R esourR cs ˘ R RosRrudocuments.rec.org/publications/SEE_LBAP-resources.pdf• Tagua nut, wild flowers, coral jewellery Biomass fuel Biological material derived from living or recently

ResourcesEnglish

LocalBiodiversityActionPlanning

for Southeastern Europe

Local Biodiversity Action Planningfor Southeastern Europe

Resources

Prepared by ECNC–European Centre for Nature Conservation and the Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe (REC)

Copyright © 2010 ECNC–European Centre for Nature ConservationNo part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of ECNC.

Citation Jones-Walters, L., Catchpole, R., Mladenović, A., Çil, A., Snethlage, M., Čivić, K., Schrauwen, A., Sušić, S. and Solujić, A.S. (2010) Local Biodiversity Action Planning for Southeastern Europe. ECNC, Tilburg, the Netherlands

Available fromECNC–European Centre for Nature ConservationPO Box 90154 • 5000 LG Tilburg • the [email protected] • www.ecnc.org

ISBN 978-90-76762-30-2

Disclaimer The views expressed in this report do not necessarily constitute ECNC policy, and do not necessarily reflect its views or opinions.

Funding This handbook is produced as a part of the international project on ‘Biodiversity and ecosystem services for local sustainable development in the Western Balkans’ in cooperation with the Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe (REC), funded by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland.

Cover picture ECNC - Aysegul Çil

Layout and printing x-hoogte, Tilburg, the Netherlands

ContentsBenefits of biodiversity and ecosystem services for local sustainable development 4

What are Ecosystem Services? 5

The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 10

How biodiversity benefits Western Balkans municipalities 11

Business opportunities and biodiversity in the Western Balkans 18

Selected examples of pro-biodiversity business 27

Internet-based tools and resources for local biodiversity action planning 37

Relevant environmental planning and participation tools 41

Aarhus Convention on Public Participation 42

Local Agenda 21 43

Local Environmental Action Programmes (LEAPs) 44

Annex: Species, habitats and protected areas 45

Habitats Directive Annex 1 46



IUCN Protected Area Categories 65

Benefits of biodiversity and ecosystem services for local sustainable development

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What are Ecosystem Services?Ecosystem Services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems. These include provisioning, regulating and cultural services that directly affect people and supporting services needed to maintain other services. Many of the services are highly interlinked (primary production, photosynthesis, nutrient cycling and water cycling, for example, all involve different aspects of the same biological processes).

Provisioning services: The goods or products obtained from ecosystems, including, for example, genetic resources, food and fibre, and fresh water.

Service Subcategory Definition Examples

Food Crops Cultivated plants or agricultural produce harvested by people for human or animal consumption as food

• Grains• Vegetables• Fruits

Livestock Animals raised for domestic or commercial consumption or use

• Chicken• Pigs• Cattle

Capture fisheries

Wild fish captured through trawling, nets, lines & hooks, and other non-farming methods

• Sturgeon• Crabs• Tuna

Aquaculture Fish, shellfish and / or plants that are bred and reared in ponds, enclosures and other forms of freshwater or saltwater confinement for purposes of harvesting

• Shrimp• Oysters• Salmon

Wild foods Edible plant and animal species gathered or captured in the wild

• Fruits and nuts• Fungi• Bushmeat

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Biological rawmaterials

Timber and other wood fibre

Products made from trees harvested from natural forest ecosystems, plantations or non-forested lands

• Industrial roundwood• Wood pulp• Paper

Fibres and resins

Non-wood and non-fuel fibres and resins extracted from the natural environment

• Cotton, hemp and silk• Twine and rope• Natural rubber

Animal skins Processed skins of cattle, deer, pigs, snakes, stingrays or other animals

• Leather, rawhide and cordwain

Sand Sand formed from coral and shells

• White sand from coral

Ornamental resources

Ecosystem-derived products that serve aesthetic purposes

• Tagua nut, wild flowers, coral jewellery

Biomass fuel Biological material derived from living or recently living organisms – both plant and animal – that serves as a source of energy

• Fuelwood and charcoal• Grain for ethanol

production• Dung

Fresh water Inland bodies of water, groundwater, rainwater, and surface waters for household, industrial and agricultural uses

• Fresh water for drinking, cleaning, cooling, industrial processes, electricity generation or mode of transportation

Genetic resources

Genes and genetic information used for animal breeding, plant improvement and biotechnology

• Genes used to increase crop resistance

Biochemicals, natural medicinesand pharmaceuticals

Medicines, biocides, food additives and other biological materials derived from ecosystems for commercial or domestic use

• Echinacea, ginseng and garlic

• Paclitaxel as basis for cancer drugs

• Tree extracts used for pest control

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Regulating services: The benefits obtained from the regulation of ecosystem processes, including, for example, the regulation of climate, water and some human diseases.


Air quality regulation

Influence ecosystems have on air quality by emitting chemicals to the atmosphere (i.e. serving as a ‘source’) or extracting chemicals from the atmosphere (i.e. serving as a ‘sink’)

• Lakes serve as a sink for industrial emissions of sulphur compounds

• Vegetation fires emit particulates, ground-level ozone and volatile organic compounds

Climateregulation

Global Influence ecosystems have on global climate by emitting greenhouse gases or aerosols to the atmosphere or by absorbing greenhouse gases or aerosols from the atmosphere

• Forests capture and store carbon dioxide

• Cattle and rice paddies emit methane

Regional andlocal

Influence ecosystems have on local or regional temperature, precipitation and other climatic factors

• Forests can impact regional rainfall levels

Water regulation Influence ecosystems have on the timing and magnitude of water run-off, flooding and aquifer recharge, particularly in terms of the water storage potential of the ecosystem or landscape

• Permeable soil facilitates aquifer recharge

• River flood plains and wetlands retain water – which can decrease flooding during run-off peaks – reducing the need for engineered flood control infrastructure

Erosion regulation

Vegetative cover retains soil; coral reefs protect coastal areas

• Vegetation such as grass and trees prevents soil loss due to wind and rain and prevents siltation of waterways

• Forests on slopes hold soil in place, thereby preventing landslides

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Waterpurificationand wastetreatment

Role ecosystems play in the filtration and decomposition of organic wastes and pollutants in water; assimilation and detoxification of compounds through soil and subsoil processes

• Wetlands remove harmful pollutants from water by trapping metals and organic materials

• Soil microbes degrade organic waste, rendering it less harmful

Disease regulation

Influence that ecosystems have on the incidence and abundance of human pathogens

• Intact forests reduce the occurrence of standing water – a breeding area for mosquitoes – and thereby can reduce the prevalence of malaria

Soil qualityregulation

Role ecosystems play in sustaining soil’s biological activity, diversity and productivity; in regulating and partitioning water and solute flow; and, in storing and recycling nutrients and gases

• Some organisms aid in decomposition of organic matter, increasing soil nutrient levels

• Some organisms aerate soil, improve soil chemistry, and increase moisture retention

• Animal waste fertilises soil

Pest regulation Influence ecosystems have on the prevalence of crop and livestock pests and diseases

• Predators from nearby forests – such as bats, toads and snakes – consume crop pests

Pollination Role ecosystems play in transferring pollen from male to female flower parts

• Bees from nearby forests pollinate crops

Natural hazardregulation

Capacity for ecosystems to reduce the damage caused by natural disasters such as hurricanes and to maintain natural fire frequency and intensity

• Mangrove forests and coral reefs protect coastlines from storm surges

• Biological decomposition processes reduce potential fuel for wildfires

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Cultural services: The non-material benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, reflection, recreation, and aesthetic experience, including, e.g., knowledge systems, social relations and aesthetic values.


Recreation andecotourism

Recreational pleasure people derive from natural or cultivated ecosystems

• Hiking, camping and bird watching

• Going on safari

Ethical values Spiritual, religious, aesthetic, intrinsic, ‘existence’ or other values people attach to ecosystems, landscapes or species

• Spiritual fulfilment derived from sacred lands and rivers

• Belief that all species are worth protecting regardlessof their utility to people – ‘biodiversity for biodiversity’s sake’

Habitat (or Supporting) services: Ecosystem services that are necessary for the production of all other ecosystem services. Some examples include biomass production, production of atmospheric oxygen, soil formation and retention, nutrient cycling, water cycling and provisioning of habitat.

Service Subcategory Definition • Examples

Nutrient cycling Flow of nutrients (e.g. nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, carbon) through ecosystems

• Transfer of nitrogen from plants to soil, from soil to oceans, from oceans to the atmosphere, and from the atmosphere to plants

Primary production

Formation of biological material by plants through photosynthesis and nutrient assimilation

• Algae transform sunlight and nutrients into biomass, thereby forming the base of the food chain in aquatic ecosystems

Water cycling Flow of water through ecosystems in its solid, liquid or gaseous forms

• Transfer of water from soil to plants, plants to air, and air to rain

Source: Adapted from the reports of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005; The Cost of Policy Inaction, 2008; the Corporate Ecosystem Services Review, 2008; and Ecosystem Services: A Guide for Decision Makers, 2008. For more information go to www.wri.org/ecosystems/esr

http://www.wri.org/ecosystems/esr

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The Millennium Ecosystem AssessmentThe Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA), a four-year global effort involving more than 1,300 experts, assessed the condition and trends of the world’s ecosystem services. The assessment found that in the last half of the 20th century, humans changed ecosystems more rapidly and extensively than in any comparable period of history, primarily to meet growing needs for food, fresh water, timber, fibre and fuel. These changes have resulted in significant benefits to humans, including improvements in health and a reduction in the proportion of malnourished people. However, these gains have come at an increasing cost. The MA found that 60 per cent of ecosystem services assessed are currently used unsustainably and concluded that any progress achieved in addressing the goals of poverty and hunger eradication, improved health and environmental protection is unlikely to be sustained if most of the ecosystem services on which humanity relies continue to be degraded. The MA developed a conceptual framework that described the links between ecosystems and human well-being and then applied the concept in assessing the capacity of ecosystems to provide the goods and services on which people rely. The clarity with which this ecosystem service framework communicates people’s dependence on ecosystems provides policy-makers with a basis for reconciling economic development and ecosystems.

The MA’s findings were based on numerous indicators and data sources identified and applied by the experts who conducted the global and subglobal assessment. Indicators supporting different elements of the MA conceptual framework – including biodiversity and ecosystem state, human well-being, direct and indirect pressures, and the flow of ecosystem services – were applied to inform the assessments. Ecosystem service indicators are information that efficiently communicates the characteristics and trends of ecosystem services, making it possible for policy-makers to understand the condition, trends and rate of change in ecosystem services. Indicators of the flow of an ecosystem service provide the benefits people actually receive, while the stock of an ecosystem service explains the capacity of the ecosystem to deliver a service. Ultimately, information on both stocks and flows are necessary and it is hoped that this initial work on flows will create momentum for further work and experimentation on indicator development and use by decision makers.

Further information: www.millenniumassessment.org

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How biodiversity benefits Western Balkans municipalities

Agriculture development and land uses Due to exodus of the rural population to the cities after the Second World War and the particularly intensive exodus during recent ethnic and military conflicts in the Western Balkans region, vast areas have become depopulated to a large extent, and the traditional land-use forms and traditional way of life are on the decline. This has a direct influence on the changes in the structure and dynamic of rural ecosystems.

During the past decade Western Balkans countries have made remarkable progress in agriculture and rural development, although the region still faces major challenges in improving economic performance, governance and quality of life. The region is rich in natural resources, land suitable for agriculture and valuable biodiversity which is directly connected with long traditions of private farming and production of some widely recognised products and brands. Investment to increase crop, livestock, forest and fisheries productivity is essential in low-income rural areas. Therefore, the development and adoption of ecoagriculture considers using the spaces in and around productive areas for habitat networks, while also improving the habitat quality of productive areas themselves by reducing agrochemical pollution, modifying water, soil and vegetation management, or by modifying farming systems to mimic natural ecosystems. At the same time, this ‘ecoagriculture’ approach conserves and enhances natural biodiversity.

Farming systems are being developed to use wild plants for fodder, fertiliser, packaging, fencing and genetic materials. Farmers rely on soil micro-organisms to maintain soil fertility and structure for crop production, and on wild species in natural ecological communities for crop pollination and pest and predator control. Wild relatives of domesticated crop species provide the genetic diversity used in crop improvement.

Provision of food securityFor local communities in the Western Balkans region biodiversity provides the vast majority of local foodstuffs. Wild biodiversity provides a wide variety of important foodstuffs, including fruits, game meats, nuts, mushrooms, honey, spices and flavourings. These wild foods are especially important when agricultural supplies fail. Indeed, wild biodiversity guards against the failure of even the most advanced agricultural systems. For example, the productivity of many of the developed agricultural crops is maintained through the regular assimilation of new genes from wild relatives of these crops. These wild genes offer resistance to the pests and diseases that pose an ever-evolving threat to harvests.

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Several initiatives have been implemented in the Western Balkans countries related to the scientific field of agriculture. The project ‘Balkan Agro Food Network’ (supported by the European Commission under the Sixth Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development, FP6), intends to contribute to these efforts in the area of agricultural and food research. The overall objective of the project is to support the opening of the European Research Area by developing a sustainable network in the agricultural and food sectors in the Western Balkans countries: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, FYR Macedonia and Serbia.

Maintenance of air qualityIn rural areas plant species purify the air and regulate the composition of the atmosphere, recycling vital oxygen and filtering harmful particles resulting from agricultural, industrial and transportation activities. According to the report ‘Western Balkans: How residents view their local authorities’ (prepared in collaboration by CEMR, Gallup and NALAS, 2009), Western Balkans residents in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, FYR Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Kosovo are most satisfied with the quality of air and water. On the other hand, recent measurements of air pollution in big cities show pollution levels that are among the highest in Europe (in Tirana, for example, pollution is 5–10 times higher than in Western European countries, according to monitoring by WHO, 2007) due to a dramatic increase in the number of cars and inadequate industrial development. Particularly high concentrations of total suspended particulates and black smoke have been measured in several large cities with industrial production and intensive traffic.

