca caconcou tut o te deand wa owe to te eo-

e eace te oeona and adntatve ete wt odn ctzenMot wte tudent adca dented teeve wt te co-

untconto tue wtout queton Fo one tn t wa tedect decendent o te cvt tue wc ad n atven bt to te ew Let t ao eeed to be a vn nk between oen Td Wod tue o edetenaton (eVetna ) and te ue to cane U S ocet In dentnwt te countconto oveent te oun PMC adcawee takn a oton wc an counte to te own objectveca nteet Let te eoe decde ad te ont ae o-an n SS newae EW LEFT OTES even te decdedte ddnt want ou

B 97 o 198 te ew Let wa aoacn a c t adbeen bon wen te wa n Vetna oced touand o PMC outto conont te conct between te ca uoed vaue andAecan oca eat t ad been bed n te nttuton weetee contadcton aeaed ot a n te ete unve-te wc bot taut te od PMC vaue and abject evedcatat nteet But te tudent ebeon ad ead to un-vete woe tudent oten cae o woknca aesOna cotted to te unvet te ew Let wa nowocked n batte wt te unvet. And t wa ncean co-tted to uotn Back woknca baed oveent wco te at ejected te tadtona PMC atttude towad tewokn ca Te ew Let wa oced to exane t own cacooton and ca atttude Coud t uvve a a a

e ofli wee idels selfieres fel by so i e PMC is illumied by e 1969 ommuiy d worker keover of e Liol ospil Mel elh ies i New York Ciy Oly few dys fore he dmiisrorswere loked ou of heir offies by 150 desrors l by Blk d PuerRi oprofessiol ommuiy lh workers r rris Pek, edesier d direor of eer h wrie i REERS GEST : Wheere's f pl e se of my rousers kik ou of re, Ill ow

we've sueed will me e ople w e over e rug ofeir ow oiy d s wy i should Bu er he keoverPek omme , while he sill fvored e priiple of ommuiy ol's logerm We ik i is possible impleme i hisme (elPC T C LT EMP (Rdom use 197pp 554)


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Mbase movement ? How coul such a movement change soc-ety ? What relationshi woul it (or coul it) evelo wth the tra-itional agent of social change, the woring class (an esecially

with the militant Blac movementThe roblem of the New Left's relaton to the PMC as a whole

was artially solve by the reaction of the oler generaton of theM. Many of the latter resone to the growing militance of thestuents with all the venom at their comman sychatrsts the-orize ublcly that Am erca 's youth was searching for a fatherfgure (an ha foun one n Mao accorng to Bruno Bettelhem;eucators blame the rse in anarchy on Dr Soc 's erms-siveness, an secone Siro Agnews call for a collectve span-ng. ollege aminstrators an sometmes faculty cooerate wththe olice an the FB urng the volent reression which began in968 On ther art, stuents raicals often turne on the Unver-sity, not n orer to free t from complcty wth meralsm but to estroy it In the fall of 967, Universty of Wsconsn emonstrators hane out a leaflet announcng : We ic ths wee toemonstrate aganst DOW (hemical ororaton) aganst the un-versity as a cororation an against the war because they are allone (emhasis ours)

Criticism of the university by a twsted knd of logc, soon led

to crticsm of students themselves. Carl Davdson, who onlyayear before hadseenstudents as the massbasefor social change,

wrote

What can stuents o ? Organizing struggles over orm tory rules seems frvolous when comare to the ghettorebellions We organize stuents against the raftwhen the Army is mae u of young men who are poor,blac SanishAmerican, hillbillies or woringclassEveryone excet stuents Stuents are oressed.Bullshit. We are being traine to be the opressors anthe unerlings of oppressors (9) (emhass ours)

By he en of the sixties, SDS was so reulse by ts own classthat it woul have nothing to o with the emergng ecology movement an hel bac from mass antwar actvtes such as thenationwie stuent moratorium an the massve stuent strkeof May 1970 Mar Ru went so far as to reject SDS tself (ofwhich he was then the Naional Secretary> as a wer ile of lb-

eral shit t was a serious imasse Where oes a movement go when it

comes to feel hat the concerns whch motvate it were trval fnot illegitimate ? Or that the eole n t are irrelevant, if not ob-ectively enemies ? The Weaterman " tenency in SDS too self-loathing to its logical extreme, resolving, n 1969, that white babesare igs an leging themselves to a suical strategy of rect

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cononaon w oic. Fo an won ging -n on bca a ga ug o guwc wa ngung w L a i. nw acu-ad undandng a won w od a a x aowdan wi PMC won o coninu o a dand oaningu wok un c. a a i wn d-and ad o a oa gac o o a i

B 6 wo oa aoac o anding ca obw ging o w L on wic w wi ca adica in oion ag o ag nd b wa ca o b cad nw couni on. adica in oon aoac dod qui naua ou o udn i cc undgadua o 63w b 6 ac ocia wok jounai aw o

udn n gadua o oona coo Sad da wa o u oon o a a wa kwn wi o adanc adica cau wic wa nowgna undood o b cau o oo and wokingca o od inoi gou c. and on indc o oona . Fo xa Sudn Ha Ogan-zaion dic and uing udn) wokd on ing u -n aca oga n Back go w UniiConnc cog and uniocog ac and gadua u-

dn wokd o on adion o cog Soia W-a Wok Mon aacd o cau o aionaWa ig Oganzaion and o on. O adica oona u anai aw a cn c o ddi-cad o odng cnca ouc and uo oBack and Puo ican couni oganzaion


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rta stras of th radcal rofessoals ovt couldb rtd as b lttl ore tha attets to salva Msts th fac of the Blac worclass chall herwaahor or accetable rofessoal rols such as ad

voca la" ad eve soe hoes that cout cotrolwould br a exaso of M oorttes

strule b coutes for cotrol of ther ow de-veloet ad srvces reares the bass fo a decetralzed ad deocratzed cvl socet t s obvous thatall such develots have rofoud eed for the srvcsof rofessoal tellectual cultural ad scetfc worers

But o th whole the radcalstherofessos too a draa-tc ste bod tradtoal M class terests h reat or-tace of ths drcto or strate of New ft actvs s that tboded a crtcal selfcoscousess of the M tself a dof atv class coscousess he radcalstherofssoschalled th M ot for ts lac of autoo as the studtovet had the earl sxtes) but for ts ver clas to au-too objectvt cotet to ublc servce ad xrtstself estfcato" was the catchword Radcal doctors watd

ot ol to fr thr rofesso fro the r of th dcal-dustral colex" but to destf edce. Radcal lawrswould o u the law boos ad ae eleetar leal sllsavalabl to th eole Radcal schatrsts would lad h as-sault o schatrc tholo ad show that a sstve co-ut rso could easl relace the Radcal teachers wouldxos th catalst fuctos of educato Ad so o rdetal barrrs would tuble h rule of the exerts would beaolshed b the ou exerts

t was at bst a dffcult aroach to susta lets attsstudts tc ofte turd out to rest ther radc rofsso-als vr lac of rofssoals Blac asrats to th Mbrfl dad the lat sxtes ad earl svets had lttltrst dstf the otos th wr for th frtt atta Furthrore codtos ade t less ad lss os

* would h o oeremphsze w shrp brek is ws wi e domi rdiios of he cod Third Ieriols The ler, for isce,followig mel of e R, lieed echology ws eurl : i

lis sociees i sered e ress of he cpiliss i sociis soieiesi would direcd owrd populr eds The New Lef, ilueed by Culurl Reolio i Chi c o liee e ehology iself eiedurgeois sil relios The ors wee Old d New ies

owrd professiolism d e priileges coyg re eqully shrpThe New posiio, of course ws i o smll sure e desede of milily egiri S d CC rdio of picipry dery


19/84

sie o give he adicasinhepofessions appoach a fai esRepession desoyed he adica eemens of he ack movemenwhich had hed he adica pofessionas in some sense accounae Govemen gans and money fo communiy pogams diedup. inay he economic downun of he sevenies paced siffpenaies on adica aciviy among pofessionas o anyone ese eaches who defied he adminisaion y giving ou a s sociawokes who aemped o oganie hei ciens agains he wefae depamen ec found hemseves in case afe case ou ofa o he uden Heah Oganiaion ocia Wefae WokesMovemen New nivsiy onfeence, Medica ommiee foHuman Righs a coapsed in he eay sevenies and adicacaucuses in pofessiona associaions ecame a es cenes of

adica schoaship a wos ie moe han jopacemen newoks fo he hodes of esudenadica pofessionashe New ommunis Movemen aos ou of he shames of

