Quarter Test Prep

Oh NOoooo!

• 1. What force caused the atoms from the big bang to form into galaxies and stars ?

•Gravity

•What is absolute magnitude?

•True brightness of a star as seen near the star

•What type of galaxy is the Milky Way?

•Spiral

•What causes the pressure in a star that causes it to begin its burning reaction?

•Gravity

•Where does the solar wind come from on the sun?

•Corona

•What is the last stage a yellow star goes through before it dies?

• It becomes a red giant

•What did the Big Bang produce in the way of elements

•Mostly just Hydrogen and Helium

•What do elliptical galaxies look like?

•A fuzzy ball

• The temperature of a star can be determined by it’s color. What is the correct order of star colors from the coolest to the hottest?

•Red, Yellow, White, Blue

•What does solar wind produce in our atmosphere?

•Aurora Borealis

•How does a blue star die?

• It explodes

•What is the type of star that lives the longest?

•Red Dwarf

•What is the type of star that lives the shortest?

• What type of star is our sun?

•Yellow Star

•What type of star has the most gravity?

•Blue Star

• What type of star has the least gravity?

•Red Dwarf

•Why does Earth have to be on an outer arm of the Milky Way for us to live?

•There is too much light and radiation in the center of the galaxy for us to survive.

•How is one way we can tell that the sun gives off a “solar wind?

• Comet tails always point away from the sun

• Aurora Borealis

• Mars atmosphere loss

•Explain the process of how a star’s mass controls it’s temperature, lifespan, and color.

• More massive stars have more gravity, The gravity creates more pressure. It is the increased pressure that causes the nuclear reaction to work in a star. The higher the pressure,

• The stronger the nuclear reaction, and the less stable the star will be. For this reason, Jumbo stars go out of control and explode after a few million years

•The star’s color depends on it’s temperature, Cool is Red, Medium is Yellow, Hot is White, Super hot is Blue

•The Meteor Crater we saw in Arizona was caused by a meteorite made of what substance?

• IRON AND NICKEL

• During planet formation, when enough smaller masses collide to have enough gravity to cause the body to become round, what is that body then called?

•Proto-planet

•During planet formation, when particles of dust combine, what are they called?

•Planetessimals

•Where did our atmosphere first come from?

•Volcanoes

•Where did the matter that makes up the earth most directly come from?

•A giant exploded star

• Building something up over time from many small pieces is called ________

•Accretion

•Where did the oceans most directly come from after the earth cooled down a lot?

•Condensation in the atmosphere

All mass has ____.

•GRAVITY

• Why was the earth once molten? (What was the main cause of the heat?)

•Collisions

•What is the force that causes particles in space to keep forming larger and larger clumps until they finally become a planet?

•GRAVITY

•Why are all of the gas giants far from the sun?

• There is a lot of heat close to the sun that causes hydrogen and He Molecules to move faster than the earth’s escape velocity. Far out where the gas giants orbit it is very cold and the gas molecules slow down enough to be captured by the planet’s gravity

• Why is the daytime and nighttime temperature the same on Venus?

•The carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere lets the sunlight in, but won’t het the heat out

• Which planet is moving the fastest in it’s orbit and why?

• Mercury must orbit quickly to keep from falling into the sun. The sun’s gravity lessens as distance from the sun increases, so outer planets orbit more slowly.

Name Them

•Why do planets finally stop getting larger?

•They run out of dust and gas to sweep up

• Name the planets in order outward from the sun

• Mercury

• Venus

• Earth

• Mars

• Jupiter

• Saturn

• Uranus

• Neptune

•Name the 4 terrestrial or rocky

planets.

• Mercury

• Venus

• Earth

• Mars

•Name the gas giants

• Jupiter

• Saturn

• Uranus

• Neptune

•Why is the day length so long and so short in Barrow Alaska?

•Because in the summer the tilt of the Earth causes the sun to shine on the top of the planet. In the winter it shines on the bottom

• In the Summer, which place gets the most direct sunlight, Florida or Alaska?

•Florida. In Alaska the sunlight hits at a very slanted angle

• In the summer, which axis of the Earth points toward the sun?

•The north axis

• At any time of day in the winter, how much of the Earth is illuminated by the sun?

•One half• All planets and moons are

always ½ lit by the sun. Which half of the earth is lit depends on the season.

•The type of energy transfer where a hot fluid or gas rises then sinks again is called---

•Convection

•Heated fluid's molecules push apart causing the fluid to expand and become ----.

•Less dense

• Why, do the molecules push apart when they are heated?

• Hotter molecules move much faster, and collide with one another, which pushes them apart

•Cooling fluid's molecules get close causing the fluid to shrink and become

•More dense

• In a liquid or gas mixture, the densest liquid or gas goes where?

•To the bottom

• The type of energy transfer where one molecule in a solid directly passes heat energy to the molecule next to it is called--.

•Conduction

• The type of energy transfer where energy travels in electromagnetic waves through space is called - -

•Radiation

•A metal pan handle gets hot because of what type of energy transfer?

•Conduction

• Directly or indirectly, most of the Earth's heat energy comes from--

•The sun

•What are the 3 types of energy transfer?

•Conduction

•Convection

•Radiation

• What type of energy transfer is happening in each of the spots on the nest picture?

In convection, what does heat do to the molecules to make gas or liquid become less dense?

•Why must materials touch each other for conduction to occur between them?

• Where does the warm air come from in a temperature inversion?

•SOMEWHERE ELSE that is much warmer

• What causes the lower air level to be so cold when a temperature inversion forms?

•The Cold Ground

• What time of year do large temperature inversions most easily form?

•Late Winter or early Spring

• What stops the smoke from going through the warm layer of air at the top of an inversion?

• The smoke cools a little as it goes through the cold lower air. When it gets to the warm top level, it is denser than that warm layer. The warm layer floats on top of the smoke, holding it down.

•What is the problem with a temperature inversion?

• IT can cause heart or lung problems, and even kills a number of people.

•How can we make temperature inversions cleaner?

1. Build factories and power plants on higher ground.

2. Drive less or cleaner cars

3. No fireplaces or burning

• What does the ice bag represent?

• The cold ground

• What does the bag of hot water do to the densitydensity of the upper air in the jar?

• Heat makes the upper air less dense

• What happens to the temperature of the smoke as it goes through the cold air?

• It cools

• What happens to the density of the smoke as it goes through the cold air?

• It becomes more dense

What type of air mass?

• Continental air masses are what?

• Dry

• Maritime air masses are what?

• WET

• Tropical air masses are what?

• HOT

• Polar air masses are what?

•COLD