Maintenance of water quality and waste water treatmentThe rural poor rely directly on ecosystem services for clean and reliable local water supplies. There are several key water challenges in the Western Balkans region related to diverse conditions in the countries. In the northern countries, water resources are generally abundant and the challenges are primarily flood and watershed management and improving water quality. In the southern states, such as FYR Macedonia, water is scarcer and countries need to balance use between competing sectors, such as summer irrigation versus winter hydroelectric energy, and using water for towns and industries versus maintaining ecosystems and wetlands. All countries are developing water management institutions that reflect multiple interests, but some are facing more difficulties than others, such as Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and FYR Macedonia.

Wetlands deliver a wide range of ecosystem services that contribute to human well-being, such as fish and fibre, water supply, water purification, climate regulation, flood regulation, coastal protection, recreational opportunities and, increasingly,

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tourism. In wetland and marine ecosystems essential nutrients, treated sewage and cleaning wastes are almost completely absorbed and recycled. Wetlands support an abundance of species and provide stopping places for migratory birds that need safe locations to feed and rest. They also store and purify water, recharge aquifers, protect against coastal storm surges, provide water for agriculture, and have aesthetic and cultural value. Slowly, people are realising that wetlands are crucial to the health of the planet.

Molluscs remove nutrients from the water, helping to prevent nutrient over-enrichment and its attendant problems, such as eutrophication arising from fertiliser run-off. Trees and forest soils purify water as it flows through forest ecosystems. In preventing soils from being washed away, forests also prevent the harmful siltation of rivers and reservoirs that may arise from erosion and landslides.

Degradation of wetland ecosystems results in less water for people, crops and livestock; lower crop, livestock and tree yields and higher risks of natural disaster. Recent work in Bosnia and Herzegovina demonstrated that environmental actions, such as wetland protection, can coexist with, if not enhance, local and regional development objectives, through ecotourism, organic farming and other low–impact, high-revenue activities for which the global market is growing.

Detoxification and decomposition of wastesMunicipalities in rural areas of the Western Balkans region generate waste mainly from households, farms and agricultural activities. Unfortunately, waste disposal usually is not managed in an appropriate way and unregulated landfills are present in almost all municipalities. Living organisms can detoxify and decompose different types of wastes, including detergents, oils, acids and paper.

The organic waste from the food and agriculture industry is processed by decomposing organisms. The food and agriculture industry is among the oldest of human practices, but as a source of wastes it is no different to other industrial activities. In the near future, management of food and agricultural wastes will play an important role in the conservation of the natural resources in many countries in the Western Balkans region. There are a few initiatives, particularly from small farmers and NGOs, mainly in Serbia, to promote and use the process of composting for controlling biological maturity under aerobic conditions. Through this process, organic matter of animal or vegetal origin is decomposed to materials with shorter molecular chains, more stable, hygienic, humus rich and beneficial for agricultural crops and for recycling of soil organic matter. In soils, the end product of these processes – a range of simple inorganic chemicals – is returned to plants as nutrients. Higher (vascular) plants can themselves serve to remove harmful

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substances from groundwater. The composting process and the use of compost also provide a solution for managing industrial waste and for remediation of soil contaminated with toxic organic compounds and toxic metals.

Climate stabilisationClimate change is clearly a top priority issue among environmental matters today. Considering the size of the threat, the capacities devoted to the issue, as well as the interconnectedness of environmental and development issues, what is happening in the field of climate change is decisive for the state of the environment. In terms of climate stabilisation, plant tissues and other organic materials within land and water ecosystems act as repositories of carbon, helping to slow the build-up of atmospheric carbon dioxide, and thus contributing to climate stabilisation. Ecosystems also exert direct influence on regional and local weather patterns. In cold climates, meanwhile, forests act as insulators and as windbreaks, helping to mitigate the impacts of freezing temperatures. Municipalities in the Western Balkans region carry a lot of weight when it comes to combating climate change. Approximately 50% of emissions are directly or indirectly controlled or influenced by municipal governments. In addition, municipalities and their residents may directly experience such impacts of climate change as declining water supplies and damage to infrastructure, buildings and vehicles from severe storms. Reducing emissions and preparing to adapt to impacts are both important components of increasing municipalities’ resilience to climate change.

Several initiatives and activities have been launched in the Western Balkans countries to combat the effects of climate change in the region. In 2008, under the auspices of the Regional Cooperation Council (RCC) and the Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe (REC), the environment ministers and top officials of Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, FYR Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia defined the action plan activities aimed at reducing the risk of floods, adapting to excessive temperature rise, droughts, health risks and other consequences of climate change.

Albania has been included in a World Health Organisation (WHO) project to combat the effects of climate change. Albania is one of the seven Southeastern European and Central Asian countries participating in this initiative.

FYR Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro participated in a Sixth Framework Programme (FP6) project to promote eco-houses based on eco-friendly polymer composite construction materials. The aim of this project was to introduce a new class of eco-friendly and cost-effective polymer composite construction material. The project addresses the combination of European and Balkan scientific and

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engineering expertise in natural fibre composites, innovative house-component design and construction, low-cost, low-energy building composites and waste-recycling processes to develop a new generation of housing systems that are environmentally friendly, economically viable and socially desirable.

Prevention and mitigation of natural disastersThe conservation, restoration and wise use of ecosystems, particularly those most related to the hydrological cycle, can provide a wide range of environmental goods and services to local populations in the Western Balkans countries. Forests and grasslands protect landscapes against erosion, nutrient loss and landslides through the binding action of roots. Many ecosystems, particularly flood-plain forests and wetlands, play an important buffering function for major hydrometeorological events, through flood storage and flow regulation. Ecosystems bordering regularly flooding rivers (flood-plain forests and wetlands) help to absorb excess water and thus reduce the damage caused by floods.

Provision of health careHuman health is dependent on biodiversity and on the natural functioning of healthy ecosystems. Biodiversity and human health are considered as different aspects of the same issue: people are an integral part of nature and must learn to live in balance with all of its other species and within its ecosystems. Without a healthy population, a community cannot hope to develop sustainably or to achieve true prosperity.

Biodiversity supports life in the Western Balkans municipalities and promotes health by providing ecosystem services that filter toxic substances from the air, water and soil; by providing medicines from plants, animals and microbes – on land, in lakes and rivers; by providing models for medical research that help to understand normal human physiology and disease; by reducing the risk of contracting some human infectious diseases through the ’dilution effect’; by controlling populations of vectors, hosts and parasites; and by other means.

Income generationNeedless to say, the above services are all essential to the functioning of the local economy. Yet biodiversity also has great importance as a direct source of income and economic development. Many of the most important building materials, fibres, fuels, waxes, resins, aromatics, dyes and gums are derived from nature. Even in its wholly untapped state, biodiversity does a great service to economies through, for example ‘ecotourism’. Tourism depends for its very existence on quality natural environments; it is equally dependent on human environments, resources and cultures. ’Sustainable

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tourism’ is often equated with nature or ecotourism; but sustainable tourism development means more than protecting the natural environment it means proper consideration of host peoples, communities, cultures, customs, lifestyles and social and economic systems. It is tourism that truly benefits those who are on the receiving end, and that does not exploit and degrade the environment in which they live and from which they must earn a living after the last tourist has flown back home. It is tourism that enhances the material life of local communities, without causing a loss of traditional employment systems, acculturation or social disruption.

Like other areas, most Western Balkans countries see their tourism potential as an economic development measure and these countries have rich natural resources and historical heritages. Recently, several initiatives have been financed by international organisations (e.g. UNDP projects in Serbia and Albania related to ecotourism development). UNDP recognised as a specific challenge the development of a successful tourism sector based on Serbia’s and Albania’s unique cultural and natural assets. As such, UNDP is assisting the Albanian Government in two main areas: creating an enabling environment for tourism-driven development and assistance to local tourism development.

Another initiative was launched in Bosnia and Herzegovina, where in 2007 JICA started the technical cooperation project ‘Sustainable community development by ecotourism’. This training programme aims to help the participants upgrade the capacity and ability of their ecotourism development skills by imparting the necessary knowledge and information. These experiences give the participants the opportunity to learn how ecotourism was developed in areas of Japan, and how they could make it successful in establishing tourism with an appropriate balance of environmental conservation and economic development.

Spiritual / cultural valueLocal people from municipalities instinctively derive aesthetic and spiritual satisfaction from biodiversity. Their emotional well-being is enhanced by the proximity of natural beauty. The connection between local people and biodiversity is reflected in the art, religions and traditions of local cultures. Cultural heritage and identity are defined as benefits from biodiversity that are fundamentally significant or bear witness to the multiple cultural identities of a community. Cultural valuation is closely linked with and draws upon cultural heritage and identity, as the provision of food and employment is intrinsically linked with the support of cultural and spiritual traditions associated with communities.

The majority of existing protected areas in the Western Balkans region are relatively

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small areas that may be suitable for the protection of, for example, landscape phenomena or threatened plant species, but not for the protection of representative larger fragments of valuable mountain ecosystems and habitats. Therefore, all current initiatives aiming at the extension of existing protected areas and the establishment of new large-scale protected areas are indispensable for protecting the best preserved natural areas of the Balkans the ‘crown jewels’ of the Dinaric Mountains for future generations.

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Business opportunities and biodiversity in the Western Balkans

In many regions of Europe the depletion of natural resources poses a major threat to the state of nature and the environment, but in turn this depletion also has a negative effect on local (and regional and national) economic development and affects income generation potential and the well-being of people.

Economic activity is one of the major drivers of biodiversity loss, but at the same time many business activities depend on biodiversity. Business relies on the services that biodiversity provides, for example, healthy functioning soils, clean fresh water or the availability of pollinators for agricultural crops. In principle, all business has a direct or indirect impact on biodiversity, either through the raw materials they use or through the investments they make. This impact has significant implications for the future provisioning of ecosystem services (see also Bishop et al., 2006 and Bishop et al., 2008).

A number of international treaties and national strategies have committed governments to halt the loss of biodiversity, and public policies have been put in place to support the implementation and enforcement of such strategies. However, current efforts to conserve biodiversity are still overwhelmed by growing pressure from economic activities, and financing for protected areas and high nature value areas remains insufficient. As a result, ecosystems remain under significant pressure.

Understanding pro-biodiversity businessA Pro-Biodiversity Business (PBB) generates both positive financial and biodiversity returns.

Companies active in the sectors that most impact on biodiversity in Europe are mostly micro, small and medium Enterprises (SMEs).

This handbook adopts the definition formulated by the recent EU-funded ‘Probioprise’ Project, which describes a PBB as follows:

‘A pro-biodiversity SME is dependent on biodiversity for its core business and contributes to biodiversity conservation through that core business’ (Dickson et al., 2007).

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Pro-Biodiversity Businesses (PBB) pursue four objectives:

conservation of biodiversity;

sustainable use of biological resources;

positive financial returns;

equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the use of biological resources.

Which economic sectors do pro-biodiversity businesses tend to operate in?As with any categorisation of business activity, it is not possible to define a ‘PBB sector’ in a discrete and tidy way: there is a continuum from businesses that support biodiversity conservation in a more or less charitable fashion to those that consider biodiversity conservation as vital and have mainstreamed it within their business activities. A typical PBB has a high degree of dependence on biodiversity for its core business and vice versa, contributes directly to biodiversity conservation through its core business. Accordingly, PBBs primarily operate within the following economic sectors:

agriculture;

forestry / wood processing;

fisheries / aquaculture;

tourism;

environmental services.

Many PBBs, particularly those in the primary sector (for example, agriculture, forestry and fisheries), contribute to the conservation of biodiversity in the particular sites where they operate, whilst others do not contribute at a particular site but do so more generally through educational or awareness-raising activities (for example, through ecotourism). PBBs by their very nature tend to be located within or close to sites with high biodiversity value (for example, National Parks, buffer zones of Biosphere Reserves, and other significant nature areas).

It is necessary to distinguish between enterprises that are engaged in PBB activities and those which could become PBBs, at least to the extent that they generate an ongoing ‘net ecological benefit’, through modification of their business models. To encourage the development of more PBBs, such a shift requires a change in economic incentive systems, particularly financial services and tax regimes, so that they explicitly recognise the public benefits in terms of ecosystem services flowing from conducting business in a pro-biodiversity manner.A fundamental concept of this approach is the notion of ‘net ecological benefit’. This

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represents the difference in ecological state between the present time and some future date which can be considered as an improvement in ecological conditions. An investment proposal for a PBB should, therefore, demonstrate the net ecological benefit of the project, and that this improvement is directly attributable to the project in which the investment is made.

Many aspects of biodiversity and the services that it provides are classed as public goods. A key question is how to combine the public goods aspect with commercial investment to capture the interest of the private sector? In principle, this is no different to the regulation and financing of the protection of other public goods such as air and international financial systems. Comparable systems are not in place for biodiversity. National governments can and should play a significant role in influencing the development of PBBs and can promote PBBs by purchasing goods and services, through their role as regulator (both directly and indirectly), and as an incubator of PBBs. The state may also act as a financier for PBBs. Governments can also provide technical assistance and advisory services, support the development of SME local and regional clusters and provide credit guarantee schemes.

In large parts of Europe, a high proportion of rural areas are influenced by human activities, and their sustained maintenance is only possible with further and ongoing human intervention. The sustainable management of grassland, wetland, forest, freshwater and marine environments in these areas can contribute significantly to the protection of biodiversity. As awareness of the business case for biodiversity increases, more companies are seeking to distinguish themselves from competitors and to gain favour with the public by supporting conservation efforts and searching for new opportunities for business development.

In this section, a selection of PBB opportunities are described, primarily based on the experience gathered within the BTAU project, but also from other relevant projects such as the ProBioBusiness project of ECNC, Probioprise project of Fauna & Flora International and the LIFESCAPE – Your Landscape project.

