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Radar Environment Simulation & Target Injection
RES® - RTG Product Catalogue
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The Intersoft Electronics® ‘Radar Performance Evaluation’ product range is known as RASS® and covers a wide spectrum of instruments supporting radar technicians and engineers in the complete quality assessment of primary and secondary surveillance radars and ADS-B equipment.This portfolio expands from basic equipment for daily maintenance (RASS®-M), over specialist tools (RASS®-S) to get a complete picture of the total radar chain to real time display and monitoring tools (RASS-R® & SMS).
Using IE-equipment the radar engineer or maintenance technician can evaluate the performance of the radar at top level or in full detail in a preventive, corrective or continuous manner.
All these tools were developed independently from any radar manufacturer, resulting in a versatile portfolio of test equipment, offering objective analysis results.
The Radar Performance Evaluation Tools are divided into 4 categories:
MONITORING AND TARGET ANALYSIS TOOLS
The Monitoring and Target Analysis tools provide software analysis of opportunity traffic for verification of key performance parameters under common air traffic situation and is known as RASS®-R.
ENVIRONMENT SIMULATION AND TARGET INJECTION
Intersoft Electronics offers a range of products for on-site and off-site target injection as flight test alternative for verification of system performance under any operational scenario/environment. The radar environment simulators (RES®) and target generators (RTG) can create a very realistic and repeatable environment for the radar.
SITE MAINTENANCE TOOLS
The RASS®-M (Radar Analysis Support System for Maintenance activities) tools are used by radar technicians during recurring maintenance activities to collect and analyse the data of the radar under test therefor providing early identification of developing hardware problems.
SITE EXPERT MEASUREMENT TOOLS
The RASS®-S (Radar Analysis Support System for Site activities) hardware tools allow the users to test advanced technical parameters for hardware performance verification and advanced fault isolation driven by a set of highly performant software tools.
Radar performance evaluation
radar technology & innovation
The many years of experience with RASS® were the pedigree for the development of a range of Radar Solutions for operational applications, offered in Radar Upgrades, Service Life Extension Programs (SLEPs) and Modular Radar Solutions.
RADAR UPGRADES & SERVICE LIFE EXTENSION PROGRAMS
IE offers solutions for SLEP and upgrade of a wide range of radar systems, including PAR/TAR, Fire Finder, Long Range 3D, ASR and Tactical Radar. The core technology is called the Next Generation Signal Processor (NGSP®), offering wind farm mitigation, true 3D, improved detection and ECCM capabilities. IE SLEPs are a cost effective solution for air surveillance and sustained operations.
MODULAR RADAR CONCEPT
Modular Radar is the integration of NGSP® with NGTX, receiver, MSSR, antenna assembly and logistics for full ASR applications. IE offers Modular Radar together with its network partners.
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1. SSR Target Generation
5 1.1 Radar Environment Simulator: RES28x
5 1.1.1 General Features5 1.1.2 Why Do You Need a RES28x System?
6 1.2 Radar Pathloss Simulator: RPS76
7 1.3 Tx Testbench: TTB930
2. PSR Target Generation
11 2.1 Radar Target Generator: RTG
11 2.1.1 General Features 11 2.1.2 Software 11 2.1.3 Deployment 12 2.1.4 Optical Delay line: ODL1263
14 2.2 MTI Marker
14 2.2.1 Specifications STG882 14 2.2.2 Optional Test Flight Simulation
15 2.3 PSR Compiler Tool
3. ADS-B Site Tools
17 3.1 ADS-B Decoder
18 3.2 ADS-B Environment Simulator
4. transponder test equipment
21 4.1 Transponder Testing
table of contents
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Trajectory Scenario Generator software
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The RES28x simulates your radar's environment, including up to 2000 SSR or Mode-S targets, reflectors and LVA antenna behavior on RF level. This is done by injecting all the required RF signals that would occur in real life situations into the antenna connectors of your radar, hereby reacting correctly to the radar's interrogations as real transponders would do. Obviously, a great advantage over using real traffic is that the radar is presented with "perfect" signals from known transponder behavior and environment. All environmental restrictions such as malfunctioning transponders, reflections, transponder occupancy, are thus bypassed.
