2nd International Scientific Conference

EXERCISE AND QUALITY OF LIFEProceedings

Faculty of Sport and Physical EducationUniversity of Novi Sad

Editors-in-Chief: Milena Mikalački & Gustav Bala

Content Editor's Preface 11

Plenary Sessions 13 1. Nickos Aggeloussis: ASSESSMENT OF HUMAN MOVEMENTS: CRITICAL ISSUES 15

2. Milan Èoh: BIODYNAMICAL ASPECTS OF RUNNING SPEED DEVELOPMENT 19

3. Kotzamanidis Christos: THE EFFECT OF COMPLEX TRAINING ON POWER PERFORMANCE. EMPHASIS ON RUNNING PERFORMANCE 25

4. Marjeta Kovaè, Janko Strel, and Gregor Jurak: PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN SECONDARY

SCHOOL - WHERE HAVE WE BEEN AND WHERE ARE WE GOING? 29

5. Marta Wilhelm, Eva Tekus, Monika Kaj, Nikolett Schulteisz, and József Krucsó: THE HEALTH

AND FITNESS OF HUNGARIAN FEMALES BETWEEN THE AGE OF 20 AND 65 YEARS 41

I Sports for All 47 6. Tatjana Tubiã, Vi�nja Ðorðiã, and Nikola Tubiã: ANALYSIS OF VIEWER RATINGS OF

SPORTS PROGRAM FROM THE ASPECT OF SYMBOLIC MODELING 49

7. Milena Mikalaèki, Darinka Korovljev, Neboj�a Èokorilo and Sa�a Panteliã: BODY

COMPOSITION OF FEMALES OF DIFFERENT AGE 55

8. Mira Miliã, Tatjana Glu�ac, and �eljko Krneta: COMPUTER-AIDED EFL ASSESSMENT 61

9. Nikola Prlenda, Ivan Oreb, and Vjekoslav Cigrovski: DIFFERENCES IN EFFECTIVENESS OF TEACHING OF SAILING TECHNIQUES USING DIFFERENT METHODIC PROCEDURES 69

10. Sa�a Panteliã, Neboj�a Ranðeloviã, Milena Mikalaèki, Neboj�a Èokorilo, and Darinka Korovljev:

EFFECT OF AEROBIC EXERCISE ON BMI AND BODY COMPOSITION IN WOMEN 73

11. Jana Labudová and Dagmar Nemèek: HEALTH AND EXERCISE AS INDICATORS OF QOL IN

WORKING AGE CATEGORY MEN 83

12. Dagmar Nemèek and Jana Labudová: IMPORTANCE OF QOL FACTORS RELATED TO

HEALTH AND EXERCISE IN SENIORS 87

13. Péter Fritz, Katalin Szigeti, and Lea Éva Tóth: NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENT USING HABITS OF PEOPLE WHO DO RECREATIONAL WEIGHT TRAINING 93

14. Andrej Panjan and Nejc �arabon: REPEATABILITY OF RAMBLING AND TREMBLING AS

MEASURES OF STATIC BALANCE 99

15. Natalija Mihajloviã and Du�an Mitiã: THE DYNAMICS OF DEVELOPMENT OF SPORT FOR ALL EVENTS IN VOJVODINA, IN THE PERIOD SINCE 2003. - 2010. VOL 107

16. Tadeja Zacirkovnik, Nejc �arabon, and Helmut Kern: THE SEARCH FOR THE BALANCE

PARAMETERS WHICH DISCRIMINATE YOUNGER AND OLDER ADULTS THE MOST 113

17. Erika Zemková: UNSTABLE CONDITIONS COMPROMISE POWER OUTPUT MORE PROFOUNDLY DURING CHEST PRESSES THAN DURING SQUATS 123

II Physical Education and School Sport 127 18. Gustav Bala, �eljko Krneta, and Damjan Jak�iã: ABERRANT BEHAVIOR CHANGES IN

PRESCHOOL CHILDREN BY APPLYING KINESIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES 129

19. Nejc �arabon, Bo�tjan �imuniè, and Rado Pi�ot: ANALYSIS OF THE ABILITY FOR VOLUNTARY KNEE TORQUE PRODUCTION IN FOUR YEAR OLD CHILDREN 137

20. �eljko Krneta, Gustav Bala, and Damjan Jak�iã: CHARACTERISTICS OF MOTOR STATUS OF CHILDREN RELATED TO THE BODY CONSTITUTION AT BIRTH 143

21. Petra Dolenc: COPING WITH STRESS AMONG ADOLESCENT BOYS IN RELATION TO SPORT PARTICIPATION 149

22. Tijana �ãepanoviã: DIFFERENCES IN ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS AND MOTOR ABILITIES OF SCHOOL CHILDREN 155

I 2

23. Sa�a Pi�ot, Bo�tjan �imuniè, Tadeja Volmut, and Rado Pi�ot: DIFFERENCES OF SUBJECTIVELY AND OBJECTIVELY MEASURED TIME SPENT ON CHILDREN�S AND

PARENT�S PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 163

24. Gustav Bala: EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL EXERCISING ON REDUCTION OF ABERRANT BEHAVIOUR OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN 169

25. Miroslav Smajiã and Slavko Molnar: EFFECTS OF THE TRAINING PROCESS ON EXPLOSIVE STRENGTH OF YOUNG FOOTBALL PLAYERS 177

26. Du�an Stupar: EFFECTS OF TWO MODELS OF EXERCISE OF DEVELOPMENT OF MOTOR ABILITIES AMONG PRESCHOOL CHILDREN 183

27. Matej Plevnik and Rado Pi�ot: FACTORS OF ACCORDANCE CLIMBING IN 4 YEAR OLD CHILDREN 189

28. Darinka Korovljev: GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS AND MOTOR ABILITIES OF PRESCHOOL GIRLS 197