PBB opportunities require that enterprises are commercially viable whilst undertaking operations that contribute directly or indirectly to conserving biodiversity, are dependent on biodiversity and are using biodiversity in a sustainable way. The expression ‘dependent on biodiversity’ is intended to capture the many ways in which an enterprise may be based on biodiversity for its core business. It includes enterprises engaged in:

primary production, such as agriculture, fisheries and forestry. This is by far the most common sector in which PBBs operate and this chapter focuses mainly on primary sector PBBs;

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secondary sector, processing the outputs from primary production;

tertiary sector, such as ecotourism firms, enterprises that offer ecological management or advisory services, banking and insurance, and enterprises involved in environmental research or education.

Finally, it should be noted that PBBs operate within a variety of sectors and ecosystems as well as between sectors; for example, fishery and agricultural activities are often combined with recreation and tourism services. The examples provided therefore represent only a selection of opportunities in some key sectors.

Pro-biodiversity business opportunities in the primary sector

AgricultureThe agricultural sector probably offers the most opportunities for PBB development. Agriculture depends on healthy ecosystems to provide services that include nutrient and waste recycling, pollination by insects, sediment control, and clean water. An enterprise that maintains or enhances biologically diverse soils will generally be more productive and will deliver the same quantity and quality of services for agriculture. Some examples of sustainable agricultural business activities include:

extensive ecological crop production on arable lands;

organic crop production;

extensive grazing / livestock production;

selective mowing of meadows;

landscape maintenance;

extensive orchards;

organic wine production;

bee keeping and honey production;

specialised seed production;

sustainable forestry;

sustainable reed harvesting;

provision of ecotourism products and services.

The agricultural sector is one of the natural resource-based industries that can provide biodiversity benefits through the application of modified management systems and the adoption of alternative technologies and practices. According to

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Bishop et al. (2008), the promotion of biodiversity-friendly agriculture tends to involve some or all of the following practices:

creating biodiversity reserves or sanctuaries on farms;

developing habitat networks around and between farms. This can include the creation of ‘biological corridors that connect areas of significant biodiversity;

reducing conversion of wild habitat to agriculture by increasing farm productivity and by protecting priority areas, such as watersheds, forest fragments, rivers and wetlands;

taking marginal agricultural land out of production and assisting in the regeneration of natural habitats;

modifying farming systems to mimic natural ecosystems as much as possible;

low-input or less environmentally damaging agriculture practices, focusing on reduced erosion and chemical or waste run-off, through zero tillage planting techniques, contour pouching, use of vegetation and trees as windbreaks, use of leguminous species, etc.;

sustainable livestock practices that range from modified grazing and pasture management systems to promoting the incorporation of trees and other vegetation into livestock grazing areas

ForestryForests are biologically diverse systems, representing some of the richest biological areas on Earth. They offer a variety of habitats for plants, animals and micro-organisms. Apart from providing wood and other products, forests and trees outside forests play a protective role, for instance in ecosystem conservation, in maintaining clean water and in reducing the risks of impacts of floods, avalanches, erosion and drought.

The business case for PBB development in forestry is that crop genetic diversity is a key factor in maintaining disease resistance and yields. In addition, diverse forests are prime locations in which to find novel genes and compounds for agricultural, industrial and pharmaceutical uses, important sources of food, medicines, energy and building materials.

Some examples of sustainable forestry business activities include:

sustainable timber production;

wood processing;

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sustainable utilisation of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs);

seed collection;

ecotourism within forested areas;

recreation;

hunting;

advisory services.

Sustainable forestry activities should generate good financial returns, and conserve biodiversity at the same time. Certification guidelines, such as the Forest Stewardship Council’s (FSC’s) principles and criteria, offer landowners clearly defined approaches to biodiversity-friendly forest management while also emphasising the profitability of sustainable forestry operations. In addition, the FSC label helps to communicate conservation issues to consumers. When the income streams of these activities are sustainable, they may even alleviate the potential threat of deforestation.

In addition to FSC certification, the Pan-European Forest Certification (PEFC) works to promote sustainably managed forests. The PEFC provides an assurance mechanism to purchasers of wood and paper products that they are promoting the sustainable management of forests. PEFC develops national forest management certification standards and schemes, using multi-stakeholder processes for the protection of forests, which have been signed up to by 37 nations in Europe and other inter-governmental processes for sustainable forest management around the world.

The harvesting of NTFPs is treated in this handbook as part of the forestry sector. NTFP is a term indicating a range of products that are ‘selectively harvested’ in order to allow regeneration with minimal impact on wild forests and other ecosystems (Frentz, 2006). If a sustainable income is generated from these activities, the potential threat of deforestation may be averted as these areas are given higher value by local communities.

Fisheries, coastal and marine areasThe business case for PBB development in the fisheries sector is that the health of an ecosystem determines the productivity and thus secures supplies of fish in the future. In addition, consumers and retailers are increasingly concerned about the impacts of fisheries on target and non-target species and seabed habitats, and are demanding assurances that these are addressed by fishing businesses, large and small. This section also considers opportunities for PBB development in marine and coastal areas. Aquatic species can be cultivated, ‘using sustainable practices that,

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in some cases, may be used to restore wild stocks, provide employment opportunities, and generate an economic rationale for safeguarding the surrounding environment’ (Frentz, 2006). The production of fish is very much dependent on water quality. If fisheries take place in or near protected wetland areas, they may have a positive effect on the water quality in comparison to having no fish farms operating in the location (Dickson et al., 2007).

Some examples of sustainable fisheries and marine and coastal-based business activities include:

sustainable fish, crustacean and mollusc harvesting;

sustainable fish, crustacean and mollusc farming;

seaweed harvesting;

organic fish farming;

sport fishing;

diversification from coastal fishing to ecotourism;

ecotourism, such as bird watching in wetland sites or fishing trips;

sport diving.

Pro-biodiversity business opportunities in the secondary (processing) sector

Pharmaceutical and cosmetic productsThe processing of sustainably harvested plants for pharmaceutical and cosmetic products presents opportunities for PBB development. Some examples of PBB activities include:

processing and use of medicinal oils;

production of soaps, oils and creams;

production of clothes and bags from organic fibres.

Other wholesale and retail tradesThere are a number of other PBB opportunities that can arise from the wholesale and retail trades. It is important to double-check that PBB opportunities in the processing sector contribute directly or indirectly to conserving biodiversity, or are using biodiversity in a sustainable way.

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Some examples of PBB wholesale and retail opportunities include:

food processing, such as the production of wild-fruit jams;

drink production such as organic fruit wines;

health-food shops selling biodiversity-friendly products;

sustainably produced handicrafts;

flowers, plants and seeds of wild origin;

hides, skins and leather.

Pro-biodiversity business opportunities in the tertiary (service) sector

TourismNature-based tourism can offer significant opportunities for PBB development and is the second most important sector in terms of opportunity after agriculture. It can often be developed as a viable alternative to enable small businesses to diversify away from intensive agricultural, forestry or fishing practices.

Ecotourism is one example where the income stream to private enterprise depends very clearly on the health of the surrounding ecosystem. The impact of the PBB on biodiversity depends on who manages the site and where the ecotourism activities take place. Sometimes, the enterprise gains from the on-site biodiversity while it does not contribute to its conservation. At the other end of the spectrum, landowners and managers may actively enhance biodiversity in order to profit from tourism activities, and thus both activities are interlinked.

Some examples of ecotourism opportunities include:

nature-based hotels;

camping facilities;

tour operators;

sporting activities, such as cycling;

trekking and rambling;

organic restaurants and cafés;

educational courses and holidays.

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Overview of pro-biodiversity businesses opportunities and success criteria

The experience of ECNC and other organisations working on the development of PBBs in various parts of Europe shows that several factors contribute to the success of sustainable enterprise development in combination with biodiversity conservation. Some of the main areas include:

Demand led: opportunities should be generated based on the needs of the market and on consumer demand. Individual consumers as well as public and private green procurement policies should be considered.

Marketing and labelling: implementation of effective marketing activities, such as labelling of products, as well as assistance to gain market access, for example through the creation of farmers’ markets.

Certification: or eco-labelling, is potentially a useful tool to stimulate the growth of ecosystem service markets. Certification guidelines offer landowners clearly defined approaches to biodiversity-friendly management. Adhering to recognised standards and obtaining sustainable certification and verification, such as adopting Marine Stewardship Council or Forest Stewardship Council criteria, can be strongly advantageous to PBB development.

Distribution: designing and implementing efficient distribution chains.

Training staff: ensuring sufficiently trained and skilled staff. Business skills training and technical advice for PBBs, such as new product development, quality control, and accessing new markets.

Clustering : networking with SMEs with similar goals or with SMEs in the same chain of production to ensure cooperation and transfer of knowledge. This approach involves the identification of specific clusters of SMEs that deliver similar products and / or services, rely on similar raw materials, shared processing facilities or supply chains and have similar client profiles. Alone they may suffer from a lack of business acumen and operational capacity, miss out on advice and guidance and be unable to develop or implement innovation. Together, in clusters, they can be connected to sources of relevant advice and guidance, cut costs related to product development, transport and sales, and share innovation.

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Selected examples of pro-biodiversity business

Case South Downs Marketing Ltd

What Conserving biodiversity through the marketing of a premium product

Size Small

Location South Downs areaSouthern England

Sector Agriculture

Ecosystem Grasslands

Issues The chalk grasslands in the South Downs area, which are species rich and very diverse, were under threat from conventional farming and a lack of management. To preserve these ecosystems, an incentive for the farmers had to be found to actively manage the grasslands.

Approach South Downs Marketing Ltd acts as a middleman between farmers and butchers, buying and selling South Downs lamb, veal and mutton. The farmers are contractually obliged to manage the chalk grasslands through extensive grazing. By adhering to these obligations the farmers ensure that they receive more money for their meat than they would if they used conventional farming methods. The meat is sold at a higher price, which the customer is willing to pay because of the South Downs brand. Through this practice, both the grasslands and a traditional breed of sheep have been safeguarded for the future.

Bottlenecks • Availability of a consumer base that is willing and able to pay a higher price for a branded product which is guaranteed to be of high quality and sustainable;

• Willingness of the farmers to participate. At first the farmers in the South Downs were unwilling to participate in the branding scheme. The decision to join the scheme came after the long term benefits were shown in an agricultural economics report.

Success factors • Make a study of consumer demand for and willingness to buy local sustainably produced products.

• Determine the economic feasibility.• Input extensive marketing efforts.• Assure a short supply chain.

Source RSPB, ECNC et al. (2009) Handbook for Developing and Implementing Pro-Biodiversity Projects - An output from the EC Biodiversity Technical Assistance Unit project, Sandy, UK.

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Case Semillas Silvestres SL

What Sustainable seed collection and promotion

Size Micro

Location Southern Spain

Sector Agriculture, forestry

Ecosystem Forests

Issues Throughout Europe forests and their associated biodiversity are being lost at a high rate. They are under pressure from pollution (such as acid rain) and unsustainable economic practices. Forest areas need to be managed and maintained to guarantee their existence in the future.

Approach Semillas Silvestres collects wild seeds from forest ecosystems all over the Iberian peninsula (Spain, Portugal, Andorra and Gibraltar) and sells them in Spain, Portugal, France and Italy. The customers use the seeds in forest restoration work and for restoration of other landscapes. Also, about 15% is sold to nurseries that sell their products to the consumer market.

The work of Semillas Silvestres provides benefits for forest landscapes in Europe in two ways. First, the company manages and maintains forest areas in Spain. The reason for this is obvious: if these forests disappear or are not kept in good condition, the company will be unable to harvest and sell its main product. The second way that Semillas Silvestres contributes to the conservation of forest ecosystems in Europe is through its customers. The company provides the materials for its customers to restore and maintain forest and other natural areas in Europe.

Bottlenecks • Availability of species in the forest ecosystem that can provide a relatively stable source of seeds without cultivation or intensive harvesting.

• Demand for the characteristic seeds, or other non-timber forest products, that can be harvested in a sustainable way.

Success factors • Create a large network of customers over a large area to sustain a minimum amount of demand.

• Ensure long-term possibilities for the forest area to make sure the investments are not lost through urban or industrial development.

• Involve the local community to raise awareness of and insight into the importance of the forest area.

Source RSPB, ECNC et al. (2009) Handbook for Developing and Implementing Pro-Biodiversity Projects - An output from the EC Biodiversity Technical Assistance Unit project, Sandy, UK. http://www.semillassilvestres.com/

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Case Riahovo

What Freshwater fisheries in the Kalimok-Brushlen protected area

Size Micro

Location Northern Bulgaria

Sector Aquaculture, tourism

Ecosystem Wetlands

Issues Protected wetland areas are suffering increased pressure from population growth and economic activity as well as from drought and land conversion. The disappearance of these areas will mean an irrecoverable loss of biodiversity and the services it provides in Europe.

Approach Riahovo aims to re-establish two drained fish ponds in the Kalimok-Brushlen protected area in Bulgaria. The aim is to use these fish ponds for commercial fish production. The smaller of the two will be used for recreational fishing (angling).When restored, the two fish ponds will provide direct benefits to the biodiversity in the area as valuable habitats for birds and other aquatic wildlife. Also, they will help maintain the populations of local fish and plant species.In addition, there are a number of indirect benefits from biodiversity. By drawing tourists to the area by providing them with possibilities for ecotourism, Riahovo will generate new sources of income for the local economy. Together with showing good examples of pro-biodiversity business, these factors help to move the local economy away from unsustainable farming practices.

Bottlenecks • Willingness of the local community to change how they sustain their livelihood to different and more sustainable forms.

• Sustainable production method should provide a product at a competitive market price if sales are targeted at wholesalers.

Success factors • Frequently develop new forms of ecotourism for the area. Tourists want variation and will keep coming to the area if it offers them something new.

• To sustain ecotourism, the ecological dimension must prevail over the economic aspect of tourism.