D in 6 and picked up ecuis wih he coapse of he adicasinhepofessions appoach in he eay sevenies he Newommuniss epiciy dissociaed hemseves fom he New Lefand adoped a poiica ouook which was supeficiay no veydiffeen fom ha of he eaie geneaion of PM adicas whohad een ommuniss in he 30s. hey advocaed he pimacy

of he woking cass in evouionay sugge and he need o uida vanguad pay o ead ha sugge u exacy who consiuedha woking cass was no eniey cea omeimes eg in desciing eachs sikes and he spead of unonike aiudes npofessiona oganiaions of enginees and nuses) he New ommuniss adheed o he ohodox Maxian wocass mode and incuded a wage eanes wihin he woking cass u mos ofhe ime y woking cass hey mean he adiiona uecoaand in some cases oweeve whiecoa) woking cass udens and young pofessionas joining New ommunis ogania

ions wee uged o poeaianie heseves in ouook ife

By the "New Comunist Mvement we mean ose Marxist-Leninist organizations which grew out of e New Left raer an out of prior left organiza ions such as e Scialist Workers Party d the Communist Party, plus indivduals and study groups which idenify wi these organizations or eir ideologies. National new communist organizaions at is time include e October League the Revoluionary Communist Party d the Communist Lar

Party. Although not affiliated with y of these groups e weekly GUARDIANis the most widely read advocae of New Communist ideas.

In common New Communist Movement parlance most o e PMC is lumped together wi selfemploed professionals shopkeepers small businessmenec. as the pey urgeoisie a distinctly pejorate description As we haveargued in the first part of this per (see RADICAL AMERCA MarchApril1977) is is a grossly incorrect class analysis.


20/84

sl and vn occupaton Facos placed unvss as t sng o poltcal acvt ssus wc had peoccupd w psonal ulllmn communt pacpao dmoc-

ac c w dsmssd as pt bougos o vn dca-dent

n postng t xstnce o a ossonal/Managial lass wdo no man to suggs tat socet has entd some nw post-captalst phas o developmen. The cental dnamc n ou so-c stll ls n te contadcton between the socalzed natuo t poducon pocss and th pvae appopaton o teus o poducon. T ness o the capals class manundamentall antagonstc to he neess o wag ans o all

nds ncludng ose we have dened as mmbs o te M . Inac as w have agud wn the US ths antagonsm has tund M nto an ndung sevo o adcalsm (om ogssvsm and e Socalst at o the Nw Le.

IFUDN STRKE .

15 NO CL

If K

THEt \S WAR.Bu as w av sad not onl s te an objctv anagonsm

btwen wong class and the M on on and and tecapalst class on o s n addton an objcv anagonsm bwen th wong class and he M Ts latt an-agonsm has svel undcut volutona chances o he

wong clas s o o a ombnaon o lmnts o bot h Mand t wong class n s place as w av sen M adcalsm meges

ou o M class nss wc nclude th M s nst nndng ts culual and tcnologcal gemon ove th woglass Tus ssbl exsts n he M o te gnc oa ma a s sgt sm o b a conadcon n ms antongclass adcalsm Ts ssblt nds ts ullst eps


21/84

sion in the M radicals recurring vision o technocratic sociaism a society in which the bourgeoisie has been replaced by bureaucrats planners and experts o various sorts Nor is thisvision restricted to the rightwing socialists and social democratswho come orth rom the M it has been advancd with greatmilitancy by many who style their views as the proletarian line.In act in any let ideology which ails to comprehend the M andits class interests there is always a good possibility that the dictatorship o the proletariat will turn out to be the dictatorship othe M

Turning now to the eects o the Mworingclas s polarization on woringclass consciousness we should recall irst thatthe very eistence o the M is predicated on the atomization oworingclass lie and culture and the appropriation o sills oncevested in the woring class. he activities which the M per-orms within the capitalist division o labor in themselves serveto undermine positive class consciousness among the woringclas s he ind o consciousness which remains the commonlyheld attitudes o the woring lass are as liely to be antiMas they are to be anticapitalist i only because people are moreliely in a daytody sense to expeiece humiliation harass-ment rustration etc. at the hands o the M than rom members

o the actual capitalist class.

A rsk o consderabe oerscaon we woud sues ha s s n asense us wha haened n e R a new cass" o echnocras e-en and ary bureaucras ndusra anagers roessona deooes ec has coe resde oer a socey n whch ore or ess caas reaons

o roducon rss dese e sence o a caas cass n s conexenns weknown neres n adong he eods o Tayors (see arryBraeran ABOR AND MONOPOY CAPTA Monhy Reew 1975 12d conersey e Chnese conce w resrcng he res o anagers and reducng he a ween ena and ua workers n order aod he e sakes (see ohn Ehrenrech The Dcaorsh o he Proe-ra n Chna MONT REVEW Ocober 1975 are worh recang ary Arab socas" Arc socas" d iary socas (egre975 Peru can aso s unders no as ey urgeos socas"bu as PMC socas" bas on he rsng cass o c d ary -ernen ena workers

We do no e o sues o course ha e PMC aone hods he workngcass n check or a resranng e deeoen o workngcass conscousness s aways or een usuay a consc ous a o he PMC e ormeron oher sources o conro oer the workng cass cerany ncude the di-rec use or hrea o sa d rae emoyer ower recaas aur-aran echanss o conro such as e Caoc Church and the y orceseadng o t segenaon o e ar arke aong nes o race ehncysex d to e hysca diserson o he workng cass.


22/84

Now add to th fact of woringcass hostiity to t M twoobsrvations w hav mad arady th historic associationin th US. of sociaist radicaism with th M and (2th M s

procivity for a tchnocratic vision of sociaism in which th Mwoud b th dominant cass Th rut is that thr mrgs inth woring cass anothr smingy contradictory idoogy whichw might ca cass conscious anticommunis m This woringcassanticommunism rcivs continua ncouragmnt from rightwig dmagogus who mphaiz acty th points th ro ofM mmrs (pino intctas fft nobs tc in radica movmnts and sociacontro activiti and th spposdytotaitarian natr of sociaism t woringcas anticommunim i not cratd y rightwing dmagogry (or bad adrshipor ignoranc though a th hp) it grows ot of th octivantagonism btwn th woring cass and th M ftn noughit coms mid with a whoa rjction of any thing or thoghtas sociatd with th M ibraism intctaism tc.

W hardy nd to mphasi th dangrou potntiay tragicnatur of this sitation t is rfctd with painf carity in thcondition of th U.S ft today isoatd and fragmntd sti asdargy in th M mor a sbctur than a movmnt

s thr a way ot ? s thr anything in th princ of ithr

M or woring cass which cod ad thm to transcnd thirantagonism to join togthr in som sort of mas radica aiancfor socia chang ? f so how can such an aianc bit ?

To answr th utions it ms to s w hav to draw on thprinc of th N Lft n a sns th Nw Lft rprsnts ahistoric brathrough a firt conscious ffort to rcogniz andconfront th confict twn th M and th woring cassLarning in part from th tra Rvoution in hina with itsmphasis on th gap twn mnta and manua abor and its

popist approach to tchnoogy and in part from thir nasy ai-anc with (mainy Third Word) woringcass community movmnts th radicas of th s iti gan to dvop a criti ofthir own cas Th fminist movmnt tndd that critiposing th idoogica contnt of vn th most apparnty nutra " scinc and th idoogica functions of vn th most suprficiay rationa prts

ut th Nw Lft was not a to compt its incipint critiof th M and its ro With th coaps of th Nw Lft a amass movmnt in th svnti th vry ffort casd Git r-pacd sfconfidnc; stri fforts at rmoding th consciosnss of individa mmbrs of th M aong protarian" insrpacd th mor fruitf sarch for wys in which th Mbasd ft cod p stimuat and nit with a woringcassmovmnt

t th pos siiity of dvoping th mrgnt insights of thsitis and appying thm to th dvopmnt of a try broad


23/84

basd antcaptalst movmnt s prhaps mor alv now thanvr Unl n th arly sxts thr ar thousands of PM lft-sts who rman awar, n howvr unsystmatc a way of th tn

sons at th PMworng clas s ntrfac And also unl tharly sxts thr s a growng numbr of young radcal worngclass ntllctuals popl who wr gvn a brf xposur tohghr ducaton (and to th Nw Lft n th prod of unvrstyxpanson n th sxts, and wr thn thrown bac nto worng-class occupatons by th conomc crss of th svnts. Thus,f only n trms of prsonnl th opportunty xsts for dvlopnga poltcs whch can addrss and ovrcom th class stalmat ofth contmporary lft.