29. Ilona Mihajloviã, Milo� Petroviã, and Milan �olaja: IMPACT OF BODY HEIGHT AND WEIGHT ON EXPLOSIVE LEG POWER AMONG THE STUDENTS AT THE FACULTY OF SPORT AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION 205

30. Vi�nja Ðorðiã and Tatjana Tubiã: INCLUSIVE PHYSICAL EDUCATION: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN SERBIA 211

31. Jadranka Vla�iã, Goran Oreb, Nikola Prlenda, and Meta Zagorc: INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BALANCE AND EFFICIENCY IN DANCE 217

32. Sandra Vujkov, Slavko Obadov, and Patrik Drid: MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF YOUNG KARATE ATHLETES 221

33. Sandra Vujkov, Slavko Obadov, and Patrik Drid: MOTOR ABILITIES OF YOUNG KARATE ATHLETES 229

34. Mihaela Jurdana and Rado Pi�ot: MOTOR DEVELOPMENT 239

35. Dra�en Rastovski, Zvonimir Tomac, Mara �umanoviã, and Vera Filipoviã: PARENTS' MOTIVATION FOR CHOOSING SWIMMING AS A SPORT ACTIVITY FOR THEIR CHILD 245

36. Radovan Èokorilo, Milana Grk, and Milenko Vukoviã: PERSONAL COACHES FEATURES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO PEDAGOGICAL EDUCATION 251

37. Tadeja Volmut and Bo�tjan �imuniè: PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN CHILDREN FROM 5 TO 8 YEARS MEASURED USING ACCELEROMETER 261

38. Antonio Borgogni and Erika Vannini: PLANNING ACTIVE ENVIRONMENTS THROUGH THE INVOLVEMENT OF CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY 269

39. Damjan Jak�iã: QUASI-CANONICAL RELATIONS BETWEEN MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOTOR DIMENSIONS OF PRESCHOOL BOYS 275

40. Poèek Sunèica: RELATION BETWEEN COGNITIVE AND MOTOR FUNCTIONING IN PREESCHOOL CHILDREN 283

41. Goran Dimitriã, Tijana �ãepanoviã, Branka Protiã Gava, Milan Cvetkoviã, and Dragan Grujièiã:

RELATIONS BETWEEN ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS AND SWIMMING ON 100 M MEDLEY ON STUDENTS OF FACULTY OF SPORT AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION 291

42. Milovan Ljubojeviã and Dragoljub Vi�njiã: RELATIONS OF SOME MORPHOLOGIC VARIABLES AND SPEED OF 7th GRADE BOYS 297

43. Milovan Ljubojeviã, Jelena Iliã, and Dragoljub Vi�njiã: RELATIONS OF SOME MORPHOLOGICAL VARIABLES AND COORDINATION OF 7TH GRADE GIRLS 303

44. Dragan Martinoviã, Dragoljub Vi�njiã, Jelena Iliã, and �ivorad Markoviã: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCHOOL ACHIEVEMENTS AND MOTIVATION OF 4TH GRADE STUDENTS FOR INVOLVEMENT IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION CLASSES 311

45. Veroljub Stankoviã, Dragan Popoviã, and Milo� Popoviã: THE DIFFERENCES IN THE MOTOR

ABILITIES OF SCHOOLGIRLS IN RELATION TO CHRONOLOGICAL AGE 317

46. Dejan Madiã, Boris Popoviã, Du�anka Tumin, Jelena Obradoviã, and Danilo Radanoviã: THE

IMPACT OF MOTOR ABILITIES ON THE LEARNING OF GYMNASTICS EXERCISES OF GIRLS 11-12 YEARS OF AGE 323

47. Katja Koren, Bo�tjan �imuniè, Gregor Cankar, and Rado Pi�ot: VERTICAL JUMP

COORDINATION AND PERRFORMANCE IN 4- AND 5-YEAR OLD CHILDREN 329

I 3

III Social, Humanitarian and Medical Aspects of Physical Activity 335 48. Jernej Ro�ker, Nejc �arabon, Stefan Loefler, and Helmut Kern: A PROPOSAL FOR THE

REDUCTION OF STATIC BALANCE TESTING PROTOCOL IN YOUNG-TO-ELDERLY COMPARATIVE STUDIES 337

49. Bo�tjan �imuniè, Nejc �arabon, and Rado Pi�ot: ACHILLES TENDON DIAMETER

DEVELOPMENT IN 4-YEAR OLD CHILDREN 343

50. �arabon Nejc: CASE STUDIES REPORTS ON CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT OF THE SHOULDER INJURIES IN SPORT 349

51. Bojan Jorgiã, Marko Aleksandroviã, Dejan Madiã, and Tomislav Okièiã: EFFECTS OF ADAPTIVE SWIMMING PROGRAM ON MENTAL ADJUSTMENT, INDEPENDENT MOVEMENT AND SWIMMING IN CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY 357

52. Du�an Miãiã, Dragoslav Jakoniã and Goran Vasiã: ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND FACILITIES OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION 361

53. Milan Pantoviã, Maja Batez, and Sa�a Radosav: INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT INTERVAL TRAINING METHODS ON VITAL CAPACITY 367

54. György Szügyi, Péter Fritz, and Zoltán Szatmár: LIFESTYLE AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF ENTREPRENEURS AND MANAGERS IN SOUTH-HUNGARY 373

55. Jernej Ro�ker, Nejc �arabon, Nata�a Koprivnik, and Roman �iler: QUADRICEPS INTER-MUSCULAR COORDINATION DURING VARIOUS STRENGTHENING EXERCISES 379

56. Borut Fonda and Nejc �arabon: REDUCED LOW BACK PAIN AND IMPROVED PERFORMANCE DURING UPHILL CYCLING WITH ADJUSTED SEAT POSITION: A CASE STUDY REPORT 387

57. Zoran Pajiã, Jelena Iliã, Marija Macura, Sa�a Jakovljeviã, and Adem Preljeviã: RELATIONS BETWEEN MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND SPEED OF MOVEMENT DIRECTION CHANGES IN PROFESSIONAL SOCCER PLAYERS 393

