Radar Ad

8/2/2019 Radar Ad

1/36

RAD and ARAD

Barbara Tacchino

8/2/2019 Radar Ad

2/36

Summary RAD (Rapid Application Development)

Definition and features

Development cycle Team, tools, documentation, problems

ARAD (Architected Rapid ApplicationDevelopment)

Definition and features The IBM ARAD solution: IBM Rational Rapid

Developer

A business application scenario

8/2/2019 Radar Ad

3/36

What is RAD? Is a software development process model that has

been developed to respond to the need to deliversystems very fast

Actually it allows usable systems to be built in as little as 3-6months

It has been developed in the early 1990s

It takes inspiration from spiral model

Its goals are: faster, better, cheaper

8/2/2019 Radar Ad

4/36

Problems addressed by RAD With conventional methods, there is a long delay

before the customer gets to see any results

With conventional methods, there is nothing until100% of the process is finished, then 100% of thesoftware is delivered

With conventional methods, software developmentcan take so long that the customers business hasfundamentally changed by the time the system isready for use

Satisfying the customer at the time of delivery

8/2/2019 Radar Ad

5/36

When use RAD?Project scope: focused, where the business objectives are well

defined and narrow

Project data: already exist

Project decisions: can be made by a small number of peoplewho are available and co-located

Project team: very small (six people)

Project technical architecture: defined and clear and the keytechnology components are well known

Project technical requirements: are reasonable and well withinthe capability of the technology being used

Intensive involvement of the end user in the design of thesystem (JAD, Joint Application Development)

8/2/2019 Radar Ad

6/36

Features of RAD Use ofprototyping, which helps users visualize and

make adjustments to the system

Use of a CASE repository to facilitate the re-use oftemplates, components and systems

Use of an integrated CASE toolset to generate bug-free code from a fully validated design

Development of a task structure that encouragesparallel project activities

8/2/2019 Radar Ad

7/36

RAD development cycle

8/2/2019 Radar Ad

8/36

RAD uses iterative prototyping JRP (Joint Requirement Planning) meeting: high-level

end-users and developers meet in a session togenerate a list of initial requirements

Iteration Designers review the prototype

Developers build/evolve the prototype based on currentrequirements

Customers try out the prototype and evolve their

requirements Focus Group Meeting (JAD): customers and developers meet

to review product together and refine requirements

Requirements and change requests are timeboxed

8/2/2019 Radar Ad

9/36

Stages of RAD: Requirements

Planning takes one to four weeks to complete

is defined during a JRP meeting

consists of a review of the areas immediatelyassociated with the proposed system

produces a broad definition of the system requirements interms of the functions the system will support

deliverables from this stage include

an outline system area model (entity and process model)

a definition of the systems scope

a cost justification for the new system

8/2/2019 Radar Ad

10/36

Stages of RAD: User Design is defined during JAD meetings

consists of a detailed analysis of the businessactivities related to the proposed system to outline

the design The team defines entity types and creates action diagrams

defining the interactions between processes and data

System procedures are designed and preliminary layouts ofscreens are developed

Prototypes of critical procedures are built A plan for implementing the system is prepared

Together with the next stage, User Design consists ofa series of iterations

8/2/2019 Radar Ad

11/36

Stages of RAD: Construction Developers,working directly with users, finalize the

design, build and test the prototype

The deliverables include documentation andinstructions necessary to operate the new applicationand procedures needed to put the system intooperation

Timebox and parallel development: involves

monitoring progresses to complete each task quickly The prototype is reviewed by users

Requirements document can be modified, so anotheriteration starts

8/2/2019 Radar Ad

12/36

Stages of RAD: Transition the period during which the newly developed system

gradually replaces existing systems

User acceptance: end of iterations

Developers train users to operate the new application

objectives

Install the system in production operation with minimaldisruption of normal business activity

Maximize the effectiveness of the system in supporting theintended business activities

