Racial Disparities in Wisconsin and Dane County Oct 2008BW

8/8/2019 Racial Disparities in Wisconsin and Dane County Oct 2008BW

1/24

10/19/20

PamelaOliver

Nationaloverview: Massincarcerationandthedrug

war. Wisconsinoverview

Thedrugwar evoca ons

Danecounty Arrests inthesystem Prison vs.probationinfirstepisode Revocation ofprobation Postprisonrevocation:therevolvingdoor

Scotland

England & Wales

Ukraine

South Africa

Romania

Russia

US whites prison & jail 1995

US blacks prison & jail 1995

US whites prison 1995

US Blacks prison 1995

0 1000 2000 3000 4000

Austria

Belgium

Canada

China

Denmark

France

Germany

Italy

Japan

Netherlands

Sweden

w zeran

About12%ofBlackmenintheir20sareincarcerated(prison+jail),about20%ofallBlackmenhavebeeninprison(BureauofJusticeStatistics)

Estimatedlifetimeexpectancyofspendingsome.

(BureauofJusticeStatistics). (PerBruceWestern,thisis59%ofBlackmenwithnoHSdiplomaand18%whohaveHSdegree)

ChrisWildemanestimates:25%of Blackchildrenbornin1990hadaparentinprisonbyage14,vs4%ofWhitechildren;50%ofBlackchildrenwithHSdropoutparentshadexperiencedparentalimprisonment

Pamela Oliver


2/24


3/24

10/19/20

Shifttodeterminatesentencing,higherpenalties

LEAA,increased

funding

for

police

departments

Crimebecomesapoliticalissue

rugwar un ngg ves ncen ves opo ce ogeneratedrugarrests&convictions:thisescalatesinthe1980s

Postcivilrightspostriotscompetitiveracerelations,racecodedpoliticalrhetoric.?

B/W Disparity Ratios in Prison Admits, by Off ense. All States in NCRP

15.0

20.0

25.0

0.0

5.0

10.0

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Violent Rob/Burg Theft Drug Other

Black & White Prison Sentence Rates (NCRP) per 100,000, by Off ense Type

250

300

350

400

450

0

50

100

150

200

1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Drug White Non-drug White Drug Blac k Non-drug Black

18

DrugD rug R ob/burgRob/burg ViolentViolentTheftTheftOtherOther

1983 1999

0

Black New Sentences p er 100,000 pop, by offense. All States in NCRP

200

250

300

DrugDrug

300

Rob/burgRob/burg

ViolentViolent

TheftTheft

0

50

100

150

19 8 3 19 8 4 19 8 5 19 8 6 19 8 7 19 8 8 19 8 9 19 9 0 19 9 1 1 9 92 19 9 3 19 9 4 19 9 5 1 9 96 19 9 7 1 9 98 19 9 9

V io lent Ro b/ Bur Thef t Drug Ot her

1983 1999

0

OtherOther

Pamela Oliver


4/24

10/19/20

Pamela OliverFromBruceWesternPunishment&Inequality inAmerica PamelaOliverFromBruceWesternPunishment&InequalityinAmerica

Black &White Prison Admitsper 100,000

1500

2000

2500

0

500

1000

1925 193 0 19 35 1 940 1945 19 50 1 95 5 1960 1965 1 970 19 75 1980 198 5 1990 1 995 2000