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Case Kolobrzeski Pas Nadmorski

What Switching from commercial fishing to recreational fishing

Size Micro

Location Northern Poland

Sector Aquaculture

Ecosystem Marine and coastal

Issues Fish stocks in the world’s oceans are rapidly depleting as a result of large-scale commercial fishing. Even small-scale commercial fishing can have devastating effects on marine ecosystems which go much further than simply the amount of fish taken from the ocean. EU regulations are currently all aimed at limiting the amount of fish that can be caught and the methods that can be used. These measures, however, can have a negative effect on the livelihood of small fishing communities and businesses.

Approach A company in northern Poland has abandoned the unsustainable activity of commercial fishing and changed its core business to tourism activities. The company offers anglers the opportunity to go on fishing trips and runs a small bed and breakfast. In the future, the company is planning to expand its activities by creating facilities for processing and smoking fish.

By changing from commercial fishing to recreational angling, the impact on the coastal and marine ecosystem, and particularly on fish populations, in the area is significantly reduced, while the owners still generate a decent income for themselves.

Bottlenecks • Willingness to switch core business.• Demand for tourism product that is being sold.

Success factors • When changing from an unsustainable business activity to tourism, or another sustainable activity, explore activities that are related or close to the old core business.


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Case Family farming ‘Milena and Jure Šimić’

What Cattle breeding inside a Nature Park

Size Micro

Location Croatia

Sector Agriculture

Ecosystem Grassland

Issues Nature parks need to be managed to ensure that their ecological values remain at a sufficient level. In most cases, the money for this maintenance comes from public authorities and is in essence tax money. To ensure their future these nature parks can no longer rely on this form of funding. Therefore, new ways of management need to be found.

Approach The family breeds cattle, sheep and goats on pastures in the Biokovo Nature Park. This gives them good pastures which provide a sufficient food source for their livestock. Grazing has a direct positive effect on biodiversity in the nature park, by preserving valuable pasture habitats and helping the spreading of plant seeds.

Bottlenecks The size of the livestock herd must be kept relatively small in order to not put too much stress on the pasture habitat, but large enough for the farmer to sustain his family.

Success factors The original management authority for the nature park must be willing to let a farmer breed his livestock in the area.

Source Green Action (2007) Establishing pro-biodiversity business opportunities in Bulgaria and Croatia - Report on survey of pro-biodiversity business sectors in Croatia.

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Case MainAppelHaus Lohrberg

What Conserving biodiversity through the marketing of a premium product

Size Small

Location Frankfurt, Germany

Sector Agriculture

Ecosystem Orchards

Issues The cultivation of short–stemmed-apple orchards is very labour intensive. As a result this form of orchard has been disappearing in favour of other orchards where machines and agricultural activities could increase the revenue. With this, the typical species cultivated in these orchards were disappearing and this had a negative effect on the organisms that relied on them.

Approach MainAppelhaus Lohrberg maintains a number of orchards around Frankfurt where they grow short-stemmed varieties of apple. These orchards are managed and harvested by hand, which ensures that they remain largely undisturbed. MainAppelHaus Lohrberg processes the apples into a variety of products which it sells at its own location. The price is slightly above the market price, but the brand and the guarantee of quality that goes with it stimulate customers to pay this slightly higher price. In addition, the organisation encourages people from the city to visit the area and educates them about the local biodiversity. This is done to increase the involvement of the people with the countryside around their home. The direct benefit for biodiversity that is generated by MainAppelHaus Lohrberg is the conservation of valuable habitat through conventional agricultural practice. The area is an important habitat for little owls, woodpeckers and common cuckoos and a great variety of orchids. An indirect benefit for biodiversity is awareness raising among the visitors to the area; this will increase the likelihood that these people will be more aware about biodiversity and their local surroundings.

Bottlenecks • Availability of a consumer base that is willing and able to pay a higher price for a branded product which is guaranteed to be of high quality and sustainable.

Success factors • Use a typical product or landscape type that the area is known for and that has been around for many years. This increases the local brand.

• As well as offering the customers a product, offer them an experience and knowledge about biodiversity and the natural situation at a particular site.

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Case Stoikite

What Sustainable logging

Size Medium

Location Rhodope MountainsSouthwest Bulgaria

Sector Forestry

Ecosystem Forest

Issues Throughout Europe forests and their associated biodiversity, are being lost at a high rate. They are under pressure from pollution (such as acid rain) and unsustainable economic practices. Forest areas need to be managed and maintained to guarantee their existence in the future.

Approach The company owns 2000 hectares of forest in the Rhodope Mountains which they use for sustainable timber production. All the forests owned by Stoikite are considered to have high nature conservation value. The extraction activities, logging and wood processing are designed so that they have no harmful effects on biodiversity.As a result, the Stoikite cooperative is certified by the Forest Stewardship Council. FSC-certified wood is in high demand and non-certified wood is even banned from a large number of countries. Therefore, managing the forest and conducting sustainable forestry practice has ensured that Stoikite has a large base for selling its products and the company is rapidly growing.The management and sustainable forestry practices have a direct benefit for biodiversity in that they ensure a good, healthy forest ecosystem and have no disturbing effect on biodiversity in the area. An indirect benefit for biodiversity is that the current practice generates revenue from the forest, which gives its economic value. This ensures that the forest will not be removed or put under pressure from other economic practices.

Bottlenecks

Success factors A large number of countries have passed laws against wood that is unsustainably logged, and have banned wood without an FSC certificate. Because of this, companies that are FSC-certified have a larger market.


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Case Wnukowo

What Ecotourism in a Natura 2000 site

Size Micro

Location Puszcza PiskaNortheast Poland

Sector Tourism

Ecosystem Forest

Issues Throughout Europe forests and their associated biodiversity are being lost at a high rate. They are under pressure from pollution (such as acid rain) and unsustainable economic practices. Forest areas need to be managed and maintained to guarantee their existence in the future.

Approach Wnukowo is a company that offers a range of tourism services in a Natura 2000 site. It offers accommodation, sells local produce and rents out kayaks, canoes and boats. It also offers camping facilities in the area.It is important for the company that the natural value of the area is maintained, since this draws their customers to the area. Therefore, efforts are being made to conserve the forests and in return these forests bring revenue to the local community. An example is the fact that the facilities at the campsite adhere to strict environmental standards regarding sewage and water use.Biodiversity benefits for the area are being created through the education of visitors and the sale of local products. In addition, by providing camping and accommodation services, the company draws illegal camping away from neighbouring areas.

Bottlenecks

Success factors


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Case Heylen bvba

What Biodiversity-friendly landscaping

Size Micro

Location Northern Belgium

Sector Environmental services

Ecosystem Grasslands, wetlands

Issues Most, if not all, natural areas in Europe nowadays need to be managed and maintained in order to survive. Sometimes this involves large-scale landscaping activities. Conventional machinery is usually not suited to do this in a natural or protected area, since they cause too much disturbance.

Approach Heylen bvba has designed and developed machinery that can conduct landscaping activities in protected areas without placing unacceptable stress on the biodiversity and nature in that area. Therefore, the company can do work for landowners and / or managers that would be impossible with conventional machinery. The management of protected areas becomes more viable.Heylen bvba benefits from biodiversity, since its core business is doing work with low biodiversity impact which other companies cannot do. In areas with low biodiversity this would not be necessary. Heylen benefits biodiversity by doing this work to manage the area and ensure that the natural values remain intact, without putting stress on the biodiversity or the natural values during the work.

Bottlenecks Sufficient demand from owners or managers of natural and protected areas for the environmental services to provide a healthy base for the company to generate revenue for the owner and employees.

Success factors Due to the specific nature of the machinery and the innovative development, a substantial investment needs to be made when the company starts up.


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Case Bavaria

What Biodiversity benefits from water management

Size Medium

Location Eastern Netherlands

Sector Food production

Ecosystem Waterways

Issues Groundwater levels are decreasing due to irrigation and the extraction of drinking water and water for industrial use. This has a negative effect on soil and surface water organisms. It also increases the costs of clean-water production in some areas.Bavaria is a brewery in the eastern part of the Netherlands. For the production of its main product, it needs large amounts of clear, drinking-quality water. Due to decreasing groundwater levels, the price of this resource was getting too high. Pumping up the groundwater would have an even more negative effect on groundwater levels.

Approach Bavaria decided to install a water-cleaning facility near its brewery. Here, the dirty water from the production process, together with water from other sources, is being cleaned to the level that it can be released into the natural environment. Through a system of canals the water is being contained in the area for as long as possible.The biodiversity in the area has direct benefits from this measure because of the water levels in the canals. Where they used to be dried up, now they are filled with water, which is positive for the aquatic animal and plant species. Furthermore, the quality of the water is so good that fish species are thriving where they used to be extinct. Another direct benefit is the higher level of groundwater due to the excess surface water in the area.For Bavaria, the benefits are a sufficient supply of high-grade water, which is even sold as a brand of mineral water.

Bottlenecks • Land use.• Financial aspect.

Success factors • Governments should be prepared to give the company some space to develop its plans, even though the area is not completely owned by the company, and should stimulate and reward positive biodiversity development.

References: Bishop, J. Kapila, S. Hicks, F. & Mitchell, P. (2006) Building Biodiversity Business: Report of a Scoping study. Bishop, J., Kapila, S., Hicks, F., Mitchell, P. and Vorhies, F. (2008). Building Biodiversity Business. Shell International Limited and the International Union for Conservation of Nature: London, UK, and Gland, Switzerland Dickson, B. Watkins, D. Foxall, J. (2007) The Working Partnership: SMEs and Biodiversity. Fauna & Flora International, Cambridge, UK Frentz, J-M. (2006) Scoping study to assist in the structuring of a Biodiversity Financing Technical Assistance Facility. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, London.

Internet-based tools and resources for local biodiversity action planning

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GRASS GIS Systemhttp://grass.itc.it/download/index.php Commonly referred to as GRASS, this is an open source Geographic Information System (GIS) that is used for geospatial data management and analysis, image processing, map production, spatial modelling and visualisation. GRASS is currently used in academic and commercial settings around the world, as well as by many governmental agencies and environmental consulting companies.

Quantum GISwww.qgis.orgQuantum GIS (QGIS) is an open source Geographic Information System (GIS). It runs on Linux, Unix, Mac OSX, and Windows operating systems and supports vector, raster and database formats. Quantum GIS provides a growing number of capabilities provided through core functions and plug-ins. You can visualise, manage, edit, analyse data and compose printable maps.

ESRI ArcExplorerhttp://www.esri.com/software/arcexplorer/ArcExplorer is a freely available lightweight GIS data viewer that lets you perform a variety of basic GIS functions. With ArcExplorer, you can display, query, and retrieve data. It can be used as a stand-alone application with local data sets or as a client for internet data and map servers.

UNEP GRID-Europehttp://www.grid.unep.ch/data/data.phpGRID-Europe is part of UNEP’s global network of environmental information centres, known as the Global Resource Information Database (GRID). It aims to provide and facilitate access to environmental data and information for decision making and policy setting.

Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)http://www.gbif.orgGBIF is a global network of data providers that builds biodiversity information infrastructure and promotes the growth of biodiversity information content on the internet by working with partner initiatives and coordinating activities worldwide.

Corine Land Cover Map 2000http://dataservice.eea.europa.eu/dataservice/metadetails.asp?id=950Corine land cover map provides consistent information on land cover changes during the past decade across Europe. The CLC2000 database covers 32 countries, including Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Serbia.

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EEA Nationally Designated Areas Databasehttp://dataservice.eea.europa.eu/dataservice/metadetails.asp?id=1047The European inventory of nationally designated areas holds information about protected sites and about the national legislative instruments which have directly or indirectly been used in their creation. It is maintained for EEA by the European Topic Centre on Biological Diversity and is annually updated through Eionet. EEA provides the European inventory of nationally designated areas to the World Database of Protected Areas (WDPA) and to Eurostat. Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, FYR Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia are covered.

EEA Geospatial Datahttp://dataservice.eea.europa.eu/dataservice/available2.asp?type=findkeyword&theme=Geospatial%20dataA diverse range of European geospatial data is available via this site across a range of different themes, e.g. social, physical environment, etc.

European Nature Information System (EUNIS)http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/gis-tool.jspEUNIS data are collected and maintained by the European Topic Centre on Biological Diversity on behalf of the European Environment Agency and the European Environmental Information Observation Network. It has been created for the purpose of environmental reporting, support to the Natura 2000 process (EU Birds and Habitats Directives) and coordinated to the Emerald Network of the Bern Convention. It consists of information on species, habitat types and sites.

EEA Live Map Serviceshttp://dataservice.eea.europa.eu/atlas/default.asp?refid=2D511360-4CD0-4F20-A817-B3A882ACE323http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/landuse/clc-lucasThe map and graphs service contains most of the published analytical results of EEA. A web browser can be used to view particular areas of interest.

IUCN European Red List of Threatened Specieshttp://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/species/redlist/http://www.iucnredlist.org/The European Red List is a review of the conservation status of c. 6,000 European species. This includes mammals, reptiles, amphibians, freshwater fishes, butterflies, dragonflies and selected groups of beetles, molluscs and vascular plants. It has been produced using the IUCN regional Red Listing guidelines.

http://dataservice.eea.europa.eu/dataservice/available2.asp?type=findkeyword&theme=Geospatial%20data

http://dataservice.eea.europa.eu/dataservice/available2.asp?type=findkeyword&theme=Geospatial%20data

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Important Bird Areas (IBA)http://www.birdlife.org/action/science/sites/european_ibas/index.htmlThe European Important Bird Area Programme aims to identify, monitor and protect key sites for birds all over the continent through joint efforts of staff and volunteers at local, national and international level.

Atlas of European Breeding Birdshttp://www.sovon.nl/ebcc/eoa/The first comprehensive EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds, or European Ornithological Atlas (EOA), edited by Ward Hagemeijer and Mike Blair, was published in 1997. The atlas integrates 25 years of effort by thousands of volunteer field ornithologists, data analysts and writers in more than 40 countries. The final product can now also be viewed through the internet. In this recent initiative, the original 50 km x 50 km basic spatial units in the atlas were converted to Geographic Information System (GIS) spatial references (e.g. latitude, longitude), in order to be able to display the species distribution maps on a website with different backgrounds.