Identify potential future enhancements

8/2/2019 Radar Ad

13/36

RAD team should include both developers and users of the system and

each person can play several rolesUser Coordinator: appointed by the Sponsor to oversee the project

from the user perspective

Requirements Planning Team: high-level users participating in therequirements planningUser Design Team: participates in the design meetingsUser Review Board: review the system after the construction and

decide if modifications are neededTraining Manager: responsible for training users to work with the

new systemProject Manager: oversees the development effortConstruction (SWAT) Team: two to six developers highly trained to

work together at high speed. SWAT stands for Skilled Workerswith Advanced Tools. This team builds the system and alsoparticipate in the design meetings

Meeting Leader: organizes and conducts the meetings

8/2/2019 Radar Ad

14/36

RAD tools RAD depends entirely on automated tools

CASE software provides planning, analysis and designworkbenches that are fully integrated so that one tool

directly employs the information from another repository stores the knowledge from the multiple tools in

an integrated manner

code generator is fully integrated with the design toolsetand allows the developer to design, modify, generate code

and test as quickly as possible

8/2/2019 Radar Ad

15/36

RAD documentation Customers, developers and management must accept

informal deliverables

Notes from user meetings rather than formal requirements

documents

Notes from designers meetings rather than formal designdocuments

Principle: create the minimum documentation

necessary to facilitate future development andmaintenance

8/2/2019 Radar Ad

16/36

Problems of RAD

criticized because it lacks a methodology and adesigned architecture

flexibility of RAD systems decreases as applicationsgrow

RAD tends to fail when

Application must interoperate with existing programs

Performance and reliability are critical

The system cannot be modularized

New technologies are used

8/2/2019 Radar Ad

17/36

Introduction to ARAD

IBM acquired Rational Software

Starting point: RUP(Rational Unified Process)

It is a software development process model which includes alot of features of the spiral model (iteration, prototyping,phased development)

Each phase is supported by visual tools

It establishes four phases of development, each consisting

of one ore more executable iterations

8/2/2019 Radar Ad

18/36

What isArchitected RAD?

an evolution of RAD which supports the creation ofenterprise applicationsand has a formal process

a version of the Rational Unified Process (RUP) that

has been optimized for RAD the team is made up of eleven people: a project

leader, one analyst, eight developers and onetechnology architect

is characterized by a unified process

business modeling with UML

rapid application development

8/2/2019 Radar Ad

19/36

Unified ARAD process

One problem of RAD is that it lacks a formalprocess

Unified ARAD process unifies the team by providingroadmaps for application development that includedefining flows, stakeholders and explaining how theyinterrelate

8/2/2019 Radar Ad

20/36

Business modeling with UML

RAD lacks a focus on the business processes thatdrive software requirements

ARAD focuses on business modeling

analysts can use UML to analyze business requirements,define business use cases, define the information model forthe application and the business processes and businessrules

8/2/2019 Radar Ad

21/36

The IBM ARAD solution:IBM Rational Rapid Developer

is the new Rational software solution for ARAD (2003)

provides an integrated application development environmentand process that unifies team skills

supports rapid application development, integration and architectedcode construction

helps team rapidly deliver n-tier business applications withoutencountering the complexity of the underlying technology platforms

enables late binding of construction patterns and deploymentplatforms

integrates with the IBM Rational lifecycle toolset covers the complete lifecycle, from requirements to deployment

supports parallel development, version management and changemanagement

8/2/2019 Radar Ad

22/36

IBM Rational Rapid Developerworkflow

Rational Rapid Developer follows amodel-driven approach to applicationdevelopment

Nine out of ten members of thedevelopment team are focused onbusiness process

Development team begins by capturingrequirements and assessing existing

assets (or requiring new ones) tosupport the process

8/2/2019 Radar Ad

23/36

IBM Rational Rapid Developerworkflow (2)

