Science Quarter 1 – Module 1:

Plate Tectonics

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Science Quarter 1 – Module 1:

Plate Tectonics

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Science – Grade 10

Alternative Delivery Mode

Quarter 1 – Module 1: Plate Tectonics

First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones

Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writer : Jasmin P. Fabillar

Editors : Juvimar E. Montolo and Estrellita L. Quiamco

Reviewer : Florencio Labiste

Layout Artist : Jasmin P. Fabillar

Management Team:

Schools Division Superintendent – Dr. Marilyn S. Andales, CESO V

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent – Dr. Cartesa M. Perico

– Dr. Ester A. Futalan

– Dr. Leah B. Apao

Chief, CID – Dr. Mary Ann P. Flores

EPS in LRMS – Mr. Isaiash T. Wagas

EPS in Science – Mrs. Juvimar E. Montolo

Printed in the Philippines by: Department of Education, Region VII, Division of Cebu Province Office Address : IPHO Bldg., Sudlon, Lahug, Cebu City

Telefax : (032) 255-6405

E-mail Address : cebu.province@deped.gov.ph

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Introductory Message

For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Science 10 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on

Plate Tectonics!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by

educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or

facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum

while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and

independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also

aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into

consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the

body of the module:

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this

module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to

manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist

the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies

that will help you in guiding the

learners.

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For the learner:

Welcome to the Science 10 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on

Plate Tectonics!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful

opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You

will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active

learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know

This will give you an idea of the skills

or competencies you are expected to

learn in the module.

What I Know

This part includes an activity that aims

to check what you already know about

the lesson. If you get all the answers

correctly (100%), you may decide to

skip this module.

What’s In

This is a brief drill or review to help you

link the current lesson with the

previous one.

What’s New

In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such

as a story, a song, a poem, a problem

opener, an activity, or a situation.

What is It

This section provides a brief discussion

of the lesson. This aims to help you

discover and understand new concepts

and skills.

What’s More

This comprises activities for

independent practice to solidify your

understanding and skills of the topic.

You may check the answers to the

exercises using the Answer Key at the

end of the module.

What I Have Learned

This includes questions or blank

sentences/paragraphs to be filled to

process what you learned from the

lesson.

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What I Can Do

This section provides an activity that

will help you transfer your new

knowledge or skill into real-life

situations or concerns.

Assessment

This is a task which aims to evaluate

your level of mastery in achieving the

learning competency.

Additional Activities

In this portion, another activity will be

given to you to enrich your knowledge

or skill of the lesson learned.

Answer Key

This contains answers to all activities

in the module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the

module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.

2. Do not forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities

included in the module.

3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.

4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.

5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.

6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.

If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not

hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not

alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning

and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

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What I Need to Know

Unit 1

Module 1

(Week 1)

Most Essential Learning Competency

S10ES-Ia-j-36.1 describe the distribution of active volcanoes,

earthquake epicenters, and major mountain belts.

PLATE TECTONICS

What this module is about…

Awesome forces shape our world – forces that build mountains, drive

hurricanes, and shake land and water. We explore the planet’s tectonic plates and

related agents of geologic change – earthquakes, volcanic eruption, erosion and

glaciers, and the dynamic landforms like mountains, plateaus, rivers, lakes, caves

and many others.

Our country is blessed with so many land features such as mountains and

volcanoes. These features can be sources of different minerals or can be used for

agricultural purposes. For example, we have the majestic and world renowned

Mayon Volcano. Because of its volcanic activity, it produces fertile slopes and plains

which are used by the locals to grow their crops.

Have you ever wondered why our country is endowed with these kinds of

geologic features?

In this module, we will study thoroughly the framework that will enable us to

understand how and why several features of the Earth continuously change. This

theory is what we call “Plate Tectonics.” This describes the events within the Earth

that give rise to mountain ranges, volcanoes, earthquake belts, and other features of

the earth’s surface.