Important Plant Areas (IPA)http://www.plantlife.org.uk/international/plantlife-ipas.htmlImportant Plant Areas (IPA) are natural or semi-natural sites exhibiting exceptional botanical richness and / or supporting an outstanding assemblage of rare, threatened and / or endemic plant species and / or vegetation of high botanical value.

Prime Butterfly Areas (PBA)http://www.butterfly-conservation.org/downloads/117/prime_areas_of_europe.htmlPrime Butterfly Areas are an initial selection of important butterfly areas in Europe, focusing on target species that are conservation priorities across this large and diverse region. Protection and proper management of these areas will help to conserve not only these target species, but also the many other characteristic butterflies they contain.

Ecosystem-based management toolshttp://www.ebmtools.org/ EBM tools are software or other highly documented methods that can help implement EBM by providing models of ecosystems or key ecosystem processes, generating scenarios illustrating the consequences of different management decisions on natural resources and the economy, and facilitating stakeholder involvement in planning processes.

Relevant environmental planning and participation tools

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Aarhus Convention on Public ParticipationThe UNECE Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters was adopted on 25 June 1998 in the Danish city of Aarhus at the Fourth Ministerial Conference in the ‘Environment for Europe’ process. The Aarhus Convention is a new kind of environmental agreement. The Convention:

links environmental rights and human rights; acknowledges that we owe an obligation to future generations; establishes that sustainable development can be achieved only through the involvement of all stakeholders; links government accountability and environmental protection; focuses on interactions between the public and public authorities in a democratic context.

The subject of the Convention goes to the heart of the relationship between people and governments. The Convention is not only an environmental agreement, it is also a Convention about government accountability, transparency and responsiveness. The Aarhus Convention grants the public rights and imposes on Parties and public authorities obligations regarding access to information and public participation and access to justice.

The Aarhus Convention is also forging a new process for public participation in the negotiation and implementation of international agreements. In June 1998, delegates from 36 European countries signed the Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision Making, and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters. The Convention, pending approval by each country’s respective parliament, binds the signatory countries to abide by a set of principles and practices pertaining to the public’s rights to environmental information, decision making and justice. The Convention lays out procedures for public participation in decisions related to specific development activities, plans, programmes and policies, executive regulations and other legally binding regulatory instruments. This Convention is significant because it establishes a uniform set of standards for involving citizens in environmental decision making and emphasises the importance of fully integrating environmental considerations in governmental decisions. It recognises that each person has the right to live in an environment adequate to his or her health and well-being. It recognises that, in order for citizens to be able to assert this right and observe this duty, citizens must have access to information, be entitled to participate in decision making and have access to justice in environmental matters. The Convention states that improved access to information and public participation in decision making means better environmental decisions and greater public awareness.

Further information: www.unece.org/env/pp/

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Local Agenda 21 At the local level, local communities, usually led by local authorities, have developed Local Agenda 21 (LA21) strategies on sustainable development in their areas. Biodiversity is a crucial component of these strategies.

The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 (commonly referred to as the Rio Earth Summit), gathered together nearly 200 world leaders to address global concerns about the environment and loss of biodiversity. An important outcome resulting from the Rio Summit was the International Agreement on Global Sustainable Development, more commonly referred to as Agenda 21. This involves a comprehensive plan of action to be taken globally, nationally and locally by organisations of the United Nations system, governments and major groups in every area in which humans have an impact on the environment. Its aim is to achieve sustainable development in the 21st century. A healthy natural environment is the main goal of sustainable development, and biodiversity conservation is an integral part of that process.

Under LA21, local governments are encouraged to:

learn from citizens and from local, civic, community, business and industrial organisations about their priorities, values and proposed solutions;acquire information needed for formulating the best implementation strategies, and to implement appropriate policies, laws and regulations to move toward sustainable development in their communities;develop local sustainable development action plans in cooperation with their citizens.

Thousands of communities worldwide are implementing LA21s – striving to become sustainable communities. Sustainable communities can be defined as those communities that value healthy ecosystems, use resources efficiently and actively seek to retain and enhance a locally-based economy. They have a vision that is embraced and actively promoted by all of the key sectors of society, including businesses, disadvantaged groups, environmentalists, civic associations, government agencies and religious organisations. Sustainable communities emphasise ecosystem protection, meaningful and broad-based citizen participation and economic self-reliance. A sustainable community uses its resources to meet current needs while ensuring that adequate resources are available for future generations. It seeks improved public health and a better quality of life for all its residents by limiting waste, preventing pollution, maximising conservation and promoting efficiency, and developing local resources to revitalise the local economy.

Further information: www.un.org/esa/dsd/agenda21/

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Local Environmental Action Programmes (LEAPs)Local Environmental Action Programmes (LEAPs) hold enormous promise for helping to solve environmental problems at the local level in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). LEAPs involve developing a community vision, assessing environmental issues, setting priorities, identifying the most appropriate strategies for addressing the top problems and implementing actions that achieve real environmental and public health improvements. LEAPs are founded upon meaningful public input in local governmental decision making. LEAPs provide a forum for bringing together a diverse group of individuals with different interests, values and perspectives.

LEAPs are often led by a Stakeholder Group (SG) composed of representatives from all major institutions in the community, including businesses, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), academic and scientific institutions, and government agencies. These individuals work together over a period of 12-24 months to forge a consensus on recommended priorities and actions for addressing environmental concerns. These recommended priorities and actions are compiled in an Environmental Action Plan (EAP) that serves as a blueprint for future environmental investments in the community. Recommendations from the EAP are then incorporated into the decisions of the municipal council and other implementing bodies.

Over the last several years, LEAPs have been implemented in several CEE countries, providing a broad base of experience to assist in the development of new LEAPs. LEAPs are supported by international agreements. In April 1993, the Ministers of Environment from Western and Eastern Europe and the United States agreed upon a broad strategy for tackling environmental problems in the region, known as the ‘Environmental Action Programme for Central and Eastern Europe.’ The Action Programme outlines a multi-step process for national governments to set environmental priorities and take appropriate actions to improve environmental conditions in the region. It emphasises the importance of identifying priority actions based upon environmental threats to human health and the health of local ecosystems, and the need to identify a range of actions for reducing these threats. Further, the Action Programme emphasises pollution prevention and resource conservation strategies that require modest expenditures while achieving substantial environmental improvements.

Further information: www.rec.org

Annex: Species, habitats and protected areas

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Habitats Directive Annex 1COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 92/43/EEC OF 21 May 1992 ON THE CONSERVATION OF NATURAL HABITATS AND OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA

ANNEX I

NATURAL HABITAT TYPES OF COMMUNITY INTEREST WHOSE CONSERVATION REQUIRES THE DESIGNATION OF SPECIAL AREAS OF CONSERVATION

The code corresponds to the NATURA 2000 code and the asterisk (*) indicates priority habitat types.

1. COASTAL AND HALOPHYTIC HABITATS

11. Open sea and tidal areas1110 Sandbanks which are slightly covered by seawater all the time1120 * Posidonia beds (Posidonion oceanicae)1130 Estuaries1140 Mudflats and sandflats not covered by seawater at low tide1150 * Coastal lagoons1160 Large shallow inlets and bays1170 Reefs1180 Submarine structures made by leaking gases

12. Sea cliffs and shingle or stony beaches1210 Annual vegetation of drift lines1220 Perennial vegetation of stony banks1230 Vegetated sea cliffs of the Atlantic and Baltic Coasts1240 Vegetated sea cliffs of the Mediterranean coasts with endemic Limonium spp.1250 Vegetated sea cliffs with endemic flora of the Macaronesian coasts

13. Atlantic and continental salt marshes and salt meadows1310 Salicornia and other annuals colonising mud and sand1320 Spartina swards (Spartinion maritimae)1330 Atlantic salt meadows (Glauco-Puccinellietalia maritimae)1340 * Inland salt meadows

14. Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic salt marshes and salt meadows1410 Mediterranean salt meadows (Juncetalia maritimi)1420 Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic halophilous scrubs (Sarcocornetea fruticosi)1430 Halo-nitrophilous scrubs (Pegano-Salsoletea)

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15. Salt and gypsum inland steppes1510 * Mediterranean salt steppes (Limonietalia)1520 * Iberian gypsum vegetation (Gypsophiletalia)1530 Pannonic salt steppes and salt marshes

16. Boreal Baltic archipelago, coastal and land upheaval areas1610 Baltic esker islands with sandy, rocky and shingle beach vegetation and sublittoral

vegetation1620 Boreal Baltic islets and small islands1630 * Boreal Baltic coastal meadows1640 Boreal Baltic sandy beaches with perennial vegetation1650 Boreal Baltic narrow inlets

2. COASTAL SAND DUNES AND INLAND DUNES

21. Sea dunes of the Atlantic, North Sea and Baltic coasts2110 Embryonic shifting dunes2120 Shifting dunes along the shoreline with Ammophila arenaria (‘white dunes’)2130 * Fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous vegetation (‘grey dunes’)2140 * Decalcified fixed dunes with Empetrum nigrum2150 * Atlantic decalcified fixed dunes (Calluno-Ulicetea)2160 Dunes with Hippophaë rhamnoides2170 Dunes with Salix repens ssp. argentea (Salicion arenariae)2180 Wooded dunes of the Atlantic, Continental and Boreal region2190 Humid dune slacks21A0 Machairs (in Ireland)

22. Sea dunes of the Mediterranean coast2210 Crucianellion maritimae fixed beach dunes2220 Dunes with Euphorbia terracina2230 Malcolmietalia dune grasslands2240 Brachypodietalia dune grasslands with annuals2250 * Coastal dunes with Juniperus spp.2260 Cisto-Lavenduletalia dune sclerophyllous scrubs2270 * Wooded dunes with Pinus pinea and / or Pinus pinaster

23. Inland dunes, old and decalcified2310 Dry sand heaths with Calluna and Genista2320 Dry sand heaths with Calluna and Empetrum nigrum2320 Inland dunes with open Corynephorus and Agrostis grasslands2340 * Pannonic inland dunes

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3. FRESHWATER HABITATS

31. Standing water3110 Oligotrophic waters containing very few minerals of sandy plains (Littorelletalia

uniflorae)3120 Oligotrophic waters containing very few minerals generally on sandy soils of the West

Mediterranean, with Isoetes spp.3130 Oligotrophic to mesotrophic standing waters with vegetation of the Littorelletea uniflorae

and / or of the Isoëto-Nanojuncetea3140 Hard oligo-mesotrophic waters with benthic vegetation of Chara spp.3150 Natural eutrophic lakes with Magnopotamion or Hydrocharition–type vegetation3160 Natural dystrophic lakes and ponds3170 * Mediterranean temporary ponds3180 * Turloughs3190 Lakes of gypsum karst31A0 Transylvanian hot-spring lotus beds

32. Running water – sections of water courses with natural or semi-natural dynamics (minor, average and major beds) where the water quality shows no significant deterioration

3210 Fennoscandian natural rivers3220 Alpine rivers and the herbaceous vegetation along their banks3230 Alpine rivers and their ligneous vegetation with Myricaria germanica3240 Alpine rivers and their ligneous vegetation with Salix elaeagnos3250 Constantly flowing Mediterranean rivers with Glaucium flavum3260 Water courses of plain to montane levels with the Ranunculion fluitantis and Callitricho-

Batrachion vegetation3270 Rivers with muddy banks with Chenopodion rubri p.p. and Bidention p.p. vegetation3280 Constantly flowing Mediterranean rivers with Paspalo-Agrostidion species and hanging

curtains of Salix and Populus alba3290 Intermittently flowing Mediterranean rivers of the Paspalo-Agrostidion

4. TEMPERATE HEATH AND SCRUB

4010 Northern Atlantic wet heaths with Erica tetralix4020 * Temperate Atlantic wet heaths with Erica ciliaris and Erica tetralix4030 European dry heaths4040 * Dry Atlantic coastal heaths with Erica vagans4050 * Endemic macaronesian heaths4060 Alpine and Boreal heaths4070 * Bushes with Pinus mugo and Rhododendron hirsutum (Mugo-Rhododendretum hirsuti)

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4080 Sub-Arctic Salix spp. Scrub4090 Endemic oro-Mediterranean heaths with gorse40A0 * Subcontinental peri-Pannonic scrub

5. SCLEROPHYLLOUS SCRUB (MATORRAL)

51. Sub-Mediterranean and temperate scrub5110 Stable xerothermophilous formations with Buxus sempervirens on rock slopes

(Berberidion p.p.)5120 Mountain Cytisus purgans formations5130 Juniperus communis formations on heaths or calcareous grasslands5140 * Cistus palhinhae formations on maritime wet heaths

52. Mediterranean arborescent matorral5210 Arborescent matorral with Juniperus spp.5220 * Arborescent matorral with Zyziphus5230 * Arborescent matorral with Laurus nobilis

53. Thermo-Mediterranean and pre-steppe brush5310 Laurus nobilis thickets5320 Low formations of Euphorbia close to cliffs5330 Thermo-Mediterranean and pre-desert scrub

54. Phrygana5410 West Mediterranean clifftop phryganas (Astragalo-Plantaginetum subulatae)5420 Sarcopoterium spinosum phryganas5430 Endemic phryganas of the Euphorbio-Verbascion

6. NATURAL AND SEMI-NATURAL GRASSLAND FORMATIONS

61. Natural grasslands6110 * Rupicolous calcareous or basophilic grasslands of the Alysso-Sedion albi6120 * Xeric sand calcareous grasslands6130 Calaminarian grasslands of the Violetalia calaminariae6140 Siliceous Pyrenean Festuca eskia grasslands6150 Siliceous alpine and boreal grasslands6160 Oro-Iberian Festuca indigesta grasslands6170 Alpine and subalpine calcareous grasslands6180 Macaronesian mesophile grasslands6190 Rupicolous pannonic grasslands (Stipo-Festucetalia pallentis)

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62. Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies6210 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-

