Qualitative Analysis Methods

7/26/2019 Qualitative Analysis Methods

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Quantitative vs. Qualitative

Research Method Issues


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Outline

Introduction How to choose?

Quantitative Research

Disadvantages vs. Advantages

Qualitative Research

Disadvantages vs. Advantages

History and Trends

Mixed-Methods

So which is better?


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Factors to consider

Field of study

Nature of study

Purpose of the study

Population of the study Tools readily available

Method and design

Instrument

Amount of human interaction or characteristics to be studied

Desired implications and results


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Disadvantages

Should only be used if data can

be measured by numbers, results

quantified

Instrument or method chosen is

subjective and research isdependent upon tool chosen

Lack of independent thought by

researcher when dependent on

instrument or mathematics used to

extract or evaluate data

Individuals decisions not

evaluated based on their culture

or social interactions

Decisions made without regard to

individual human thought orchoice to predict behavior

All individuals are measured same

way

Experiences

Backgrounds

Intelligence

Ability to change decisions at any

given point in time

Independent though


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Criticism

Inefficient for formulating higher education planning, policyand decision making

Unable to create procedures based on results

Groups individuals as unemotional subjects (Keller, 1998)

Social influences of individuals needed

Limitations on generalizability

Particular point in time; no account for change of mind


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Advantages

Observations are usedthroughout studies

Formulating hypotheses

allows for speculation about

outcomes; applicable

instrument

Safeguards used to

minimize or eliminate bias

Predicts correlation betweenobjects

Systematic data collection

and analysis

Generalizable to other

institutions for further

research

Recognized criteria for

assessment and validity

More research conducted by

this method


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Qualitative

Investigates individual behaviors and characteristics tounderstand cause and solve issues

Inductive process to explore new perspectives on previouslystudied information not completely understood

Involvement of human subjects; dependent on interaction

Less generalizable to greater population

More accurate description of individuals and groups

Multiple types:

Interviews

Focus groups

Case studies

Ethnographic studies


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Disadvantages

Strong dependency onsample population

Access

Honest and valid

information

Time and resources neededfor collection and analysis isintensive

Lack of objectivity and biasby researcher

Inferences made

Incorrect conclusions

Convenience sampling

Lack of training orknowledge aboutmethodology

Lack of ability to produceand comprehend research

Not recognized


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Advantages

Helps explain relationshipsin detail; individualistic

Can help validate

quantitative findings by

further investigation

Can help close gap between

research and practice

Needs of individuals in

institutions

Study problems more relevant

to policy makers

Less dependent oninstrument

Can bring change in

institutions and society

In-depth

Personalized

Examines specific issues


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History and Trends

Study of five leading higher education journals

showed higher volume of quantitative methods vs.

qualitative in 1986 and 1989

Shift has reported increase in qualitative methods inorganization and vocational psychology

40-50 percent decrease in 1983-1988 of quantitative

methods

10 percent decrease in 1996-1999

Qualitative methods increased from 15-18 percent of

studies to 30-40 percent of studies


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History and Trends

Discovery of Grounded Theory: Barney Glaser

Legitimized alternative methods and research designs

Emphasized the creation of theory out of qualitative data

No longer belief that research was solely to producescientific knowledge

Comparative assessment for research still does not

exists


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How do you measure whats best?

Need a standard of measurement to determine quality

Guidelines are needed to recognize validity of results

Barriers of many different approaches and types of research methods

Two methods can provide complementary results

Qualitative: Rich description of issues in field

Lay groundwork for quantitative studies

Quantitative

Provides accurate data collection and analysis and utilization


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Research process is

deductive.

Research process is

inductive.

Measure objective facts. Document social reality,

meaning is constructed.

Focus on variables. Focus on in-depth meaning.

Firewall between research

process and researchers

values.

Values are present & explicit

(empathy).

Cross-contextual. Contextual dependence.

Many cases. Few cases.


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Statistical analysis Thematic analysis

Highly structured research

process.

Loosely structured

research process.

Particularistic, specific Holistic perspective

Separation from data Intimacy with data

Generalize to population Generalization to properties andcontexts

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When should I use qualitative methods?

When variables cannot be quantified

When variables are best understood in their

natural settings

When variables are studied over real time

When studying intimate details of roles, processes,and groups

When the paramount objective is understanding

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methodology, setting and nature of the issue.

Must be familiar with own biases, assumptions,

expectations, and values. Must be empathic, intelligent, energetic, and interested inlistening

Must be open to embracing multiple realities.

Must be prepared to produce detailed, comprehensive, andsometimes lengthy reports.Source: Bj#, b [6.3*$/? 0TT0E


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Field notes -- Newspaper or magazine stories

Interviews (recorded and transcribed)

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Sources of codes (typically both):1.A priori codesexpected, looked for

Previous research

Previous theory

Research question

Your intuition of the data or setting

2.

Grounded codesdiscovered(suspend ideas about the subject and let the data determine codes)


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Such arrangements help researchers:

1. dimensionalize,or recognize dimensions of similarthoughts or E.g., thoughts about how to appear masculine:

Clothes Presence

Short hair -- Confidence

Plain shoes -- Taking up space

Shirt with collar

2. Connect codes in more sophisticated ways

3. Document patterns in user-friendly ways (neverrely on memory)

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Dra ing Concl sions and Verification


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In the end, like good quantitative research, goodqualitative research gives a portrayal of the human

experience that is as accurate as possible, but which

always has limitations.


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