The next step focuses onvisual modeling theapplication and designing

Web, wireless, XML,messaging and Webservices transactions

Rational Rapid Developerprovides essential UML

models

8/2/2019 Radar Ad

24/36


The application,completely visuallymodeled, resides in

the applicationrepository before itis cast into achosen technologyplatform

8/2/2019 Radar Ad

25/36


Now the technology expertdecides how the applicationwill be constructed and

deployed choosing theplatform and determiningpatterns

8/2/2019 Radar Ad

26/36


Based on choices by theteam's technical expert,Rational Rapid Developer

automatically constructs thefinal application in a matterof minutes, and evenautomatically compiles, testand deploys it

Each stage can be iterated Users involvement

8/2/2019 Radar Ad

27/36

A business applicationscenario

Lets use the ARAD process to design this marketplaceapplication

8/2/2019 Radar Ad

28/36

Business requirements withUML

Use cases that describe the Web, wireless andintegration functions of the application

IBM Rational Rapid Developer provides a projectestimator that can estimate the work effort requiredto develop the application, based on these use cases

Model visually the application: use some of the UMLmodels such as UML Class Model

8/2/2019 Radar Ad

29/36

Business requirements withUML (2)

Import legacy database models: the database schema isautomatically converted into an XML file and imported intoRational Rapid Developer as a class model

Rational Rapid Developer can perform object-to-relational mappingand create database schema for relational databases

Define business rules using a Java business rule editor. Ruleexamples are: inventory check, order pricing, customer creditcheck

Define business processes as state chart/activity diagrams They are purely analytical and do not lead to any direct code

construction

8/2/2019 Radar Ad

30/36

Develop user interfaces rapidly

Define site flow models for each actor of theapplication: these models reflect the user interfaceuse cases

Define the look and feel of the application with stylesand themes

Design Web pages: it is visual and rapid andfacilitated by the Page Architect feature

8/2/2019 Radar Ad

31/36

Develop user interfaces rapidly(2)

Design page logic: it is written in Java using theLogic Architect

IBM Rational Rapid Developer provides nearly 100 code

templates, so developers need only fill in parameters towrite code

IBM Rational Rapid Developer automaticallyconstruct, compiles and deploys the application

Internationalization of pages: a translation file iscreated and imported

8/2/2019 Radar Ad

32/36

Rapid integration development

Enterprise integration with XML

Integration with Web Services: IBM Rational RapidDeveloper discovers the services published in a publicrepository, than the developer clicks on a service anda service call is inserted in the code like a Javamethod call

The developer specifies only the method call parameters

IBM Rational Rapid Developer will automatically handle allthe mechanics of invoking the service, using SOAP request/response mechanism

8/2/2019 Radar Ad

33/36

N-tier architected deployment

The technology architect can deploy the sameapplication in varying environments. Chosen a particular environment, the architect select

appropriate technologies and fine tunes the constructionpatterns

The desired degree of performance, scalability and securitycan be specified

IBM Rational Rapid Developer creates an optimized

code for each deployment model IBM Rational Rapid Developer can now be used for

functional and performance testing

Each stage can be iterated

8/2/2019 Radar Ad

34/36

Deployment models

8/2/2019 Radar Ad

35/36

Rational toolset

In addition to IBM Rational Rapid Developer ($6,595)

IBM Rational RequisitePro ($2,034)

IBM Rational XDE ($1,595)

IBM Rational Rose

IBM Rational ClearCase ($65,950 for a 10-userlicense)

IBM Rational ClearQuest

IBM Rational TeamTest

8/2/2019 Radar Ad

36/36

References

RAD www.gantthead.com/process/processMain.cfm?ID=2-19516-2

sysdev.ucdavis.edu/WEBADM/document/rad_toc.htm

ARAD www.ibm.com

www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/rational/library/441.html#N10269
http://www.gantthead.com/process/processMain.cfm?ID=2-19516-2http://www.gantthead.com/process/processMain.cfm?ID=2-19516-2http://www.gantthead.com/process/processMain.cfm?ID=2-19516-2http://www.gantthead.com/process/processMain.cfm?ID=2-19516-2http://www.gantthead.com/process/processMain.cfm?ID=2-19516-2http://www.gantthead.com/process/processMain.cfm?ID=2-19516-2

Documents

Radar Ad