RNA

What is RNA?Ribonucleic acid is genetic information.

It is similar to DNA because it is also made of a sugar phosphate backbone and nitrogenous bases.

The structural differences between DNA and RNA

1. Sugars - DNA has Deoxyribose

in its backbone - RNA has Ribose in its

backbone.DNA has one less oxygenin it’s sugar. “Deoxy”

The structural differences between DNA and RNA2. Nitrogenous Bases

- DNA has Thymine - RNA has UracilThey both have Adenine,

Cytosine, and Guanine

The structural differences between DNA and RNA3. Structure

- DNA is a double strand - RNA is a single strandThis allows RNA to leave

the nucleus

Amino Acid

• A compound with an amino group (-NH2)on one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other end

• A subunit (monomer) from which proteins (polymers) are assembled

Proteins• Polymers made up of amino acids that perform a wide

variety of cellular functions• Linked together by peptide bonds• Also called polypeptides (a linear chain of amino acids)• One of the classes of organic macromolecules that function

as structural and control elements in living systems• Needed by the body for:

– Growth and repair– To make up enzymes (Biological catalysts)

Types of RNA

1. Messenger RNA - mRNA - carries genetic

information from the nucleus to the ribosome for protein synthesis

Types of RNA

2. Ribosomal RNA - rRNA - carries genetic

information for making new ribosomes

Types of RNA

3. Transfer RNA - tRNA -Matches with mRNA

during translation- Connected to amino acids-Amino acids of neighboring

tRNA form a chain to make proteins

DNATranscription

DescriptionDNA transcription is the process of creating messenger RNA (mRNA).

LocationDNA transcription occurs in the nucleus because that is where DNA is located.

How Transcription Works1. The DNA strand unwinds2. Complementary RNA nitrogenous bases match up with one side of the DNA strand3. The RNA is released from the DNA strand.4. The DNA rewinds.5. The mRNA leaves the nucleus.

Translation and Protein Synthesis

Interpreting the mRNA • Strands of mRNA are divided into

sections of 3 nitrogenous bases called codons.

• Codon – 3 bases that code for a specific amino acid.

Characteristics of tRNA• tRNA has anticodons that

compliment the mRNA codons• tRNA is attached to an Amino

acid that will form a protein chain.

Translation and Protein SynthesisTranslation is the process of

translating the genetic code of mRNA into tRNA.

Protein Synthesis is the process of amino acids connected to tRNA bonding to form a protein.

Translation and Protein Synthesis happen simultaneously.

Steps in Translation and Protein Synthesis1. mRNA enters the ribosome2. Complimentary tRNA attaches

to the start codon on mRNA3. The mRNA moves through the

ribosome

Steps in Translation and Protein Synthesis4. The next mRNA codon is

matched with the complimentary tRNA

5. Amino acids connected to both tRNA strands connect to each other to form the protein.

Translation – Protein Synthesis6. The process continues until a

stop codon is reached, releasing the protein.

Study Guide Expectations• Groups of 3 – same groups as Replication Candy Lab!• Responsibilities – Create a Review packet for the Test!

– 1 Cell Cycle (Mitosis, Meiosis)– 2 DNA Structure, DNA Replication, History– 3 RNA Structure, Transcription, Translation

• 1 hr – Work on own section for 20 min Rotate– Read/edit/add to section 15 min Rotate– Read/edit/add to section 15 min– Last 10 minutes compile and PRINT (4 copies)

• 1 copy for each team member, and one to turn in to the teacher– If you finish early, quiz each other!