The aim of this is to present a known reference environment to the radar and compare the radar output data with the input scenario. This is where the RASS-S fits in, since it includes radar data recording, video signal recording, and (Mode-S) interrogation recording, plus a wide range of analysis tools.These tools allow you to visually compare the input data (input scenario) against the output radar data (recorded ASTERIX, AIRCAT, RDIF, etc...) and calculate the performance parameters from the data. They also present you with statistical result data on measured radar accuracy, biases, measured Pd, reflection elimination, false plot rate, etc...
The environment simulation is not limited to RF injection, but can also be performed at radar data level. The Scenarios created by the RES28x scenario generation software can be generated as a serial data stream under U-HDLC, LAPB or X25.3, or on a LAN (UDP or TCP-IP). Currently the system is able to generate ASTERIX Cat001/002, Cat021, Cat 34/48, Cat62 (Tracker) or RDIF data. This feature can be used to test radar communication lines and radar tracking systems or as general purpose radar data source. Scenarios can be generated for mono or multiple radars.
A recent addition to the RES28x is the simulation of the moving platform (e.g. a mobile battle radar) and the generation of ADS-B FRUIT with true scenario reply contents. This allows you to test ADS-B receivers separately or integrated in the radar.
The RES28x and RASS-S systems come with a wide range of example and reference scenarios, which were developed in close cooperation with radar users. They can be used to test a wide range of critical radar performance parameters like accuracy, radar resolution, code validation, load performance, etc.
The user can modify these scenarios to their own needs or specifications, or can reuse the predefined templates. The analysis results from these scenarios are consistent and can be compared between radars of different manufacturers
1.1.1 General Features
• Max nr of targets: 2048/scan, including reflections• Max nr of overlapping targets (garbling simulation): 4 • FRUIT generation: up to 22000 Fruits/s • Full simulation of horizontal and vertical monopulse SSR
antenna diagram • Path loss simulation • RES28x operates in master or slaved mode to radar
rotation • Up to 1750 ADS-B targets on top of radar target
More technical information can be found in the RES28x technical brochure.
1.1.2 Why Do You Need a RES28x System?
If you are involved in radar or ADS-B-1090 ES sensor acceptance or development, this is the tool to own! The RES28x is aimed at three major groups of users:
• Radar or sensor Developers: It is the only available tool on the market that allows you to simulate full SSR or Mode-S data link for up to 2000 targets. Even if Mode-S is not your problem, the tool provides the same service in Mode 1, 2, 3/A,C and recently Mode 4. Recent developments in radar technology such as ADS-B, are always followed and integrated in new software releases.
• Radar Acceptance Engineers: It is the ultimate instrument you need during the installation and factory acceptance of SSR or Mode-S Radars. Since the RES28x is delivered with a pre-built set of example scenarios you can test all the difficult specifications of the radar you've purchased: load testing, Mode-S performance, Mode 1 and 2 performance, resolution behaviour, accuracy, probability of reply, performance when using low PRF, etc.
• Maintenance Engineers: Modern (Mode-S) SSR Radars have a high complexity and use a huge amount of parameters. When these settings or the environment of the radar are modified or the radar's firmware is upgraded by the manufacturer (typically after a failure), maintenance personnel require a method to determine the performance of the radar and compare it to the "previous" condition. This type of regression testing is perfectly suited for the RES28x. A number of predefined scenarios can be injected in the radar before and after modifications and the performance can be compared. The same principle can be used to compare radar channels for similar behaviour and parameter setting.
1.1 RADAR ENVIRONMENT SIMULATOR
Rf Target Injection for (M)SSR, Mode-S and ADS-B-1090 ES
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1.2 RADAR PATHLOSS SIMULATOR RPS768
The Radar Pathloss Simulator or RPS768 can be used to connect any SSR radar to a standard transponder, such that this set-up creates a single target (or a ring of similar targets) on the radar screen in a realistic way. The RPS768 will attenuate the radar output power, delay the signal in space and feed the transponder delay back to the radar with a realistic power level. This allows the generation of a fixed or moving target.