58. Du�an Miãiã, Dragoslav Jakoniã, and Goran Vasiã: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SOCIAL ECOLOGY AND SPORT 399

59. Ðuro Popoviã, Branka Protiã-Gava, Tijana �ãepanoviã, Goran Dimitriã, and Mirela Dan: THE

DIFFERENCE OF MOTOR EFFICIENCY IN RELATION TO THE FOOT STATUS IN SCHOOL CHILDREN 405

IV Top Level Sports 411 60. Andrej Panjan, Matej Supej, and Nejc �arabon: DEVELOPMENT OF THE SKIING SPECIFIC

DYNAMIC BALANCE TEST 413

61. Tatjana Triviã: DIFFERENCES IN ANHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS AND MOTOR ABILLITIES OF YOUNG JUDOKAS AND NON ATHLETES 419

62. Vuka�in Bad�a and Dragan Marinkoviã: DOMINANT GROUPS OF TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES OF PLAYERS AT ALL PLAYING POSITIONS PRIOR TO A SUCCESSFUL FIELD SHOT ON THE EUROPEAN CHAMPIONSHIP �POLAND 2009.� 425

63. Tomislav Okièiã, Bojan Jorgiã, Dejan Madiã, and Marko Aleksandroviã: EFFECT OF BASIC AND SPECIFIC MOTOR ABILITIES ON SWIMMING RESULTS 431

64. Peter Dedík and Branislav Antala: FACTORS DETERMINING THE STRUCTURE OF SLOVAK PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL CLUB�S FINANCIAL BUDGET 437

65. Neboj�a Maksimoviã, Zoran Milo�eviã, Radenko Matiã, and Borislav Obradoviã: LEADERSHIP STYLES OF EXECUTIVES IN TEAM SPORTS 445

66. Cornelis P. (Niels) Bogerd: NOVEL SPORTS CLOTHING CONCEPT AIMED AT REDUCING THE RADIANT WARMING: A FORGOTTEN FIELD WITH POTENTIAL 451

67. Andrey Bulantsov and Sergey Tabakov: RESEARCH OF MOTOR SKILL�S RELIABILITY OF

THROWS EXECUTION AMONG YOUTH IN SAMBO 457

68. Bo�tjan �imuniè: TENSIOMYOGRAPHIC CONTRACTION TIME OF SELECTED SKELETAL MUSCLES IN ELITE FOOTBALL PLAYERS 463

69. Radovan Èokorilo and Milana Grk: VIRTUE ETHICS IN SPORTS MANAGEMENT 469

Index of Authors 475

I 4

I 5

PREFACE

This year the main fields of the Second International Scientific Conference �Exercise and Quality of Life�

are: Sport for All, Physical Education, Humanitarian and Medical aspects of Physical Activity, and Top-level Sport. All these fields are very interesting for kinesiological research. Authors realized in different ways their research goals with an intention to make contribution to further enlightening of these fields. Some problems were interdisciplinary, including not only kinesiological scientific disciplines, but even the scientific disciplines from other fields such as medicine, social and humanitarian sciences.

This publication includes papers of five keynote lectures (plenary sessions) and 63 accepted original research papers, which received positive review till February 10th, 2011. The number of received papers was larger, but some of them were rejected in the reviewing process, due to missed topic, content, applied methodology and structure of the paper assessed according to the guidelines given in the announcement and according to the regulations of the APA standard. The selection was made by the Scientific Committee on the basis of recommendations of reviewers. However, full compliance with recommendations of guidelines given in the announcement and the standard of writing was not checked in each paper and by each reviewer, owing to which these issues were treated as matter of scientific literacy, and style of author(s).

122 authors and coauthors wrote papers covering all areas of kinesiological research, with very diverse concepts and theoretical stances, and we hope that this diversity of concepts and theories will be debated at the conference. The authors and coauthors came from 13 countries and they prepared 48 oral and 30 poster presentations in total.

We wish to thank the authors and reviewers for their efforts to comply with the standard required for publication in this Proceedings of the Second International Scientific Conference �Exercise and

Quality of Life�, held at the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education of the University of Novi Sad,

Serbia, from March 24th to 26th, 2011.

Novi Sad, March 2011

Editors-in-Chief:

Milena Mikalaèki, PhD

Gustav Bala, PhD

I 6

Content Editor's Preface 11

Plenary Sessions 13 1. Nickos Aggeloussis: ASSESSMENT OF HUMAN MOVEMENTS: CRITICAL ISSUES 15

2. Milan Èoh: BIODYNAMICAL ASPECTS OF RUNNING SPEED DEVELOPMENT 19

3. Kotzamanidis Christos: THE EFFECT OF COMPLEX TRAINING ON POWER PERFORMANCE. EMPHASIS ON RUNNING PERFORMANCE 25

4. Marjeta Kovaè, Janko Strel, and Gregor Jurak: PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN SECONDARY

SCHOOL - WHERE HAVE WE BEEN AND WHERE ARE WE GOING? 29

5. Marta Wilhelm, Eva Tekus, Monika Kaj, Nikolett Schulteisz, and József Krucsó: THE HEALTH

AND FITNESS OF HUNGARIAN FEMALES BETWEEN THE AGE OF 20 AND 65 YEARS 41

I Sports for All 47 6. Tatjana Tubiã, Vi�nja Ðorðiã, and Nikola Tubiã: ANALYSIS OF VIEWER RATINGS OF

SPORTS PROGRAM FROM THE ASPECT OF SYMBOLIC MODELING 49

7. Milena Mikalaèki, Darinka Korovljev, Neboj�a Èokorilo and Sa�a Panteliã: BODY

COMPOSITION OF FEMALES OF DIFFERENT AGE 55

8. Mira Miliã, Tatjana Glu�ac, and �eljko Krneta: COMPUTER-AIDED EFL ASSESSMENT 61

9. Nikola Prlenda, Ivan Oreb, and Vjekoslav Cigrovski: DIFFERENCES IN EFFECTIVENESS OF TEACHING OF SAILING TECHNIQUES USING DIFFERENT METHODIC PROCEDURES 69