Brometalia) (important orchid sites)6220 * Pseudo-steppe with grasses and annuals of the Thero-Brachypodietea6230 * Species-rich Nardus grasslands, on siliceous substrates in mountain areas (and

submountain areas in Continental Europe)6240 * Sub-Pannonic steppic grasslands6250 * Pannonic loess steppic grasslands6260 * Pannonic sand steppes6270 * Fennoscandian lowland species-rich dry to mesic grasslands6280 * Nordic alvar and precambrian calcareous flat rocks62A0 Eastern sub-Mediterranean dry grasslands (Scorzoneratalia villosae)62B0 * Serpentinophilous grassland of Cyprus

63. Sclerophillous grazed forests (dehesas)6310 Dehesas with evergreen Quercus spp.

64. Semi-natural tall-herb humid meadows6410 Molinia meadows on calcareous, peaty or clayey-silt-laden soils (Molinion caeruleae)6420 Mediterranean tall humid grasslands of the Molinio-Holoschoenion6430 Hydrophilous tall herb fringe communities of plains and of the montane to alpine levels6440 Alluvial meadows of river valleys of the Cnidion dubii6450 Northern boreal alluvial meadows6460 Peat grasslands of Troodos

65. Mesophile grasslands6510 Lowland hay meadows (Alopecurus pratensis, Sanguisorba officinalis)6250 Mountain hay meadows6530 * Fennoscandian wooded meadows

7. RAISED BOGS AND MIRES AND FENS

71. Sphagnum acid bogs7110 * Active raised bogs7120 Degraded raised bogs still capable of natural regeneration7130 Blanket bogs (if active bog)7140 Transition mires and quaking bogs7150 Depressions on peat substrates of the Rhynchosporion7160 Fennoscandian mineral-rich springs and spring fens

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72. Calcareous fens7210 * Calcareous fens with Cladium mariscus and species of the Caricion davallianae7220 * Petrifying springs with tufa formation (Cratoneurion)7230 Alkaline fens7240 * Alpine pioneer formations of the Caricion bicoloris-atrofuscae

73. Boreal mires7310 * Aapa mires7320 * Palsa mires

8. ROCKY HABITATS AND CAVES

81. Scree8110 Siliceous scree of the montane to snow levels (Androsacetalia alpinae and Galeopsietalia

ladani)8120 Calcareous and calcshist screes of the montane to alpine levels (Thlaspietea rotundifolii)8130 Western Mediterranean and thermophilous scree8140 Eastern Mediterranean screes8150 Medio-European upland siliceous screes8160 * Medio-European calcareous scree of hill and montane levels

82. Rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation8210 Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation8220 Siliceous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation8230 Siliceous rock with pioneer vegetation of the Sedo-Scleranthion or of the Sedo albi-

Veronicion dillenii8240 * Limestone pavements

83. Other rocky habitats8310 Caves not open to the public8320 Fields of lava and natural excavations8330 Submerged or partially submerged sea caves8340 Permanent glaciers

9. FORESTS

(Sub)natural woodland vegetation comprising native species forming forests of tall trees, with typical undergrowth, and meeting the following criteria: rare or residual, and / or hosting species of Community interest

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90. Forests of Boreal Europe9010 * Western Taïga9020 * Fennoscandian hemiboreal natural old broad-leaved deciduous forests (Quercus, Tilia,

Acer, Fraxinus or Ulmus) rich in epiphytes9030 * Natural forests of primary succession stages of land upheaval coast9040 Nordic subalpine / subarctic forests with Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii9050 Fennoscandian herb-rich forests with Picea abies9060 Coniferous forests on, or connected to, glaciofluvial eskers9070 Fennoscandian wooded pastures9080 * Fennoscandian deciduous swamp woods

91. Forests of Temperate Europe9110 Luzulo-Fagetum beechforests9120 Atlantic acidophilous beech forests with Ilex and sometimes also Taxus in the shrub

layer (Quercion robori-petraeae or Ilici-Fagenion)9130 Asperulo-Fagetum beechforests9140 Medio-European subalpine beechwoods with Acer and Rumex arifolius9150 Medio-European limestone beechforests of the Cephalanthero-Fagion9160 Sub-Atlantic and medio-European oak or oak-hornbeam forests of the Carpinion betuli9170 Galio-Carpinetum oak-hornbeam forests9180 * Tilio-Acerion forests of slopes, screes and ravines9190 Old acidophilous oak woods with Quercus robur on sandy plains91A0 Old sessile oak woods with Ilex and Blechnum in the British Isles91B0 Thermophilous Fraxinus angustifolia woods91C0 * Caledonian forest91D0 * Bog woodland91E0 * Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus excelsior (Alno-Padion, Alnion incanae,

Salicion albae)91F0 Riparian mixed forests of Quercus robur, Ulmus laevis and Ulmus minor, Fraxinus excelsior

or Fraxinus angustifolia, along the great rivers (Ulmenion minoris)91G0 * Pannonic woods with Quercus petraea and Carpinus betulus91H0 * Pannonian woods with Quercus pubescens91I0 * Euro-Siberian steppic woods with Quercus spp.91J0 * Taxus baccata woods of the British Isles91K0 Illyrian Fagus sylvatica forests (Aremonio-Fagion)91L0 Illyrian oak-hornbeam forests (Erythronio-carpinion)91M0 Pannonian-Balkanic turkey oak–sessile oak forests91N0 * Pannonic inland sand dune thicket (Junipero-Populetum albae)91P0 Holy Cross fir forest (Abietetum polonicum)91Q0 Western Carpathian calcicolous Pinus sylvestris forests91R0 Dinaric dolomite Scots pine forests (Genisto januensis-Pinetum)91T0 Central European lichen Scots pine forests

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91U0 Sarmatic steppe pine forest91V0 Dacian Beechforests (Symphyto-Fagion)

92. Mediterranean deciduous forests9210 * Apeninne beechforests with Taxus and Ilex9220 * Apennine beechforests with Abies alba and beechforests with Abies nebrodensis9230 Galicio-Portuguese oak woods with Quercus robur and Quercus pyrenaica9240 Quercus faginea and Quercus canariensis Iberian woods9250 Quercus trojana woods9260 Castanea sativa woods9270 Hellenic beechforests with Abies borisii-regis9280 Quercus frainetto woods9290 Cupressus forests (Acero-Cupression)92A0 Salix alba and Populus alba galleries92B0 Riparian formations on intermittent Mediterranean water courses with Rhododendron

ponticum, Salix and others92C0 Platanus orientalis and Liquidambar orientalis woods (Platanion orientalis)92D0 Southern riparian galleries and thickets (Nerio-Tamaricetea and Securinegion tinctoriae)

93. Mediterranean sclerophyllous forests9310 Aegean Quercus brachyphylla woods9320 Olea and Ceratonia forests9330 Quercus suber forests9340 Quercus ilex and Quercus rotundifolia forests9350 Quercus macrolepis forests9360 * Macaronesian laurel forests (Laurus, Ocotea)9370 * Palm groves of Phoenix9380 Forests of Ilex aquifolium9390 * Scrub and low forest vegetation with Quercus alnifolia93A0 Woodlands with Quercus infectoria (Anagyro foetidae-Quercetum infectoriae)

94. Temperate mountainous coniferous forests9410 Acidophilous Picea forests of the montane to alpine levels (Vaccinio-Piceetea)9420 Alpine Larix decidua and / or Pinus cembra forests9430 Subalpine and montane Pinus uncinata forests (if on gypsum or limestone)

95. Mediterranean and Macaronesian mountainous coniferous forests9510 * Southern Apennine Abies alba forests9520 Abies pinsapo forests9530 * (Sub-)Mediterranean pine forests with endemic black pines9540 Mediterranean pine forests with endemic Mesogean pines9550 Canarian endemic pine forests

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9560 * Endemic forests with Juniperus spp.9570 * Tetraclinis articulata forests9580 * Mediterranean Taxus baccata woods9590 * Cedrus brevifolia forests (Cedrosetum brevifoliae)

Habitats Directive Annex 2ANNEX II

ANIMAL AND PLANT SPECIES OF COMMUNITY INTEREST WHOSE CONSERVATION REQUIRES THE DESIGNATION OF SPECIAL AREAS OF CONSERVATION

An asterisk (*) after the name of a species indicates that it is a priority species.

MAMMALSGalemys pyrenaicusRhinolophus blasiiRhinolophus euryaleRhinolophus ferrumequinumRhinolophus hipposiderosRhinolophus mehelyiBarbastella barbastellusMiniopterus schreibersiMyotis bechsteiniMyotis blythiiMyotis capacciniiMyotis dasycnemeMyotis emarginatusMyotis myotisRousettus aegyptiacusMarmota marmota latirostris*Pteromys volans (Sciuropterus

russicus)*Spermophilus citellus (Citellus

citellus)Spermophilus suslicus (Citellus

suslicus)*Castor fiber (except the

Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Finnish and

Swedish populations)Microtus cabreraeMicrotus oeconomus

arenicola*Microtus oeconomus mehelyi*Microtus tatricusSicista subtilisAlopex lagopus*Canis lupus (except the

Estonian population; Greek populations: only south of the 39th parallel; Spanish populations: only those south of the Duero; Latvian, Lithuanian and Finnish populations)*

Ursus arctos (except the Estonian, Finnish and Swedish populations)*

Gulo gulo*Lutra lutraMustela eversmanniiMustela lutreola*Lynx lynx (except the Estonian,

Latvian and Finnish populations)

Lynx pardinus*Halichoerus grypus Monachus monachus*Phoca hispida bottnica Phoca hispida saimensis*Phoca vitulina Cervus elaphus corsicanus*Rangifer tarandus fennicus Bison bonasus*Capra aegagrus (natural

populations)Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica*Ovis gmelini musimon (Ovis

ammon musimon) (natural populations - Corsica and Sardinia)

Ovis orientalis ophion (Ovis gmelini ophion)

Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata (Rupicapra rupicapra ornata)*

Rupicapra rupicapra balcanicaRupicapra rupicapra tatrica*Phocoena phocoenaTursiops truncates

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REPTILESTestudo graecaTestudo hermanniTestudo marginataCaretta caretta*Chelonia mydas*Emys orbicularisMauremys caspicaMauremys leprosaLacertidaeLacerta bonnali (Lacerta

monticola)Lacerta monticolaLacerta schreiberiGallotia galloti insulanagaeGallotia simonyi*Podarcis lilfordiPodarcis pityusensisChalcides simonyi (Chalcides

occidentalis)Phyllodactylus europaeusColuber cypriensis*Elaphe quatuorlineataElaphe situlaNatrix natrix cypriaca*Macrovipera schweizeri (Vipera

lebetina schweizeri)*Vipera ursinii (except Vipera

ursinii rakosiensis)Vipera ursinii rakosiensis*

AMPHIBIANSChioglossa lusitanicaMertensiella luschani

(Salamandra luschani)Salamandra aurorae

(Salamandra atra aurorae)*Salamandrina terdigitataTriturus carnifex (Triturus

cristatus carnifex)Triturus cristatus (Triturus

cristatus cristatus)

Triturus dobrogicus (Triturus cristatus dobrogicus)

Triturus karelinii (Triturus cristatus karelinii)

Triturus montandoniProteus anguinus*Hydromantes (Speleomantes)

ambrosiiHydromantes (Speleomantes)

flavusHydromantes (Speleomantes)

geneiHydromantes (Speleomantes)

imperialisHydromantes (Speleomantes)

strinatiiHydromantes (Speleomantes)

supramontesAlytes muletensis*Bombina bombinaBombina variegataDiscoglossus galganoi

(including Discoglossus ‘jeanneae’)

Discoglossus montalentiiDiscoglossus sardusRana latasteiPelobates fuscus insubricus*

FISHEudontomyzon spp. Lampetra fluviatilis (except the

Finnish and Swedish populations)

Lampetra planeri (except the Estonian, Finnish and Swedish populations)

Lethenteron zanandreaiPetromyzon marinus (except

the Swedish populations)Acipenser naccarii*Acipenser sturio*

Alosa spp. Hucho hucho (natural

populations) Salmo macrostigma Salmo marmoratus Salmo salar (only in

freshwater) (except the Finnish populations)

Coregonus oxyrhynchus (anadromous populations in certain sectors of the North Sea)*

Umbra krameri Alburnus albidus (Alburnus

vulturius)Anaecypris hispanicaAspius aspius (except the

Finnish populations)Barbus comiza Barbus meridionalis Barbus plebejus Chalcalburnus chalcoides Chondrostoma genei Chondrostoma lusitanicum Chondrostoma polylepis

(including C. willkommi)Chondrostoma soetta Chondrostoma toxostoma Gobio albipinnatus Gobio kessleri Gobio uranoscopus Iberocypris palaciosi Ladigesocypris ghigii*Leuciscus lucumonis Leuciscus souffia Pelecus cultratus Phoxinellus spp. Phoxinus percnurus*Rhodeus sericeus amarus Rutilus pigus Rutilus rubilio Rutilus arcasii

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Rutilus macrolepidotus Rutilus lemmingii Rutilus frisii meidingeri Rutilus alburnoides Scardinius graecus Cobitis elongata Cobitis taenia (except the

Finnish populations)Cobitis trichonica Misgurnus fossilis Sabanejewia aurata Sabanejewia larvata (Cobitis

larvata and Cobitis conspersa)

Silurus aristotelis Aphanius iberus Aphanius fasciatus Valencia hispanica*Valencia letourneuxi (Valencia

hispanica)*Gymnocephalus baloniGymnocephalus schraetzer Zingel spp. (except Z.asper

and Z.zingel)Knipowitschia (Padogobius)

panizzae Padogobius nigricans Pomatoschistus canestrini Cottus gobio (except the

Finnish populations)Cottus petiti

INVERTEBRATESAustropotamobius pallipes Austropotamobius torrentium*Armadillidium

ghardalamensis*Agathidium pulchellum Bolbelasmus unicornisBoros schneideri Buprestis splendensCarabus hampeiCarabus hungaricus