The RPS768 design incorporates a digital delay line (which will delay the reply signal of the transponder over maximum 256 Nm), a path loss modulator (allowing a simulation of the path loss of the signal in space) and a dual output with separate power and phase modulators, simulating the behavior of signals detected through an LVA mono-pulse antenna. The RPS768 offers a way to perform a total system field test, using any interrogation mode or encryption (IFF Modes 1,2,3A,C,S,4,5). The transponder compatibility can be checked on a specific radar system. The RPS768 can be used to check the power, pulse widths and the receiver of the transponder under test. A resolution test of the radar system can also be performed by “flying” the test target across the standard RFM (Remote Field Monitor).
By using the RPS768 civil aviation authorities can examine all the known transponder problems. Military organizations can use it to test the transponder encryption (keys) and to perform a transponder self-test. Transponders with secret military codes can also be tested before the actual use in critical missions.
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1.3 TX Testbench ttb930
The TTB930 or Transmitter Test Bench is designed to measure essential SSR transmitter parameters (interrogations) and assist in the interfacing between the radar and the IE RES28x (Radar Environment Simulator). Interrogations are continuously measured by the TTB930, it can be used with or without the RES. The TTB930 software measures the critical parameters of the 1030Mhz interrogations such as timing, pulse shape, frequency and phase contents sent by the SSR radar for MKX (M1, 2, 3, C), Mode 4, Mode-S and Mode 5 interrogations.
The TTB930 can be used to analyse the following interrogations parameters sent by the MSSR radar transmitter: pulse width, rise time, fall time, relative timing between pulses, jitter, PRF, power, power droop, power top ripple, average frequency, FSK frequencies and frequency switch speed, phase reversal amplitude and speed, phase reversal positions, data contents of Mode-S and M5 interrogations and delivers optional pictures of interrogation shapes. The TTB930 can be used to extract M5 interrogations if they are sent using a pseudo-crypto algorithm. The type of encryption can be switched between “EADS” and “BAE/AIMS” format.(European/US)The TTB930 allows an analysis of the interrogations real time or record all interrogation pulses to disk for post analysis.
The TTB930 device contains:
• 3 high power RF-inputs, directly connected to the (M)SSR Sum, Delta and SLS RF ports
• 3 high power RF-outputs, connected to the (M)SSR antenna or dummy loads
• 3 low power bi-directional phase adjustable coupler ports for RES interfacing
• 3 internal high power couplers with phase adjustment (for SUM and DELTA channels) allow direct connection of RES to the radar without “phase adjustable couplers”
• a modified DRFA module which allows to sample the RF-inputs using I/Q sampling
• a UPM772 (logarithmic RF power detector with a USB interface); the envelope video output of the UPM772 serves as an external trigger input to the DRFA module and can be used as a logarithmic monitor port to display the interrogations on an O-scope
A light-weight 19” metal housing allows a permanent installation in the radar 19” rack.
Aerial system or dummy load
IE Radar Environment Simulator (RES28x)
SSR Transmitter
1030MHzInterrogations
Software to measure the critical parameters of the interrogations
TTB Interrogation Analyser software showing the resulting parameters of a Mode-S interrogation in live mode
Example of poor quality Mode-S modulation with corresponding phase variation at the amplitude variation around the M2 marker.
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Inventory tool showing an RTG scenario (black dots) in overlay with opportunity traffic data
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Rf Target Injection for PSR
The Radar Target Generator (RTG) for primary radar purposes is basically designed to generate primary radar returns and can be placed in the field (single target generation) or connected to a radar.
In all cases the RTG will detect and preserve the radar pulse, apply a fixed and highly precise delay and retransmit the pulse with the appropriate power, frequency and Doppler shift.
For optimal operation, an accurate test system should allow constant and extensive monitoring. For this the RTG is equipped with several monitoring timestamping and recording functions.
2.1.1 General Features
The RTG is able to accomplish the following with minimal knowledge or presumptions of the Radar Under Test (RUT):
• Reproduce the stored signal with controlled amplitude to produce accurately known clutter at some fixed delays.
• Reproduce the stored signal with controlled amplitude and variable delay determined by the target position to a resolution of around 21,4 millimeter in distance to provide a moving target.
• Work independently of the radar as a remote target or be deployed on site.
