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Quality and Nutritional Characteristics of Distiller’s Dried Grains with Solubles(DDGS) Dr. Jerry ShursonProfessorDept. of Animal ScienceUniversity of Minnesota
What is DDGS?By-product of the dry-milling ethanol industry
Nutrient composition is different between dry-mill, wet-mill and beverage alcohol by-products
DDGS – fuel ethanolDDGS - whiskey distilleriesCorn gluten feed – wet millCorn gluten meal – wet millBrewer’s dried grains – beer manufacturing
Nutrient content depends on the grain source usedCorn (maize) DDGS - Midwestern USWheat DDGS - CanadaSorghum (milo) DDGS - Great Plains USBarley DDGS
Comparison of Nutrient Composition (Dry Matter Basis) of “New Generation” DDGS to Corn Gluten Feed, Corn Gluten Meal,Corn Germ Meal, and Brewer’s Dried Grains
0.210.170.080.540.80Available P, %
0.350.330.060.240.06Ca, %
0.280.220.340.080.24Trp, %
1.031.222.310.821.13Thr, %
0.490.671.590.390.55Met, %
1.171.001.130.700.83Lys, %
21303222425628943827ME, kcal/kg
2283No data469433224011DE, kcal/kg
52.9No data9.737.043.6NDF, %
7.91.13.23.310.7Fat, %
28.822.266.923.930.6Protein, %
Brewer’s Dried Grains (NRC)
Corn Germ Meal (Feedstuffs)
Corn Gluten Meal (NRC)
Corn Gluten Feed (NRC)
“New Generation”Corn DDGS
CornCorn Dry-Milling Process Overview
alpha amylase enzyme
CO2
Yeast andGlucoamylaseEnzyme
whole stillage
thin stillage
coarse solids
Feed Industry Co-products
Corn Cleaning
Hammermill Mix SlurryLiquefaction
Cooker
Centrifuge Evaporator
Fermentation
Dist illat ion
Ethyl Alcohol
Cond. DistillersSolubles
Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles
Distillers Wet Grains
Rotary Dryer
Dry-Milling Average Ethanol Yield Per Bushel (25.4 kg) of Corn
Ethanol 10.2 litersDDGS 8.2 kgCO2 8.2 kg
Under Construction or proposed
Ethanol Plants
Ethanol Plants in North America - June 16, 2004
320,000900,000
1,800,000
3,000,0003,500,000
7,000,000
0
1000000
2000000
3000000
4000000
5000000
6000000
7000000
Met
ric T
ons
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Est 2005
U.S. DDGS Production
Source: Steve Markham – Commodity Specialists Company
U.S. DDGS Consumption
60%
6%
4%
DairyBeefPoultry/Swine & Other
CSC 2004
45%
35%
5%
15%
DairyBeefPoultrySwine
Estimate 2001
46%
39%
4% 11%
DairyBeefPoultrySwineEstimate 2003
Estimate 2002
Current and Potential DDGS Export Markets
Current1. Ireland2. Denmark3. United Kingdom4. Spain5. Portugal6. Columbia7. Mexico8. Canada9. Germany10. Costa Rica
Potential1. China2. Brazil3. Philippines4. Japan5. Thailand6. Republic of Korea7. Taiwan8. Vietnam9. Malaysia10. Indonesia
What Are the Challenges?1. DDGS - “new” feed ingredient for many customers
education and technical service is needed (www.ddgs.umn.edu)
2. Inconsistent qualitynutrient contentcolorparticle size
3. No grading system to differentiate quality and price
4. Misrepresenting quality and nutrient specifications and blending DDGS with other ingredients
DDGS Varies Nutrient Content and Digestibility, Color, and Particle Size Among U.S. Sources
Comparison of Nutrient Composition (Dry Matter Basis) of “New Generation” DDGS to Other “DDGS Sources”
0.620.720.680.890.780.77P, %0.170.220.510.060.120.07Ca, %
No data0.390.250.230.180.25Trp, %No data2.501.131.041.011.17Thr, %No data0.610.660.540.540.62Met, %No data1.670.830.900.610.92Lys, %No data37493560No data35773781ME, kcal/kg*No dataNo data3796No data38084053DE, kcal/kg*