What drcton mght such a poltcs go ? W can only suggst afw bgnnng drctons (a h way out dos not l n fallng bac on romantc vsons

of th hstorcal msson of th worng class manfstd n f-forts to xpung ptty bourgos . , PM dology fromth lft so as to uncovr th pur proltaran ln. h rlatonshp btwn th PM and th worng class s complmntary;nthr clas s has a pur dology unnfluncd by th othr orby th captalst class. It s n th natur of ths rlatonshp thatcultur (n th loos sns of nowldg das , hstory nclud-ng th systmatc crtu of captalsm ts lf, s domnatd byth PM In a sns, Lnns prcpton n WHAT IS O E DONErmans tru th possblty of buldng a mass movmnt whchss to altr socty n ts totalty dpnds on th comng togthrof worngclass nsght and mltancy wth th tradton of socal-st thnng pt alv by mddlclas s ntllctuals.

(b h antagonsm btwn th PM and th worng class can-not b wshd away n th nam of antcaptalst unty any morfor xampl than th antagonsm btwn mn and womn or b-

twn blac and wht can b. Th lft whch s now prdomnantlydrawn from th PM must addrss tslf to th sub ctv andcultural aspcts of class opprs son as wll as to matral nual-ts; t must commt tslf to uprootng ts own ngrand and oftnsubtl atttuds of condscnson and ltsm. Th tnsons btwnPM lftsts and th worng class can only b dalt wth by startng wth a clar analytcal prcpton of thr orgns and natur.Gulty slfffacmnt on th part of PM radcals and/or sm-plstc glofcaton of th worng class smply prptuat thclass rols forgd n captalst socty.

(c Morovr, n ordr to forg an allanc btwn lmnts ofth PM and th worng class th lft must addrss tslf notonly to brad and buttr ssus but to all th ss us t has ooradly shlvd as cultural th dvson of labor th natur (anddologcal contnt of scnc and tchnology art, psychology,sxualty ducaton, tc For t s on ths ssus that th hstorcantagonsm btwn th PM and th worng class rsts oth


24/84

classs conront capals class ovr t ssu o ownrsipand conrol o t mans o producton They conon ac otrov t ssus o nowldg slls, cultur

FERENCES

1. Os Dudley Dcan The Trend of Occupaonal oly n e UnSaes" ARCAN CIOLOGICAL REIEW 30 No.4 (Aug. 1965) pp. 491495.

2. e for nsce nley Aronow es he Uned Saes Have a NewWorkng Class ? n G. Fscher () THE REIAL OF ARICAN CIALS and James Wensen AIGUOUS LEGACY : THE LEFT IN ARICANPOLITICS (Frkln Was 1975) pp 12528

3. Rchard Flacks Who Proess : The cal Bases of he Suden ove

men" n Jula Foser d Duwa ng (eds.) PROTEST! STUDENT ACTIIS IN ARICA (Wm. orrow 1970) pp. 1341574. e Por Huron Saemen" n Paul Jacos d ul Ldau T NEW

RDCALS : A REPORT WITH CUENTS (nge 1966) p 159 .5. The Po Huon aemen" cd n Krarck Sales SDS (Random

House 1973) p. 52.6. aro vo " End o Hsry" n Jacos ndau THE NEW RAD

CALS . p. 230.7. Quoed n ymour arn Lpse and Sheldon S. Woln (eds.) THE BERK

ELEY STUDENT REOLT : FAC AND INTERPRETAONS.8. Sales S pp. 289292.

9. d pp 382 390.10. Rchard Flacks cd n Ronald Gross Paul Oserman (eds.) THENEW PROFEIONALS (Sn d Schuser 1972) p 26.

BB d JOHN EHENEICH hv r d( Oi l hlh dhr p Joh chs h Old Wsb' cs o SUNY; d// s h os hlh o

mn

In our last issu w l out two photo crdits Our covr, "Amnstnd Lirt, was basd on a Madrid wsa mural photographd bJos Dlgado-Guitart h pictur of Csar Chavz on pag wasb om Uribs


25/84

DS

Harvy Bloom

Turning them over you said,"Your hands

they're like worker's hands

not poet's hands. "

disqualifyinglythrowing them down stairs

where they kept landing on my father's hands

Tonight as sit at a poetry workshopstubbing out a cigarette with my fingertipsso it won't burn a hole i the paper cup

they fash by: worker's hands poets hands

who have been ashamed of each other for so log

a world come between

what has one life line


26/84


27/84

OMMUN YOY N YY:n nterview withDorothy Healey

Jon Winr

oohy Healey oined he Young Communi s League in 1 928 wenshe was 1 4 yeas old She wa s caiman of he Comm uns Payof Souhen C alifonia fom 949 o 969 and a membe of ePays Naional Comiee and Naional Execuive CommieeAlong wih 1 1 ohe Pay leades she was conviced in he secondSmih Ac ials in 1 95 1 n 1 966 she an fo Los Angeles CounyA ss ess o and eceived 86500 voes She lef he Pay in 1 93 .Today sh e is a membe of he Ne Ameican Movemen (NAM )a n d seves on is Naional neim Commiee.

NTER V EWE R : How impoan is e C P oday on he lef ?H EA LEY : s he lages goup he lages by fa.NT claims o be gowing.HE ALEY : hink ha s ueNT : Gus Hall 's 1 95 speech a he naional convenion claims

hey ecuied 00 new membes fo ha convenion alone. 1 H LE Y : Bu you have no ay of knowi ng fom he epo of

ne mebes how many ae sill hee a yea lae Since hey nolonge give ou mebeship figues even o he naional leadeshee 's absoluely no way o know ow much unove ee is p unil 1 948 he Pay gave membeship figues o h e convenions Evey Pay epo i ndicaed how ma ny dues paying me m-be s hee wee an d ow m any ne one s ad been signed up.

25


28/84

T : How bg was t at ts pa HE AE 75 ,000 t at 25 ,000 mo t T top

a o t st o t cout ws 938 but os Agls, ou

top a was 949 w w ad 5,00 mmbs os Aglsout alo. Toda m guss t most catabl stmat s aoud gt o tousad t ato as a wol

T T at s ma actvt ts past a was t Gus Hallsdtal campag wc dscbs as a gat ba-toug wc lt a omous mpact o t lctoat. Wat dd ou t o t

HE AE T st tm Gus satd mag tat clam wasat t ' campag w hs spc aalzg t statd outb sag w lucd ts o mllos o popl. Tat vod

omous lat o t pat o popl wo w atg aboutt campag

T was gv a lalt last all tat sad, Td o t oldpat bosss Vot o Gus Hall o sdt

HE E laugt) lov tat W ou t o td oldbosss

T : T clam tat 600,000 popl sgd t ballot pttosad tat ts s ctcal t stuggl agast atcommus m

HEAE t t was omousl mpotat tat t gatd

tos sgatus . t at would ust tll t tut t slt o glo to b oud t tt. But w t s xaggatdw t s agud tat sgatus pst a stocal batoug tats msladg, ts dagous, ts utu. Bcausmost o t popl wo sgd, sgd blvg su b o tballot vbod sould b o t ballot A a bg popotoad o da tat t w sgg o mmbs o t bcaust popl gttg t sgatus ddt tll tm Somtms tatwas cssa ; ou do t gt a lot o sgatus ou stop adtal to ac pso spaatl. Ts s tu o all lt lctoalcampags ot just t p ' s. But t at as got to tll t tutabout tat t was a mtd cotact; wl t ad som sgact was ot xactl t st abg o a w poltcal spg

m awll spc as dstct cama to t atoal covto 969 sad tat Gus Hall was t Noma Vct alo t lt wg t pow o postv tg. W w alwaswg vw. Evtg ws stoc vtg was wo-dul v was t a aalss o wat wa appg tal wold o t wasss o t at, t poblms t

adcaps to b ovcom. T 1975 soluto o t at oxampl, sas, a gowg mass movmt agast sg umplomt ad lato s ow tag sap. Tmdous coomcstuggls a t mag as t wog class ad ts allsmov to t coutosv agast t moopols Tclas s stuggl t US. s tg a w, mo advacdstag 3 ow w tat dd t app, ad clal tos ug

2


29/84

s ugg did n ak pac n i is asuy manda y a nayz y y didn On ing Pay ad in ii s fti and vn fiftis as a cain fn mas

tnds f mass nsciusns f a as appning T picis n aays gat ut t saing pn as aays a mvn f isy Ta is n ng Pay s saingpin day.