Carabus menetriesi pacholei*Carabus olympiae*Carabus variolosusCarabus zawadszkiiCerambyx cerdoCorticaria planula Cucujus cinnaberinusDorcadion fulvum cervaeDuvalius gebhardtiDuvalius hungaricusDytiscus latissimusGraphoderus bilineatusLeptodirus hochenwartiLimoniscus violaceus Lucanus cervus Macroplea pubipennis Mesosa myops Morimus funereus Osmoderma eremita*Oxyporus mannerheimii Pilemia tigrinaPhryganophilus ruficollis*Probaticus subrugosusPropomacrus cypriacusPseudogaurotina excellens*Pseudoseriscius cameroniPytho kolwensisRhysodes sulcatus Rosalia alpina*Stephanopachys linearis Stephanopachys substriatus Xyletinus tremulicola Aradus angularis Agriades glandon aquilo Arytrura musculusCallimorpha (Euplagia,

Panaxia) quadripunctaria*Catopta thripsChondrosoma fiduciariumClossiana improba Coenonympha oedippusColias myrmidoneCucullia mixta

Dioszeghyana schmidtiiErannis ankerariaErebia calcariaErebia christiErebia medusa polaris Eriogaster cataxEuphydryas (Eurodryas,

Hypodryas) aurinia Glyphipterix loricatellaGortyna borelii lunataGraellsia isabellae Hesperia comma catena Hypodryas maturnaLeptidea morseiLignyoptera fumidariaLycaena disparLycaena helleMaculinea nausithousMaculinea teleiusMelanargia argeNymphalis vaualbum*Papilio hospitonPhyllometra culminariaPlebicula golgusPolymixis rufocincta isolataPolyommatus eroidesXestia borealis Xestia brunneopicta Xylomoia strix*Apteromantis apteraCoenagrion hylas Coenagrion mercuriale Coenagrion ornatum Cordulegaster herosCordulegaster trinacriaeGomphus grasliniiLeucorrhinia pectoralisLindenia tetraphyllaMacromia splendensOphiogomphus ceciliaOxygastra curtisiiBaetica ustulataBrachytrupes megacephalus

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Isophya costataIsophya stysiMyrmecophilus baroniiOdontopodisma rubripesParacaloptenus caloptenoidesPholidoptera transsylvanicaStenobothrus (Stenobothrodes)

eurasiusAnthrenochernes stellae

MOLLUSCSAnisus vorticulusCaseolus calculusCaseolus commixtaCaseolus sphaerulaChilostoma banaticumDiscula leacockianaDiscula tabellataDiscus guerinianusElona quimperianaGeomalacus maculosusGeomitra monizianaGibbula nivosaHelicopsis striata austriaca*Hygromia kovacsiIdiomela (Helix) subplicataLampedusa imitatrixLampedusa melitensis*Leiostyla abbreviataLeiostyla cassidaLeiostyla corneocostataLeiostyla gibbaLeiostyla lamellosaPaladilhia hungarica*Sadleriana pannonicaTheodoxus transversalisVertigo angustior Vertigo genesii Vertigo geyeri Vertigo moulinsiana Margaritifera durrovensis Margaritifera margaritifera Unio crassus

Congeria kusceri

HIGHER PLANTSAsplenium jahandiezii Rouy Asplenium adulterinum Woodwardia radicans Culcita macrocarpa Diplazium sibiricum Dryopteris corleyi*Dryopteris fragans Trichomanes speciosum Isoetes boryana DurieuIsoetes malinverniana Marsilea batardae Marsilea quadrifolia Marsilea strigosa Botrychium simplex Ophioglossum polyphyllum Abies nebrodensis*Alisma wahlenbergii*Caldesia parnassifolia Luronium natans Leucojum nicaeense Narcissus asturiensis Narcissus calcicola Narcissus cyclamineus Narcissus fernandesii Narcissus humilis Narcissus nevadensis*Narcissus pseudonarcissus

ssp. nobilis Narcissus scaberulus Narcissus triandrus ssp. capaxNarcissus viridiflorus Vincetoxicum pannonicum Anchusa crispa*Echium russicumLithodora nitida*Myosotis lusitanica Myosotis rehsteineri Myosotis retusifolia Omphalodes kuzinskyanae Omphalodes littoralis*

Onosma tornensis*Solenanthus albanicus Symphytum cycladense*Adenophora lilifolia Asyneuma giganteum Campanula bohemica*Campanula gelida*Campanula sabatia*Campanula serrata*Campanula zoysii Jasione crispa ssp.

serpentinica Jasione lusitanica Arenaria ciliata ssp.

pseudofrigida Arenaria humifusa Arenaria nevadensis*Arenaria provincialis Cerastium alsinifolium*Cerastium dinaricum Dianthus arenarius ssp.

arenariusDianthus arenarius ssp.

bohemicus*Dianthus cintranus ssp.

cintranusDianthus diutinus*Dianthus lumnitzeri*Dianthus marizii Dianthus moravicus*Dianthus nitidus*Dianthus plumarius ssp. regis-

stephani Dianthus rupicola Gypsophila papillosa*Herniaria algarvica Herniaria latifolia ssp.

litardierei*Herniaria lusitanica ssp.

berlengianaHerniaria maritima Minuartia smejkalii*Moehringia lateriflora

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Moehringia tommasiniiMoehringia villosa Petrocoptis grandifloraPetrocoptis montsicciana Petrocoptis pseudoviscosa Silene furcata ssp angustifloraSilene hicesiae*Silene hifacensis Silene holzmanii*Silene longiciliaSilene mariana Silene orphanidis*Silene rothmaleri*Silene velutina*Bassia (Kochia) saxicola*Cremnophyton lanfrancoi*Salicornia veneta*Cistus palhinhae Halimium verticillatum Helianthemum alypoides Helianthemum caput-felis Tuberaria major*Anthemis glaberrima*Artemisia campestris ssp.

bottnica Artemisia granatensis*Artemisia laciniata*Artemisia oelandica Artemisia pancicii*Aster pyrenaeus*Aster sorrentinii*Carlina onopordifolia Carduus myriacanthus*Centaurea alba ssp.

heldreichii*Centaurea alba ssp. princeps*Centaurea akamantis*Centaurea attica ssp.

megarensis*Centaurea balearica*Centaurea borjae*Centaurea citricolor*

Centaurea corymbosa Centaurea gadorensis Centaurea horrida Badaro*Centaurea kalambakensis*Centaurea kartschiana Centaurea lactiflora*Centaurea micrantha ssp.

herminii Centaurea niederi*Centaurea peucedanifolia*Centaurea pinnata*Centaurea pulvinata Centaurea rothmalerana Centaurea vicentina Cirsium brachycephalum Crepis crocifolia*Crepis granatensis Crepis pusillaCrepis tectorum ssp.

nigrescensErigeron frigidus Helichrysum melitense*Hymenostemma

pseudanthemis Hyoseris frutescens Jurinea cyanoides*Jurinea fontqueri*Lamyropsis microcephala*Leontodon microcephalus Leontodon boryi Leontodon siculus*Leuzea longifolia Ligularia sibirica Palaeocyanus crassifolius*Santolina impressa Santolina semidentata Saussurea alpina ssp.

esthonica Senecio elodes*Senecio jacobea ssp.

gotlandicusSenecio nevadensis

Serratula lycopifolia*Tephroseris longifolia ssp.

moravicaConvolvulus argyrothamnus*Convolvulus fernandesii*Alyssum pyrenaicum Arabis kennedyae*Arabis sadina Arabis scopoliana Biscutella neustriaca*Biscutella vincentina Boleum asperum Brassica glabrescens Brassica hilarionis Brassica insularis Brassica macrocarpa*Braya linearis Cochlearia polonica*Cochlearia tatrae*Coincya rupestris*Coronopus navasii*Crambe tataria Diplotaxis ibicensis Diplotaxis siettiana*Diplotaxis vicentinaDraba cacuminum Draba cinerea Erucastrum palustre Erysimum pieninicum*Iberis arbuscula*Iberis procumbens ssp.

microcarpa Jonopsidium acaule*Jonopsidium savianum Rhynchosinapis erucastrum

ssp. cintranaCoincya cintranaSisymbrium cavanillesianum Sisymbrium supinum Thlaspi jankae Carex holostoma Carex panormitana*

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Eleocharis carniolica Borderea chouardii*Aldrovanda vesiculosa Elatine gussonei Rhododendron luteum Euphorbia margalidiana*Eurphorbia transtagana Centaurium rigualii*Centaurium somedanum*Gentiana ligustica Gentianella anglica Gentianella bohemica*Erodium astragaloides*Erodium paularense Erodium rupicola*Globularia stygia*Arctagrostis latifoliaArctophila fulvaAvenula hackeliiBromus grossus Calamagrostis chalybaea Cinna latifoliaColeanthus subtilis Festuca brigantina Festuca duriotagana Festuca elegans Festuca henriquesii Festuca summilusitana Gaudinia hispanica Holcus setiglumis ssp.

duriensis Micropyropsis tuberosa Poa riphaea*Pseudarrhenatherum pallens Puccinellia phryganodesPuccinellia pungens Stipa austroitalica*Stipa bavarica*Stipa styriaca*Stipa veneta*Stipa zalesskii*Trisetum subalpestre

Ribes sardoum*Hippuris tetraphyllaHypericum aciferum*Crocus cyprius Crocus hartmannianus Gladiolus palustris Iris aphylla ssp. hungarica Iris humilis ssp. arenaria Juncus valvatus Luzula arctica Dracocephalum austriacum Micromeria taygetea*Nepeta dirphya Nepeta sphaciotica*Origanum dictamnus Phlomis brevibracteata Phlomis cypria Salvia veneris Sideritis cypria Sideritis incana ssp. glauca Sideritis javalambrensis Sideritis serrata Teucrium lepicephalum Teucrium turredanum Thymus camphoratus*Thymus carnosusThymus lotocephalus (Thymus

cephalotos)*Anthyllis hystrixAstragalus algarbiensis*Astragalus aquilanus*Astragalus centralpinus Astragalus macrocarpus ssp.

lefkarensis*Astragalus maritimus*Astragalus tremolsianus Astragalus verrucosus*Cytisus aeolicus*Genista dorycnifolia Genista holopetala Melilotus segetalis ssp. fallax Ononis hackelii*

Trifolium saxatileVicia bifoliolata*Pinguicula crystallina*Pinguicula nevadensis Allium grosii Androcymbium rechingeri*Asphodelus bento-rainhae*Chionodoxa lochiae*Colchicum arenarium Hyacinthoides vicentinaMuscari gussonei*Scilla litardiereiScilla morrisii*Tulipa cypria Linum dolomiticum*Linum muelleri (L. maritimum

muelleri)*Lythrum flexuosum*Kosteletzkya pentacarpos Najas flexilis Najas tenuissima Anacamptis urvilleana Calypso bulbosa Cephalanthera cucullata*Cypripedium calceolus Gymnigritella runei Himantoglossum adriaticum Himantoglossum caprinum Liparis loeselii Ophrys kotschyi*Ophrys lunulata*Ophrys melitensis Platanthera obtusata ssp.

oligantha Orobanche densiflora Paeonia cambessedesii Paeonia clusii ssp. rhodiaPaeonia officinalis ssp.

banaticaPaeonia parnassica Phoenix theophrasti Corydalis gotlandica

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Papaver laestadianum Papaver radicatum ssp.

hyperboreum Plantago algarbiensis

(Plantago bracteosa)Plantago almogravensis Armeria berlengensis Armeria helodes*Armeria neglecta Armeria pseudarmeria Armeria rouyana*Armeria soleirolii Armeria velutina Limonium dodartii ssp.

lusitanicum Limonium insulare*Limonium lanceolatum Limonium multiflorum Limonium pseudolaetum*Limonium strictissimum*Persicaria foliosa Polygonum praelongum Rumex rupestris Androsace mathildae Androsace pyrenaicaCyclamen fatrense*Primula apennina*Primula carniolica Primula nutans Primula palinuri Primula scandinavica Soldanella villosa Aconitum corsicum (A.

napellus ssp. corsicum)*Aconitum firmum ssp.

moravicum Adonis distorta Aquilegia bertolonii Aquilegia kitaibelii Aquilegia pyrenaica ssp.

cazorlensis*Consolida samia*Delphinium caseyi*

Pulsatilla grandis Pulsatilla patens Pulsatilla pratensis ssp.

hungarica*Pulsatilla slavica*Pulsatilla subslavica*Pulsatilla vulgaris ssp.

gotlandica Ranunculus kykkoensis Ranunculus lapponicus Ranunculus weyleri*Reseda decursiva*Agrimonia pilosa Potentilla delphinensis Pyrus magyarica*Sorbus teodorii Galium cracoviense Galium litorale*Galium sudeticum*Galium viridiflorum*Salix salvifolia ssp. australis Thesium ebracteatum Saxifraga berica Saxifraga florulenta Saxifraga hirculus Saxifraga osloënsis Saxifraga tombeanensis Antirrhinum charidemi Chaenorrhinum serpyllifolium

ssp. lusitanicumEuphrasia genargentea*Euphrasia marchesettii Linaria algarviana Linaria coutinhoi Linaria loeselii Linaria ficalhoana*Linaria flavaLinaria hellenica*Linaria pseudolaxiflora Linaria ricardoi*Linaria tonzigii Linaria tursica*Odontites granatensis

Pedicularis sudetica*Rhinanthus oesilensis Tozzia carpathica Verbascum litigiosum Veronica micranthaVeronica oetaea*Atropa baetica*Daphne arbuscula*Daphne petraea Daphne rodriguezii*Zelkova abelicea Angelica heterocarpa*Angelica palustris Apium bermejoi*Apium repens Athamanta cortiana Bupleurum capillare*Bupleurum kakiskalae*Eryngium alpinum Eryngium viviparum*Ferula sadleriana*Hladnikia pastinacifolia Laserpitium longiradium*Naufraga balearica*Oenanthe conioides*Petagnia saniculifolia Rouya polygamaSeseli intricatum*Seseli leucospermum Thorella verticillatinundata Centranthus trinervis Viola hispida*Viola jaubertiana Viola rupestris ssp. relicta