• Lesson

Plate Tectonics

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This is a _____________ plate margin. Here the two plates are moving

____________ each other. However the ____________ plate is being

____________ underneath the ____________ plate as it is far _______________.

This forms a __________________. Oceanic crust is melted into __________ by the

______________. This then rises along the __________ lines to form ___________.

In this module, you should be able to:

1. describe the distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters, and

major mountain belts;

2. locate the epicenter of an earthquake using the triangulation method.

Here is a simple guide for you in going about the module:

1. Read and follow instructions carefully.

2. Read each lesson and do activities that are provided for you.

3. Activities and/or exercises are given to deepen your understanding of the concept and to develop your skills. Take time in doing this.

4. Take note of important ideas and points for clarification.

5. Do not forget to answer the assessment and see how much you have learned.

What I Know

Complete the following statements. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

msnucleus.org

Missing words:

Oceanic, volcanoes,

pushed, denser,

destructive, deep sea

trench, mantle, fault,

magma, towards,

continental

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quizlet.com

What’s In Learning is fun!

What is Plate Tectonic?

According to the plate tectonics model, the entire lithosphere of the Earth is broken into numerous segments, the plates. Plates are large pieces of the upper few hundred kilometers of Earth’s crust that move as a single unit as it floats above the mantle. As they interact along their margins, important geological processes take place, such as the formation of mountain belts, earthquakes, and volcanoes. The lithosphere is in constant motion, meaning it moves very slowly but constantly. The Arctic Ridge has the slowest rate (less than 2.5 cm/year), and the East Pacific Rise near Easter Island, in the South Pacific about 3,400 km west of Chile, has the fastest (more than 15 cm/year). The tectonics is the movement of the lithosphere of the Earth. Earth’s lithosphere consists of layers, the crust and the upper part of the mantle. This part of the module will focus on the outermost layer which is called CRUST.

Plate Tectonics is a theory which suggests that Earth’s crust is made up of plates that interact in various ways, thus producing earthquakes, mountains, volcanoes, and other geologic features.

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The crust is made of a variety of solid rocks like sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous. It has an average density of 2.8 g/cm³ and its thickness ranges from 5 to 50 km. The crust is thickest in a part where a relatively young mountain is present and thinnest along the ocean floor.

Figure1. Kinds of crust

Geologypage.com

Comparison of Kinds of Crust

Continental Crust Oceanic Crust

Less dense , thicker More dense (denser) , thinner

Makes up the continent Makes up the ocean floor

Mostly of granites – light rock with a coarse grained texture

Mostly of basalts – dark rock with a fine grained texture

Averages 35 km; as thick as 80 km Thinner than continental crust, averaging 7 km

What’s New

MARK MY PLATE

Objective

1. Name and search out from the map the major tectonic plates of the world; 2. Classify the tectonic plates as oceanic or continental.

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ANTARCTIC PLATE

EURASIAN PLATE JUAN DE FUCA

PHILIPPINE PLATE

CARRIBEAN PLATE

AUSTRALIAN PLATE

NORTH AMERICAN

PLATE

NAZCA PLATE

AFRICAN PLATE

INDIAN PLATE

Materials world tectonic plates map scissors paste Procedure

1. Make a copy of the map and the words found under it. 2. Analyze the map, and then label the major tectonic plates of the world using

the words found below it. 3. Cut the words out, then paste them on the map.

http://marc.fournier.free.free.fr

Q1. Classify whether the labelled tectonic plates on the map are oceanic or continental.

Q2. In what specific type of tectonic plate the Philippines is located?

SCOTIA PLATE

SOUTH AMERICAN

PLATE

COCOS PLATE

PACIFIC PLATE

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Q3. What major tectonic plates are found around the Philippines?

Q4. Describe the earth’s lithosphere.