• Generation of Doppler modulation: the Doppler shift is the result of changing the delay produced by a moving target. in combination with a vector modulator.
2.1.2 Software
The software developed for driving the RTG is part of the existing RASS-S toolbox. The HMI allows the input of all necessary parameters of the setup, such as the radar expected power, the type of target (Radar Cross section, fixed or swirling case), the attenuation values entered in the setup, etc... Some parameters, such as the antenna gain, power of the transmitter..., are used to calculate the probable target return in all cases.
The HMI allows the user to load a "scenario" containing a number of sequential target trajectories. These trajectories all consist of a number of parameters, such as their RCS, the description of their position, speed and acceleration in time, which is then recalculated towards a range and elevation versus time, plus additional information such as the swirling factor.
With a second tool the user can create such trajectories from scratch or calculate them based on missile characteristics. RTG can generate a number of sequential trajectories, but will never generate more than one target at a time.
2.1 RADAR TARGET GENERATOR RTG
When the simulation is started, the RTG will monitor the input signal, determine the target position by interpolation of the provided position profile, determine the Doppler speed of the target, determine its power, and then start delaying the pulse by the calculated delay and Doppler speed. After the delay, the RTG will produce the correct output modulation power and generate the target return.
This process is repeated for each detected pulse until the scenario runs out of time.
2.1.3 Deployment
2.1.3.1 Remote Test Target
For Remote Test Target (RTT) usage the RTG is deployed in the field typically connected to a small horn antenna positioned on a pole with a limited height. This way the radar antenna system becomes part of the test. The area where a target can be simulated is limited to the azimuth of choice and a range beyond the chosen position.
2.1.3.2 On-site Target Injection
The RTG can also be connected directly to the receiver; an input for antenna synchronization (ACP/ARP) is available on the RTG. This implies a mechanical rotat ing antenna (not a scanning antenna), and access to the RF parts by means of couplers. This way the delayed signals can be injected in any azimuth direction and any range. Targets can be replicated at different range cells and different azimuth sectors determined by a scenario generator.
2.1.3.3 Example on site
In the following example the RTG injected a scenario on site. The inventory tool (described earlier in this product overview) shows the scenario (black dots) on top of the opportunity traffic data (colour is indicating flight level). PSR detection is completely missing above clutter areas (mountains) while the SSR detection of the opportunity traffic continues.
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2.1.4 Optical Delay Line - ODL1263
The Optical Delay Line ODL1263 is the ultimate test tool for radar manufacturers!
It can be used to delay a microwave pulse from the radar transmitter at a fixed delay with maximum signal level, this pulse will be injected into the radar receiver under test. In this setup the stability of the radar system can be measured. The optical delay line was designed to maximise the signal to noise ratio at the output.
A typical ODL1263 configuration contains 1 coil of optical fiber with a delay of 222 microseconds. Optionally, three delays can be generated for the radar under test 33.33, 66.66 and 100km on the radar display. Every additional piece of delay line will decrease the signal to noise ratio with 2dB. So at 100km 72dB SNR is still possible! This will allow testing beyond the limits of the earths atmosphere (65dB).
Any contribution of the transmitter, receiver, synthesizer or the power supplies to the UN-stability can be found.
It can be used on site injecting directly into the receiver, or it can be used from a remote location using antennas.
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typical performance of ODL1263
top left: IQ sample of ODL output bottom left: 16 pulses in time domain after pulse compression top right : timed sidelobes in 16 different Doppler bins bottom : clutter improvement factor vs Doppler bin (CIF)
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Many airfields with primary radar installations use active reflectors in order to check the geographical alignment of the PSR video with the touchdown points, runway crossing points, etc. The active reflector (also known as a stationary target) must produce a "Doppler" shift such that the stationary target passes through the MTI/MTD processor and is presented on the radar screen of the Air Traffic Controller. This is exactly what the Intersoft Electronics MTI Marker can offer.
