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From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey After periods of internal problems and weak rulers
ottoman empire appeared to be ready to collapse. incapable sultans created opportunity for power struggles
between Janissary commanders, religious experts, and rival minsters
Provincial Officials and the Ayans (Land-owning elite) conspired together and cheated tax $$$ from sultan.
Took $$$ from already impoverished peasantry.
From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey Riots led by artisans began springing about the empire. Less need for local artisans. Ottoman Merchants become
dependent on European counter parts. No bueno
Because of the lack of internal order, Ottomans lose the Northern Balkans in Eastern Europe.
Austrian Hapsburg dynsaty (Ottoman rulers) are overthrown in Hungary
From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey Main threat to Ottoman empire survival are… the
RUSSIANS! Military setbacks and Russian Advancements in the black sea
pressure Ottomans Weak alliances with Christian powers further emphasize disorder
in the Ottoman Empire.
Uprisings in Serbia(1804) break out and are quelled in a few years at a large cost. Greece revolts against Ottomans in 1820, independence in 1830.
Serbian independence in 1867 Balkan wars from Ch.23
From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of TurkeyReform and Survival O.E. beats the odds and survived into the 20th century
because of two reasons Divisions between European Powers. Multiple nations in Europe feared another power would gain to
much territory out of O.E. land. In response Britain Supported the O.E. to prevent Russian
control of Istanbul
From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of TurkeyReform and Survival
Large part of survival was social reform within O.E. Two factions in O.E. politics, those wanting changes more
akin to Europe and those wanting to change to previous precedents from early O.E
Think Conservatives vs. Liberals First printing press arrives in O.E. territory in 1727
From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of TurkeyReform and Survival
Sultan Selim III takes power Selim III pushed for bolder reforms. His main efforts were focused at reforming the army and
administration Angered Janisarry Corp. Selim was killed in a Janissary
revolt in 1807.
From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of TurkeyReform and Survival
Following Selim’s failure Mahmud II triumphed in reforms Mahmud created a secret army with help of European
advisors in 1826 Janissary uprising in Istanbul, all were slaughtered by the
new secret force. Made Tanzimat reforms to further westernize O.E.
Established Diplomatic corps on western lines
From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey
Tanzimat Reforms(1839-1876) introduce western education, telegraph lines, and railways.
New constitution created based on European prototypes. Artisans suffer further because of the removal of import taxes
that protected local producers. Rights for women debated but never were changed
Reform and Survival
From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey
Tanzimat Reforms did allow the O.E. to resist western aggressors, but created social problems.
Western educated bureaucrats and officers began seeing sultanate as barrier to more radical reforms New western elite clashed with Ulama and the
Ayan(conservatives)
Repression and Revolt
From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of TurkeyRepression and Revolt
Sultan Abdul Hamid responds to growing westernized population by returning to a despotic absolutism government. During his reign he nullifies the newly set constitution. Retains certain freedoms such as the freedom of press
Despite all his acts against westernization Hamid pushed for westernization in military arms and techniques
Established railways and more telegraphs with German aid.
From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey
Abdul Hamid’s rule came to an end after an almost bloodless military coup in 1908. Turkish intellectuals and politicians whom were exiled formed the
Ottoman society For Union and Progress in Paris in 1889 O.S.F.U.P.P. wanted to resume far reaching reforms and bring the
1876 constitution back into effect Sultan was overthrown and created as a religious position
Repression and Revolt
From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey
Repression and Revolt
The new elite officers began to quarrel among themselves in factional fighting. People most affected by the decision to overthrow Sultan were
the people of the fertile crescent in Arabia. Arabians wanted less Turkish power ruling over them, but were
further subjugated. Unfortunately their time was limited before WW I
Questions for Candy!
What territories did the Ottomans lose? What happened to position of Artisans? Printing press introduced? Describe Mahmud’s reforms. What did Abdul Hamid do to stop westernization? What finished the Ottoman Empire?