What is It

There are seven relatively large plates and a number of smaller ones, including the Philippine plate. The plates move very slowly but constantly, this movement is called tectonics; thus the theory of moving lithospheric plates is called plate tectonics.

The lithosphere is the solid, outer part of the Earth. The lithosphere includes the brittle upper portion of the mantle and the crust, the outermost layers of Earth's structure. It is bounded by the atmosphere above and the asthenosphere (another part of the upper mantle) below.

A map showing the lithosphere of the Earth that is divided into segments called Plates. These plates move and interact with one another to produce earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain ranges, ocean trenches and other geologic processes and features.

Figure2. Map of Plate Boundaries http:/ /pubs.usgs.gov

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What’s More

Seismic Wave

Before we study more about plate tectonics, let us discuss first one of the consequences of moving crustal plates which is crucial in studying plate tectonics: EARTHQUAKE.

An earthquake releases three types of seismic waves (you have learned in your Grade 8 Science) Primary (P-waves), Secondary (S-waves), and Long surface waves (L-waves). The first two travel into the Earth’s interior while the last one on the surface.

These waves travel at different velocities, thus, do not arrive at a seismic recording station at the same time. The farther the recording instrument is from the focus, the greater the difference in the time of arrival of the P-wave compared to the S-wave. The difference in the time of arrival will tell us the distance of the earthquake’s focus from the seismic recording station. However, it does not tell in which direction it came from.

Locating the earthquake’s epicenters provides important data in identifying areas which are prone to earthquakes so that necessary precaution will be taken to prevent loss of life and other casualties.

The next activity will give you a first-hand experience on how to locate earthquake’s epicenter.

Find the Center

Objective

Locate the epicenter of an earthquake using the triangulation method.

Materials • Hypothetical records of earthquake waves • Copy of the Philippine map found in figure 3 • drawing compass and ruler

Procedure

1. Study the data showing the difference in the arrival time of P-wave and S-wave on three seismic recording stations.

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2. Compute the distance of the epicenter from each of the stations using this

formula:

Where: d = distance (km) Td= time difference in the arrival time of P-wave and S-wave (seconds) This formula is suited because 8 seconds is the interval between the times of arrival of the P-wave and S-wave at a distance of 100 km.

3. Choose one of the recording stations and measure the computed distance on the map scale (the scale of the map in Figure 3 is 1.5 cm: 200 km). Set your compass for that computed distance.

4. Center your compass on the station you have chosen. Draw a circle. Do this in your copy of the Philippine map.

5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 for the rest of the stations. You should get three circles that intersect or nearly intersect at a point. This intersection is the epicenter.

Figure3. Map of the Philippines pinterest.com

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Q1. Where is the epicenter of this hypothetical earthquake? Q2. What difficulty will you encounter if you only have data from two recording stations?

In the previous activity, the hypothetical earthquake happened locally, that is why we use the formula stated in the procedure. But, if the earthquake took place at a far greater distance, seismologists use the distance-time graph similar to the figure below in determining the location of the epicenter.

http://stream2.cma.gov.cn/pub/comet/Environment/TsunamiWarningSystems/comet/tsunami/warningsystem/print.htm

Figure4. Distance-time graph To determine the arrival time of the P-wave and given a clock time for the arrival of the S-wave is to find difference in arrival time between P-wave and S-wave at the given epicenter distance. Subtract the difference in arrival time from the clock time of the S-wave. The distance-time graph above shows that the S-P interval is about 10 minutes.

Q1. What is the distance of the epicenter from the seismic station? Q2. What do you think is the importance of determining the epicenter of an earthquake?

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What I Have Learned

There are seven relatively large plates and a number of smaller ones,

including the Philippine plate. The plates move very slowly but constantly, this movement is called tectonics; thus the theory of moving lithospheric plates is called plate tectonics.

The importance of seismic wave research lies not only in our ability to understand and predict earthquakes and tsunamis, it also reveals information on the Earth's composition and features in much the same way as it led to the discovery of Mohorovicic's discontinuity.