The IE MTI Marker set-up is capable of performing the following functionalities:
• MTI Marker: Using 1 Stationary Target Generator (STG882) for daily alignment checks of the PSR
• Resolution testing: Using one STG882 on a fixed position and one RTG as moving target
• Test Flight Simulation: Using the Radar Target Generator (RTG) (see next paragraph)
2.2.1 Specifications STG882
• Primary target at fixed range from -20dBz to 5dBz (determined by pick-up antenna)
• Low power consumption: battery operated for >5 year• Frequency range: 1GHz .. 10GHz (specified on order)• Calibration of antenna’s and cables can be performed by
customers using the Radar Field Analyser (RFA641) or the Radar Target Generator (RTG)
• Robust construction• Directional antenna is chosen according to radar type,
polarization and RCS
2.2 mti MARKER
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3.2.2 Optional Test Flight Simulation
The antenna of the MTI Marker can be re-used when the RTG (Radar Target Generator) is added to the set-up. This RTG can be used as a Test Flight Simulator. At the moment expensive test flights are used during the SAT procedure of radar systems, since this procedure tests all the important elements of the radar. However a few downsides of this method should be noted: the test flights are very expensive and the Radar Cross Section (RCS) varies with the orientation and type of the aircraft. The latter indicates that the calibration of the RCS is not easy and therefore it is difficult to accurately reproduce a test flight.
The amount of test flights for recurring maintenance procedures and quality control of the PSR can be reduced significantly by using the RTG (Radar Target Generator) with programmable RCS. The RTG is able to generate the reflecting signals of an aircraft faithfully and independent of the radar characteristics (frequency, PRF, etc.). In order to test the complete radar system it is necessary to generate the aircraft signals in the field thereby including the antenna system. The set-up position should be chosen carefully and the site attenuation should be calibrated.Different test scenarios, in function of range and velocity, can be simulated to test the Doppler MTI function and blind speeds. The accuracy of the radar system can be determined when the simulated trajectory is compared to the output of the radar system (ASTERIX). For this purpose the RASS-S software provides the matching tools. The method described is a feasible, repeatable and low-cost replacement for the expensive test flights and offers a standardized and calibrated maintenance procedure.
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2.3 psr compiler tool
The PSR Compiler tool is a software tool used for primary radar environment simulation. The PSR Compiler can be used to train operators in general, in particular clutter circumstances (ground, sea, weather) or under electronic warfare (EW) conditions.
The PSR Compiler is a very powerful tool for generating IQ video files. It should be used in combination with the Signal Processor Simulator (SPS). The latter is a SW tool that simulates the ISP894 which is a versatile OEM product for IF signal processing and plot extraction. If you use an ISP894, the PSR Compiler is also very useful to test the signal processing of the PSR under test.
The PSR compiler can produce a fully realistic simulation of primary radar signals under normal and hostile (ECM) conditions in order to:• Train the site personnel in the optimization of the radar system settings for detection within a predefined
environment;• Provide a realistic ECM environment without compromising the radar system’s active ECCM capabilities to
hostile observations;• Assess the radar’s effectiveness under EW conditions.
The PSR Compiler can input an S4 file (compiled by the RASS-S Trajectory Scenario Generator) and simulate ground or sea clutter. The PSR compiler can also be used to compile a 6MHz scenario (a IQ video file).
3. ADS-B
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ADS-B analysis
3. ADS-B
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Under the European CASCADE program Intersoft Electronics was contracted by EUROCONTROL to develop and produce a suite of test tools to test ADS-B 1090 ES receivers with the same degree of accuracy and efficiency as the Radar Environment Simulator (RES28x) tools currently used to qualify Mode-S radar systems by manufacturers and national administrations. RASS-S for ADS-B utilizes the same hardware used in radar qualification testing being able to generate complex scenarios, utilizing up to four RF generators in parallel for more realistic RF environment simulation (including accurate calculation of RF path loss). Test scenarios can be designed to test various key operational performance parameters such as but not limited to load capacity, sensitivity and detection level. It generates ADS-B messages together with programmable quantity and types (ATCRBS or Mode-S) of FRUIT. The ASTERIX CAT021 data from the ground station is collected and compared with the scenario input data to provide figures of merit (probability of detection, accuracy, etc.) and to determine performance of and compliance with the relevant DO260 or DO260A standards. The system also has RF measurement tools to measure antenna and coaxial feeder VSWR and receiver sensitivity and bandwidth. By using ADS-B Site tools a full top down analysis of an ADS-B ground station can be performed. Key parameters of a ground station are measured by generating RF signals in space and monitoring various points of the system including the ASTERIX data from the ground station. The RASS-S for ADS-B is used by leading ADS-B ground station manufacturers to perform rigorous qualification and factory acceptance testing of their products. The measurements can also be used for site acceptance testing as well as preventive and corrective maintenance.
