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Federico Magalini
Quantifying WEEE in Romania:
2019 vs 2015
WEEE Directive & collection target challenges
• Romania
• 2012-2015: 4 kg/person or average 3 preceding years
• 2016-2020: 40% to 45% POM (45% POM in National transposition)
• Latest from 2021: 65% POM or 85% WG
229.10.2019 ECOTIC Final Presentation
Can we make it ?
WEEE Directive & collection target challenges
• Romania
• 2012-2015: 4 kg/person or average 3 preceding years
• 2016-2020: 40% to 45% POM (45% POM in National transposition)
• Latest from 2021: 65% POM or 85% WG
• Main challenges related to achievability of the target
• Target setting mechanism:
o POM and market dynamics
o Inaccurate data (POM) and wrong WG
• Volumes not accounted/reachable for collection, particularly reused/donated
• Availability of collection infrastructures in Romania & awareness of citizens
329.10.2019 ECOTIC Final Presentation
#ThrowbackTuesday
Project Context 4
22-03-2014Art. 7 WEEE Tender
Directive 2012/19/EU
National Transpositions
… ..
WEEE Art. 7WEEE Art. 11
Exporting ConditionsWEEE Art. 16.3
EC S
tud
ies
Life-span
TARGET Implementation
Co
mp
lian
ceSc
hem
es
Oth
er E
con
om
ic
Op
erat
ors
Was
te B
in
Re-
Use
Lo
op
s
Exp
ort
fo
r R
eUse
, Tr
eatm
ent
Waste Generated (Tool + current estim.)
A
Data Quality
TARGET Setting
C
D
Reporting Framework
AC
HIE
VEM
ENT
Put on Market
BData Quality
Future Devlp.
Data QualityFuture Devlp.
Member State Responsibility
Study Context
EC Activities
29.10.2019 ECOTIC Final Presentation 4
mmmll
STUDY ON COLLECTION RATES
OF WASTE ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT
(WEEE)
POSSIBLE MEASURES TO BE INITIATED BY THE
COMMISSION AS REQUIRED BY ARTICLE 7(4),
7(5), 7(6) AND 7(7) OF DIRECTIVE 2012/19/EU ON WASTE ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC
EQUIPMENT (WEEE)
WG Methodology, E-tool and challenges
• EC E-tool developed in 2014, pre-loaded with data derived from Apparent Consumption
• POM = PRODUCTION – EXPORT + IMPORT
• Statistics based on units converted using average weight sometimes different from reality of Romanian market
• The data-entry in the E-tool can be done according to 6 collection categories, 10 product categories or the 54 UNU-KEYs
• If data entry is done using the 6 or 10 categories the tool split the data to each UNU-KEY using the market breakdown of 2012
• Currently not included appliances for the open scope
• Later (2016) E-tool has been updated (dataset POM) and errors can be seen in the time-series
• No fridges POM prior 2002
• POM data higher compared to 2014 version (+18% to +37%, for some categories +500%)
529.10.2019 ECOTIC Final Presentation
National Register
• Annual declarations from Producers
• Closer link to the “scope” of the WEEE Directive
• Shorter time series when methodology was developed (longer in the future)
• Potential risk of free-riders (reporting POM = financing obligations)
Apparent Consumption
• Based on official statistics
• Longer time series (from 1996)
• For some codes “scope” might slightly
differ from WEEE Directive (might
include non-electric products)
• Might include used equipment as well
(no distinction in trade)
National Register vs Apparent Consumption
6
National Register is a better source (Industry declarations) and time series are getting
longer now.
Apparent Consumption can be used to double-check (company level from authorities!)
29.10.2019 ECOTIC Final Presentation
Impact of bad data in time series
29.10.2019 ECOTIC Final Presentation 7
-
50.000
100.000
150.000
200.000
250.000
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
PO
M (
t)1-LHHA National Register 1-LHHA E-Tool
• Direct impact if target based on POM
• Major driver if WG Methodology is used
• EC methodology = Sales-Lifespan (used in the E-tool)
– POM is influencing the total amount of WG
– Lifespan telling “when” the waste will be generated
– Accuracy of Lifespan is having a marginal role (max 10-15% impact on WG)
2007 is 133%, 2008 215% higher
compared to 2006-2014 average
Approx. 110kt
Impact of bad data in time series
29.10.2019 ECOTIC Final Presentation 8
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025 2027 2029
WG
(t)
PO
M (
t)
C&F POM LHHA POM C&F WG LHHA WG
Targets with different data sources
29.10.2019 ECOTIC Final Presentation 9
0,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
12,0
14,0
16,0
18,0
POM, average of2015/2016/2017
WG 2018 Collection Target45% POM
Collection Target65% POM
Collection Target85% WG
kg
/pe
rso
n
E-tool National Register
Can we make it ?
