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1/12IEEE ICC 2014 (Sydney, Australia)
Quality-Aware Millimeter-Wave Device-to-Device
Multi-Hop Routing for 5G Cellular Networks
Joongheon (Joon) Kim and Andreas F. Molisch
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California
IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC)
Sydney, Australia, June 2014
2/12IEEE ICC 2014 (Sydney, Australia)
Introduction
⢠Millimeter (Mm-Wave) transmission has been actively studied for 5G cellular systems
⢠Objective: Increasing capacity based on ultra-wide channel bandwidth
⢠Thus, next generation phones will be equipped with mm-wave RF.
⢠Question
If device-to-device (D2D) video streaming is performed over the mm-wave enabled phones,
What kinds of algorithms are required?
⢠Multi-hop routing mechanisms are required due to its propagation characteristics.
⢠Therefore,
⢠A Quality-Aware Millimeter-Wave Multi-Hop Routing Algorithm is investigated.
3/12IEEE ICC 2014 (Sydney, Australia)
Preliminaries
A Reference Network Model
Relay
đđ
đđ
Wall
Multi-Hop Routing is required in Mm-Wave D2D tocombat non-line-of-sight (NLOS) situations
Multi-Hop Routing is required in
Mm-Wave D2D toenable long-distance transmission
Why Multi-Hop Routing is required for Mm-Wave D2D Communications?
đđ đđ
đđ
đđ
đđ
4/12IEEE ICC 2014 (Sydney, Australia)
Quality-Aware Mm-Wave D2D Multi-Hop Routing
Mathematical Modeling
Objective Function
đ đâđđ
đđ đđ đâđŁđ đMaximize:
đđ đ đ
Flow from đđ to đ originated by đđ
đ
âŚâŚđđđâđđđ đđâđđ
đđđđđâđđ
đđ
đđ
đđđâđ đ
đđ
The Quality Function of the
Flow Originated by đ đ
Maximize the sum of the qualities of all give flows
Summation of the Qualities
of All Flows
(đđ is a set of sources)
Source đđ Session đ Destination đ đ
Two Types of Quality Functions
Flow amount Flow amount
Quality Quality
đđ â đđ â
đ¤đ đ¤đ
đđđđĽđ đ đđđđĽ
đ đ
Linear
FormNonlinear
(Concave)
Form
5/12IEEE ICC 2014 (Sydney, Australia)
Quality-Aware Mm-Wave D2D Multi-Hop Routing
Constraint #1: Device Constraints
đđ âŚâŚ đđ
đżđŁđâđŁđ = 1,0,
if đŁđ sends data to đŁđotherwise
đđ âŚâŚ đ đ
đ đâ đŁ
đżđ đâđŁ = 1, âđ đ
Each source đ đ should
send data to the one of
the other nodes:
đŁâ đđ
đżđŁâđđ= 1, âđđ
Each destination đđ should
receive data from the one of
the other nodes:
đđ
In intermediate nodes,
If it receives data, it should transmit the data,
and visa versa, i.e.,
đŁđâ đŁđ
đżđŁđâđŁđ = đŁđâ đŁđ
đżđŁđâđŁđ
6/12IEEE ICC 2014 (Sydney, Australia)
Quality-Aware Mm-Wave D2D Multi-Hop Routing
Constraint #2: Relay Constraints
⌠âŚ
đŁâ đđ
đżđŁâđđ ⤠đđ đšđ đĽ
The number of incoming flows is limited by
the number of receiver RF đđ đšđ đĽ chains:
Relay
đđ
đđâ đŁ
đżđđâđŁ ⤠đđ đšđđĽ
The number of outgoing flows is limited by
the number of transmitter RF đđ đšđđĽ chains:
Each antenna has a connection to one device only.