LOWER PLANTSBruchia vogesiaca Bryhnia novae-angliaeBryoerythrophyllum

campylocarpum (B.machadoanum)*

Buxbaumia viridisCephalozia macounii

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Cynodontium suecicum Dichelyma capillaceum Dicranum viride Distichophyllum carinatum Drepanocladus (Hamatocaulis)

vernicosusEncalypta muticaHamatocaulis lapponicusHerzogiella turfacea

Hygrohypnum montanum Jungermannia handelii Mannia triandra Marsupella profunda*Meesia longiseta Nothothylas orbicularis Ochyraea tatrensis Orthothecium lapponicumOrthotrichum rogeri

Petalophyllum ralfsii Plagiomnium drummondii Riccia breidleriRiella helicophylla Scapania massolongi Sphagnum pylaisii Tayloria rudolphiana Tortella rigens

Habitats Directive Annex 4ANNEX IV

ANIMAL AND PLANT SPECIES OF COMMUNITY INTEREST IN NEED OF STRICT PROTECTION

MAMMALSErinaceus algirusCrocidura canariensisCrocidura siculaGalemys pyrenaicusMicrochiroptera - all speciesRousettus aegyptiacusGliridae - all species except

Glis glis and Eliomys quercinus

Marmota marmota latirostrisPteromys volans (Sciuropterus

russicus)Spermophilus citellus (Citellus

citellus)Spermophilus suslicus (Citellus

suslicus)Sciurus anomalusCastor fiber (except the

Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Polish, Finnish and Swedish populations)

Cricetus cricetus (except the Hungarian populations)

Microtus cabreraeMicrotus oeconomus arenicolaMicrotus oeconomus mehelyiMicrotus tatricusSicista betulinaSicista subtilisHystrix cristataAlopex lagopusCanis lupus (except the Greek

populations north of the 39th parallel; Estonian populations, Spanish populations north of the Duero; Latvian, Lithuanian, Polish, Slovak populations and Finnish populations within the reindeer management area as defined in paragraph 2 of the Finnish Act No 848/90 of 14 September 1990 on reindeer management)

Ursus arctosLutra lutra

Mustela eversmaniiMustela lutreolaFelis silvestrisLynx lynx (except the Estonian

population)Lynx pardinusMonachus monachusPhoca hispida saimensisCervus elaphus corsicanusBison bonasusCapra aegagrus (natural

populations)Capra pyrenaica pyrenaicaOvis gmelini musimon (Ovis

ammon musimon) (natural populations - Corsica and Sardinia)

Ovis orientalis ophion (Ovis gmelini ophion)

Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata (R. rupicapra ornata)

Rupicapra rupicapra balcanicaRupicapra rupicapra tatrica

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REPTILESTestudo graecaTestudo hermanniTestudo marginataCaretta carettaChelonia mydasLepidochelys kempiiEretmochelys imbricataDermochelys coriaceaEmys orbicularisMauremys caspicaMauremys leprosaAlgyroides fitzingeriAlgyroides marchiAlgyroides moreoticusAlgyroides nigropunctatusGallotia atlanticaGallotia gallotiGallotia galloti insulanagaeGallotia simonyiGallotia stehliniLacerta agilisLacerta bedriagaeLacerta bonnali (Lacerta

monticola)Lacerta mnticolaLacerta danfordiLacerta dugesiLacerta graecaLacerta horvathiLacerta schreiberiLacerta trilineataLacerta viridisLacerta vivipara pannonicaOphisops elegansPodarcis erhardiiPodarcis filfolensisPodarcis hispanica atrataPodarcis lilfordiPodarcis melisellensisPodarcis milensisPodarcis muralis

Podarcis peloponnesiacaPodarcis pityusensisPodarcis siculaPodarcis tauricaPodarcis tiliguertaPodarcis waglerianaAblepharus kitaibelliChalcides bedriagaiChalcides ocellatusChalcides sexlineatusChalcides simonyi (Chalcides

occidentalis)Chalcides viridianusOphiomorus punctatissimusCyrtopodion kotschyiPhyllodactylus europaeusTarentola angustimentalisTarentola boettgeriTarentola delalandiiTarentola gomerensisStellio stellioChamaeleo chamaeleonOphisaurus apodusColuber caspiusColuber cypriensisColuber hippocrepisColuber jugularisColuber laurentiColuber najadumColuber nummiferColuber viridiflavusCoronella austriacaEirenis modestaElaphe longissimaElaphe quatuorlineataElaphe situlaNatrix natrix cettiNatrix natrix corsaNatrix natrix cypriacaNatrix tessellataTelescopus falaxVipera ammodytes

Macrovipera schweizeri (Vipera lebetina schweizeri)

Vipera seoanni (except Spanishpopulation)

Vipera ursiniiVipera xanthinaEryx jaculus

AMPHIBIANSChioglossa lusitanicaEuproctus asperEuproctus montanusEuproctus platycephalusMertensiella luschani

(Salamandra luschani)Salamandra atraSalamandra auroraeSalamandra lanzaiSalamandrina terdigitataTriturus carnifex (Triturus

cristatus carnifex)Triturus cristatus (Triturus

cristatus cristatus)Triturus italicusTriturus karelinii (Triturus

cristatus karelinii)Triturus marmoratusTriturus montandoniProteus anguinusHydromantes (Speleomantes)

ambrosiiHydromantes (Speleomantes)

flavusHydromantes (Speleomantes)

geneiHydromantes (Speleomantes)

imperialisHydromantes (Speleomantes)

strinatii (Hydromantes (Speleomantes) italicus)

Hydromantes (Speleomantes) supramontes

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Alytes cisternasiiAlytes muletensisAlytes obstetricansBombina bombinaBombina variegataDiscoglossus galganoi

(including D. ‘jeanneae’)Discoglossus montalentiiDiscoglossus pictusDiscoglossus sardusRana arvalisRana dalmatinaRana graecaRana ibericaRana italicaRana latasteiRana lessonaePelobates cultripesPelobates fuscusPelobates syriacusBufo calamitaBufo viridisHyla arboreaHyla meridionalisHyla sarda

FISHAcipenser naccariiAcipenser sturioCoregonus oxyrhynchus

(anadromous populations in certain sectors of the North Sea, except the Finnish populations)

Anaecypris hispanicaPhoxinus percnurusValencia hispanicaZingel asperGymnocephalus baloni

INVERTEBRATESArmadillidium ghardalamensis

Bolbelasmus unicornisBuprestis splendensCarabus hampeiCarabus hungaricusCarabus olympiaeCarabus variolosusCarabus zawadszkiiCerambyx cerdoCucujus cinnaberinusDorcadion fulvum cervaeDuvalius gebhardtiDuvalius hungaricusDytiscus latissimusGraphoderus bilineatusLeptodirus hochenwartiPilemia tigrinaOsmoderma eremitaPhryganophilus ruficollisProbaticus subrugosusPropomacrus cypriacusPseudogaurotina excellensPseudoseriscius cameroniPytho kolwensisRosalia alpinaApatura metisArytrura musculusCatopta thripsChondrosoma fiduciariumCoenonympha heroCoenonympha oedippusColias myrmidoneCucullia mixtaDioszeghyana schmidtiiErannis ankerariaErebia calcariaErebia christiErebia sudeticaEriogaster cataxFabriciana elisaGlyphipterix loricatellaGortyna borelii lunataHypodryas maturna

Hyles hippophaesLeptidea morseiLignyoptera fumidariaLopinga achineLycaena disparLycaena helleMaculinea arionMaculinea nausithousMaculinea teleiusMelanagria argeNymphalis vaualbumPapilio alexanorPapilio hospitonParnassius apolloParnassius mnemosynePhyllometra culminariaPlebicula golgusPolymixis rufocincta isolataPolyommatus eroidesProserpinus proserpinaXylomoia strixZerynthia polyxenaApteromantis apteraAeshna viridisCordulegaster herosCordulegaster trinacriaeGomphus grasliniiLeucorrhina albifronsLeucorrhina caudalisLeucorrhina pectoralisLindenia tetraphyllaMacromia splendensOphiogomphus ceciliaOxygastra curtisiiStylurus flavipesSympecma braueriBaetica ustulataBrachytrupes megacephalusIsophya costataIsophya stysiMyrmecophilus baroniiOdontopodisma rubripes

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Paracaloptenus caloptenoidesPholidoptera transsylvanicaSaga pedoStenobothrus (Stenobothrodes)

eurasiusMacrothele calpeiana

MOLLUSCSAnisus vorticulusCaseolus calculusCaseolus commixtaCaseolus sphaerulaChilostoma banaticumDiscula leacockianaDiscula tabellataDiscula testudinalisDiscula turriculaDiscus defloratusDiscus guerinianusElona quimperianaGeomalacus maculosusGeomitra monizianaGibbula nivosaHygromia kovacsiIdiomela (Helix) subplicataLampedusa imitatrixLampedusa melitensisLeiostyla abbreviataLeiostyla cassidaLeiostyla corneocostataLeiostyla gibbaLeiostyla lamellosaPaladilhia hungaricaPatella ferugineaSadleriana pannonicaTheodoxus prevostianusTheodoxus transversalis

Lithophaga lithophagaPinna nobilisMargaritifera auriculariaUnio crassusDreissenidaeCongeria kusceriCentrostephanus longispinus

HIGHER PLANTSAnnex IV (b) includes all the plant species listed in Annex II (b) plus the following:

Asplenium hemionitis Dracaena draco Narcissus longispathus Narcissus triandrus Berberis maderensis Campanula morettiana Physoplexis comosa Moehringia fontqueri Argyranthemum pinnatifidum

ssp. succulentum Helichrysum sibthorpii Picris willkommii Santolina elegans Senecio caespitosus Senecio lagascanus ssp.

lusitanicus Wagenitzia lancifolia Murbeckiella sousae Euphorbia nevadensis Jankaea heldreichii Ramonda serbica Crocus etruscus Iris boissieri Iris marisca

Rosmarinus tomentosus Teucrium charidemi Thymus capitellatus Thymus villosus ssp. villosus Androcymbium europeumBellevalia hackelli Colchicum corsicum Colchicum cousturieri Fritillaria conica Fritillaria drenovskii Fritillaria gussichiaeFritillaria obliqua Fritillaria rhodocanakis Ornithogalum reverchonii Scilla beirana Scilla odorata Ophrys argolica Orchis scopulorum Spiranthes aestivalis Androsace cylindrica Primula glaucescens Primula spectabilis Aquilegia alpina Sideroxylon marmulano Saxifraga cintrana Saxifraga portosanctana Saxifraga presolanensis Saxifraga valdensis Saxifraga vayredana Antirrhinum lopesianum Lindernia procumbensMandragora officinarum Thymelaea broterana Bunium brevifolium Viola athois Viola cazorlensis Viola delphinantha

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IUCN Protected Area CategoriesThe IUCN, in an attempt to classify the widely varying approaches to protected areas, have identified six different protected area categories that are based on management objectives. They provide a common framework of understanding so that the function and purpose of protected areas between different countries can be clearly understood. They have been used for planning, environmental regulation and setting water and land management objectives.

Category Ia: Strict nature reserveStrictly protected areas set aside to protect biodiversity and also possibly geological/geomorphological features, where human visitation, use and impacts are strictly controlled and limited to ensure protection of the conservation values. Such protected areas can serve as indispensable reference areas for scientific research and monitoring environmental change.

Primary objective: To conserve regionally, nationally or globally outstanding ecosystems, species (individual occurrences and aggregations) and/or geodiversity features: these attributes will have been formed mostly or entirely by non-human forces and will be degraded or destroyed when subjected to all but very light human use. Category Ib: Wilderness areaProtected areas are usually large unmodified or slightly modified areas, retaining their natural character and influence, without permanent or significant human habitation, which are protected and managed so as to preserve their natural condition.

Primary objective: To protect the long-term ecological integrity of natural areas that are undisturbed by significant human activity, free of modern infrastructure and where natural forces and processes predominate, so that current and future generations have the opportunity to experience such areas. Category II: National parkProtected areas that are large natural or near natural areas set aside to protect large-scale ecological processes, along with the complement of species and ecosystems characteristic of the area, which also provide a foundation for environmentally and culturally compatible spiritual, scientific, educational, recreational and visitor use.

Primary objective: To protect natural biodiversity along with its underlying ecological structure and supporting environmental processes, and to promote education and recreation.

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Category III: Natural monument or featureProtected areas that are set aside to protect a specific natural monument, which can be a landform, sea mount, submarine cavern, geological feature such as a cave or even a living feature such as an ancient grove. They are generally relatively small and often have high visitor value.

Primary objective: To protect specific outstanding natural features and their associated biodiversity and habitats. Category IV: Habitat / species management areaProtected areas that aim to protect particular species or habitats, and management reflects this priority. Many category IV protected areas will need regular, active interventions to address the requirements of particular species or to maintain habitats, but this is not a requirement of the category.

Primary objective: To maintain, conserve and restore species and habitats. Category V: Protected landscape / seascapeA protected area where the interaction of people and nature over time has produced an area of distinct character with significant ecological, biological, cultural and scenic value: and where safeguarding the integrity of this interaction is vital to protecting and sustaining the area and its associated nature conservation and other values.

Primary objective: To protect and sustain important landscapes/seascapes and the associated nature conservation and other values created by interactions with humans through traditional management practices. Category VI: Protected area with sustainable use of natural resourcesProtected areas that are generally large, with much of the area in a more or less natural condition and where a proportion is under sustainable natural resource management and where low-level use of natural resources compatible with nature conservation is seen as one of the main aims of the area.

Primary objective: To protect natural ecosystems and use natural resources sustainably, when conservation and sustainable use can be mutually beneficial.

Documents

R esourR cs ˘ R RosRrudocuments.rec.org/publications/SEE_LBAP-resources.pdf• Tagua nut, wild flowers, coral jewellery Biomass fuel Biological material derived from living or recently