Stock in Romanian households
29.10.2019 ECOTIC Final Presentation 10
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
Relevance by unit Relevance by weight
Stock in Romanian households
29.10.2019 ECOTIC Final Presentation 11
21,9 21,6
7,9 7,4 7,1
5,2 5,2 4,0
2,6 2,4 2,1 1,2 0,8 0,8 0,5 0,3 0,1 0,1 0,1
0
5
10
15
20
25
91 kg/person (71 kg in 2015)
As in 2015 few products contribute to the
total stock
Ovens are moving up compared to 2015
78% (weight)
Stock in Romanian households
29.10.2019 ECOTIC Final Presentation 12
-
50.000
100.000
150.000
200.000
250.000
300.000
350.000
400.000
450.000
Washingmachine
Fridges Ovens/EletricStoves
Flat screenTV
Freezer CRT TV Microwave Centralheaters
AirConditioner
Others
Sto
ck
in
to
ns
Survey Stock 2015 Survey Stock 2019
Acquisition of products: New vs Second Hand
29.10.2019 ECOTIC Final Presentation 13
80%
82%
84%
86%
88%
90%
92%
94%
96%
98%
100%
C&F Screens LHHA SHA Small IT
New Used/Second Hand Don't remember
Products acquired used/second hand (% on stock)
29.10.2019 ECOTIC Final Presentation 14
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%C&F Screens LHHA SHA Small IT
Age of stock
29.10.2019 ECOTIC Final Presentation 15
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
<1 year 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 -5 years 6-10 years 11-15years
16-20years
21-40years
>40 years
C&F Screens Lamps LHHA SHA Small IT
50% of the products in stock
(units) are less than 3 years old
Stock up to 3 years
29.10.2019 ECOTIC Final Presentation 16
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Stock: role of not used and broken products
29.10.2019 ECOTIC Final Presentation 17
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
C&F Screens Lamps LHHA SHA Small IT
Working and used Not working/broken Working but not used N.A.
Stock: role of not used and broken products
29.10.2019 ECOTIC Final Presentation 18
-
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
C&F Screens Lamps LHHA SHA Small IT
Working and used Not working/broken Working but is not used N.A.
Approx. 7 kg/pp of
appliances not working/ or
not in use (7.5% of stock)
Was 2.4 kg/pp (3% stock) in
2015
21.1 kg/pp in Italy 2012
Storage at home
29.10.2019 ECOTIC Final Presentation 19
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
C&F
Screens
Lamps
LHHA
SHA
Small IT
< 1 year 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 to 5 years 6 to 10 years > 10 years
Reasons for storage at home
29.10.2019 ECOTIC Final Presentation 20
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
Don’t know what to do
There is nosolution
available todiscard
Did nothave the
time
I wasthinking to
repair it
Waiting forsales
discountcampaign
Not anissue
storing
Findsomene tosell/offer
Potentialback-up
Sentimental Waiting forscrap
collectors
Otherusage
Waiting forWEEE
collectioncampaigns
Other
C&F Screens Lamps LHHA SHA Small IT
Reasons for storage at home
29.10.2019 ECOTIC Final Presentation 21
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
Don’t know what to do
There is nosolution
available todiscard
Did nothave the
time
I wasthinking to
repair it
Waiting forsales
discountcampaign
Not anissue
storing
Findsomene tosell/offer
Potentialback-up
Sentimental Waiting forscrap
collectors
Otherusage
Waiting forWEEE
collectioncampaigns
Other
Awareness
Infrastructures
Disposal habit consumers
• Consumers have been asked what happened after they
decided to discard the appliance (i.e. formally waste
according to Waste Framework Directive definition of waste)
22
Bring to
the shop
Retailer
pick up at
home
Bring to
Municipal
Collection
Point
Municipalit
y pick up
at home
Sold on
olx.ro,
okazii.ro /
Sold to a
refurbisher
Donated to
parents,
friends,
people in
need for
free
Waste bin /
garbage
With
Plastic/oth
er
recyclable
waste
Give it to
iron scrap
collectors
Bring it to
an iron
scrap yard
- REMAT
Other
WEEE
collection
points
Warranty
substitutio
n
Specialized
team pick-
up it from
home
(Ecotic or
RoREC)
Not
Know/Do
not
Remember
Other
Retailer Retailer Municipal MunicipalLife-
Extension
Life-
ExtensionBad-Habit Bad-Habit
Scrap
Collection
Scrap
CollectionWarranty Uncertainty Uncertainty
Correct Correct Correct CorrectLife-
Extension
Life-
ExtensionBad-Habit Bad-Habit Bad-Habit Bad-Habit Correct Warranty Correct Uncertainty Uncertainty
29.10.2019 ECOTIC Final Presentation
WEEE Generated & Collection targets
29.10.2019 ECOTIC Final Presentation 23
