Quiz Two Prep

8/3/2019 Quiz Two Prep

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Anatomy

Quiz Two Prep


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Clavicles

Extend horizontally across thesuperior thorax

Sternal end articulates with themanubrium

Acromial end articulates with scapula


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Structures of the Scapula

Figure 8.2a

Acromion

Coracoidprocess

Suprascapular notch Superior border

Superiorangle

Subscapularfossa

Medial border

Inferior angle

Glenoidcavity

Lateral border

(a) Right scapula, anterior aspect


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Superiorangle

Medial border

Coracoid processSuprascapular notch

Acromion

Glenoidcavity

at lateralangle

Lateral border

Infraspinousfossa

Spine

(b) Right scapula, posterior aspect

Supraspinousfossa

Structures of the Scapula

Figure 8.2b


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Structures of the Humerus

of the Right Arm

Figure 8.3c, d

Coronoidfossa

Radius

Radialtuberosity

Head ofradius

Capitulum

Trochlea

(c) Anterior view at the elbow region

Humerus

Medialepicondyle

Coronoidprocess ofulna

Ulna

Radial notch

Olecranonfossa

Ulna

Olecranonprocess

Medialepicondyle

(d) Posterior view of extended elbow

Humerus

Lateralepicondyle

Head

Radius

Neck


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Radius and Ulna

Figure 8.4c, d

(c) Proximal portion of ulna, lateral view

Olecranon process

Trochlear notch

Coronoid process

Radial notch

View

(d) Distal ends of the radius and ulna at the wrist

Ulnar notch of radius

Head ofulna

Styloidprocess

Articulationfor scaphoid

Articulationfor lunate

Styloidprocess

View


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Carpus

Carpal bones

Are arranged in two irregular rows

Proximal row from lateral to medial Scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, and pisiform

Distal row from lateral to medial

Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate

A mnemonic to help remember carpals:

Sally Left The Party To Take Carmen Home


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Trapezoid

Trapezium

ScaphoidTriquetrumLunate

CapitateHamate

54 3 2

154321

Phalanges

Metacarpals

CarpalsCarpals

(a) Anterior view of right hand (b) Posterior view of right hand

Radius Ulna

Sesamoidbones Base

Shaft

Proximal

Middle

Distal

Head

Ulna

TriquetrumLunate

CapitateHamate

Pisiform

Carpals


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Pelvic Girdle

Figure 8.8a

Coxal bone(os coxae orhip bone)

llium

Sacroiliacjoint

Iliac fossa

Pubis

Ischiumaka Sits Bone

Sacrum

Base of sacrum

Sacral

promontory

Pelvic brim

Acetabulum

Pubic crest

Pubicsymphysis

Iliac crest

Coccyx

Pubic arch

Anteriorinferior iliacspine

Anteriorsuperioriliac spine

Pubic

tubercle

(a) Pelvic girdle


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Neck Foveacapitis

Greatertrochanter

Lateralcondyle

Lateralepicondyle

Head

Lesser trochanter

Intercondylar fossa

Medial condyle

Medialepicondyle

Anterior view Posterior view(b) Femur (thigh bone)

Lateralepicondyle

Patellar

surface

Structures of the Femur

Figure 8.10b


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Structures of the Tibia and Fibula(which one is more medial & which one is more lateral?)

Figure 8.11a, b


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Bones of the Foot : MedialView

Figure 8.12b

Facet formedialmalleolus

Calcanealtuberosity

Intermediatecuneiform

Sustentaculumtali (talar shelf) Talus

Navicular

First metatarsal

Medialcuneiform

Calcaneus


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Bones of the Foot : LateralView

Figure 8.12c

Intermediate cuneiform

Lateral cuneiform

Fifth metatarsal

Facet forlateral malleolus

Talus

Navicular

CuboidCalcaneus


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Classifications of Joints

Fibrous bones connected by collagenfibers, immobile or slightly mobile, no jointcavity is present (e.g. cranial sutures,

periodontal ligament, interosseous ligamentbetween radius and ulna)

Cartilaginous adjoining joints connected bya cartilage (e.g. ribs and sternum, pubic

symphysis) Synovial - bones separated by synovial

cartilage, with synovial fluid and jointcapsule, all freely movable joints


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Synovial Joints with Articular

Discs Some synovial joints containarticular discs made offibrocartilage

Occur in the temporomandibular jointand at the knee joint, sternoclavicular

joint

Occur in joints whose articulating boneshave somewhat different shapes


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Knee Joint

Extracapsular and capsular ligamentsare

Fibular and tibial collateral ligament

Oblique popliteal ligament (attachment ofm. semimembranosus)