3.1 ADS-B DECODER
4.1 ADS-B Decoder
The RASS-S Radar Interface Module (RIM782) and USB Video Recorder (UVR892) able to perform video recordings. The intention is to record radar pulses but the ADS-B squitters are also recorded. The ADS-B decoder will decode (recognize) these squitters. The recorded ADS-B data can now be used for checking the alignment of a radar (on-site, not in the control center). This module allows the user to record video straight out of the radar receiver, either by using the in-beam SUM signal or the Omni SLS (Side Lobe Suppression Signal) receiver output. In case we use the SUM, only a few ADS-B replies will be seen per trajectory, these can be used for alignment of the radar anyway. In case the SLS channel is used, a limited range but much higher update rate is available. From the ADS-B video, a data-file containing ADS-B plots (with longitude-latitude information) can be generated at predefined intervals.
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3.2 ADS-B ENVIRONMENT SIMULATOR
4.2 ADS-B Environment Simulator
The ADS-B Environment Simulator is a part of the RASS-S system. The intention is to investigate the performance of the ADS-B ground station by providing an artificial simulated environment at Rf level. For this purpose the programmable transmitter of the RFA641 can be used or the more versatile RES28x. After a simulated environment is injected in the system the output of the ADS-B receiver will be compared to the known input.
A scenario is generated and compiled into an ADS-B data file. This “squitter” file is a list of 112 bit ADS-B messages, to be generated in real time. The Radar Field Analyser (RFA641) or the Radar Environment Simulator (RES28x) injects the data of this file into the receiver of the ADS-B ground station which in turn provides ASTERIX CAT21 data at its LAN or serial output. This CAT21 data is recorded with a recorder (LAN recorder or a UDR765). The recorder converts this data into an S4 format in order to be compatible with the RASS-S tools. Typically this data will contain longitude, latitude and altitude of the target(s), the track ID, speed vectors and S address. The ADS-B output can now be viewed in the Inventory software along with the original injected scenario, allowing detailed comparison.
This tool allows checking the performance of the ADS-B ground station as well as testing the load, accuracy and stability of the system.Additionally to the RFA641 ADS-B generation, the RES28x will provide overlapping FRUIT replies on its remaining 3 channels. This allows specific degarbling capability testing conform DO260A specifications.
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4.1 transponder testing
Transponder Testing
Recent studies have shown that not all Mode-S equipped aircraft carry transponders that are fully compliant with the specifications of Annex 10.
The Radar Field Analyser is a versatile instrument that can be re-programmed for very different functions. One of these functions is the remote testing of transponders, and more specifically the Mode-S capabilities of such transponders. The software that controls the RFA641 in this function allows the user to specify a sequence of interrogations (SSR mode 1,2,3A/C or 4, or Mode-S UF 4,5,11,20,21 or 24) and check the reply to such interrogation in detail. Also squitter replies can be detected with this instrument, allowing the testing of Mode-S surveillance or extended squitters. The RFA641 is connected to its antenna using a coupler, combining the Tx and Rx path on the 1030 and 1090MHz frequency. The antenna is typically positioned in the near field of the aircraft equipped with the transponder under test. Alternatively, the RFA641 can be connected directly to the transponder using a long cable and appropriate power- attenuation. Typical applications are fleet testing for large aircraft carriers or problem searching after detection of a transponder error by means of the RASS-R SSPAT software.
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Global presence
radar upgrades
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Intersoft Electronics NV
Head Office Belgium
Lammerdries-Oost 272250 OlenBelgiumwww.intersoft-electronics.comsupport@intersoft-electronics.com
IE-CD-01134-001 RES-RTG
Inventive Electronics Inc.US Office, Florida
Intersoft Electronics China
www.intersoft-electronics.com.cn
Intersoft Radar UK LtdUK [email protected]
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