0,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
12,0
14,0
WG 2018 Collection Target 201845% POM
Collection Target65% POM
Collection Target85% WG
kg
/pe
rso
n
E-tool National Register Survey
Discard patterns: where waste goes
29.10.2019 ECOTIC Final Presentation 24
-
0,20
0,40
0,60
0,80
1,00
1,20
1,40
1,60
Availalbe for collectionby Compliance
Scheme
Life-extension Bad Habit Warranty Uncertainty
C&F Screens Lamps LHHA SHA Small IT
Discard patterns: where waste goes
29.10.2019 ECOTIC Final Presentation 25
0,00
0,50
1,00
1,50
2,00
2,50
3,00
3,50
Availalbe for collectionby Compliance
Scheme
Life-extension Bad Habit Warranty Uncertainty
C&F Screens Lamps LHHA SHA Small IT
36% WG 34% WG 25% WG 4% WG
2015
Available was 20% (+)
Life Extension 21% (-)
Bad habit 27% (+/-)
Uncertainty 19% (+)
0,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
12,0
14,0
WG 2018 Collection Target 201845% POM
kg
/pe
rso
n
E-tool National Register Survey
WEEE Generated & Collection targets
29.10.2019 ECOTIC Final Presentation 26
AVA
LH
BH
85%
36%
34%
25%
4%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Target Survey
Target WG Available Life Extension
Bad habit Uncertainty
Distribution of Age of discard: example washing machines
29.10.2019 ECOTIC Final Presentation 27
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
<1 year 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 -5 years 6-10 years 11-15 years 16-20 years 21-40 years >40 years N.A.
All data points, cumulated Excluding Life-Extension, cumulated
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Distribution of Age of discard: Flat screen TV
29.10.2019 ECOTIC Final Presentation 28
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
<1 year 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 -5 years 6-10 years 11-15 years 16-20 years 21-40 years >40 years N.A.
All data points, cumulated Excluding Life-Extension, cumulated
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Problems in reachability of target
• Even when consumer report to discard WEEE via municipal collection points or retailers (correct, potentially) the waste MIGHT NOT BE reachable by Compliance Schemes
• Retailers might sell to scrap dealers, as well as municipalities
• Scavenging of products/components might still happen and waste being subtracted
• The appliances donated/sold to relatives/friends or third party are not accounted
• They are waste according to WFD definition, but not available for collection.
• Those flows are not influencing the lifespan distribution as the distribution of “age of appliances” is for all the appliances not changing.
• It’s not something related to the estimation of WG but more related to the accounting of the flows.
• Availability of collection points where consumers can discard appliances and flows can be safely stored until pickup by Compliance Schemes is a major concern in Romania
2929.10.2019 ECOTIC Final Presentation
Reachability of the targets
• General awareness of consumers on the options to discard WEEE is limited (39% in urban areas and 17% in rural areas) declared to know about collection point established by local authorities
• Despite such figures (probably optimistic), not always those that indicated to know the existence of collection point discarded the products in the correct way
• Any awareness raising campaign makes only sense after the infrastructures for collection are further developed
30
Aware
Non Aware
Urban
Rural
29.10.2019 ECOTIC Final Presentation
Conclusions
• Current and future target are not possible to reach UNLESS we “discount” or deduct the share of products that are being re-used
• Even under such scenario, major improvements are still needed in order to: • Reduce the share of WEEE ending up in “bad-habit” routes (scrap collectors, waste bin, etc..) and not
treated according to standards by qualified recyclers
• Ensure waste potentially reachable by schemes are handed over to right operators and flows are accounted for
• The target (both expressed as %POM or %WG) is highly influenced by the accuracy of POM data: improvements in current but also past dataset is required
• Availability of collection infrastructure (first) and awareness raising (afterwards) are also key to foster collection possibilities
• Monitoring the changes in consumer behaviour and the discard (or reasons for storage) patterns is also crucial
3129.10.2019 ECOTIC Final Presentation
Q&A: [email protected]