4.285.567.304.585.296.93Ash, %No data14.4420.9517.9111.8012.37ADF, %
15.107.787.77No data7.906.25Crude fiber, %9.0013.338.9615.253.5211.32Fat, %27.034.4430.1231.6229.3231.82Protein, %
AGPPelleted
Extruded DDGS/Soy (XDS Plus)
ADM - PeoriaBadger State
EthanolSolulac
“New Generation”Corn DDGS
*Calculated energy values for swine
Potential Categories of Distiller’s By-Products
Spray Dried Distiller’s Solubles
Corn/Wheat Blends
Golden Lix(Cattle Only)
DDGS Blends
High Fat/High Protein DDGS
Solulac High ADF and Ca, Reduced Energy
(Not for Monogastrics)
Distiller’s By-Products
Corn DDGS< 75% solublesadded to grains
Wet Distiller’s Grains
(Cattle Only)Corn DDGS
> 75% solubles added to grains
Dakota Gold
DDGS/Soy Hull Blends
Corn -BeverageDistilleries
Corn/Sorghum Blends
Corn Condensed Distiller’s Solubles
Most of the Newer Ethanol Plants in the Midwestern U.S. Produce High Quality, Relatively Consistent Golden Corn DDGS
VeraSun - Aurora, SD CVEC - Benson, MN Al-Corn - Claremont, MN MGP – Lakota, IA
CMEC - Little Falls, MN Agri-Energy - Luverne, MN LSCP - Marcus, IA DENCO – Morris, MN
What Are the Challenges?
5. System to directly connect customers to suppliers
Nutrient profile section of www.ddgs.umn.edu
6. Flowability
7. Relatively low bulk density – high freight costs
“Old Generation” vs. “New Generation”DDGS
High Quality,Highly DigestibleDDGS
Lower Quality,Less DigestibleDDGS
Corn DDGS Color and Smell are Indicators of Digestibility for Monogastrics
Color varies among sourcesranges from dark to golden (Cromwell et al., 1993)
golden color of corn DDGS is correlated with higher amino acid digestibility in swine and poultry
Smell varies among sourcesranges from burnt or smoky to sweet and fermented (Cromwell et al., 1993)
golden DDGS has a sweet, fermented smell
smell may affect palatability
Fig. 1. Regression of digestible lys (%) and color (L*, b*)
R2 = 0.71
R2 = 0.74
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80
Lys (%)
L*, b
* sc
ore L*
b*Linear (L*)Linear (b*)
The Use of DDGS in Swine Diets
Maximum Inclusion Rates of “New Generation” DDGS in Swine Diets (Based Upon University of Minnesota Performance Trials)
Nursery pigs (> 7 kg)Up to 25 %
Grow-finish pigsUp to 20% (higher levels may reduce pork fat quality)
Gestating sowsUp to 50%
Lactating sowsUp to 20%
Assumptions: no mycotoxinsformulate on a digestible amino acid and available phosphorus basis
The Use of DDGS in Poultry Diets
Recommended Inclusion Rates of DDGS for Poultry
Broilers and Turkeys 5-10% inclusion rates (Starter/Finisher)
Without energy adjustments> 10%
With adjustments for lys, met, thr, trp, and energy
Chicken Egg Layers 10% inclusion rate
The Use of DDGS in Dairy Rations
Recommended Feeding Levels of DDGS for Dairy Cows and Replacements
Lactating dairy cowsUp to 30% DMI under normal feeding conditions> 30% DMI if BST is used
CalvesUp to 20 % DMI
Replacement heifersUp to 25% DMI
The Use of DDGS in Beef Rations
Recommended Feeding Levels of DDGS for Beef Cattle
Creep feedingUp to 20%
Feedlot cattleUp to 40 % DMI
Receiving/starting cattleUp to 20%
Brood cowsUp to 35% of supplement
U of M DDGS Web Sitewww.ddgs.umn.edu
We have developed a DDGS web site featuring:* nutrient profiles and sample photos of DDGS sources
* research summaries- swine, poultry, dairy, & beef- DDGS quality
* presentations given* links to other DDGS related web sites* international audiences