B la ck W hi te W I Bl ac k W I Wh it e

500

1000

1500

All Prison Admissions

PamelaOliver

0

1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999Year

Black Wisconsin Black Other US

Hispanic Wisconsin Hispanic Other US

White Wisconsin White Other US

Hispanics Not Included in White & Black Rates

Rate per 100,000 population

10

15

20

DisparityAll Prison Admissions

PamelaOliver

0

1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999Year




Minority/White Disparity Ratios

Pamela Oliver


5/24

10/19/20

100

200

300

Non-Drug Sentences

PamelaOliver

0

1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999Year






5

10

15

20

DisparityNon-Drug Sentences

PamelaOliver

0

1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999Year





50

100

150

200

Drug Sentences

PamelaOliver

0

1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999Year




Hispanics Not Included in White & Black RatesRate per 100,000 population

20

40

60

DisparityDrug Sentences

PamelaOliver

0

1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999Year



Hispanics Not Included in White & Black RatesMinority/White Disparity Ratios

200

400

600

Revocations

PamelaOliver

0

1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999Year






10

15

20

DisparityRevocations

PamelaOliver

0

1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999Year





Pamela Oliver


6/24

10/19/20

B

B

B B

BB

B B

B BB B

BB

BB

B

NN0

0

1500

2000

2500

Rate Per 100,000 Population

Wisconsin Prison Admissions for All_Prison_Admissions

W W W W W W W W W W W WW W W W W

H

H H H

H H H

H

HH

H H H H H H HN N

N

NN

NN N N N

NN

N N

A A AA A A A A A

A A A A A A A A0

500

1

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006year

White Black Hispanic Native Asian

B

BB

B

BB B

B B

B

B BB B

BB

B

N10

15

20

25

Minority/White Disparity

Wisconsin Prison Admissions for All_Prison_Admissions

W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W

H

H H H

HH H

H

HH

H H H H H H H

N N N

NN

N N N N

N N NN N N

N

A A AA A A A A A A A A A A A A A0

5

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006year


0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

Prisonadmissiontypes

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

Sentenc es R ev+New RevOnly

B

B

BB

BB B

BB

B

B B

BB

B

BB

00

600

800


Wisconsin Prison Admissions for New_Prison_Sentence


H

HH

H

H HH

H

H

HH H H H

HH H

N

N NN

N N

N NN

N

NN

N

N N N

N

A A A

AA

A AA A

A A A A A A A A0

200

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006year


B

B

BB

BB

B

BB

B

B B BB

B

B BH HN

20

30


Wisconsin Prison Admissions for New_Prison_Sentence


H

H H

HH

H

H

HH H

H HH H H

NN

N

N N

N N NN

NN N

N N N N

A A A

AA

A AA A

A A A A A A A A0

1

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006year


Pamela Oliver


7/24

10/19/20

NewSentences

Only

1 1

11

1 1 11 1

1 11 1

1 1

1 1

22

2

2

2 2

2

22

2 2 2

2

2

22

2

3 3 3

3

33

3

33 3

3 33 3 3

33

4

44

4 4 4 44

55

55

5

5

5

6

8

10

12141618

er100,0

00

Population

By Offense Group

Wisconsin White Rate Per 100,000 Population

4 44

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

566 6

6 66

66 6 6 6

6 6 6 6 6

7 7 7

7

7 77

7 77 7 7

77

7 77

0

2

4

Rate

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006year

1 Drug 2 Assaultive 3 Rob/Burg 4 Theft

5 DUI 6 Disorder 7 Other

Includes New_Prison_Sentences

11

1

1

1 11

1

11

1

1

1

1

1

1

12

2

22

2 22

22 2 2 2

2

2 2

2 23

3

3

3

3 3 3

3 33 3 3 3 3 3

3 36

6

6

100150200250300350

er100,0

00Population

By Offense Group

Wisconsin Black Rate Per 100,000 Population

4 44 4 4

4 44 4

4 44

4 4

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

6

66

6 6 6 66

6 6

66 6

7 7 7 7 77 7 7 7

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 70

50

Rate

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006year




1 1

1

1

1 11 1

1

1

1

1

11

1

1

1

23

33

3 33

3 33 3

3 33

3 3 334 4 4 4 46

6

66 6

6 6

66 6

6

6

66

6

6

6

7

7

7 7

720

30

40

50

60

ority/WhiteDisparity

By Offense Group

Wisconsin Black/White Disparity

2 2 22 2

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

44 4

4 4

4 4

5 5 5 5 5 55

5

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

77

7

7

7 77

7

77

7

7

0

10

Min

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006year




1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1 1 1 1

1

1

1

22

2 22

2

2

2 22 2

2

2

2 2 23

6

080100120140160180

er100,0

00Population

By Offense Group

Wisconsin Hispanic Rate Per 100,000 Population

12

3

3 33 3

3 3

33

33

3 3 334

44

4 44

4

4

4 4 44 4

44 4 4

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 55 5 5 5 5 5

56

6 66

6

66

6

6

66 6 6

6 6 6

6

77

77 7

77 7

7 7 7 77 7 7 7 70

204

Rate

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006year




1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1 1

1

1 1

1

2 3 36 6

6 6

6

6

67 7

1

0

15

20

25

30


By Offense Group

Wisconsin Hispanic/White Disparity

1

2

22 2

22

2 2 2 22

22 2 2

3

3 3 33

3 3

3 33

33 3 3

344

4 4 44

4

4

4 4 44 4 4

4 44

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 55 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