INT Piicay a dd yu ink f Ha campaign ?H ALEY I a Gus n n visin pgam Back Ju

na and I ug d d a gd j H sc gd iss us.T an nmus num f visin and adi pgamsand c ainy a s sm nfunc gaind y m . n n -mus am un f mny as pn t. By ay I yu a p

capia v Pay 's invm nt as fa gat an t Dmc ats ' . T SW P pnt a f mny Bu ink a causyu n adi and visin yu a infuncing ns f miin

INT : T campaign as nay a s I cud as ganizda und 30u k as an imm dia an s unmpymn s icing fda funds f mi iay scia pgam t ppsa a acism mad a c im

H E A L EY a acist ganizatins uad. Ta causd

a ig fig amng a f pp[NT nd an pasi s n pac n sngning dn. (4)[t dn stik m as a iianty adica st f issus as anying diff nt fm a a f pp in Dmcaic Paywud say

H EA LEY [ ink a s u f a t f ing. I s us astu f SWP T is n inkup in any f day's adica pa-tis wn yu immdia dmands and yu sciais jctivTf ms candidas sund simpy ik f Dmcas

[N T Gus Ha says Pay is guidd y t ty f diacica maiaism as f ic indicat ta capiaism is incisi and a tis cisis cnsiss f infain and unmpymn.And u ppa f a is t 3u k I s a cas f dgnain f y

HE ALEY Tat ig It s caactisic f a GUs s appac Q Ui ftn n yu taking puicy yu a v ppuaiz is su s u in spcs Cna Cm mittand Pay mmsip yu i find ms vuga xpssins f cnmic dminism f pimiiv Maxism a kind at

as nv psn in Pay ads spcs in pas dcads Ga ay ack and y nv find is kind f vuga Maxisming pjctd n y Gn D nnis nt y Bwd

IT Eai y said t Py as n gwingE A EY s T ms significant cuiing as n amng

Backs and Cicans T C P as m Bcks and C icans ppinaty an any t fwing ganizatin.

2


30/84

NT Wh ?H EA LEY Partl as a rsult of Angla avis partl bcaus th

Sovit nion ra ws popl bcaus of thir support for Angola

Vitnam an Cuba An onc a major brakthrough has bn maonc ou hav a significant cor with xprinc a critical massit bcoms that much asir to continu builing Th Part toahas mor Blacks in significant pos itions of lar ship than vrha bfor Also ou must unrstan that whn ou hav accssto s ignificant amou nts of mon rlativl spaking ou can oquit a numbr of things that prouc rsults Th hav almost afullt im inst itut to which th s n C hicano outh from all ov rth countr for spcial classs in Marxism think that this has

ha a succs s Th 1 975 rsolution claim that ovr 2 Chicanoouth ha alra gon through it spning two to six wks An b th wa it also hlps rcruiting to hav th franchis

lgation aftr lgation of oung C hicano an Black i s ar snt to th Sovit nion or othr socialist countris vacations artakn thr honorar grs ar awar wnt on two suchlgations You ar trat as most important visitors An whnou ar not trribl important in our own countr this is a vrhav an corrupting thing You ar so normousl gratful for thattntion ou gt Of cours what ou s is xtraorinarl bau

tiful an its on part of ralit not th full ralit but on partYou o not ask mbarrassing qustions You ar autin bforou go on ths trips th ha of th intrnational partmnt ofth Part brifs lgations saing aftr all whn ou visit som-ons hom ou ont look unr th carpt to s whr thswp th irt t's no iffrnt whn Maoist groups visit ChinaIt 's xactl th sa m

INT o Blacks an C hicanos hav mor from to manuvrwithin th Part ?

HE ALE Y on t think thr s an mor from but th mostsrious charg that can b us in Part struggls is th chargof whit chauvinism Onc a Bla or Chicano comra is in anlaing pos ition in th Part an cri ti i sm of th Part in thatara is labl hauvinism n that s ns thr is a crtain im-munit from criticism an challng for Blacs an Chicanos butno on has an particular from; th organizational structurrall prclus an significant intraPart fro of organizingaroun challnging olic

What happn to th ChLumumba club is signifiant t was

an all Black club start hr in 97 W wr th onl pla inth countr that ha such a club Th Part historicall has alwasfought against an allBlack or llChicano or allwoman forma-tion on th groun that it violats intrnationalism Our positionin th Part hr in L A was that that s nonsns intrnationalsmis contnt not for m f th contnt at an all Black or allC hianom ting is Marxi st ou hav intrnationali sm if ou hav Black

2


31/84

and white sitting togethr that alon is not going to make it itrnatioalist Scond w argud that in an organization that is pre-domiatly whit in a coutry that is overwhlmingly white theonly way in which minorities actually can be decisive in dterminig policy is if they can gather togethr by themselvs to discussand debate what the policy should b. And th fact remains that fora long time after socialism coms there is going to be far greaterfeeom if discussios among Blacks or Chicanos or women takeplac without others present.

here was an enormous reaction at th national meetig of Partyorganiation in '68 against our setting up th CheLumumba clubled mainly by Blacks arguing that this was a violation of Partyapproaches and Marxism Now obody gts excited becaus ther

are only ewish people on the Party's ewish Commission I shouldhasten to add that its ot becaus the Party trusts th ewishcomrades more, it's that evrybody els would be bored goig tothe meetings because they don't rally care about it. Nobody getsxcited about the fact that large umbers of clubs, because of geography or industry are all white. But wh we set up the Ch-Lumumba club my god, you d hav thought we were comm ittingth greatest hersy since Bernsti came o the sce i Ger-many At that point the younger Black comrades from LA foughtlike tigers for the right of this club to exist

oday there is no such thing as a all Black formation i theParty aywhere in the country. Its ot that I dont think that formof organization doesn't have problems And I dont think organizational forms are ever the dtermining question But for the Partyto make a battlgroud over the issu of an allBlack club has itsown significance.

IN Do the Party 's policies on Black is sues draw ew members ? In Party literatur ove r the past 25 years thr is always acampaign around a racist atrocity : Fre the allahasse Six. (5

HEA LEY Evn within the Party those campaigns rarely evokeday significant mobilization I don't think there has ben ay majorthrust toward leading outstanding struggls against racism Andwith all of the Black youth who hav joined the Party I bet that notone of them understands th total absnce of the word selfdetermination from the resolution th Party passed in 975 he polit-ical thrust is simply around racial equality. I'm ot arguing at thispoint that selfdetrmiation is a legitimat thoretical and political perspectiv I' m arguing that thres no debate ad no aware

ness about what it means to reject that perspective. Anothr exam-ple of a pition one of th youngr members are aware of is thedefinition of Blacks as a natioally opprssd minority whileChicanos are placed i th category national groups. In oldtimeParty language that is a separate category considred not quite asdecisive as allies of the working class

IN : I never would have known.

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LY Ye.INT nd alo abou he Farmworker

L Y Ye, bu no o he ame exen. The bg dfference

ha hey have a number of member n he Seelworker anorganzed acvy whch no rue n he Farmworker. Thearmworker are mply one of he hng hey uppor.

INT Snce he hre h C P ha been cloe o he DemocracPary Th year however he Pary wa fro he begnng cr-cal of C are r Gu all pen he fall warnng of he danger ofupporng Carer a a leer evl." (6)

LY To und erand ha erm you have o go back o hehre ; ook on preen polcal meanng afer ler cameo power. The German ocal refued o une wh he C aduppored von ndenburg nead, on he argumen ha he wa hleer of wo evl. Becaue here wa a ma alrnave o vodenburg becaue omehng ele could have been done o uppor he leer evl" wa ourageou

Bu n he la 2 year a dfferen argumen ha developed oh e lef. The pree oppoon o lee revl m baed ohe argumen ha here no dfference beween capal addae , ha hey are all nerchangeable. Tha u la lly.When human beng are confroned wh wo danger one of hch

greaer, hoe who don elec he leer danger are goddmfool. Bu n elecng he leer danger, you do o kowg ha ll a danger.

