PVTL01 HUb [Read-Only] - HeliGroundSchool.comheligroundschool.com/demo/presentation_content/external_files/HU... · airfoil to meet the oncoming air Rotorcraft Flying Handbook: Ch

1

Private Pilot CoursePrivate Pilot Course

11Lesson 1Lesson 1

Helicopter SystemsHelicopter Systems

After completion of this lesson you will be able to After completion of this lesson you will be able to describe these specifics of the Rdescribe these specifics of the R--22:22:

ObjectivesObjectivesLesson 1: Helicopter SystemsLesson 1: Helicopter Systems

describe these specifics of the Rdescribe these specifics of the R 22:22:Helicopter ComponentsHelicopter ComponentsFlight ControlsFlight ControlsElectrical SystemElectrical SystemFuel and Fuel SystemFuel and Fuel SystemOil and Oil SystemOil and Oil SystemInstrumentsInstruments

2

Rotorcraft Flying HandbookRotorcraft Flying HandbookChapters 1Chapters 1--44

Recommended Study MaterialRecommended Study MaterialLesson 1: Helicopter SystemsLesson 1: Helicopter Systems

Chapters 1Chapters 1--44

Robinson RRobinson R--22 POH22 POHSections 1,2,7Sections 1,2,7

ASA Private Pilot Test PrepASA Private Pilot Test PrepChapter 1Chapter 1--22

Helicopter ComponentsHelicopter ComponentsTerminologyTerminology

Table of ContentsTable of ContentsLesson 1: Helicopter SystemsLesson 1: Helicopter Systems

Main rotorMain rotorTail rotorTail rotorEngineEngineDrive systemDrive systemLanding GearLanding Gear

Flight ControlsFlight ControlsElectrical SystemsElectrical SystemsFuel and Fuel SystemFuel and Fuel SystemOil and Oil SystemOil and Oil SystemInstrumentsInstruments

3

An An airfoilairfoil is any is any surface such as ansurface such as an

TerminologyTerminologyHelicopter ComponentsHelicopter ComponentsHelicopter ComponentsHelicopter Components

surface, such as an surface, such as an airplane wing or a airplane wing or a helicopter rotor blade, helicopter rotor blade, which provides which provides aerodynamic force aerodynamic force when it interacts with when it interacts with a moving stream of a moving stream of air.air.

Rotorcraft Flying Handbook: Ch. 2

The The leading edgeleading edge is is th fi t t f thth fi t t f th


the first part of the the first part of the airfoil to meet the airfoil to meet the oncoming aironcoming air


4

The The trailing edgetrailing edge is is the rearthe rear most edgemost edge

TerminologyTerminologyHelicopter ComponentsHelicopter ComponentsHelicopter ComponentsHelicopter ComponentsHelicopter ComponentsHelicopter Components

the rearthe rear--most edge most edge of the airfoil.of the airfoil.


The The chord linechord line is the imaginary straight line drawn is the imaginary straight line drawn from the leading edge to the trailing edgefrom the leading edge to the trailing edge



5

CamberCamber is the is the t f tht f th


curvature of the curvature of the airfoil’s upper and airfoil’s upper and lower surfaceslower surfaces


TerminologyTerminologyHelicopter ComponentsHelicopter Components

There are two types of airfoils:There are two types of airfoils:

Helicopter ComponentsHelicopter Components

SymmetricalSymmetrical have an have an equal upper and lower equal upper and lower cambercamber

Symmetrical

A t i lA t i l hh

Asymmetrical

AsymmetricalAsymmetrical have an have an unequal upper and lower unequal upper and lower camber. camber.


6

There are three types of Rotor Systems:There are three types of Rotor Systems:SemiSemi-- Rigid: RRigid: R--2222

TerminologyTerminologyHelicopter ComponentsHelicopter Components

ggRigidRigidFully ArticulatedFully Articulated

Each system is configured to allow the rotor Each system is configured to allow the rotor bl d t i ifibl d t i ifiblades to move in specific ways:blades to move in specific ways:

FlappingFlappingFeatheringFeatheringLead / LagLead / Lag


A A semisemi--rigidrigid rotor system is rotor system is able to:able to:

F thF th


FlapFlapFeatherFeatherFlapFlap

Movement of blade along Movement of blade along span wise axisspan wise axis

Occurs through feather Occurs through feather bearingbearing

Feather Bearings


7

FeatherFeatherSemiSemi--Rigid is able to:Rigid is able to:

FeatherFeather


Teetering Hinge

FlapFlap

Hub is attached to the rotor Hub is attached to the rotor mast by a teetering hinge mast by a teetering hinge

Allows the blades to flap asAllows the blades to flap asAllows the blades to flap as Allows the blades to flap as a single unit (a single unit (rigid inrigid in--planeplane))

UnderslungUnderslung configurationconfiguration.