6

66

6

6

6 6

66

67

7

7

7 77

7 7 7 7

7

77

7 7

0

5Min

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006year




Pamela Oliver


8/24

10/19/20

1

1 11

11

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

22

2

2

2

2

2 22

2

3

33

3

33

33

3

334

4

4

45

5

55 5 56

6

6

7 740

60

80

100120140

er100,0

00

Population

By Offense Group

Wisconsin Native Rate Per 100,000 Population

11

11

1

11

1

1

11

1 13

3 3 3

33

4

4 4

4 4 4

4

4

4

4

5 5 5 5 5 55

55

5 5

66

66

6 6

6 6 6

6

6

6

6

6

77

77

7

7

7

7 7

7

7

7

7

77

0

20

Rate

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006year




1

2

2 2

3

3 33

3

34

4

4

5

5

5

5

56

66

6 6

6

6 66

7

7

7

7

7

7

7 7

77

7 710

15

20

25

30


By Offense Group

Wisconsin Native/White Disparity

11 1

11

1

1

1 11

1

1

1

1 11

1

2

22

22 2

2

22

2 2 22

3 3 3

33 3 3

3 3

4

4 4

44 4

4

4

4

4

5 5 5 5 5

5 5

55

5 56

6 6

66

66

7

7

7 7 7

0

5Min

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006year




1

1 12

2

2

2

2

2

2 2

2

2 2

2

22

2

2

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

4

4

4

4

6

66 6

66

6

10

15

20

25

er100,0

00Population

By Offense Group

Wisconsin Asian Rate Per 100,000 Population

1

1 1

1 1

1

1 1

1 1

1 1 1 1

23 3 3

3

3

4

4

4 4

4 4

4

4 4 4 4 4

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

5

5

5

6 6 6

6

6

6 6

6

6

6

7 7 7 7 7 7

7

7 7

7

7

7 7

7

7 7 7

0

5

Rate

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006year




1 12

2 2

3 3

3

3

33

3

3

34

4

4

4

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

1.5

22.5

33.5

44.5

5


By Offense Group

Wisconsin Asian/White Disparity

1

1 1

1 1

1

1 1

1 1

1 1 1

1

1

2

22 2 2 2 2 2

2

22

2

3 3 3

3 33

3

4

4

4

4

4

4 4

4 4 4 44

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

5

55

6 6 6

6

6 6

6

7 7 7 7 7 7

7

7 7

7

7

77

7

7 7 7

0

.5

1Min

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006year




BB

B

BB B B

BB

B B

B

B

N

00

600

800

1000


Wisconsin Prison Admissions for Revocation_Parole_MR_ES

W W W W W W W W W W W W W WW W W

BB

B B

H H H HH H H H

HH

HH H H

H H HNN

N

NN

N N NN

N

NN

N

N

N N

A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A AA

0

200

4

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006year


Pamela Oliver


9/24

10/19/20

BB B

B

B

BB

B BB

B BB

B

B

B B

N N10

15

20

25


Wisconsin Prison Admissions for Revocation_Parole_MR_ES

W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W WW

H H H H

H H H HH

HH

H H H H H H

NN N

NN

N NN

N NN

NN

N

A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A AA0

5

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006year


BB

BB

BB

BB

BB

BB B B

B BB

NN

N N NN

N400

600

800


Wisconsin Prison Admissions for Revocation_Probation

W W W W W W W WW W W W W W W W W

HH H

HH

HH

H HH

H H H H H H HN

N NN N

NN

N

A A A A AA

A A AA A A A A A

A A0

200

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006year


BB B

B

B

B

BB

B

B

B

B

B B

B B

B

N N N

N

NN

NN

N10

15

20


Wisconsin Prison Admissions for Revocation_Probation


HH

HH

H

HH

HH H

H HH H H H H

N

N N

NN N

NN

A A A A AA

A A AA A A A A A A A0

5

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006year


B B

BB

BB

B

B

B

B B B B B BB B

2000

3000

4000


Wisconsin Male In_Prison_All

W W W W W W W W WW W W W W W W W

H HH H

HH

H H HH

H H H H H H HNN N N

N NN

NN

NN N N N N N N

A A A A AA A A A A A A A A A A A

0

1000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006year


BB

B BB B B

B B B

BB

B B BB B

10

15

20


Wisconsin Male In_Prison_All


H HH H H

H H H H H

H H H H H H H

NN N

N N N NN N

N

N N N N N N N

A A A AA A A A A A A A A A A A A

0

5

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006year


Pamela Oliver


10/24

10/19/20

BB

B B

BB

BB

B BB B B B

B BB

N NN N N

NN N

N N N N NN N

0

40

00

6000


Wisconsin Male In_Prison_or_On_Supervision

W W W W WW W W W W W W W W

W W WH H

HH

HH

H HH H

H H H H H H H

NN

A A AA A

A AA A A A A A A A A A

0

20

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006year


B BB

B

BB B B B B

BB

B B B B B

N NN N N N N N N N

N N N N N N N4

6

8

10


Wisconsin Male In_Prison_or_On_Supervision


H H HH H

H HH H H

H H H H H H H

A A A AA A A

A A A A A A A A A A

0

2

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006year


Pamela Oliver

Inmid2006,15%ofBlackmeninWisconsinaged25wereinprison(~14%wereinprisonbetweenage24and33)comparedto1%ofWhite&Asianmen,3%ofHispanicmenand5%ofNativeAmericanmen. Thisdoesnotincludejail.