You wan o move hundred of houand no ruggle hereforeyou ngle ou he man feaure of your polcy Bu yo u ru herk of overlookng he eondary dager ha you mu be ocerned wh and gh agan. Tha no a problem rered ohe C P oday, o r n he pa ; a problem any revoluoarymovemen In Marx rheorc, called he problem of fghng

on wo fron. Y( don have o worry abou he danger of rghopporunm f yure n a ec ha only alk o elf. ohg gon g o e your m moral oul Bu f your pary fluencehouand oude ow rank, preure are Tha wa hap-pened wh he C I n he hre Keepng h new org a aounfed wa he domnan cocern, ad wa a orrec coerBu becaue here wa o debae on he dager of uny he ucrcal approach oward ohn Lew and Sdney llma dvel-oped 7 and hen uncrcal uppor of FDR and he n 4 h e

polcy whch mply elmnaed ay revoluoary poo Adhen McCarhym came along.INT Sarobn ay he C wan repreed ou of exee by

McCarhym; commed ucde wh he fveomdngh le (8 Wha do you hnk abou ha ?

mplyg a ere were b e me ore e md or beore acm T le rodc Je 1951 e e Pary lederpdergrod d

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HEA LEY : t s nonsense to say it ommitted suiide then, and itwould e equal nonsense to say it was ommitting suiide now don't elieve organizations do that he Soialist Laor Party isstill alive But think that hes right in the entral thrust of whathes saying he losses of memership ame not eause ofMCarthy's attaks ut eause of our failures of judgment Butnot so muh in the period Joe is talking aout 9555 ut in theperiod following the Soviet invasion of Hungary 95660 hat waswhen we lost our most ale experiened mass leaders and Partyleaders partiularly from my generation of the thirties. Underthe MCarthy repression we had some losses ut there was amuh stronger tendeny for Party memers to group around theParty and defend it We formed a wagon train around the Party

he great losses ame later, in 95660.he worst expression of the Party's ling its identity totally

oured during the sixties espeially in the vulgar primitiveanalysis of the 1964 GoldwaterJohnson eltion. he Party sim-ply emraed Johnson as the one who would sae us from fasism.t did not take the position that you support Johnson against Gold-water, ut never forget that on the morning of his vitory Johnsonis going to eome the main danger you have to fight he PEOPLES WORLD when Al Rihmond was still eitor maintained this

ritial independent position, ut the DA LY WORKE R totally elim-inated itN Yet Gus Hall opposed Ca rter eause he was the hand-

piked servant of the highest leels of monopoly power (9 )HE ALEY hat s pretty preposterous hey like him ut he

ertainly wasnt their preferred andidate he question of Blakrepresentation is where the poliy of opposing the Demorats hasits Ahilles heel here was just no way they would reak with thatsetor of the Blak movement that expresses itself in the Demo-

rati Party hey ertainly are not going to repudiate ColemanYoung And in many states the only possile leftlieral allianesthat ould take plae are with the Demorati Party andidates.And there is the triky prolem of what to do in relation to the di-visions in the ruling irles how do you utilize them to reate aetter politial envronment for a radial moement to deelop ?Are you going to say that in New York Bella Azug and JamesBukley are interhangeale eause all apitalist parties are thesame ? t matters to a radial movement whether a more repressive or more lieral aspet of apitalist rule is present We need

time, we need spae we need room in whih to eduate and organ-ize and moilize.

N : Gus Hall s Main Report also says C P eletion work isthe most effetive politial mass work there is " ( 0 sn t this anunusual position ?

HEAL EY : t sure is No Communist leader would ever have saidthat in the past 60 years We would have said see where you an


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brg that campaig to your ma ss work tst it ot but otdrop your mass work

What ld to ths trmdous mphass th Party has placdo all 's prsidtal campaig

AL Y all was dtrmd that th Party would gt a highrot th th SWP

: must ha b disappoitd h SWP atioally got90000 ad Gus got oly 60000

A LY But of cours th SWP was o th ballot i morstats h C P was ruld off i Michga ad thik Mas sachustts

th past you ha ru as a cadidat i local lctios 966 you got mor ots i s Agls Couty tha Gus Hall

got 19 stats ths yarAL Y hat s somthig you wo t fid i ay Party history Mayb you should tll us a littl about that campag ALY W ry dlbratly dd ot mobiliz th Party as

th mai hicl for that campaig W watd thm to b doig thwork thy wr dog whch w thought was mor importat hwhol succss of t was that w got ocommuists acti Bothth facg ad th partcpato of that capaig ca fromoutsd th C P C raily thr was o qustio who I was was

th Commuist spoksma i this ara It was o th frot pags ofth papr thr wr ffrts to kp m off th ballot W rydlbratly carid o what had origially b our approach wwr ot goig to us t to cout ots but rathr us it as a partf mass ducatio to brig a aalysis of istig rality to popl a way you cat othrwis do I didt pct to wi i facty oppot bat m by or a millio ots

What wr you tryig to do poltcally i that campaig A LY h ma thig was to us th issu of th ta asss-

sor s offc to ptomiz th capitalst political coomy th i-hrt qualty of it startig with th qustio of th proprtya ad ts rgrssi atur ad th td that aalysis to thwhol qusto of taatio i th US You ca dprciat machi-ry but ot labor powr W trid to show th uty of th smallproprty owr ad th rtr W proposd that all homs blowa crta ll ot b subjct to th proprty ta at all ad thatwhr thr was icom proprty thr b a slidig scal ad thatrtrs b titld to th sam rbat as owrs h w raisdth whol qustio of political dmocracy th fact that th ta as

sssor is accoutabl to absolutly o o thr is o orgaizdbody that h has to aswr to W proposd a appals board iach commuity which would b lctd ad would dtrmi thquty of ta policis thr

h Soit Uio still looms larg i C P ltratur Orzhs 70th brthday PO PL S WORL had a twopag photosprad Brzh with his wif Brzh with Ford Brzhh Gus all PW has rgular articls o cology i th ast


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Caoon m Wd Feba 18 1977


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ern boc, on heah care an senor cens rograms n he SUOn he oher han he 969 New Program of he CPUSA says weecare orsees bon by no ecsons exce or own we are

for he comee neenence an aonomy of each naona ary 2 How moran s he Soe Unon o he ocs of heC PUSA ?

HEALEY ! A moran he Pary s known hrogho hecommns ares of he wor as he one ha s se o say ano for he So\non wha s no qe ray o say an o forsef Exame ! an arce on San n he December sse of POLIICAL AFFAIRS by Henry nson whch aacks he Sansh CPfor rng o esabsh some neenence from he Soe Unon 3 ) he cear exame of ha was when he arsaw owersnae Cechosoaka an we he a ress conference here nLos Angees afer we were nnae by cas from he mea foror commen A we was oe ha Pary rogram yo referre o on he eson of he neenence an soeregny ofeach ary e nohng exce o rea ha qoe An for hawe were censre here was an offca oe of censre agansme from he aona Commee So yo ms aways ook beweenhe sefsern saemens an he rea )

IN ! as here eer a momen when hs was no re of

C P ?HE ALEY here was a momen n as ong An ha was

afer he 6h conenon of he Pary n 95, afer he 20h orCongress an he enormos $hock of Khrshches seech whenhe Parys resoon rocame sefcrcay ha we ha acee osons who or own examnaon of hem an ha wewo neer o hs aga n For a ero o 959 hs was reof he Naona Exece Commee an of he Naona Comee of he Pary ha was a shor ero 57 o 59

IN : 59 s when Denns wen o an Ha came nHEALEY Correc Yo sho know ha when Gs Ha wasrnnng for offce agans Gene Denns, for he frs me n hehsory of he Pary an ncmben genera secreary of he Parywas beng chaenge hs s a nono n he Pary yo o no haecomeon for offce Gs ore he conry Mos of s o hereha neer me hm n know hm He me wh or boar wcean we aske wha we consere he ecse qeson, hs ae owar he Soe Unon e sa ha we were no aoogecbo or oson rng he hres on he SU ha n he ongrn we hogh hsory wo show ha we were more correc hanhose who aways were for socasm eerywhere exce where was encrce by caasm I was he soary conqes of workngcass ower n he wor ha was no onger re n 959here were socas conres an was reoseros o haehe same oson n ha ero as n he hres Gs hasen oagree wh s ; he sa, yo re absoey corre an wen on


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great detal, because e was rug fr ffce.N Gus Hall s te recet carat f ts plcy f uc-

dtal supprt f te U.SSR but ts a strc plcyHEALE Y Abslutely Except tat t was ever de as vulgarlyas t s w. Eve te trtes, except fr te perd f te Naz-Svet pact. Fr example a few years ag tere was a bg peacedemstrat Wasgt C wc appeed t be at tesame tme tat Brezev was cmg t te US e Cs baerat te demstrat ad ly e slga Welcme Brezev Wat was dsturbg ad pltcally t very gd past years becmes eve mre crass ts perd, mre stark ad vulgar ts fluece.