10. Sa�a Panteliã, Neboj�a Ranðeloviã, Milena Mikalaèki, Neboj�a Èokorilo, and Darinka Korovljev:

EFFECT OF AEROBIC EXERCISE ON BMI AND BODY COMPOSITION IN WOMEN 73

11. Jana Labudová and Dagmar Nemèek: HEALTH AND EXERCISE AS INDICATORS OF QOL IN

WORKING AGE CATEGORY MEN 83

12. Dagmar Nemèek and Jana Labudová: IMPORTANCE OF QOL FACTORS RELATED TO

HEALTH AND EXERCISE IN SENIORS 87

13. Péter Fritz, Katalin Szigeti, and Lea Éva Tóth: NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENT USING HABITS OF PEOPLE WHO DO RECREATIONAL WEIGHT TRAINING 93

14. Andrej Panjan and Nejc �arabon: REPEATABILITY OF RAMBLING AND TREMBLING AS

MEASURES OF STATIC BALANCE 99

15. Natalija Mihajloviã and Du�an Mitiã: THE DYNAMICS OF DEVELOPMENT OF SPORT FOR ALL EVENTS IN VOJVODINA, IN THE PERIOD SINCE 2003. - 2010. VOL 107

16. Tadeja Zacirkovnik, Nejc �arabon, and Helmut Kern: THE SEARCH FOR THE BALANCE

PARAMETERS WHICH DISCRIMINATE YOUNGER AND OLDER ADULTS THE MOST 113

17. Erika Zemková: UNSTABLE CONDITIONS COMPROMISE POWER OUTPUT MORE PROFOUNDLY DURING CHEST PRESSES THAN DURING SQUATS 123

II Physical Education and School Sport 127 18. Gustav Bala, �eljko Krneta, and Damjan Jak�iã: ABERRANT BEHAVIOR CHANGES IN

PRESCHOOL CHILDREN BY APPLYING KINESIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES 129

19. Nejc �arabon, Bo�tjan �imuniè, and Rado Pi�ot: ANALYSIS OF THE ABILITY FOR VOLUNTARY KNEE TORQUE PRODUCTION IN FOUR YEAR OLD CHILDREN 137

20. �eljko Krneta, Gustav Bala, and Damjan Jak�iã: CHARACTERISTICS OF MOTOR STATUS OF CHILDREN RELATED TO THE BODY CONSTITUTION AT BIRTH 143

21. Petra Dolenc: COPING WITH STRESS AMONG ADOLESCENT BOYS IN RELATION TO SPORT PARTICIPATION 149

22. Tijana �ãepanoviã: DIFFERENCES IN ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS AND MOTOR ABILITIES OF SCHOOL CHILDREN 155

I 2

23. Sa�a Pi�ot, Bo�tjan �imuniè, Tadeja Volmut, and Rado Pi�ot: DIFFERENCES OF SUBJECTIVELY AND OBJECTIVELY MEASURED TIME SPENT ON CHILDREN�S AND

PARENT�S PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 163

24. Gustav Bala: EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL EXERCISING ON REDUCTION OF ABERRANT BEHAVIOUR OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN 169

25. Miroslav Smajiã and Slavko Molnar: EFFECTS OF THE TRAINING PROCESS ON EXPLOSIVE STRENGTH OF YOUNG FOOTBALL PLAYERS 177

26. Du�an Stupar: EFFECTS OF TWO MODELS OF EXERCISE OF DEVELOPMENT OF MOTOR ABILITIES AMONG PRESCHOOL CHILDREN 183

27. Matej Plevnik and Rado Pi�ot: FACTORS OF ACCORDANCE CLIMBING IN 4 YEAR OLD CHILDREN 189

28. Darinka Korovljev: GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS AND MOTOR ABILITIES OF PRESCHOOL GIRLS 197

29. Ilona Mihajloviã, Milo� Petroviã, and Milan �olaja: IMPACT OF BODY HEIGHT AND WEIGHT ON EXPLOSIVE LEG POWER AMONG THE STUDENTS AT THE FACULTY OF SPORT AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION 205

30. Vi�nja Ðorðiã and Tatjana Tubiã: INCLUSIVE PHYSICAL EDUCATION: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN SERBIA 211

31. Jadranka Vla�iã, Goran Oreb, Nikola Prlenda, and Meta Zagorc: INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BALANCE AND EFFICIENCY IN DANCE 217

32. Sandra Vujkov, Slavko Obadov, and Patrik Drid: MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF YOUNG KARATE ATHLETES 221

33. Sandra Vujkov, Slavko Obadov, and Patrik Drid: MOTOR ABILITIES OF YOUNG KARATE ATHLETES 229

34. Mihaela Jurdana and Rado Pi�ot: MOTOR DEVELOPMENT 239

35. Dra�en Rastovski, Zvonimir Tomac, Mara �umanoviã, and Vera Filipoviã: PARENTS' MOTIVATION FOR CHOOSING SWIMMING AS A SPORT ACTIVITY FOR THEIR CHILD 245

36. Radovan Èokorilo, Milana Grk, and Milenko Vukoviã: PERSONAL COACHES FEATURES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO PEDAGOGICAL EDUCATION 251

37. Tadeja Volmut and Bo�tjan �imuniè: PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN CHILDREN FROM 5 TO 8 YEARS MEASURED USING ACCELEROMETER 261

38. Antonio Borgogni and Erika Vannini: PLANNING ACTIVE ENVIRONMENTS THROUGH THE INVOLVEMENT OF CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY 269

39. Damjan Jak�iã: QUASI-CANONICAL RELATIONS BETWEEN MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOTOR DIMENSIONS OF PRESCHOOL BOYS 275