Consideringallstatecorrectionalsupervision(prison,parole,probation)3536%ofBlackmenages2527wereundercontrol,versus5%ofWhitemen,and18%ofNativemen. Thepeakwasintheearly20sat10%forHispanicmenand

78%

for

Asian

men.

10000

15000

20000

r100,0

00population

Rate of First Prison Entry By Age & Race, 2000-2006

0

500

Ratep

15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55age

White Black HispWh Native Asian

Ages 55+ are grouped together

Includes Sentences Only, 2000-2006

20

30

40

50

isparityRatio

Minority/White Disparity in Rate of First Prison Entry

0

10

15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55age



Includes Sentences Only, 2000-2006

Pamela Oliver


11/24

10/19/20

10000150

002000025000

r100,0

00population


0

5000

Ratepe

15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55age



Includes Revocations Only, 2000-2006

10

15

20

isparityRatio

Minority/White Disparity in Rate of First Prison Entry

0

5

15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55age



Includes Revocations Only, 2000-2006

0

20000

30000

40000

r100,0

00population


0

1000

Ratep

15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55age


Ages 55+ are grouped togetherIncludes both new sentences and revocations 2000-2006

0

40

60

80

per100,0

00population

white rate of first prison entry

0

rate

15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55Age in 3 or 4 year groups

Drugs Assaultive Rob/Burg Theft

DUI Disorder Other

Wisconsin 2000-2006, includes sentences only

0

1000

1500

2000

2500

pe

r100,0

00population

black rate of first prison entry

0

50

rate



DUI Disorder Other


40

60

80

/W

hiteDisparityRatio

black/white disparity in first prison entry by age & offense

0

20

Minority



DUI Disorder Other


Pamela Oliver


12/24

10/19/20

200

400

600

per100,00

0population

whitehisp rate of first prison entry

0

rate



DUI Disorder Other


20

40

60

rity/WhiteD

isparityRatio

whitehisp/white disparity

0

Mino



DUI Disorder Other

Prison admissions Wisconsin 2000-2006, includes sentences only

200

400

600

per100,0

00population

native rate of first prison entry

0

rate



DUI Disorder Other


10

20

30

rity/WhiteDisparityRatio

native/white disparity

0

Mino



DUI Disorder Other

Prison admissions Wisconsin 2000-2006, includes sentences only

NextfewslidesarefromresearchbyDevahPager,newPhDfromUniversityofWisconsinSociology,nowonfacultyatPrinceton

swasacon ro e exper men nw c matchedpairsofapplicantsappliedforentryleveljobsadvertisedinMilwaukeenewspapers

Pamela Oliver


13/24

10/19/20

Havebeen

rising

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

50,000

NumberinCommunitySupervision

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

,

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

White Black AmericanIndian

Asianor

Pacific

Islander White

Hispanic

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

missions

RevocationsWithoutNewSentencesasProportionofTotalPrisonAdmits

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

.

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

ProportionofTotalA

White(NotH is p) B la ck A me rI nd As ia n/ PI W hi teHispanic Total

%

4%

5%

6%

Proportionofthoseonprobationadmittedtoprisononarevocationwithnonewprisonsentence

0%

1%

2%

1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004

Whi te Black WhiteHispanic AmericanIndian Asian/PI

90%ofrevocationsarewithnonewprisonsentence technicalviolation(butperhapssomecommittedacrimethatisnotprosecuted)

Statewide

Blackson

robation

nearl

xmore

likelytoberevokedthanWhites

Statewide,Blacksonpostprisonsupervisionabout50%morelikelytoberevokedthanWhites

Controversiesabout whetherrevocationsareduetooverzealousP&Porduetooffendersfailurestorehabilitate