Arcuate popliteal ligament

Intracapsular ligaments

Anterior & Posterior Cruciate ligaments

Cross each other like an X


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Superior View of Knee Joint

Figure 9.15b

(b) Superior view of the right tibia in the knee joint, showing

the menisci and cruciate ligaments

Medial

meniscus

Articular

cartilage onmedial tibial

condyle

Anterior

Anteriorcruciateligament

Articular

cartilage on

lateral tibial

condyle

Lateralmeniscus

Posteriorcruciateligament


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Muscles of Mastication


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Four main pairs of muscles involved inmastication

Innervated by mandibular division of thetrigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V)

Prime movers of jaw closure

Masseter and temporalis

prime movers of jaw closure

Pterygoid muscles protraction and side to side movement of

mandible

originate on the sphenoid, insert onto

mandible


20/35Figure 11.10a, b

Orbicularis

oris

Temporalis

Masseter

Buccinator

(a)

Lateralpterygoid

Medialpterygoid

Masseter

pulled away

(b)


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Muscles of the Neck

and VertebralColumn


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Scalenes

Deep to platysma and SCM

Originate: on transverse processi of

cervical vertebrae Insert: on first two ribs

Elevate ribs to aid inspiration as well

as flex and rotate neck


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Sternocleidomastoid

Originates: manubrium sterni andmedial portion of clavicle

Inserts: mastoid process and superiornuchal line

Actions: flexes the head and laterally

rotates the head to the opposite side,laterally flexes the head and lifts ribsto aid inspiration


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Figure 11.12a

1st cervical

vertebra

Sternocleido-mastoid

Base of

occipital

bone

Middlescalene

Anteriorscalene

Posteriorscalene

(a) Anterior

Mastoid

process


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Splenius capitis and cervicis

Superficial muscle, holds in deepermuscles, lies deep to the trapeziusmuscle

Origin: nuchal ligament and spinousprocessi of cervical and thoracicvertebrae

Insertion: transverse processi andmastoid process

Extend the neck, also rotates and


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E S i l


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Erector Spinae muscles

Main muscles for extension of the spine,also act to maintain posture, extend andlaterally flex the spine

Made up by 3 muscles: M. Iliocostalis most lateral, origin on iliac

crest and ribs, inserts on angles of ribs andtrasverse processi C6-C4

M. Longissimus middle, betweentransverse processi of the spine, inserts tothe mastoid process

M. Spinalis most medial, between


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Forms part of posterior abdominalwall, originates from the iliac crest

and lumbar fascia and inserts ontransverse processes of upperlumbar and 12th rib, flexes spinelaterally, bilaterally maintains

posture, fixes ribcage

Quadratus lumborum


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Mastoid process

of temporal boneSemispinaliscapitis

Semispinaliscervicis

Multifidus

Quadratuslumborum

Semispinalisthoracis

Longissimus capitis

Iliocostalis cervicis

Longissimus cervicis

Iliocostalis thoracis

Longissimus thoracisSpinalis thoracis

Iliocostalis lumborum

External oblique

IliocostalisLongissimusErector spinaeSpinalis

Ligamentumnuchae


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Deep Muscles of the Thorax

Most important muscle of respiration

Diaphragm

Flattens as it contracts

Increases the volume of the thoracic cavity

Other deep muscles that assist the breath

External intercostal muscles Lift the rib cage

Internal intercostal muscles

Aid expiration during heavy breathing


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Foramen for

esophagus

Costal cartilage

Lumbar

vertebra

Diaphragm

Quadratus

lumborum

Psoas major

Xiphoid process of sternum

Foramen for inferior

vena cava

Centraltendon of

diaphragm

Foramen

for aorta

12th rib

Figure 11.13b


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ExternalIntercostals elevate theribcage,inspiration

InternalIntercostals depress theribcage,expiration


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Muscles of the Abdominal

Wall


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All aid in forced expiration.

Formed from three flat muscle sheets . . . External oblique origins from outer surface of

lower 8 ribs, inserts onto linea alba viaaponeurosis, inguinal ligament, pubic bone, iliaccrest, action: flexion of the spine, trunk rotation.

Internal oblique originates from lumbar fascia,iliac crest and inguinal ligament, inserts to lineaalba, and lower ribs, same action as externaloblique

Transversus abdominis fibers run horizontally,originates from the inguinal ligament and lumbar

fascia, inserts onto linea alba and iliac crest,com resses the abdomen


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Serratus

anterior

Pectoralis major

Linea alba

Tendinous

intersection

Rectusabdominis

Inguinal ligament(formed by free

inferior border of

the external oblique

aponeurosis)

Transversus

abdominisInternal oblique

Externaloblique

Aponeurosis

of the external

oblique

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Quiz Two Prep