40. Poèek Sunèica: RELATION BETWEEN COGNITIVE AND MOTOR FUNCTIONING IN PREESCHOOL CHILDREN 283

41. Goran Dimitriã, Tijana �ãepanoviã, Branka Protiã Gava, Milan Cvetkoviã, and Dragan Grujièiã:

RELATIONS BETWEEN ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS AND SWIMMING ON 100 M MEDLEY ON STUDENTS OF FACULTY OF SPORT AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION 291

42. Milovan Ljubojeviã and Dragoljub Vi�njiã: RELATIONS OF SOME MORPHOLOGIC VARIABLES AND SPEED OF 7th GRADE BOYS 297

43. Milovan Ljubojeviã, Jelena Iliã, and Dragoljub Vi�njiã: RELATIONS OF SOME MORPHOLOGICAL VARIABLES AND COORDINATION OF 7TH GRADE GIRLS 303

44. Dragan Martinoviã, Dragoljub Vi�njiã, Jelena Iliã, and �ivorad Markoviã: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCHOOL ACHIEVEMENTS AND MOTIVATION OF 4TH GRADE STUDENTS FOR INVOLVEMENT IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION CLASSES 311

45. Veroljub Stankoviã, Dragan Popoviã, and Milo� Popoviã: THE DIFFERENCES IN THE MOTOR

ABILITIES OF SCHOOLGIRLS IN RELATION TO CHRONOLOGICAL AGE 317

46. Dejan Madiã, Boris Popoviã, Du�anka Tumin, Jelena Obradoviã, and Danilo Radanoviã: THE

IMPACT OF MOTOR ABILITIES ON THE LEARNING OF GYMNASTICS EXERCISES OF GIRLS 11-12 YEARS OF AGE 323

47. Katja Koren, Bo�tjan �imuniè, Gregor Cankar, and Rado Pi�ot: VERTICAL JUMP

COORDINATION AND PERRFORMANCE IN 4- AND 5-YEAR OLD CHILDREN 329

I 3

III Social, Humanitarian and Medical Aspects of Physical Activity 335 48. Jernej Ro�ker, Nejc �arabon, Stefan Loefler, and Helmut Kern: A PROPOSAL FOR THE

REDUCTION OF STATIC BALANCE TESTING PROTOCOL IN YOUNG-TO-ELDERLY COMPARATIVE STUDIES 337

49. Bo�tjan �imuniè, Nejc �arabon, and Rado Pi�ot: ACHILLES TENDON DIAMETER

DEVELOPMENT IN 4-YEAR OLD CHILDREN 343

50. �arabon Nejc: CASE STUDIES REPORTS ON CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT OF THE SHOULDER INJURIES IN SPORT 349

51. Bojan Jorgiã, Marko Aleksandroviã, Dejan Madiã, and Tomislav Okièiã: EFFECTS OF ADAPTIVE SWIMMING PROGRAM ON MENTAL ADJUSTMENT, INDEPENDENT MOVEMENT AND SWIMMING IN CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY 357

52. Du�an Miãiã, Dragoslav Jakoniã and Goran Vasiã: ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND FACILITIES OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION 361

53. Milan Pantoviã, Maja Batez, and Sa�a Radosav: INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT INTERVAL TRAINING METHODS ON VITAL CAPACITY 367

54. György Szügyi, Péter Fritz, and Zoltán Szatmár: LIFESTYLE AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF ENTREPRENEURS AND MANAGERS IN SOUTH-HUNGARY 373

55. Jernej Ro�ker, Nejc �arabon, Nata�a Koprivnik, and Roman �iler: QUADRICEPS INTER-MUSCULAR COORDINATION DURING VARIOUS STRENGTHENING EXERCISES 379

56. Borut Fonda and Nejc �arabon: REDUCED LOW BACK PAIN AND IMPROVED PERFORMANCE DURING UPHILL CYCLING WITH ADJUSTED SEAT POSITION: A CASE STUDY REPORT 387

57. Zoran Pajiã, Jelena Iliã, Marija Macura, Sa�a Jakovljeviã, and Adem Preljeviã: RELATIONS BETWEEN MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND SPEED OF MOVEMENT DIRECTION CHANGES IN PROFESSIONAL SOCCER PLAYERS 393

58. Du�an Miãiã, Dragoslav Jakoniã, and Goran Vasiã: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SOCIAL ECOLOGY AND SPORT 399

59. Ðuro Popoviã, Branka Protiã-Gava, Tijana �ãepanoviã, Goran Dimitriã, and Mirela Dan: THE

DIFFERENCE OF MOTOR EFFICIENCY IN RELATION TO THE FOOT STATUS IN SCHOOL CHILDREN 405

IV Top Level Sports 411 60. Andrej Panjan, Matej Supej, and Nejc �arabon: DEVELOPMENT OF THE SKIING SPECIFIC

DYNAMIC BALANCE TEST 413

61. Tatjana Triviã: DIFFERENCES IN ANHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS AND MOTOR ABILLITIES OF YOUNG JUDOKAS AND NON ATHLETES 419

62. Vuka�in Bad�a and Dragan Marinkoviã: DOMINANT GROUPS OF TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES OF PLAYERS AT ALL PLAYING POSITIONS PRIOR TO A SUCCESSFUL FIELD SHOT ON THE EUROPEAN CHAMPIONSHIP �POLAND 2009.� 425

63. Tomislav Okièiã, Bojan Jorgiã, Dejan Madiã, and Marko Aleksandroviã: EFFECT OF BASIC AND SPECIFIC MOTOR ABILITIES ON SWIMMING RESULTS 431

64. Peter Dedík and Branislav Antala: FACTORS DETERMINING THE STRUCTURE OF SLOVAK PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL CLUB�S FINANCIAL BUDGET 437

65. Neboj�a Maksimoviã, Zoran Milo�eviã, Radenko Matiã, and Borislav Obradoviã: LEADERSHIP STYLES OF EXECUTIVES IN TEAM SPORTS 445