Pamela Oliver


14/24

10/19/20

Badbut

showing

some

progress

B B

B

B

B B B

B

B

B

BB

BB B

B B

10000

15000

20000

r100,0

00Population


Dane Male In_Prison

W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W WH H H H H

H H HH H

H H H H H H H

N NN N

NN

N NN N N N

NN

N N

A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A0

500

RateP

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006year


Ages 18-54 only, convicted or supervised in or released to Dane County

BB

B

B

B BB

B BB

BB

BB B

B B

10

20

30

rity

/WhiteDisparity


Dane Male In_Prison

W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W WH H H H H

H H H H HH H H H H H H

N NN N N

N

N NN N

N N NN

NN N


Mino

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006year



B

B

BB

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B B

B

B

NN

1000

1500

2000

r100,0

00Population


Dane Female In_Prison


B

H

H H HH

H

HH

H H HH

H HH H H

N N

N

N

N

N

N

N N N

NN N

N

N


500

RateP

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006year



Pamela Oliver


15/24

10/19/20

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

BB

B BB

NN

20

30

40

50

rity/WhiteD

isparity


Dane Female In_Prison


B

BB

H

H HH

H H

HH H H H H H H

H H HN N

NN

N

N

N

N N N

N

N N

NN


10

Mino

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006year



B

B

B

B

B

B

B

BB

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

N

500

1000

1500

Dane County New_Prison_Sentences Rate Per 100,000 Population


B

H H H H

H

HH

H

H

H H H HH

H H H

N

N N

N

N

N

N

N N N

N

N

N

NN N

A A A A A AA

A A A A A A A A A A0

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006year


Ages 18-54 only, convicted and supervised in and released to Dane County, count as residents

B

B

B B

B

B

B

B

B

BB

BB

N

40

60

80

Dane County New_Prison_Sentences Minority/White Disparity


BB

HH H

H

HH

HH

H

H H H HH

H H HN

NN

N

NN

N

NN N

N

N

N

NN N

A A A A A AA

A A A A A A A A A A0

20

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006year



100

150

200

disp

black/white disparity in new prison sentences

0

50

2000 2002 2004 2006year

drug assault rob/burg

DUI disorder other

Dane County

B

B

BB

B

BB

B

BB

B

B

BB

B B

B

NN50

0

1000

1500

Dane County Revocations_Probation Rate Per 100,000 Population

W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W WHH H

H

H H

HH

H

HH H

H H HH

HN N N N

N

N N

N

NN

N

N

NN

N


1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006year



Pamela Oliver


16/24

10/19/20

B

B

B

B

B

BB

BB B

BB

B

B

B

B

BN N2

0

40

60

Dane County Revocations_Probation Minority/White Disparity

W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W WHH

HH

H H

H

H

H

HH H

HH

HH H

N NN N

NN

N

N

NN

N

N

N N

N


1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006year



B B

BB

B

B

B

B

B BB

B B

BB

N

500

1000

1500

Dane County Revocations_Parole_MR_ES Rate Per 100,000 Population


B

HH

H H HH

H H

H

H H HH

H H H HN N N N

N

N

N

N N

N

N

N

N NN

N


1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006year



BB

B B

B

B

B

BB B

B

BB

BB

BBN

N

N

40

60

80

Dane County Revocations_Parole_MR_ES Minority/White Disparity


H

HH H H

H

H H

HH H H

HH H H H

NN N N

N

NN

N

N

N

N NN

N


20

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006year



WW

W WW

W

W

W

W

WW

WW W

W

W

WBB

BB

B BB

B BB

B B

B

B BB

B

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

HH

H H

H

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

NN

N N

N

A A

A

A

A A A

A

A A A A A

A

.4

.6

.8

1

Proportion Local Residents Among New_Prison_Sentences ih Dane County

NA0

.2

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006year


County residence is indicated by being supervised in or released to Dane County

UnderlyingCrime+Enforcement

Oth SalesMarijuana Sales

Opium/Cocaine SalesProstitution

WeaponsVandalism

Forg./Fraud/Emb/FencingArson

Motor Vehicle TheftTheft

BurglaryAssault

RobberyRape/Sex OffMurder/Mansl

Minority/White Disparity in Juvenile Arrests

0 5 10 15 20

Other (Exc. Traffic)Public Order

DUIFamily Offenses

Other Poss.Marijuana Poss.

pum ocane oss .

Dane County 2000-2006 (average)

equal blackdisp nativedisp asiandisp

Most Black/White disparities are statistically significant,

HispanicsCounted asWhite in ArrestStatistics

Pamela Oliver


17/24

10/19/20


WeaponsVandalism



BurglaryAssault


Minority/White Disparity in Adult Arrests

0 10 20 30


DUIFamily Offenses


Opium/Cocaine Poss.Oth Sales

Dane County 2000-2006 (average)

equal blackdisp nativedisp asiandisp

HispanicsCounted asWhite in ArrestStatistics

Most Black/White disparities are statistically significant,

Differencesincrime Thesecannotbeignored. Underlyingfactorsinclude

inequality,schoolfailure,familytroubles.