Seismologists study earthquakes by going out and looking at the damage caused by the earthquakes and by using seismographs. A seismograph is an instrument that records the shaking of the earth's surface caused by seismic waves.

When an earthquake occurs, rocks at a fault line slip or break, and two sections of Earth's crust physically move relative to one another. That movement releases energy, and two types of seismic waves radiate outward from the earthquake through Earth's interior and along its surface.

In order to locate the epicenter of an earthquake, you need to determine the time interval between the arrival of the Primary (P-waves) and Secondary (S-waves) on the seismograms from the least three different stations. The difference in the arrival time will tell us the distance of the earthquake’s focus from the seismic recording station. The triangulation method is performed and located the point the epicenter of the earthquake.

Determining the location of earthquake epicenters plays a vital role in laying the foundations of plate tectonics. Locating earthquake epicenters will pinpoint which fault lines are active. Usually, the less active fault line stores great amount of potential energy that could cause major earthquake once released.

Therefore, places near fault lines that remain inactive for a long period of time are due to experience a major earthquake.

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What I Can Do

Make your own Earthquake Safety poster or Earthquake safety drill poster of

what to do before, during and after an Earthquake.

slideshare.net

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Assessment

Choose the letter of the correct answer.

For questions 1 and 2, refer to the figure above:

1. You were provided with data showing the arrival time of the P and S-waves recorded from three seismic stations. Which of these can you possibly determine?

a. the damage at the focus b. the distance to the earthquake c. the intensity of the earthquake d. the location of the epicenter

2. From the seismogram, the distance to the epicenter can be determined by Measuring

a. the arrival time of surface wave b. the difference in the arrival times of the P and S-waves c. the ratio of the amplitude of the largest P and S-waves d. the speed of the surface wave

3. When two tectonic plates collide, the oceanic crust usually sub ducts beneath the continental crust because it is

a. denser than continental crust b. less dense than continental crust c. thicker than continental crust d. thinner than continental crust

4. If you visit a place in the Pacific known to be along converging plates, which of these should you NOT expect to see?

a. active volcanoes b. mountain ranges c. rift valleys d. volcanic islands

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5. You are an oceanographer and want to map the ocean floor on the east coast of the Philippines. As you do your study, you notice that there is a portion in the ocean floor which is relatively much deeper than the rest. What most likely is that deeper part?

a. linear sea b. oceanic ridge c. rift valley d. trench

6. What do you expect to find at a mid-ocean ridge? a. relatively young rocks b. reverse fault

c. thick accumulation of sediments d. very ancient rocks

7. Crustal plate A is moving away from crustal plate B. What is the expected average rate of change in position between A and B?

a. a few centimeters per year b. a few meters per month c. a few millimeters per century d. a few millimeters per day

8. Which plate boundary is formed between the Philippine plate and the Eurasian plate?

a. convergent b. divergent c. reverse fault d. transform fault

9. Which of these is false about lithospheric plates? a. have the same thickness everywhere b. include the crust and upper mantle c. thickest in the mountain regions d. vary in thickness

10. Which of these is NOT true about the Philippine islands? a. most are part of the Philippine Mobile Belt, except for Palawan, Mindoro, and Zamboanga b. formed because of the convergence of the Philippine plate and the Pacific plate c. originated geologically in an oceanic-oceanic convergence

d. some are products of subduction

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Additional Activities

Earthquakes and Seismic Waves

kgs.ku.net

1. What kinds of waves have you observed?

2. How do waves move in water?

3. Stretch the Slinky across the floor. Do not over stretch the slinky. You should only stretch it about 4 feet long.

4. Gather about four coils of the Slinky and release them. Do not let go of the end of the Slinky. Carefully observe what direction the coils move.

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What I Know I.