7/12IEEE ICC 2014 (Sydney, Australia)
Quality-Aware Mm-Wave D2D Multi-Hop Routing
Constraint #3: Flow Constraints
⌠âŚ
Relay
đđThe amount of
Incoming Traffic
The amount of
Outgoing TrafficThe amount of
Incoming Traffic
The amount of
Outgoing Traffic
The amounts of incoming traffic and outgoing traffic should be same:
đđ
In each device đŁđ,
In each relay đđ,
đŁđâ đŁđ
đđŁđâđŁđ
đ đ = đŁđâ đŁđ
đđŁđâđŁđ
đ đ , âđ đ
đŁđâ đđ
đđŁđâđđ
đ đ = đđâ đŁđ
đđđâđŁđ
đ đ , âđ đ
8/12IEEE ICC 2014 (Sydney, Australia)
Quality-Aware Mm-Wave D2D Multi-Hop Routing
Constraint #3: Flow Constraints (Continued), Capacity Calculation
đđđâđđ
đđđđ đđ
Limited by Link Capacity: đś đŁđ,đŁđ= đľ â log2 1 + đđđ
đđ đđđđđ,đđľ â đđđđđ đ,đđľ
đđ đđđđđ,đđľ = đ¸đźđ đ + đşđ đĽ + đż đ
⢠đ¸đźđ đ: 47 dBm in 38GHz
⢠đşđ đĽ: Rx antenna gain (25 dBm in relays, 13.3 dBm in phones)
⢠đż đ : path loss model which is formulated as
where đ0 = 5m (unit distance), Îť is wavelength, đ is path-loss
coefficient, đđ is a shadowing (Gaussian) random variables.
đż đ = 20 log104đđ0
Îť+10đ log10
đ
đ0+đđ
đđđđđ đ,đđľ = 10 log10 đđľđđ â đľ + đšđ
⢠đđľđđ: noise power spectral density (-174dBm/Hz)
⢠đšđ: Rx noise figure (set to 6 dB)
9/12IEEE ICC 2014 (Sydney, Australia)
Quality-Aware Mm-Wave D2D Multi-Hop Routing
Mathematical Optimization Formulation
Quality-Aware Mm-Wave D2D Multi-Hop Routing
đ đâđđ
đđ đđ đâđŁđ đMaximize:
Subject to
đ đâ đŁ
đżđ đâđŁ = 1, âđ đ đŁâ đđ
đżđŁâđđ= 1, âđđ
đŁđâ đŁđ
đżđŁđâđŁđ = đŁđâ đŁđ
đżđŁđâđŁđ
đŁâ đđ
đżđŁâđđ ⤠đđ đšđ đĽ
đđâ đŁđżđđâđŁ ⤠đđ đš
đđĽ
đŁđâ đŁđ
đđŁđâđŁđ
đ đ = đŁđâ đŁđ
đđŁđâđŁđ
đ đ , âđ đ
đŁđâ đđ
đđŁđâđđ
đ đ = đđâ đŁđ
đđđâđŁđ
đ đ , âđ đ
đđđâđđ
đđ ⤠đŞ đđ,đđ
Max-Min Multi-Hop Flow Routing
đMaximize:
where đ¸ ⤠đđđâđđ
đđ
Even though max-min multi-hop flow routing is widely
used for quality-aware applications, it cannot
consider the differentiated quality functions of the
given individual flows.
This formulation is mixed integer disciplined convex
programming where the given integers are 0-1 binary
(i.e., đżđŁđâđŁđ = 0,1 ), i.e., branch-and-bound is
widely used in literatures to obtain optimal solutions.
10/12IEEE ICC 2014 (Sydney, Australia)
Performance Evaluation
Parameters, Settings, and Results
⢠Parameters
⢠Carrier frequency: 38 GHz
⢠In 25 dBi Rx antenna (for relays),⢠đ is 2.20 in LOS and 3.88 in NLOS
⢠đ is 10.3 in LOS and 14.6 in NLOS
⢠In 13.3 dBi Rx antenna (for phones),⢠đ is 2.21 in LOS and 3.18 in NLOS
⢠đ is 9.40 in LOS and 11.0 in NLOS
⢠Settings
⢠20 number of phones; 5 number of relays
⢠Each relay has 4 Tx RF and 4 Rx RF
⢠4 sessions with various quality functions
Parameters and Settings Performance Evaluation
⢠The proposed algorithm (differentiated quality consideration (DQC)) is
compared with max-min scheme routing (MmF).
⢠Average throughput of DQC & MmF, i.e.,đ¸ đđˇđđś|đđ & đ¸ đđđđš|đđdepending on link failure probability đđ
DQC presents 33% better average
throughput compared to max-min
flow routing.
11/12IEEE ICC 2014 (Sydney, Australia)
Conclusions and Future Work
⢠We propose a millimeter-wave multi-hop routing protocol for 5G cellular systems:
⢠Assisted by multi-antenna relays
⢠Quality-Awareness is introduced
⢠Differentiated quality metrics for individual flows are taken account (better performance than max-min routing)
⢠33% performance improvement compared to max-min flow routing
⢠Future research direction
⢠Conducting further research for the other 5G frequency, i.e., 28 GHz, as well.
12/12IEEE ICC 2014 (Sydney, Australia)
Q&A
⢠For more questions,
please email to