Differencesin

surveillance

Policingisnotrandom:crimesinsomeplacesaremuchmorelikelytogetcaught

Differencesinpoliceresponses Jurisdictionaldifferences (e.g.ticketvs.arrest) Warn&releasevs.arrest Discretionarychargingdecisions. E.g.assaultvs.

disorderlyconduct. Escalatinginteractions resistingarrest,assaultingan

officer,etc.

Giventhatyouareonprobation,whatareyouchancesofrevocation?

Over90%ofrevocationsinvolvenonewsen ence, u s s cu ocoun anyway

Lookingonlyatfelonies,thereisadisparityinprobationrevocation

.2

.25

oked

Proportion of first-time probation felony cases revoked

0

.05

.1

.15

Proportionrev

White Black Native Asian HispanicNot adjusted for time at risk of revocation

Dane County Cases in Community Supervision 2000-2006

.3

ed

Probability of first-time felony probationer being revoked

0

.1

.

probabilityrevok

White Black Native Asian Hispanic

Dane County episodes beginning 2000-2004

Onceyouaresentencedtoprisonorrevokedintoprison,yougetintherevolvingdoorofpostprisonrevocations

aro e,man a oryre ease,ex en e superv s onapplytodifferentpeoplebutareroughlycomparableintheirrevocationrates,aregroupedtogetherhere

Pamela Oliver


18/24

10/19/20

.3

ed

Probability of revocation post-prison

0

.1

.

probabilityrevok

White Black Native Asian Hispanic

Dane County episodes, felonies only

1000

1

500

2000

rate

Rate of Prison Admission for Revocation

0

500

2000 2002 2004 2006year

white black native asian hispanic

Dane County

20

30

40

disp

Disparity in Prison Admission for Revocation

0

10

2000 2002 2004 2006year


Dane County

Considertwoyouthscommittingsamekindsoflowleveldelinquency:pettytheft,vandalism,smokingmarijuana,gettingintofights. Assumetheindividualshaveexactlythesametruerateofcommittingpettycrimes.

Christopherlivesinalowcrimeareathatisnotheavilypoliced. Hiscrimesdonotcometopoliceattention.

Jamallivesinahighcrimeareathathashighpolicepresence. Hiscrimesgetnoticedandleadtoanaccumulatingrecord.

IsitfairtopunishJamalmoreforagivencrime(sayretailtheft)becausehehasmorepriorarrests? Isthereawaytoaccountforthis?

ThenextfewslidescalculatetheratioofepisodesinthecorrectionsdatabasetoarrestsintheUCR. AnepisodeiscountedifitisthenexttooccurafterthedateofoffenseintheDOCrecords;offensesintheUCR

arematched

up

as

best

as

we

can

(i.e.

imperfectly).

Arrests

and

episodes

from20002006areused.

Theratioofthenumberofcorrectionsepisodestothenumberofarrestsiscalculatedwithineachraceoffensegroup.

Thenthedisparityratioorrelativerateindexiscalculated:theextenttowhichminoritiesaremorelikelytoendupinthesystemafterarrest.

Peoplecanbearrestedmultipletimesornotatallforagivenepisode,sothisisanapproximation.

OnlyBlackshaveenoughcasestomakethismeaningful.

21. O ium/Cocaine Sales17. Prostitution

16. Weapons15. Vandalism

11. Forg./Fraud/Emb/Fencing10. Arson

8. Motor Vehicle Theft7. Theft

6. Burglary5. Assault

4. Robbery3. Rape/Sex Off1. Murder/Mansl

Black/White Disparity in Corrections/Arrest Ratio (Dane 2000-2006)

0 1 2 3 4

36. Other (Exc. Traffic)33. Public Order

32. DUI31. Family Offenses

28. Other Poss.27. Marijuana Poss.

26. Opium/Cocaine Poss.23. Oth Sales

22. Marijuana Sales

Black bar is a ratio of one to use as a benchmark

Comparison of corrections episodes to arrests

Pamela Oliver


19/24

10/19/20

21 O ium/Cocaine Sales17. Prostitution






Black/White Disparity in Prison/Arrest Ratio (Dane 2000-2006)

0 2 4 6 8




26. Opium/Cocaine Poss.23. Oth Sales

22. Marijuana Sales.

Black bar is a ratio of one to use as a benchmark

Comparison of prison episodes to arrests

63%

37%.4

.6

Probation + Prison

Allocation of Total Black-White Difference in Corrections

0

.2

Arrests Convict

44%

20%

36%

.2

.3

.4

Allocation of Total Black - White Difference in Prison Sentences

0

.1

Dane County 2000-2006

Arrest Convict Sentence

i26. Opium/Cocaine Poss.