Two all metal bladesTwo all metal blades

RR--22 Main Rotor22 Main RotorHelicopter ComponentsHelicopter Components

Honeycomb Honeycomb construction on the construction on the interiorinteriorStainless steel leading Stainless steel leading edgeedgeSemiSemi--rigid systemrigid systemSymmetrical airfoilSymmetrical airfoil

R-22 POH: Section 1 & 7

8

Feather (pitch Feather (pitch change)change)


change)change)Blades flap as a unitBlades flap as a unitUnderUnder--slung on a slung on a Teeter HingeTeeter HingeConing Hinges at Coning Hinges at bl d tt h tbl d tt h tblade attachment blade attachment hubhub


25 feet, 2 inches 25 feet, 2 inches diameterdiameter

RR--22 Main Rotor22 Main RotorHelicopter ComponentsHelicopter ComponentsHelicopter ComponentsHelicopter Components

diameterdiameter7.2 inch chord line7.2 inch chord line8 degree washout (twist)8 degree washout (twist)Tip speed 672 FPS at Tip speed 672 FPS at 100% RPM100% RPMRotor RPM 530 at 104%Rotor RPM 530 at 104%


9

The The swash plate assemblyswash plate assembly transfers control inputs transfers control inputs from the collective and cyclic controls to the main from the collective and cyclic controls to the main

RR--22 Main Rotor22 Main RotorHelicopter ComponentsHelicopter ComponentsHelicopter ComponentsHelicopter Components

rotor bladesrotor blades

Rotorcraft Flying Handbook: : Ch. 5

pitch horns (x2)pitch horns (x2)


The swash plate assembly is composed of many parts:The swash plate assembly is composed of many parts:


pitch links (x2)pitch links (x2)

pitch horns (x2)pitch horns (x2)

rotating platerotating plate

bearingbearing

.R-22 POH: Section 1 & 7

control rods (x3)control rods (x3)

stationary plate stationary plate

10

Two all metal bladesTwo all metal blades

RR--22 Tail Rotor22 Tail RotorHelicopter ComponentsHelicopter Components

Honeycomb Honeycomb construction on the construction on the interiorinteriorAluminum skinAluminum skinSemiSemi--Rigid systemRigid systemSemiSemi Rigid systemRigid systemAsymmetrical airfoilAsymmetrical airfoil


Offset Delta Hinge to Offset Delta Hinge to ll f bl dll f bl d

RR--22 Tail Rotor22 Tail RotorHelicopter ComponentsHelicopter ComponentsHelicopter ComponentsHelicopter Components

allow for blade allow for blade flappingflappingBoth blades flap as a Both blades flap as a single unitsingle unitFixed coning angleFixed coning angle


11

3 feet 6 inch diameter3 feet 6 inch diameter4 inch chord line4 inch chord line

RR--22 Tail Rotor22 Tail RotorHelicopter ComponentsHelicopter Components

Tip speed 599 FPS at 100% RPMTip speed 599 FPS at 100% RPMTail rotor RPM 3396 at 104%Tail rotor RPM 3396 at 104%


Lycoming OLycoming O--360360--J2A J2A (Beta II)(Beta II)

EngineEngineHelicopter ComponentsHelicopter Components

361 cubic inches 361 cubic inches displacementdisplacement180 BHP 180 BHP dede--ratedrated to to 145 BHP @ 2700 RPM145 BHP @ 2700 RPM124 BHP @ 2652 RPM 124 BHP @ 2652 RPM (104%) maximum(104%) maximum(104%) maximum (104%) maximum continuous rating.continuous rating.131 BHP @ 2652 RPM 131 BHP @ 2652 RPM (104%) five minute (104%) five minute taketake--off ratingoff rating


12

Four cylindersFour cylinders


Horizontally opposedHorizontally opposedDirect driveDirect driveAir cooledAir cooledCarburetedCarburetedNormally aspiratedNormally aspiratedNormally aspiratedNormally aspirated