NT A lt f ts dscuss seems t cme back t Gus Hall,ws bee te Geeral Secretary sce 959. But Gus Hall s tgg t lve frever.

HEALEY t wt make ay dfferece e yug peple ware beg grmed fr leadersp are replcas. Peple w atteded tat 975 cvet Ccag sad tat te yug peple,w ad bee bussed frm all ver te cutry, were wrse tate ld peple ter sectarasm. Te ld peple at least par-tcpated mass ad class struggles. ere was always a lgerg te f tat e yug peple avet ad tat expereceWe tey ave te Party le t suds eve wrse ta te ldes

N relat t te teratal cmmust mvemet, t sard t escape te cclus tat te Party supprts tse wsupprt te Svet U, ad tat s bas cally ter ly crterFr example te Spa artcle yu referred t dscusses wat sprbably te mst exctg cutry Eurpe rgt w termsf left develpmets ; ad t, te C PUSA s bg artcle wat sappeg tere, cssts f a attack Satag Carll fr telg te New Yrk MES m a Spaard, t a Russa atdrves Hery Wst t remd Cmrade Carll wat te wrkgclass f Spa wll ever frget, tat te ly state te wrldtat rgazed drect supprt fr te Spas Republc 937 waste frst scalst state. e C s aalyss f te Spas left t-day s tat tey are frgettg ter debt t te SU

HEALEY : Yure abslutely rgt. e artcle s prbably ef te wrst exbts f te Party beg te catspaw fr te Sv

et U e Spas Party ca d wat te Party te US asever bee able t d, eve tug we were ever beate a CvlWar ad frced udergrud by 40 years f fascst repress ad tey ca everteless mblze a udred tusad wrkers tdemstrate agast te murder f te labr lawyers e tragedys tat te Amerca Party members dt ave ay dea wat tessues are. eyre ttally capable f debatg tem avececked te Party sce Wst s artcle appeared te frstartcle Spa tat as bee te maaze te twety years

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and t s ths shabby attack on Santago Carilo and there is nodscusson of t, no crticism, no nothng.

IN he coverage of the Communist word has a kind of apolo

getic tone. Henry Wnston visits Vetnam was a big theme recenty but what doe he report Chrstmas in Hano 5 ) I 'msure there s somethng more interestng gong on n Vetnam thanthe fact that the churches of Hano are bedecked with fowers andflled wth people.

H ALY : He was there attending the Congress of the Party, thefrst one snce the end of the war.

IN : n Chna, the 975 convention of the C PUSA says Maosm s opportunsm on the eve of betraya; it is petty bourgeos

radcalsm, left' revsonsm, great power chauvnism a capitulaton to the wshes of mperaism. 6 ) hat's just about everythng bad ts possibe to be. What do you thnk wi happen to thispolcy now wth the capaign against the Gang of our

HA LY he attack wi be muted unt they see which wayChna goes, but not so much in regard to interna questons ; thedecsive queston w be whether there's a rapport wth the SUBut any forma rapprochement is a ong way away.

IN : he apoogists woud say in fact the internationa poiiesof the Party are not very important n the daytoday mass work

H ALEY It' s not true . We were correct when we said you can 'tseparate foregn and domestic poicy hat's as true for communsm as it is for captasm A s an exampe, the attitude towardCa rter : you have to fight for that policy n your trade union, arguing that peope shouldnt vote for Carter

IN What is the situation regarding fenism in the Party HEALEY he Party 's postion reduces the queston of women's

oppresson to simpy the cas s queston of eplotation his isreally geuine ignorance It ust doesn't understand the reative

autonomy of oppreion that rses above the cass queston thatcrosses cass lines he Party's pition fro the beginning of thene wave of women's beration in 68 was never part of thatmovement and always opposed it It's considerd bourgeois feminsm. he Party s the ony organization on the ft that opposes theRA n New York you had the spectace of the Comunst Partyand the ohn Brch Society as the main opponents of the ERA

IN Is there any strugge around the roe of women within theParty Need I ask

HE ALE Y : Very tte. here is a critique, written by one of theeaders of the LA women's commiion, of the Party's pitionon women; it never has seen the ight of day and it never wil However it shoud be said that hstoricay the Party aways did havemore women in its eadership than any other organizaton But youhad to recognize the mitations of where women coud go I wasthe frst woman Dis trct rganzer of the Party that 's our anguage for the district hairman. And that caused a great dea of


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criicism from leading comuniss They said very blunly hawomen could be organizaional secrearies bu nohing higher

NT : The mos famous woman by far in he C oday is ngelaDavis. n her auobiography she says she decided o join he aryafer eensive discussions wih you.

H ELEY ' s a lile ironic o realize ha when ngela and were having hose prolonged discussions kep insising ha idid no require any grea courage o go o jail was ironic be-cause only a year or wo laer she did go o jail Workers wih hemos elemenary class senimen will go o jail o defend heirunion argued The real courage comes in he paricipaion ininrapary fighs in he sruggle o make he ary more capa-

ble revoluionary organizaion. Because ha requires he fighswih your loved ones, your comrades. s he reason why civilwars are far more errible han wars agains an ouside enemy requires boh courage and longrange perspecive. don hinkmy advice had much meaning for her

T : How influenial is she in he ary oday ?HE LEY She s enormously influenial, bu youve go o under-

sand ha ngela Davis is no any hrea o he inernal line of heary eiher in regard o he SU or any oher quesion of policy

She is par of he ary esablishmen.NT : s she a voice for feminism wihin he ary in any respec ?

HE L EY : n he sense of socialis feminism which ges beyondGus Hall s narrow approach no.

NT n regard o he inernal srucure of he C he issueof discipline, dissen, and democracy Gus Hall s CRSS booksays, we are unique in ha we speak of our weaknesses publicly "

HELEY : lauher NT bu he problem is how o eamine hings criically,wihou creain a laform for he ene aen. () he sameime, OLTCL FFRS says of l Richmonds book ha i isfundamenally aniary from he cesspool of capialis deology, " and ha i violaed a sanding decision ha all leading Com-muniss work wih he ary on wriing books ( 9 Wha is hesae of discipline dissen and democracy in he ary oday ?

HE LE Y There is less debae in he ary oday han a anyime in is hisory. There never was a significan coninuiy ofchallenge when one saw i mos was a a paricular crisis. WhenGe{e Dennis gave a speech in 956 eniled The Communiss Takea New Look " for he firs ime a ary leader was criicizing heline of he ary lways before i was said ha he line was righbu i go disored in being carried ou. This was he firs ime aleader said we were wrong he esimaes were wrong.

Well he reacion in he ary was very unfavorable arym embers wan he feeling ha he ary is always righ. leader

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can be wrong but the Party alway rght Snce 1 960 there habeen a total paucty of crtcm Total The tructure of the Partyoe not len telf to real ntraParty emocracy becaue only

the leaerhp ha acce to the memberhp A a reult, whatpeople lke me ha to ay n ent woul never be reporte backto the other tate organzaton of the Party; t wa never prnteYou wll never ee any crtcm of leaerhp n POLTCAL A ARS Th e Party tructure bae on the efnton of emocratc centralm from the Staln pero never Lenn' efntonThat not true nternatonally; the talan party prnt the ebateamong t leaerhp n the party newpaper Another thng untlthe 75 conventon conventon were uppoe to be hel every twoyear ow t every four or fve year Very nce an convenentyou ont even nee to worry about havng to account for yourtewarhp to the Party

verythng m ayng about the Party, ay ouble an rpleabout the Socalt Worker Party on ntraparty emocracy onmaneuverng; on t want to a my voce to what coner onee an torte crtcm of the C P t oe len telf to overmplfcaton on my part The SWP ha a formal recognton ofthe rght to facton but go help thoe who make ue of that formal rght Accorng to one of ther cuon bulletn, the

leaerhp of the Berkeley branch of the YSA wa challengng thenatonal leaerhp They mply floate n ffty k from all overthe country to Berkeley an took poeon of the chapter anthrew out the enter

T there any fference n the C P between the oler anyounger member on th queton of Party emocracy ? The oler one after havng urvve the Smth Act Khruhchev Crmeof Staln peech, the whole Denn pero reconeraton, then thewtch to Gu Hall orthooxy, then Prague n '6 anyone who

woul tay n for that entre pero obvouly not about to tartcomplanng now But what about the younger people ?H ALEY They on t know that thng were ever any fferent

n Calforna there a mall group of younger people who are crtcal of polcy an the lne, but mot young member jut take t forgrante that th the proper Lennt way to functon The olerpeople who upporte our pton n the fght an who taye frfn t harer to fght an fnally not only ont fght but embracethee current polce Partly that pychologcal You ont wantto tan out alone You want to be goo An there a nee forthat goawfully wonerful feelng that all the ect epen on, thatyour leaerhp know the truth, that your organzaton the bet

T Al Rchmon ay he alway ha the feelng, How coul Ibe rght, an th tremenou wor organzaton be wrong ?