23. Oth Sales22. Marijuana Sales

21. Opium/Cocaine Sales17. Prostitution






Proportion off Black - White Difference in Rate of Correctional Supervision

0 .05 .1 .15 .2



28. Other Poss.27. arijuana oss.

Negative values indicate Whites have higher rates than Black

Bars represent proportion of total difference between Black and White rates

Arrest Convict

i26. Opium/Cocaine Poss.

23. Oth Sales22. Marijuana Sales

21. Opium/Cocaine Sales17. Prostitution






Proportion off Black - White Difference in Rate of Entering Prison

-.05 0 .05 .1 .15 .2




Negative values indicate Whites have higher rates than Black

Bars represent proportion of total difference between Black and White rates

Arrest Convict Sentence

Statistical:arrests&episodesdontmatchup.(Butwhywouldthisbedifferentbyrace?)

Chargingdecisions,pleabargains,defensecounse ,prosecu on

Judicialsentences

Pamela Oliver


20/24

10/19/20

2

WithinoffenseWhitesmaycommitlessserious

offenses

in

that

group.

Hard

to

test,

but

little

evidencefor

this.

SentencingCommissioncomparedpeoplewithexactlythesamecharge

Overchargingforminoritiesisfoundmoreoftenthanundercharging

Priorrecords. Definitelyafactor.Partly aconsequenceofpolicing.

Discriminatorytreatment,consciousorunconscious,directorindirect(e.g.througheconomicconsiderations)

Focuses

on

sentence

after

adjudicated

guilty

of

a

particularoffense

PamelaOliver

Staff:KristiWaits,ExecutiveDirector;AndrewWiseman,DeputyDirector;BrendaR.Mayrack,Analyst

CCAP+DOCdata

Pamela Oliver

ensescomm e a er anuary31,2003an sentencedbeforeOctober1,2006

5commonoffenses:sexualassaultofchild,sexualassault,robbery+armedrobbery,burglary,drugtrafficking

Sentencingforworstoffense,incasesofmultipleoffenses

PamelaOliver

Notes:OtherincludesAsians+AmericanIndians+anyothers;White,Black&OtherexcludeHispanics.

1. Legalfactorsofoffenseseverityandpriorconvictionshavethelargesteffectonsentences. (Aswewouldhope!)

2. Menaremorelikelythanwomentobesentencedtoprison,controllingforallotherfactors.

3. Blacks&

Hispanics

are

more

likely

to

be

sentenced

to

prison

Pamela Oliver

ratherthanputonprobationaftercontrolsforoffensetype,felonyclass,priorconvictions,numberofothercharges,sex,and countyofsentencing.a) Racedifferenceislargerforlessseriousoffensesb) Racedifferenceevencomparingpeoplewithnopriorconvictions.

4. ThereisnoconsistentracialdifferenceintheLENGTHofthesentenceifaprisonsentenceisgiven

Theseusemultivariablestatisticstoassesstheimpactofeachfactorwhilecontrollingforallotherfactorsinthemodel

PamelaOliver

eys owc earev enceo anovera e ec oraceonlikelihoodofbeingsentencedtoprison,giventhatthereisaguiltyfinding

Notethereisasexeffect,too!

Pamela Oliver


21/24

10/19/20

2

Pamela Oliver PamelaOliver

Statisticallycontrollingforotherfactors

Blacks47%&Hispanics65%morelikelytogetaprisonsentencefornondrugcrimes

Blacksnearl twiceaslikel 1 6% andHis anics

Pamela Oliver

nearly2andahalftimesaslikely(243%)togetaprisonsentenceforadrugcrime

Menwere272%morelikelythanwomentogetaprisonsentenceforanondrugoffenseand250%morelikelytogetaprisonsentenceforadrugoffense.

http://wsc.wi.govhttp://wsc.wi.gov//

PamelaOliver

FocusonWHETHERtogiveaprisonsentence,notjusthowlongasentenceshouldbegiven

Examinepleabargainingprocesseswhichoftenpre

Pamela Oliver

ofthechargedoffense

Considerimpactofsocialfactors(i.e.job,marriage,home)onsentencing

Rememberthatarecordofpriorarrests&misdemeanors maybeduetopatternsofpolicing

UsingDOCdatawhichincludescommunitysupervisionaswellasprison

Feloniesonly

AnoffendersFIRSTDOCrecord.