Two magnetosTwo magnetosSt tSt t


StarterStarterAlternatorAlternatorShielded ignitionShielded ignition2200 hours between 2200 hours between overhauls (TBO)overhauls (TBO)


13

Direct drive Squirrel Direct drive Squirrel Cage cooling fanCage cooling fan


Cage cooling fanCage cooling fanWet sump oil Wet sump oil systemsystemOil coolerOil coolerInduction air filterInduction air filter44 6 Q t il fill6 Q t il fill44--6 Quart oil fill 6 Quart oil fill rangerange


Drive SystemDrive SystemHelicopter ComponentsHelicopter Components

Main Rotor HubMain Rotor

Tail RotorTail Rotor

Main Rotor HubMain Rotor

Tail Rotor Gear Box(3:2 Ratio)

Delta Hinge

Main Rotor Gear Box

(11:47 Ratio)

Main Rotor Drive Shaft

Swash Plate

Flex Plate (3 places)

Yoke Flanges (1 pair - 3 places)

Tail Rotor Drive Shaft

Damper

Free wheeling unit(Sprague Clutch)

Upper Sheave

Upper Bearing Tail Rotor Gear Box(3:2 Ratio)

Delta Hinge

Flex Plate (3 places)

Yoke Flanges (1 pair - 3 places)

Tail Rotor Drive Shaft

Damper

Upper BearingFree wheeling unit(Sprague Clutch)

Upper Sheave

Main Rotor Gear Box

(11:47 Ratio)


Swash Plate


Engine2652 RPM @ 104% Tail Rotor

Cooling Fan

Drive Belts

Lower Sheave

Lower Bearing

Clutch Actuator Tail Rotor

Lower Bearing

Clutch Actuator

Drive Belts

Lower Sheave

Cooling Fan

Engine2652 RPM @ 104%

14

Main Rotor HubMain Rotor Main rotor gear box:Main rotor gear box:

Single stageSingle stage

Drive SystemDrive SystemHelicopter ComponentsHelicopter ComponentsHelicopter ComponentsHelicopter Components

Main Rotor Gear Box

(11:47 Ratio)


Swash Plate

Single stage Single stage spiralspiral--bevel gear bevel gear setsetSplash lubricatedSplash lubricatedAir cooledAir cooled


Tail rotor gear box:Tail rotor gear box:

Drive SystemDrive SystemHelicopter ComponentsHelicopter Components

Tail Rotor Gear Box(3:2 Ratio)

Delta Hinge

Single state spiral Single state spiral bevel gear setbevel gear setSplash lubricatedSplash lubricatedAir cooledAir cooled

Tail Rotor


15

Spring and YieldSpring and YieldSkid ShoesSkid Shoes

Landing GearLanding GearHelicopter ComponentsHelicopter ComponentsHelicopter ComponentsHelicopter Components

Skid ShoesSkid ShoesGround Handling Ground Handling WheelsWheels

.R-22 POH: Section 7

16



FlightFlight ControlsControlsElectrical SystemsElectrical SystemsFuel and Fuel SystemFuel and Fuel SystemOil and Oil SystemOil and Oil SystemInstrumentsInstrumentsInstrumentsInstruments

CyclicThrottle

GeneralGeneralFlight ControlsFlight ControlsFlight ControlsFlight Controls

Pedals

CollectiveR-22 POH: Sec. 7


17

Function: tilt the main rotor Function: tilt the main rotor disc in the direction ofdisc in the direction of

CyclicCyclicFlight ControlsFlight Controls

disc in the direction of disc in the direction of desired horizontal flight.desired horizontal flight.While in flight, turns are While in flight, turns are accomplished by right and accomplished by right and left movement of the cyclic.left movement of the cyclic.Airspeed is controlled Airspeed is controlled primarily with the cyclicprimarily with the cyclicprimarily with the cyclic.primarily with the cyclic.Dual controls (left side Dual controls (left side controls removable)controls removable)

R-22 POH: Sec. 7


When the collective When the collective

CollectiveCollectiveFlight ControlsFlight Controls

control is raised, control is raised, pitch is increased pitch is increased on both main rotor on both main rotor blades.blades.Dual controlsDual controls

