Quiz pgs. 651-675 2B

1. How does Serbia become independent?

2. What did the Tanzimat promise?

3. What is meant by calling the Ottomans the “sick man of Europe”?

4. What is a cause of the Opium war?

5. What ultimately happened to the Qing emperors?

Quiz pgs.651-675 3A

1. What was the Eastern Question?

2. What is Pan-Slavism?

3. What was the Decembrist revolt?

4. What were the provisions of the Treaty of Nanking?

5. What ultimately happened to the Qing emperors?

Ottomans and Russian Empires

Unit 7

Lecture 7

Military Decline

• Lagged behind Europeans

• Janissaries held a lot of power– Stopped practicing military techniques and

didn’t modernize weapons

• Loss of military power caused a decline in the power of the government

Territorial losses

• Caucasus to the Russians

• Greece and Serbia became independent

• Egypt

Economics

• Trade had transferred to Indian Ocean or Atlantic Ocean

• Imported European goods, but didn’t export much

• Became financially dependent on Europeans

• Couldn’t pay interest on loans and economics turned over to foreign powers

Extraterritoriality

• Europeans in other territories were under European laws, not native laws

• Europeans set up their own banks and commercial enterprises

• Seemed as a humiliation for the Ottomans

Reforms

• Selim III– Tried to remodel the army, but Janissaries

revolted– Killed the new army, locked up the Sultan

• Selim’s successor tried again and the Janissaries killed everyone of the royal family except one-Mahmud II

Mahmud II’s Reforms

• Killed the Janissaries and created a new army

• European style uniforms

• European weapons and training

• Sent people to schools in Europe

Mahmund II’s Reforms

• Secondary education school system• Established scientific, technical, and

military academies• Taxed rural landlords• Abolished military land grants• Undermined the ulama• Constructed new roads• Built telegraph lines• Created a postal service

Legal Reforms

• Tanzimat (1839-1876)– Commercial Code 1850– Penal code 1858– Maritime code 1863– New civil code 1870-1876

• Public trials, equality before the law, privacy rights

• Education reforms– Primary and secondary schools – Free primary school

Opposition to Reforms

• Religious conservatives– Reforms undermined Islam

• Young Ottomans

• Ottoman bureaucrats– Wanted a constitution

Abdul Hamid II

• Signed a constitution

• He suspended it after a year

• Dissolved parliament

• Exiled liberals

• Executed some

• Tried to protect empire from foreigners

The Crimean War

• Russia considered themselves the protectors of the Christians

• Ottomans told the French they could have that title

• Russians invaded

• French, British, and Italian Piedmont fought against the Russias

The Crimean War

• Embarrassment for Russia

• Ended the Concert of Europe

• No one could have Ottomans lands

• First modern war

Emancipation of Serfs

• Serfs were free, but worked on Mirs

• Mirs were village systems

• Peasants had to pay tax to nobility

• Ended up in debt

Reforms

• Zemstovs– Local elected councils– Were still subject to the tsar

• Court System– Trial by jury– Elected judges

Industrialization

• Sergi Witte-Finance minister

• Railway construction

• High protective tariffs

• Invited foreign investors

• Created usual social movements associated with industrialization

Protests

• Peasant unrest

• Assassination of Alexander II

• Decembrist Revolt under Nicholas II

• Tsars forced Russian language on other nationalities

• Pogroms against the Jews