66. Cornelis P. (Niels) Bogerd: NOVEL SPORTS CLOTHING CONCEPT AIMED AT REDUCING THE RADIANT WARMING: A FORGOTTEN FIELD WITH POTENTIAL 451

67. Andrey Bulantsov and Sergey Tabakov: RESEARCH OF MOTOR SKILL�S RELIABILITY OF

THROWS EXECUTION AMONG YOUTH IN SAMBO 457

68. Bo�tjan �imuniè: TENSIOMYOGRAPHIC CONTRACTION TIME OF SELECTED SKELETAL MUSCLES IN ELITE FOOTBALL PLAYERS 463

69. Radovan Èokorilo and Milana Grk: VIRTUE ETHICS IN SPORTS MANAGEMENT 469

Index of Authors 475

I 4

275

QUASI-CANONICAL RELATIONS BETWEEN

MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOTOR DIMENSIONS OF

PRESCHOOL BOYS

Damjan Jak�iã

Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

Abstract

On 243 healthy boys, average age 6.49 (±0.28) decimal years, from five towns of Vojvodina: Novi Sad,

Sremska Mitrovica, Baèka Palanka, Zrenjanin and Sombor were established and interpreted significant relations between morphological characteristics and motor abilities. Canonical analysis of covariances was used to analyze relations between 8 variables for assessing morphological characteristics and 7 for assessing motor abilities. It was proved that two pairs of significant quasi-canonical factors exist. The first pair was defined in morphological space as voluminosity of soft tissue and in motor space as energy-coordinated component and the second pair was defined in morphological space as longitudinal dimensionality of skeleton and in motor space as factor of functional synergy and tonus regulation. The first pair indicates about the negative relationship between voluminosity of soft tissue and energy-coordinated component, and the other one, about the positive relationship between longitudinal dimensionality of skeleton and functional synergy and tonus regulation. This paper gives contribution to future planning, programming and controlling of kinesiological activities in children and makes a basis for some future studies particularly of longitudinal type.

Key words: seven year old children, planning of training, canonical analysis of covariances, QCCR.

Introduction

Every research of kinesiological phenomenon through which the knowledge of more effective programming transformational processes is acquired, leads to the discovery and conclusion of fundamental laws. Those laws are perceived as the thorough knowledge in which the characteristics of the entity can change in some processes. This is especially true when taking preschool children into consideration, for they go through the phases of more intensive changes. In this case it is obvious that it is about establishing laws of dynamics of complex changes which can be manifested as the quality of movement or as the realization of their various types. Those various types of movement are closely linked with different neuro-muscular managing mechanisms.

Numerous theories, of which the most remarkable is Ismail�s (1976), certify the fact that motor development of children is not autonomous. Child in childhood grows and develops completely and this appropriation of any segment of the anthropological status may lead to inadequate interpretation of possibly the most important period of ontogenetic development of human being.

The growth and development as well as the inter-relations of morphological and motor dimensions show certain regularities that depend on both endogenous and exogenous factors, according to age and sex and the child�s physical activity in particular. Attempts at defining these regularities, or at

least tendencies, rely on the fact that individual variations among children generate different physical constitution and types of motor abilities. It is necessary to know the regularities that mostly manifest in the form of relations among anthropological dimensions because the efficiency of any motor programs, provided appropriate motor abilities, can only be manifested through the effectors i.e. muscle, bones and joints. Accordingly, besides the central nervous system and morphological dimensions, the manifestation of motor abilities directly depends on anthropometric characteristics (Bala, Jak�iã, & Katiã, 2009).

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Clark (1994) described six major periods in the development of motor skills behavior. These included:

1. the reflexive,

2. pre-adapted,

3. fundamental patterns,

4. context-specific,

5. skillful and

6. compensation periods.

These are not completely age-determined or empirically provable periods. Rather they are meant to be a heuristic device to assist our conceptualization of the vast changes that occur in movement and mobility in one�s lifetime. Only the last two or three periods mentioned above occur in the period of

development of motor abilities of the children who are the subjects in the study. Just in the period of children�s development under age seven, children learn basic motor patterns, but some inadequately

learned motor abilities can be promptly corrected and form rational motor skills. However, it should be noted that the formation of rational motor skills is closely linked to the growth and development of child�s

morphology.

There are many studies about the relations of morphological characteristics and motor abilities in adults, where regression or canonical models were most commonly employed (for example Bla�koviã

1976, according to Bala, Jak�iã, & Popoviã, 2009) and Bala (1981), but considerably fewer studies of the

type in small children. Results of these studies generally suggest that regular growth and development of morphological dimensions influence to a certain extent regular development of the child general motor ability, while regular development of motor abilities influence regular growth and development of morphological characteristics (for example Katiã, Pejèiã, & Viskiã-�talec, 2004; Katiã, Srhoj, & Pa�anin,

2005, etc.).

Data used in this research were collected in the scientific research �Anthropological Status and

Physical Activity of The Population of Vojvodina� funded by Provincial Secretary for Science and Technological Development and realized by Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad.

Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the relations between anthropometric characteristics and manifestation of motor abilities of preschool boys. In this way, it was possible to draw some conclusions about the integrality of two subsegments of anthropological status and the necessity for observing functioning of children all together, which can be used for future planning of training activities in working with children.

Method

Sample of participants

The research was conducted in five towns of Vojvodina: Novi Sad, Sremska Mitrovica, Baèka Palanka,

Zrenjanin and Sombor. Participation was voluntary and included a total of 243 healthy boys. Each parent had a full explanation of testing procedures. All measurements and tests were carried out in the morning (from 8:00 am to 11:00 am) by trained persons, which were used identical protocols. Decimal age of children was calculated by formula of International Biological Program (IBP) and it was 6.49 (± 0.28)

decimal years.