Collective

R-22 POH: Sec. 7


18

Twist GripTwist GripCorrelatorCorrelator-- Mechanical linkageMechanical linkage

More RPM

ThrottleThrottleFlight ControlsFlight ControlsFlight ControlsFlight ControlsFlight ControlsFlight ControlsFlight ControlsFlight Controls

Raise Collective = Increase Raise Collective = Increase PowerPowerLower Collective = Decrease Lower Collective = Decrease PowerPower

GovernorGovernor-- Electronically maintains Electronically maintains RPM RPM

L RPMOnly active above 80% RPMOnly active above 80% RPMCan be manually overriddenCan be manually overridden

Less RPM

R-22 POH: Sec. 7


The Pedals control the The Pedals control the pitch on the Tail Rotorpitch on the Tail Rotor

PedalsPedalsFlight ControlsFlight Controls

pitch on the Tail Rotor pitch on the Tail Rotor thereby adding more or thereby adding more or less thrust.less thrust.Purpose: Counteract Purpose: Counteract torque of Main Rotortorque of Main Rotor

Control heading in a Control heading in a hoverhoverhoverhoverMaintain trim in flightMaintain trim in flight

Dual controlsDual controls

R-22 POH: Sec. 7


19

Helicopter ComponentsHelicopter ComponentsFlight ControlsFlight Controls


Flight ControlsFlight ControlsElectrical SystemsElectrical SystemsFuel and Fuel SystemFuel and Fuel SystemOil and Oil SystemOil and Oil SystemInstrumentsInstruments

20

Left side of engine compartmentLeft side of engine compartment12 volt 12 volt –– 25 amp25 amp--hourhour

BatteryBatteryElectrical SystemsElectrical SystemsElectrical SystemsElectrical Systems

Supplies power for engine startingSupplies power for engine startingSecondary purpose: supply nominal voltage to the Secondary purpose: supply nominal voltage to the alternatoralternatorMaster Battery switch on the console Master Battery switch on the console

R-22 POH: Sec.7

Located at the rear of the engine compartment Located at the rear of the engine compartment 14 volt 14 volt –– 60 amp60 amp

AlternatorAlternatorElectrical SystemsElectrical Systems

Primary source of power to electrical systems during Primary source of power to electrical systems during normal operationsnormal operationsAlternator switch, Ammeter, and Alternator light on consoleAlternator switch, Ammeter, and Alternator light on console

R-22 POH: Sec.7

21

Circuit BreakersCircuit BreakersElectrical SystemsElectrical Systems

Located on a ledge in front of the Located on a ledge in front of the passenger seat.passenger seat.

Electrical SystemsElectrical Systems

PushPush--toto--reset type.reset type.If a breaker pops soon after being If a breaker pops soon after being reset, do not reset a second time.reset, do not reset a second time.All breakers should be checked to be All breakers should be checked to be pushed down before each flight.pushed down before each flight.

R-22 POH: Sec.7

Ignition system is independent Ignition system is independent of the electrical systemof the electrical system

IgnitionIgnitionElectrical SystemsElectrical Systems

of the electrical system.of the electrical system.

.R-22 POH: Sec.7

22

Dual Dual magnetosmagnetosProvides voltage to distributor, then directed to Provides voltage to distributor, then directed to

IgnitionIgnitionElectrical SystemsElectrical Systems

g ,g ,spark plugs spark plugs Two spark plugs per cylinderTwo spark plugs per cylinder

.R-22 POH: Sec.7

23



Flight ControlsFlight ControlsElectrical SystemsElectrical SystemsFuel and Fuel SystemFuel and Fuel System

Fuel typesFuel typesDiagram and operationsDiagram and operationsContaminationContaminationImproper fuelImproper fuel

Oil and Oil SystemOil and Oil SystemInstrumentsInstruments

Available Fuel GradesAvailable Fuel Grades80/8780/87 aviation fuelaviation fuel RedRed

Fuel TypesFuel TypesFuel and Fuel SystemFuel and Fuel System

80/8780/87 aviation fuelaviation fuel RedRed100LL100LL aviation fuelaviation fuel BlueBlue100/130100/130 aviation fuelaviation fuel GreenGreenJet AJet A fuelfuel StrawStraw

Approved Fuel Grade for RApproved Fuel Grade for R--22 Beta II22 Beta II100LL100LL100LL100LL

When any two grades of aviation fuel are When any two grades of aviation fuel are combined, the mixture turns clearcombined, the mixture turns clear