HA LY xactly Or you have another jutfcaton frt youcant leave becaue that eparate you from the worl communtmovement; econ you have to accommoate ourelf to what


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if yo e oi to svive Ad aday of cose yo ose theaiity to e citica

N t the Sothe Caifoia oaiatio was diffeet di yo stewadhip " What wee the diffeeces ad why didthey eist

HEALEY : he mai easo was that we wee 3, mies awayfom them How we oved that distace yo cat imaie heewas aways a itte it moe democacy i the Caifoia Paty aitte moe chaee. Some of that came fom the histoy heefom the taditio of the od IWW fom a eate akadfiesetimet I do't wat to eaeate it was't a majo diffeece,

t it was a diffeet stye of wokWhe o diffeeces stated hee i 95, aod the estimatesof the fivetomidiht ie, we eve thoht we wee chaeithe ie of the Paty (2) We wee qestioi what we thoht wasa patica tactica qestio Ad it cetaiy eve occed tos to chaee the eadeship of the Paty Becase we i Caifoia wee fa moe ivoved i mass wok ad fa ette kowpicy tha ay othe disticts, we had it p a acceptacewithi o Paty memeship of the poicy qestios that we weefihti o.

ave a speech at the 9 distict covetio i which fo thefist time I citicied the atioa eadeship ceay ad shapyo the qestio of the Soviet Uio. he covetio accepted thatepot with oy oe disseti vote ot of 2 peope he Natio-a ffice st wet esek ove that efsed to aow it to e cicated i othe disticts, ad the demaded that I withdaw theepot. f cose I efsed to hey hed a meeti of the NatioaSecetaiat. I had ot doe what was cstomay yo aways statot with a tite to the Paty memeship that had stayed fast ithe peiod of the McCa a Act. hat was attaked how dae Ideiate the oe of Gs Ha

We hed fim We foht ove the yoth poicy, ove SDS Gs 'swhoe ie was that they wee a ch of pettyoeois adicasWho caes Who eeds these stdets A d coseqety the Paty set p the D ois cs which we opposed We said o maieffot shod e to id the SDS We ad osto wee the oy twoaeas to have eve a few yo commists i SDS the ackieatio ste, my od what attes we hd o that F ot

paes of the WKE de im acksos editoship deocedMacom X as the most otaeos d vie idivida we had teie fihts ove that. Up to 96, o pitio was sppoted ovewhemiy y this distict

t with the ivasio of Cechosovakia, that cae atyo ow moods chaed too. We miht have ee ae to maitaisome kid of sactay fo o positio i this distict if I hadstayed i office ao with the othes who shaed o pitio. tI was totay fed p. the oe had I o oe wated to o ack


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t g, c condrd r t u k trour pc, t tonl om br gt t nuts to tlk ty cn tlk on nytng

r d, r nvr ny dbt on spcfc qus- To tg r py ppu cto for u jutcoud r t d f gg bck t ny mor of t Andv fr t drct r concrnd, d for longt td b rvd of t p bcu 25 yr just tooog fr pp t drp Bfor d bn rmn of rt d bn t Org Sc toug t t for youngdrp t k vr T to od concdd, nd lft myp

T uv d yu oug tdy lft rtrtng t dvpt f Wt dd yu n ?

Tt prtcurly tru t t groups tt cllv t unt Movmnt Ty ondr trc prd f t rty t b t prod up to 935, up to t 7tWord ogr nd Untd Frn Ty totlly gnor t orldtun o tt prd, nd t docrn of socl fscsm tytk rgzt for of 93035 t on to mutTy tk our t sctrn prod, nd gorfy t

Tdy rd pcy tn o groups tt pdg ys to

b ntrvon yu c rct for fld round yourrgzto tt l gurd gnt t trrb n s jut non- M f t group t prc t ll nvr v toorry; bcu ty l nvr b n noug contc t lrggroup of pp r t prur r t ccoodt trgr t t tr rtr nd

r g t grup d, c qully dvsttng, t k t ccp f t prod tr bb, unvrsllyppcbl For x, docrtc cntrlm t pr ud by O d RU n r potcy cptv y tn vr ud t t rt Ty v prpotrous mount ofcrc, c grt y to cok burucrcy v copy O u g ork t forbd mmbr of O n ondtrc fr rtng to br f O n notr dtrct t-u pro t dtrct rgzr t gu of scu-

_ ry pp c ctct or br, tr no y tg t gg o n t r

Mr bc t t d to tk n concpt of t to b d, rt fr prcur cntr undr prtculr

cond lg, d k tt tr ndbook totly g org r tnt t t book tt t rtng g d r tnc t t r pry, r trr g r uo, r t rty cn oprt gy, r rt drp c b judgd pubcly nd lctd pubcy;t gnor tt 90 rtcl, rfc to r r rxn Wt t B n, nd sy

2


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t as tten fo a patca peod to dea t a patcapenomenon t s not ntended to be fo a tme (2 at s jstnoed by a o tem ey aso noe and ts nces te

otsysts te dffeence beteen ennsm and Stansm ats eqed to esce enn s an acaeooca expedton andtat snt to say tat enn as t a te tme anyay otese oanatons te defnton of at s to be done s totay defned by Stan e SWP's concepts of o a paty sodfncton ae as Stanst as tose of te Ne Commnst Moement

My soo s tat not jst t te CP bt t a of te oanatons SWP, RU O yo et dedcated yon eoe oae on to be taen don a deadend steet don't beee yo

can bd a eeant eotonay moement on od domaIN Yo membesp n NAM sests yo tn t offes adffeent tajectoy

HEAEY otay And t s a eat eadace n NAM tat t sso totay dffeent Wen Gamsc sad tat mecanca Maxsm sod as a fat s te most poef tn, e se ne at eas tan abot en yo jon any of tose ote oantonsncdn te Fot Intenatona ops, yo accept te dea ofte nfabty of te oces Wtot any qeston te bac

ad on cass s someday on to econe yo as te anad, te defnte eade Its mc ease to o n an oanaton ee yo ae tat nd of fat Yo don t ae to tnabot qestons a te tme yo dont ae to ft


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hats not true n NAM In NAM every structural change everyorganzatonal change s as hotly debated as the major olticalquestons Whether or not you can buld an organizaton that challenges and questons everything I dont know hese other organ-zatons can evoke a greater dsclne and commtment When youknow the truth youre much more wllng to gve u your time tobuld the organzaton But when an organzaton says If some-thng better comes along, were reared to jon it we dont consder ourselves nfallble, we don t thnk we have the defntiveword " well you re not so sure you re going to sacrifice ForNAM to fnd and develo a way to buld an organzaton that doesntrely on these tools s stll the challenge before t, and I dont know

that t will be able to do tBut smly cannot understand the eole who worked in the

YCL or the Communst Party who have feelngs of btterness orregret I have only a great feelng of gratitude that those of us whowere n the Party in those years acqured knowledge that we nevercould have gotten any other way My resect for and love for thethousands of eole wth whom I worked n the Communst Partyncludng many who are stll n t s a strong art of my feelngtoday he vsions that motvated me when I was young reman the

same he real challenge to eole s to see that the organizatons only a vehcle to reach the objectve of socalsm that loyatys to that objectve not to a artcular organzaton

1 Gus Hall T CRISIS OF CAPITALIS AND THE FIGHT BACK ewYork : Inernaonal Pulshers 976)

2 Gus Hall The Elecons and Aer POTICAL AFFAIRS ovemer976 p 4

3 Dra an Polcal Resoluon for he 21s Naonal Convenon Com-mns Pary USA Fe 1 975

The Elecons and Afer5. The s known of hese was e Scosro case whch gan n 93 :e Dan T Carer SCOTTSBORO: A TRAGEDY OF THE AERICAN TH(Ban Rouge usana Sae Unversy Press 969) ep ch 5 Red onBlack Anoer CP campa of he res was organed arond e defeneof a leader of he Alaama Sharecropper Unon hs sory old n TeoreRosengaren ALL GODS DANGE : THE LIFE OF NATE SHAW (ew York:Knopf 974) par of whch frs peared as ou a Reelown " y DaleRosen and Tore Rosengaen RADCAL AERCA 6 (972 pp 6584 Foran examnaon of s polcal aspecs see Jonahan Wener Essay Revew