Sample of measures and measure instruments

The set of predictor variables and the set of criterion variables obtained by use of the following measurements and tests were analyzed:

A) Anthropometric characteristics were assessed by the method of IBP (Lohman, Roche, & Martorell, 1988) and the sample of anthropometric measures was as follows:

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For assessment of skeleton dimensionality:

1) Body height (mm),

For assessment of voluminosity and subcutaneous adipose tissue:

2) Body weight (0.1 kg),

3) Chest girth (mm),

4) Midarm girth (relaxed arm girth) (mm),

5) Forearm girth (mm),

6) Abdominal skinfold (0.1 mm),

7) Subscapular skinfold (0.1 mm),

8) Triceps skinfold (0.1 mm)

B) Motor tests performed according to Bala�s recommendations (1999a; 1999b; 2002a; 2002b) and

detailed in Bala, M. V. Stojanoviã, & M. Stojanoviã (2007) and the following test battery, according to Kureliã et al. (1975), was employed for assessment of motor abilities:

For assessment of the movement structuring factors:

1) Obstacle course backwards (0.1 s) � restructuring of movement stereotype,

2) Standing broad jump (cm) and

3) 20-m dash (0.1 s) � body coordination,

For assessment of functional synergy and tonus regulation factors:

4) Arm plate tapping (freq.) � frequency speed and

5) Seated straddle stretch (cm) � flexibility,

For assessment of motor unit excitation duration factors:

6) Crossed-arm sit-ups (freq.) � repetitive trunk strength and

7) Bent-arm hang (0.1 s) � static strength of arms and shoulder girdle.

It is observed that the factor of motor unit excitation intensity regulation is missing in this model. In adults, this factor is mostly assessed by the Standing broad jump and 20-m dash tests, whereas in the studies of motor abilities in small children it is always integrated in the factor of movement structuring and is manifested as body coordination. Obviously, unlike adults, the majority of preschool children cannot harmoniously coordinate the work of upper and lower extremities, maximally mobilize their motor units and manifest explosive strength on performing these motor tasks (Bala, Jak�iã, & Katiã, 2009).

Data analysis

To determine the relation between anthropometric characteristics and motor abilities, one non-standard statistical procedure was used. It is, in fact, the canonical analysis of covariances, implemented in the algorithm formally code-named QCCR, written in the matrix programming language, in order to be realized in standard SPSS environment. The method has been proposed by Momiroviã, Dobriã, Prot, &

Bo�njak (1984) and in the meantime has suffered many modifications, so one of the last versions was presented in the paper of Momiroviã & Kne�eviã (1996). Unlike the canonical correlation analysis, which is defined by maximization of the correlation of orthogonal linear combinations of two sets of variables, canonical analysis of covariances is defined by maximization of covariance, not necessarily orthogonal linear combination of these two sets of variables. Because of that, canonical analysis of covariances is insensitive to the regularity of the covariance matrices and the results obtained by this method have higher generalizability coefficients compared with canonical variables. The number of significant quasi-canonical correlations was determined by the stricter criterion, p≤0.01.

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Results

Cross-correlations between anthropometric and motor variables are given in Table 1 and results of the canonical analysis of covariances in tables 2 and 3.

Table 1. Cross-correlations between anthropometric and motor variables

V A R I A B L E

Bod

y he

ight

Bod

y w

eigh

t

Che

st g

irth

Mid

arm

gir

th

For

earm

gir

th

Abd

omin

al

skin

fold

Subs

capu

lar

skin

fold

Tri

ceps

ski

nfol

d

20 m dash# -0.13 0.10 0.14 0.19 0.15 0.28 0.27 0.24 Obstacle course backwards # 0.08 0.20 0.16 0.24 0.16 0.29 0.29 0.25 Arm plate tapping 0.18 0.09 0.11 -0.03 0.09 -0.06 -0.03 0.05 Seated straddle stretch 0.21 0.19 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.04 0.06 0.04 Standing broad jump 0.07 -0.18 -0.18 -0.29 -0.21 -0.38 -0.38 -0.31 Bent-arm hang -0.14 -0.29 -0.31 -0.28 -0.29 -0.36 -0.35 -0.38 Crossed-arm sit-ups 0.11 -0.03 -0.03 -0.02 0.03 -0.11 -0.15 -0.06

# � variable with opposite metric orientation

If we analyze the cross-correlation matrix (Table 1) it could be noted:

1. All variables for assessing subcutaneous adipose tissue are in significant, moderate-high to high and logically negative correlation with motor variables: 20 m dash, Obstacle course backwards, Standing broad jump and Bent-arm hang. Also, significant correlations are determined between Abdominal and Subscapular skinfolds and test Crossed-arm sit-ups.

2. All variables, which hypothetically assess voluminosity and body mass, are in significant, high and negative correlation with variable Bent-arm hang. The variable Midarm girth, besides with the previously mentioned variable, is in significant correlation with: Obstacle course backwards, Standing broad jump and Bent-arm hang, while the variables Body weight and Chest, Midarm and Forearm girths are in significant and positive correlation with variable Seated straddle stretch.

3. Body height is in significant and positive correlation with variables 20 m dash, Arm plate tapping, Seated straddle stretch and Crossed-arm sit-ups and, also, negative correlation with variable Bent-arm hang. Significant correlation between Body height and two other motor variables (Bent-arm hang and Standing broad jump) was not found.

In general, it can be concluded that significant correlation exists in most of analyzed variables, which leads to conclusion about the integrality and interdependence of analyzed system of variables.

Table 2. QUASI-CANONICAL CORRELATIONS (Ñ), QUASI-CANONICAL DETERMINATION COEFFICIENTS (Ñ2), F-TEST (F) AND SIGNIFICANCE OF F-TEST (p)

Function ñ ñ2 F p

1 0.41 0.17 49.03 0.00 2 0.33 0.11 29.94 0.00

Canonical analysis of covariances has distinguished two pairs of significant quasi-canonical factors (Table 2). Quasi-canonical correlation coefficient between first pair of quasi-canonical factors was 0.41 (p=0.00), which was explained with 17% of common variability. Second pair was explained with 11% of common variability (ñ=0.33, p=0.00).