R-22 POH: Sec. 2 & 7

Rotorcraft Flying Handbook: Ch.5

24

Main TankAuxiliary Tank

Tank Vents

Diagram and OperationsDiagram and OperationsFuel and Fuel SystemFuel and Fuel SystemFuel and Fuel SystemFuel and Fuel System

Main Tanky

Aux Tank Drain

Sample Point

Gascolator Drain& Sample PointCarburetor

Gascolator

Main Tank DrainSample Point(Left Side Fuselage)

p(Right Belly Panel)

Fuel Shut Off Valve

Cross-Feed fuel line

R-22 POH: 2 & 7


MAINMAIN TankTankTotal Capacity Total Capacity -- 19.8 US gal19.8 US gal

Diagram and OperationsDiagram and OperationsFuel and Fuel SystemFuel and Fuel System

yy ggUseable Capacity Useable Capacity -- 19.2 US gal19.2 US gal

AUXAUX TankTankTotal Capacity Total Capacity -- 10.9 US gal10.9 US galUseable Capacity Useable Capacity -- 10.5 US gal10.5 US gal

Fuel Gages operated by floatFuel Gages operated by float--type sensors in type sensors in .g p yg p y ypypeach tank.each tank.Low Fuel warning light activates with Low Fuel warning light activates with approximately one gallon of fuel remaining.approximately one gallon of fuel remaining.

R-22 POH: Sec. 2 & 7


25

Types of ContaminationTypes of ContaminationWaterWater

ContaminationContaminationFuel and Fuel SystemFuel and Fuel System

WaterWaterDebris Debris –– SolidsSolids

PreventionPreventionFill Tanks at the end of the day Fill Tanks at the end of the day Filler Cap onFiller Cap onStore aircraft in clean dry areaStore aircraft in clean dry areaStore aircraft in clean dry areaStore aircraft in clean dry area

EliminationEliminationDrain into fuel testerDrain into fuel tester

Private Pilot Test Prep: Ch 2

DetonationDetonationCause: Using low grade fuel or improper airCause: Using low grade fuel or improper air

Improper FuelImproper FuelFuel and Fuel SystemFuel and Fuel System

Cause: Using low grade fuel or improper airCause: Using low grade fuel or improper air--fuel mixturefuel mixtureResult: Spontaneous explosion of mixture in Result: Spontaneous explosion of mixture in the cylinder & extreme heatthe cylinder & extreme heat

PreignitionPreignitionCause: Premature burning of airCause: Premature burning of air--fuel mixturefuel mixtureCause: Premature burning of airCause: Premature burning of air fuel mixture fuel mixture leading to carbon or lead deposits. leading to carbon or lead deposits. Result:Result: Mixture ignites in advance of normal Mixture ignites in advance of normal ignitionignition

.Private Pilot Test Prep: Ch 2

26



Flight ControlsFlight ControlsElectrical SystemsElectrical SystemsFuel and Fuel SystemFuel and Fuel SystemOil and Oil SystemOil and Oil System

DescriptionDescriptionWet S mp ers s Dr S mpWet S mp ers s Dr S mpWet Sump versus Dry SumpWet Sump versus Dry SumpOil Type and QuantityOil Type and Quantity

InstrumentsInstruments

..

27

Lubricates, cools and Lubricates, cools and cleans the enginecleans the engine

DescriptionDescriptionOil and Oil SystemsOil and Oil Systems

ggOil temp and pressure Oil temp and pressure monitored by gauges on monitored by gauges on the instrument panelthe instrument panelWet sump, oil pump Wet sump, oil pump (pressure) feed, splash(pressure) feed, splash--(p ) , p(p ) , plubricated crankshaft, lubricated crankshaft, airair--cooled systemcooled system

.Jeppesen Private Pilot: Ch. 2

In aIn a wet sumpwet sump oil system oil is carriedoil system oil is carried

Wet Sump vs. Dry SumpWet Sump vs. Dry SumpOil and Oil SystemsOil and Oil Systems

In a In a wet sumpwet sump oil system, oil is carried oil system, oil is carried pumped directly from the oil pan.pumped directly from the oil pan.

In a In a dry sumpdry sump oil is contained in a separate oil is contained in a separate tank.tank.