1.Destructive 2.Towards 3.Oceanic 4.Pushed 5.Continental 6.Denser 7.Deep Sea Trench 8.Magma 9.Mantle 10.Fault 11.Volcanoes

II.

12.Collision 13.Towards 14.Continental 15.Subducted 16.Crust 17.Fold Mountains 18.Himalayas 19.Eurasian 20.Indian

Total – 20 points

What’s New MARK MY PLATE Q1. Oceanic plate

•Juan De Puca plate •Pacific plate •Cocos plate •Nazca plate •Caribbean plate •Scotia plate •Antarctic plate Continental plate •North America plate •South American plate •African plate •Eurasian plate •Arabian plate •Indian plate •Australian plate

Q2. Oceanic plate Q3. Pacific plate

Eurasian plate Australian plate

Q4. The Earth’s lithosphere is broken into several pieces like an eggshell with cracks. These chunks form the Earth’s Tectonic plates.

What’s More Find the Center Q1. Since the three circles drawn intersect in Cebu City, it is where the epicenter is. Q2. Assuming that the two circles will intersect, the circles will intersect at two points. Therefore, there will be two locations that could possibly be the epicenter.

What’s More 1. Transverse waves, longitudinal waves, Surface waves 2. Waves are created by energy passing through water, causing it to move in a circular motion. The ocean is never still. Waves transmit energy, not water, across the ocean and if not obstructed by anything, they have the potential to travel across an entire ocean basin. Waves are most commonly caused by wind.

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What’s More Q1. 9 000 km Q2. Locating Earthquake epicenters will pinpoint which fault lines are active. Usually, the less active fault line stores great amount of potential energy that could cause major Earthquake once released. Therefore, places near fault lines that remain inactive for a long period of time are due to experience a major Earthquake.

Assessment 1. D 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. D 6. A 7. A 8. A 9. A 10. B

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References

Department of Education-Instructional Materials Council Secretariat (DepEd- IMCS). 2015. Science – Grade 10 Learner’s Material. Rex Book Store, Inc.

Popular Science . II. Grolier Educational (Firm). 2004. Grolier International, Inc.

Department of Education, Bureau of Secondary Education. Project EASE Integrated Science I, Module 12: Inside the Earth.

Department of Education, Bureau of Secondary Education (2013). Science Grade 9 Learner’s Module. Vibal Publishing House, Inc.

Punongbayan, R. et. Al. (1998) . The Philippine Archipelago Volume I. Tarbuck. E.J. et. Al. (2009). Earth Science 12th ed. Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd.

Yumul, Jr., Graciano P., Carla B. Dimalanta, Victor B. Maglambayan and Edanjarlo J. Marquez, Tectonic Setting of a Composite Terrane: A Review of the Philippine Island Arc System, 12 Geoscineces Journal 1, (March 2008), pp. 7-17

Robert Hall, Reconstructing Cenozoic SE Asia

• "Tectonic Plates Facts for Kids." Easy Science for Kids. November 18, 2016. Accessed November 21, 2017. http://easyscienceforkids.com/all-abouttectonic-plates/. "

• “Philippine Institute of Volcanology & Seismology”. Philippine Institute of Volcanology & Seismology. Accessed November 21, 2017.

• Earthlearningidea – http//:www.earthlearningidea.com • https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/ess05.sci.ess.earthsys.tectonic/te

ctonic-plates-earthquakes-and-volcanoes • http://www.covingtontravel.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Hawaiian-

islands.gif • http://geoplatetectonics.weebly.com/uploads/2/3/3/2/23324554/9230029.png?

527 • What is a tectonic plate? (This Dynamic Earth, USGS). Accessed November

21, 2017. https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/tectonic.html • Convection Current – Google Search Accessed November 22, 2017.

-End of Module-

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education, Region VII, Division of Cebu Province

Office Address: IPHO Bldg., Sudlon, Lahug, Cebu City

Telefax: (032) 255-6405

E-mail Address: cebu.province@deped.gov.ph