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Table 3. Pattern (a), structure (f) and cross-structure (c) of quasi-canonical factors isolated from set of morphological and motor variables

V A R I A B L E A1 A2 F1 F2 C1 C2 Anthropometric variables Body height -0.02 -0.96 -0.57 -0.97 -0.05 -0.29 Body weight -0.74 -0.35 -0.94 -0.78 -0.31 -0.12 Chest girth -0.81 -0.22 -0.93 -0.68 -0.31 -0.10 Forearm girth -0.94 0.01 -0.93 -0.53 -0.37 0.00 Midarm girth -0.83 -0.20 -0.94 -0.68 -0.31 -0.09 Abdominal skinfold -1.06 0.22 -0.94 -0.39 -0.46 0.11 Subscapular skinfold -1.08 0.23 -0.94 -0.38 -0.46 0.10 Triceps skinfold -1.01 0.15 -0.92 -0.43 -0.43 0.03 Motor variables 20 m dash# -0.57 0.33 -0.73 0.61 -0.22 0.15 Obstacle course backwards # -0.62 0.17 -0.70 0.47 -0.25 -0.02 Arm plate tapping -0.06 -0.71 0.28 -0.68 -0.02 -0.22 Seated straddle stretch -0.28 -0.74 0.08 -0.61 -0.11 -0.25 Standing broad jump 0.61 -0.38 0.80 -0.67 0.31 -0.12 Bent-arm hang 0.90 0.45 0.68 0.01 0.35 0.12 Crossed-arm sit-ups 0.30 -0.39 0.48 -0.53 0.07 -0.14

# � variable with opposite metric orientation

Based on patterns, structures and cross-structures of quasi-canonical factors it can be concluded that first quasi-canonical factor in morphological space was compiled of variables for assessing subcutaneous adipose tissue and voluminosity and body mass, all negative orientated. Therefore, it could be defined as factor of voluminosity of soft tissue.

First quasi-canonical factor in motor space was defined as energy-coordinated component, because it was saturated of variables for assessing static strength of arms and shoulder girdle (Bent-arm hang), coordination (Standing broad jump), repetitive trunk strength (Crossed-arm sit-ups), running speed/coordination (20 m dash), as well as restructuring of movement stereotypes (Obstacle course backwards).

Second quasi-canonical factor in morphological space was defined with extremely high and negative saturation of Body height. So, we can define this single factor as longitudinal dimensionality of skeleton.

In motor space, second quasi-canonical factor was defined primary by the variables Seated straddle stretch and Arm plate tapping, and then by the others motor variables. From that reason, this factor can be defined as factor of tonus regulation and functional synergy.

If we inspect results from previous table it could be concluded that the relationships between first pair of quasi-canonical factors are negative, on the other words, decrease of voluminosity of soft tissue result an increase of values in tests where energy-coordinated component is dominated.

Correlation between the second pair of quasi-canonical factors is positive. That indicates on fact that participants who had higher values of longitudinal dimensionality of skeleton had better results in domain of tests of tonus regulation and functional synergy.

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Discussion

If we take into account obtained results, we can conclude that the relationships between anthropometric characteristics and motor abilities of boys aged seven are extremely related, where is very difficult to distinguish and define the obtained factors and their structures. It is noticeable that no one factor is obtained as �clean� and therefore defining of each factor was additionally most difficult. This assertion

was supported by Medved (1987), Mrakoviã (1992), as well as many others authors who were implemented various types of movement in children responsible intertwined levels of the central nervous system, cortical and subcortical levels and other aspects which directly perform motor tasks in real life and implement the motor activities.

According to these results, we can say that predominantly soft tissue is responsible for different forms of movement. This explanation may have more precisely conclusions concerning the fact that quality forms of movement and its manifestation through the motor abilities predominantly provide reduced amounts of subcutaneous adipose tissue, which was expected, but also reduced amounts of muscle mass, which, notably, at this age is still a burden and disable the quality of movement. In other words, muscle tissue is under-activated at boys aged 7 and that insufficient activation of the muscular system further complicates realization of motor tasks in which execution was necessary to overcome the resistance of their own body, regardless of whether it is a strength, speed or coordination task.

On the basis of relation between second pair of quasi-canonical factors it could be concluded that boys with lower values of longitudinal dimensionality of skeleton achieved worse values in tests for assessing functional synergy and tonus regulation, and vice versa. For such claims are more logical explanations. The first explanation could be in the fact that impact of various endogenous factors, primarily refers to the genetic factor i.e. growth and development, was such that in boys stimulate bone growth in length, which affected in motor abilities of boys. Another explanation can be exogenous, on the other words, produced by external factors, particularly with kinesiological activities. Namely, it is possible that some of subjected children had some kind form of kinesiological treatment and seems to be more affected on informatic component of motor skills. Similar reasons also were mentioned by Grbavac (2007) which was followed growth and development of boys in first grade of primary school under the influence of organized physical exercise. He was found that faster and larger impact was made in domain of information regulation of movement than in the energy domain.

For all that reasons, it is possible to say that the results of this research can be used in practice for more effective planning, programming and controlling the training transformation processes in boys at this age. Accordingly, the content of the activities of organized physical exercise should be designed to stimulate the development of the informatic component of motor abilities, but also significantly affected its effects on the transformation of morphological characteristics in desired direction. In other words, it is necessary to conceive programs for boys of this age to be significantly affected on reduction of body fat through the activation of muscles in order to thereby create conditions for efficient expression of the energetic component of motor abilities.

It is necessary to add that conducted cross-sectional study is only an initial basis for future longitudinal studies. On that way, study could be more reliable to verify the accuracy of all above mentioned and also allow deeper analysis of the relationship between morphological characteristics and motor abilities in boys and children, generally.

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