.Jeppesen Private Pilot: Ch. 2

28

TypeTypeA hl Di t G dA hl Di t G d

Oil Type and QuantityOil Type and QuantityOil and Oil SystemsOil and Oil Systems

Ashless Dispersant GradeAshless Dispersant Grade100W SAE50 for all 100W SAE50 for all average ambient air average ambient air temperaturestemperatures

QuantityQuantity4 to 6 Quarts4 to 6 Quarts

.R-22 POH: Section 2

29

The Drive SystemThe Drive SystemFlight ControlsFlight Controls


Electrical SystemsElectrical SystemsFuel and Fuel SystemFuel and Fuel SystemOil and Oil SystemOil and Oil SystemInstrumentsInstruments

Dual tachometersDual tachometersDual tachometersDual tachometersLow RPM Warning SystemLow RPM Warning SystemManifold PressureManifold PressurePitot Static SystemPitot Static SystemMagnetic CompassMagnetic Compass .

Display RPM of engine and main Display RPM of engine and main rotor.rotor.

Dual TachometersDual TachometersInstrumentsInstruments

Will continue to register even if Will continue to register even if engine is not running and master engine is not running and master battery switch is off.battery switch is off.

.R-22 POH: Sec. 2

30

Consists of a Consists of a warning light and warning light and

Low RPM Warning SystemLow RPM Warning SystemInstrumentsInstruments

g gg gaudible hornaudible horn

Activates when Activates when main rotor RPM is main rotor RPM is 97% or less97% or less

System check asSystem check asSystem check as System check as part of prepart of pre--flightflight

.R-22 POH: Sec. 7

Displays amount of power being Displays amount of power being produced by the engine produced by the engine

Manifold PressureManifold PressureInstrumentsInstruments

Reflects changes in position of Reflects changes in position of collectivecollective

R-22 POH: Sec. 2

31

The pitot static system measures differential air pressure.

Pitot Static SystemPitot Static SystemInstrumentsInstrumentsInstrumentsInstruments

STATIC SOURCE


PITOT TUBE

Pitot tube supplies pressure only to Air Speed Pitot tube supplies pressure only to Air Speed IndicatorIndicator

Pitot Static SystemPitot Static SystemInstrumentsInstruments

Static source supplies pressure to the Altimeter, Static source supplies pressure to the Altimeter, Vertical Speed Indicator, AND the Air Speed Vertical Speed Indicator, AND the Air Speed IndicatorIndicator

PITOTTUBETUBE

STATICSOURCE

AIRSPEED

INDICATOR

VERTICALSPEED

INDICATORALTIMETER


32

Airspeed indicatorAirspeed indicator displays displays indicated airspeed in knots indicated airspeed in knots


pp(KIAS). (KIAS). Indicated airspeedIndicated airspeedis the speed of helicopter is the speed of helicopter relative to air moving past relative to air moving past pitot tube. pitot tube. Airspeed is controlled Airspeed is controlled primarily with cyclic. primarily with cyclic. p y yp y yChanges in the collective Changes in the collective position will have a position will have a secondary effect.secondary effect.

R-22 POH: Sec. 2

Rotorcraft Flying Handbook: Ch 12

AltimeterAltimeter displays indicated altitude.displays indicated altitude.



33

Changes in Changes in altitude arealtitude are


altitude are altitude are determined by determined by measuring measuring changes in changes in barometric barometric pressure.pressure.


Adjustment knob allows you to Adjustment knob allows you to set local altimeter setting in set local altimeter setting in the “Kollsman” window on thethe “Kollsman” window on the


the Kollsman window on the the Kollsman window on the right.right.

Keep setting current as Keep setting current as you flyyou fly0.1 inch in Kollsman 0.1 inch in Kollsman changes indication by changes indication by 100 f t100 f t100 feet.100 feet.


34

The altimeter uses three ‘hands’ to display The altimeter uses three ‘hands’ to display the indicated altitude.the indicated altitude.

Tens of Thousands


The value shown here is The value shown here is

14,730 feet14,730 feet

Hundreds

Thousands


The The vertical speed indicatorvertical speed indicator, or , or VSI, displays rate of climb or VSI, displays rate of climb or


, p y, p ydescent.descent.


35

Vertical speed is: Vertical speed is: Determined by Determined by


yymeasuring the rate of measuring the rate of change of barometric change of barometric pressure.pressure.Controlled primarily by Controlled primarily by changes in Collective changes in Collective position and position and ppsecondarily by secondarily by changes in Cyclic.changes in Cyclic.