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of ALL GODS DANGERS in JOURNAL OF CIAL STORY 10 1976) pp170178

6 PEOPLES WORLD Jan 1 19777 Ths per s analyz n ley Aonowz FAE PROS THE

SHAPING OF ARICAN WORKINGC LASS CONSCIOUSNE New York c GrawH Bk Co 1974) 239247

8 Joseph R Sarons amen s n hs ARICAN COUNI IN CRISIS 19431957 Camrdge ad Unesy Pess 1972) pp 219221 ealso une Dennis The Communss Take a New k 1956) e Paryook s leadershp derground n e ef a cCahysm was e gn-nng of fascsm and he acve preparaon for a new goal war The dergound ased unl 1955

9 PEOPLES WORLD J 1 1977

10 Gus Hal ain Repo Cenal Coee eeing" Aug 28 1976mmeo)11 PEOPLES WORLD Dec 18 197612 1969 New Program of e Communs Pary USA cond Da Resed13 Henry Wnson an n y Hear" POCAL AFFAIRS Oc 1976

For a dfferen vew see Temma Kl Tumol in an The CommunsPay and e ass vemen RADICAL ARICA ol 11 No 2 archAprl 1977) pp 5372

14 Healey reued condemn Czech represson n arch 1977 wen seand 14 oer less sen en leer Czech eas sad We who fifor socasm n our and are shamed d crppled y e olaons of socasegaly n ur ld no ell us u nal affars are none of our usness Dung e cCahy when we ourselves were aied lack-lsed and harassed was ineonal oura ha helped us regan ourrghs" e S ANGELES S ach 2 1977

15 Henry Wnson Chrss in Hano PEOPLES WORLD Jan 8 197716 Daf an Polcal Resoluon for e 21s Naonal Convenon Com

muns Pary USA Fe 1 197517 Angela Das AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY Nw Yok Random House 1974)

pp 18718818 Gus Hall CRISIS p 91

19 POCAL AFFAIRS 8 Je 1973) pp 8920 Healey was a leadng cc of he feodn ne een ough ahe ime she was n he LA Coy al awang ra for consprng advo-cae e oerw of he US vemen y ad foce" e Al RchndA LONG IEW FRO THE LEFT son Hou ffn Co 1972) pp312313

21 I nn COLLECTED WORKS 5 p 347 v 13 pp 94 100 seealso 10 p 20

ON WIENE ch ho h nvr Cl Irvn Hook Social Oiis of th Nw Souh lb bhd by Lon S

U1vr r n 4


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1.",,


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" I always say, when you have your hair done and yougot on a nice pair o/shoes you 're a dressed up "

- Betty Kelly, Cambridge Mass.

The Beauty Ritual is a fact of everyday life for most American women. We areasked constantly to present a image of "who we are. The tie and care we

give to this preparation indicates its extreme social impoance. The consciousdevelopment of selfpresentation is an attempt to cover social vulerability. Weuse appearance to commad personal authority where we lack social power.

Hair like clothing is a cultural symbol And because it s pa of our bodieshair is see to represet more closely the Self Hair like the rest of a woma'spresetation becomes a political statemet: at the same time a expression ofsocial position ad a manifestatio of individual idetity . We recogize socialclass race and age i a hairstyle We ituit sexuality and personal style

Wome have interalized the social meaigs of appearance and we have an

iteserelationship to how we look - it says to others what we feel about

ourselves. Older women spoke to me of digity ad pride. Younger womeabout expressing who they are

In this essay I am exploring what goes o behid the scenes the PreparationThe Beauty Ritual ca be experienced as creative expressio sensual selfabsorption a time for letting go or a routine taking care of myself t is alsosomethig women do with and for each other. The photographs record aceremony familiar to me sice childhood when I accompaied my moher eachweek to the beauty parlor Ceremoni Robes: plastic bibs pattered withkitsch cotto dressig jackets widig sheets; Rual Headdresses: rollerspicurls permrods, hea mud packs shiy foil wigs hairdryersCeremoni Tools Anointing Oils. See i this way objects of beautytechology become athropological aifacts for studying a specic time adplace.


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We were brough up on he fa and didn noiceuch how people looked hey were your ndshas a Those were horse and wagon days and wecouldn oe ino own ee een inues ond ou abou he laes syles When was a lile

gi had long hair unil was abou foureen Myoher pared i and pu i in wo hick braids waydown o where cou si on he When lehoe o work in Lynn Massachuses y siser-inlaw hough should go o a beauician an ge aMarcel ha s a cu done wih a ho iron Andhas wha hey si gie e

- May Baes, Camde, Maie

The beauy ao is a ee hisoia heomeo, aough haidessig isa aie af These ommeial esablishmes ge u suddely i e1920's as "bobbed hai ame o symboize he "New Womaaidessig, whih had bee doe i he home fo housads of yeas fohe weahy by houseold sevas, fo mos wome by mohes, sises adfieds has i he as ffy yeas beome a of he mae eoomyWomes oduive ad soia ives have age dasialy sie idusialaiaism, ad he sead of beauy aos ees foms of oemoay

m su m y o s o ommuy oso u

The ew ed is owad lage hieaialyogaized beauy salos Lie fasfood esauas, beauy hais ae oeig i sububa soig ees adgia mals bu mos shos ae sil smal oal busiesses The fo ao of aeighbo's home, i ua meia ad may smal ows is oued widyes emidig us of e beauy sho's oigis as a home idusy hesesma aos ad i woig ass uba eighbooods, mos aidesses aewome e sos ofe owed by wome Famous aidesses, ie famous

efs, ae me Bu haidessig, lie eai food, is sil doe imaiy bywome


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"/ don go for ha coedcaio b / havenohing agains men having a peanen b heyshold ow n place for doing i omendo end o alk a le vlgar; more han hey wolda a social ea wih a man presen Wh a man in hesalon we woldn ' say some of he jokes we sy oeh oher we d be waching orselves "

Peggy Ciol Rocklan Maine

Eneing a beay alo I am aware of crossing io a secial kin of errioryone ha is overwhelmingly female. The pace he alk he movemen angeses all ene a womens space For al is commecialism i reainsraiional elemens of womens clre an as sch is an impoan socialinsiion. I is esecially imoan as i ovies one of he few places where

women of all ages may mee he perameers fo social ieacion may be se byforces osie of o conol b he sace becomes inhabie by people whoransform i ino hei own I is more han a place where images ae creae Imakes ime fo social ineacion an pesonal space

I is a ace o n o whas been hapening in he commniy o analyzepoliical evens o iscss chilearing bih conrol sex an wok Recipes areexchange avice offere conences shae. The elaionship beween manywomen an hei hairressers is ofen of an inimae nae longerm anrsing In a small beay sho on he block where I live women si wih

hei neighbos ove coee chilren play members of he local girlsbaskeball eam lan sraegy an peole leave messages an ackages for oneanher. Like he gocery sore on he corner or he playgon across he sreei is a neighborhoo hango

Caring fo oher eole is he aily rone for mos women Time spen ahe hairesses is an oponi o be aken care of in n I is a cre alayingonofhans. The sensal lease of having ones hair washe an sescal genly massag hair brshe an combe reae wih loion or hennaTime ne he yer may be he only ime a woman has o si rea o relaxwih he hoghs. I is a ime fo giving of conrol for being receive forbeing oche. This ime is a brief escae from al resonsibiliy a resiefrom he ealiy of ayoay har wok a ri back o chilhoo an beingmohee I is a remier of he nring of aolescen fienships amonggils. I is a holover from he ime when women care for he commniyshealh nees elivere each ohers babies

The beay arlo a space in which o nwin a space o fanasize oeminise o eam.

5


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HYLLIS E WEN s an dor o Raica Amrica and achs a hMassachuss Cog oA.


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Ph by J


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G, 1976

Jo Martin

AUTHORS INTRODCTION

Since my stay in Portugal last September and October of 1976,important trends in the balance of political forces have come intobloom which were then only germinating on the Le and inPortuguese society in general I believe most of the material in thefollowing article is still relevant and that these new developments maybe better understood in the context of what was happening then Thefirst of these developments is the clear consolidation of the pro

western Soares government That government is by no means a stable


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Documents

Radical America Vol 11 No 3 - 1977 - May June