Isthefirstrecordincarcerationorcommunitysupervision? I.e.roughlyameasure(withalittleerror)ofwasthesentenceprisonorprobation.

Pamela Oliver


22/24

10/19/20

2

Logisticregressionpredictingprisonvs probationfor

firstoffense

felonies

controlling

for

offense

group

&

age&sexfindssignificantrace&sexeffects

vs.probationdecision (notsentencelength)varies

byrace&sex

ThisisthefindingoftheSentencingCommission

Thisisthefindingofmanyotherstudieselsewhere

Priorjuvenilerecordprobablyplaysarole butremembertheproblemwithpriorrecord


WeaponsVandalism



BurglaryAssault


Proportion of felony corrections cases that are incarceration

0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1


DUIFamily Offenses


Opium/Cocaine Poss.Oth Sales

Limited to first episode after offense & first episode for that offender

white black hispanic native asian

Thisisnotasoundbiteissue.

Factorsincludeacombinationofbias,realdifferencesinseriouscrime,social&politicalcon ons

Patternsarearisingfromthecorestructuresofoursociety

Buttherearestepswecantake

Howcanwefairlytreatthedifferencesinpriorrecordsthatarisefromtherealitiesofpolicing

practices(nonuniformsurveillance)?

Howcanweaddresstheracialdisparitiesinprison

vs.probationsentences? Someresearchsaystheracialdiscrepancyisworsewithpleabargainingthantrials. Whatistheroleofthejudge?

HowcanweaddressBOTHWisconsinsoverallunusuallyhighrevocationrateANDtheracial

disparity

in

revocations?

Treatmentandpubliceducationarethemosteffectivewaystoreducedruguse

Drugenforcementjustincreasestheprofitsof

ille aldru s

makes

the

roblem

worse

Learnabouttheconsequencesofalcoholprohibition:drivebyshootings,organizedcrime

Thelargestracialdisparitiesarefordrugoffenses

Associationofviolencewithdrugsisduetoillegality&policeenforcement

Helpdepoliticizecrimeasanissue

Distinguishamongdifferentkindsofcrimes

Take

the

crime

problems

of

poor

(&

economically

integrated)neighborhoodsseriouslywithoutoverreactingandmiddleclasspanic

Callforrehabilitation&restorationforlesseroffenses,notlockemup

Pamela Oliver


23/24

10/19/20

2

Thevastmajorityofoffendersarenotmurderers

orrapists

they

will

get

out

Insistthesystemfocusonrehabilitatingandre n egra ngo en ers,ra er an oo ng oropportunitiestoincarceratethem

NOTE:Wisconsinhasabolishedparole,buthasextendedsupervision

Reducepovertyanddeprivationthroughincome

transfers(e.g.

earned

income

credit),

training

programs,livingwages

rov esoc a suppor ,e uca on,cons ruc vealternativesforjuvenileswhoarenotdoingwellinschool

Needtobreaktheintergenerationalcyclecausedbymassiveincarceration

Racialdiscriminationinemployment&housingreduceconstructiveoptions

Consciousandunconsciousbiases,perceptions,assump onsa ec po c ng sen enc ng

WhitefearofcrimemoresensitivetopresenceofBlacksthantoactualcrimerates

PoliticiansplayonWhitesracetingedcrimefearsinpushingtoughoncrimepolicies

Wecannotmovefromanunjusttoajustsituationbyignoringraceandpretendingthedisparitiesarenotthere

Wecannotachieveracialjusticebyignoringtherea erences nser ouscr mes,econom csocialconditions

Wecannotachieveracialjusticebytreatingthisassomebodyelsesproblem

Politicscausedtheproblem,andpoliticiansneed

tobe

part

of

the

solution

Hascopyofthispresentation+lotsofotherstuff

Website:www.ssc.wisc.edu/~oliverORgooglePamelaOliversociology

Follow

the

links

to

racial

disparities

section4

00

600

800

rate

Rate of Prison Admission for New Sent

0

200

2000 2002 2004 2006year


Dane County

Pamela Oliver


24/24

10/19/20

20

30

disp

Disparity in Prison Admission for New Sent

0

10

2000 2002 2004 2006year


Dane County

100

15

0

200

250

mberPriso

nAdmits

Number of prison admission by type, all races

50

N

2000 2002 2004 2006year

New Sent Prob Rev

Prob Rev + new Post-Prison Rev

Post-Prison Rev + new

Dane County 2000-2006

Documents

Racial Disparities in Wisconsin and Dane County Oct 2008BW