.Rotorcraft Flying Handbook: Ch. 12

Reading the VSI:Reading the VSI:


The value shown here is The value shown here is

250 FPM Climb250 FPM Climb


36

The The magnetic compassmagnetic compass displays the heading of displays the heading of th h li t l ti t ti thth h li t l ti t ti th

Magnetic CompassMagnetic CompassInstrumentsInstrumentsInstrumentsInstruments

the helicopter relative to magnetic north.the helicopter relative to magnetic north.


Jeppesen Private Pilot: Ch. 2

Magnetic North differsMagnetic North differsTRUE

NORTHMAGNETIC

NORTH

Magnetic CompassMagnetic CompassInstrumentsInstruments

Magnetic North differs Magnetic North differs from True North. This from True North. This difference is known as difference is known as magnetic variationmagnetic variation



37


The amount of magnetic The amount of magnetic variation is shown onvariation is shown on


variation is shown on variation is shown on aviation charts by an aviation charts by an isogonic lineisogonic line..



The magnetic bar in a compass The magnetic bar in a compass will align itself with the magnetic will align itself with the magnetic field The North end of the barfield The North end of the bar


field. The North end of the bar field. The North end of the bar will tip down towards magnetic will tip down towards magnetic North.North.

A small weight is placed in the A small weight is placed in the compass to compensate. compass to compensate.

This causes a series of compass This causes a series of compass errors due to errors due to magnetic dipmagnetic dip..



38


One compass error caused by magnetic dip is known One compass error caused by magnetic dip is known as as acceleration/deceleration erroracceleration/deceleration error..


A N D S = A N D S = AAccelerateccelerate NNorthorth DDecelerateecelerate SSouthouth

asas acce e a o /dece e a o e oacce e a o /dece e a o e o



Another error caused by Another error caused by magnetic dip is known as magnetic dip is known as northerly turning errornortherly turning error. .


y gy gIntentionally Intentionally undershootundershootyour desired heading your desired heading because as you complete because as you complete your turn the compass will your turn the compass will continue coming around continue coming around and “catch up” with the and “catch up” with the

Magnetic Dip

turn.turn.



39

Just the opposite, Just the opposite, magnetic dip alsomagnetic dip also


magnetic dip also magnetic dip also causes a causes a southerly southerly turning errorturning error. . Intentionally Intentionally overshootovershootyour desired heading your desired heading because the compass is because the compass is

Magnetic Dip

ahead and will roll back ahead and will roll back slightly after you’ve slightly after you’ve completed the turn. completed the turn.



U N O SU N O S


To remember the turning errors, use the memory aid:To remember the turning errors, use the memory aid:


U N O S U N O S --UUndershootndershoot NNorthorth OOvershoot vershoot SSouthouth



40

There is one other compass error known as There is one other compass error known as magnetic deviationmagnetic deviation. It is caused by components. It is caused by components


magnetic deviationmagnetic deviation. It is caused by components . It is caused by components in aircraft that interfere with compassin aircraft that interfere with compass

Metal componentsMetal componentsEngineEngineRadiosRadiosEl t i l iEl t i l iElectrical accessoriesElectrical accessories



To correct for magnetic To correct for magnetic deviation use thedeviation use the

FOR 0 30 60 90 120 150


deviation, use the deviation, use the compass correction compass correction card mounted near the card mounted near the compass.compass.

The card is specific for The card is specific for

STEER 357 31 60 88 121 152

FOR 180 210 240 270 300 330

STEER 180 209 240 272 301 329

every aircraft.every aircraft.



41

In this lesson you have been introduced to the In this lesson you have been introduced to the components, systems and instruments of the R22 components, systems and instruments of the R22

ConclusionConclusionLesson 1: Helicopter SystemsLesson 1: Helicopter Systems

helicopter. helicopter.

Understanding these fundamentals is imperative. Understanding these fundamentals is imperative. Future lessons will build upon this knowledge and Future lessons will build upon this knowledge and assist in providing you with the skills and assist in providing you with the skills and understanding necessary to become a safe and understanding necessary to become a safe and

f l h li t il tf l h li t il tsuccessful helicopter pilot.successful helicopter pilot.

Documents

PVTL01 HUb [Read-Only] - HeliGroundSchool.comheligroundschool.com/demo/presentation_content/external_files/HU... · airfoil to meet the oncoming air Rotorcraft Flying Handbook: Ch