Purdue University Spring 2014 Prof. Yong P. Chen ([email protected]) Lecture 1 (1/13/2014) Slide [email protected] Introduction to Quantum Optics

Purdue University Spring 2014 Prof. Yong P. Chen ([email protected]) Lecture 1 (1/13/2014) Slide 1

Introduction to Quantum Optics & Quantum Photonics

PHYS522 ECE695

(“Coherent Optics & Quantum Electronics”) http://www.physics.purdue.edu/academic_programs/courses/phys522/

• Who are we?• What is “quantum optics/photonics”

cf. FQ (M. Fox “Quantum Optics”) Chap 1.• Course overview• Course policy• Learning resources

Lecture 1Introduction & Overview

“Road Map Ahead”



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Instructor: Prof. Yong P. Chen ([email protected]) PHYSICS*ECE*Birck Nanotechnology Center

Solid state/nanophysics

AMO/quantumphysics

Nanoscience& nanotechnology

TA: Robert Niffenegger ([email protected])

Office hr by appt. (F)or after W class



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Who are you?

• Please briefly tell us:– Your name– Department/major– Year– Research Group (if any)– Current research area (brief)– Anything else (brief) to help remember you

Please fill out the class survey (HWK#1)9:25



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Why do we have this course• I want to learn it

• You want to learn it (presumably)

• There is so much (new) to learn

• Foundation/connection to important current physics & ECE fields (AMO/solid state/(quantum) photonics/QI-QC)

• Quantum optics/photonics in Purdue

--- One of Purdue’s new “preeminent” initiative



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https://engineering.purdue.edu/~shalaev/quant_phot/ Watch out for seminars!



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Related Purdue Research Groups/Faculty

AMO Physics: http://www.physics.purdue.edu/research/amo.shtml

ECE Field and Optics:https://engineering.purdue.edu/ECE/People/Faculty/Areas/?area_id=2591

CHEM Physical Chemistryhttp://www.chem.purdue.edu/pchem/default.asp

Birck Nanophotonics/optics:http://www.purdue.edu/discoverypark/nanotechnology/research-nanophotonics.php



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What is “quantum optics”?

[Class discussion]



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Optics: what is light?

Prerequisite 1: Classical Opticseg. PHYS 322/422 (E.Hecht “optics”), ME587, or some photonics course

(or at least a good E&M, PHYS 272H/330/430) eg. D.Griffiths “Intro electrodynamics”;E. Purcell’s E&M; Feynman Lec. Vol 2; etc.

Lec 2 will review some basics

Classical Optics•Newton etc: (classical) particle (“corpuscular”)/ray theory•Huygens-Young (interference)-Fresnel (diffraction)- Maxwell wave optics

Birth of photons --- (1st) birth of “quantum optics)•Planck’s photon (light quantum)•Wave-particle duality (DeBroglie etc.) …



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QuantumBirth of Quantum Mechanics/Physics is also (1st) birth of quantum optics•Planck’s photons (blackbody radiation, quantized energy of light)•Einstein’s Photoelectric effect (photoemission/photodetection)•Compton scattering (light-electron scattering)

Formulation of quantum mechanics: Schrodinger/Heisenberg [quantize electron motion --- foundation to atomic & solid state physics]Quantum Field Theory/quantum electrodynamics (QED): Dirac etc. [quantize E&M (and other) fields --- foundation to modern q. optics]

Prerequisite 2: Quantum mechanics (or at least a good modern physics)eg. D.Griffiths “Intr. quantum mechanics”;Liboff “Quantum Mechanics”; Cohen-Tannoudji “Quantum Mechanics 1”Krane “Modern physics”

Lec 3 will review some basics

Subtlety: these phenom. do not directly prove quantum nature of photons (rather some quantum nature of light-matter interaction)



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Some milestones/key experiments in QO

(FQ)

2nd birth quantumoptics



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Quantum optics (narrow definition): Study of photons (quantum nature)

photon quantum states(eg. coherent/squeezed//number states)

quantum correlation & statistics

quantum entanglement quantum information/communication/computing

But we will adopt a broader definition



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Light-Matter Interaction

matterLight (in) Light (out)

X (light or other particles)

Y (light or other particles)

Quantum optics (broadly defined):Light (radiation) & light-matter interactionwhere quantum physics matters[further generalization: extend from light to other waves (including matter/particle waves)]

Quantum photonics:Quantum optics applications & devices

(light cannot be studied alone)



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This captures many (all) phenomena

Light



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This captures many (all) phenomena

matterLight (in) Light (out)

Y (eg. electron)


What’s the “Matter”:•Atom•Electron•Solid …•Vacuum (really?)

Emission,Laser…

Photoelectric/photodetection



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And many combinations of processes (including “nonlinear/high order” processes)

MatterLight (in) Light (out)

X (light or other particles)

Y (light or other particles)


Quantum photonics:Quantum optics applications & devices

• Light can also control & create new matter



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Different Levels of “quantum”



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Some milestones/key experiments in QO

(FQ)

2nd birth quantumoptics

Rapid expansion

Esp. l-m

interaction

Many more…. Suggested Paper Topic (undergrad): any of these [review original paper+impact]



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Photons(E&M wave)

Electrons(charge)

Atoms, solids, and their excited states/excitations (phonons, excitons…)



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http://info.phys.unm.edu/~ideutsch/Classes/Phys566F13/index.htm

Applications

Metrology,Sensing/imaging,Quantum info/Communication/Computing,QuantumControl,Chemical phys,Nanomaterials,Condensed Matter,Energy,Astrophys.Biophys.…

Light-solidInteraction

Scattering(Raman& elastic..),Absorption/Excitation/Photoelectron/Photovoltaic,Luminescence..Electron dynamics,cQED/optomech.,q. optics of electrons …

Atom optics

“quantum” foundation

Quantum optics



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Old course name: “coherent optics” and “quantum electronics”

• Coherent optics: when phase of light is important – May be quantum or classical (Fourier optics;

holography; statistical optics/speckles)– most phase-coherent light laser (quantum)

• Quantum electronics (old name): lasers

(today would be quantum photonics) --- eg. IEEE Quantum Electronics (http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=3)



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About this coursePrerequisites:Classical Opticseg. E.Hecht “optics”(or at least a good E&M)eg. D.Griffiths “Intro electrodynamics”;E. Purcell’s E&M;Feynman Lec. Vol 2.

Quantum mechanics(or at least a good modern physics)eg. D.Griffiths “Intr. quantum mechanics”Krane “Modern physics”

Review in Lec 2.

Review in Lec 3.

Also very helpful to know basics in atomic physics and solid state physics (will be reviewed as we go)



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Connections with Other Purdue Courses

Related Purdue Courses:PHYS322 (PHYS32200) OpticsECE 41200 - Introduction to Engineering OpticsECE 41400 - Elements of Electro And Fiber OpticsECE 55200 - Introduction to LasersECE 61500 - Nonlinear OpticsECE 61600 - Ultrafast OpticsECE 650R - Light Emitting DiodesMore optics: https://engineering.purdue.edu/~fsoptics/opticscourses.htm

PHYS570S --- Topics in Atomic Theory



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Lectures Topics Lecture 1 (1/13) Overview (FQ1+) Lecture 2 (1/15) Review Classical Optics (FQ2; FS1-2) No Class on 1/20 Monday (MLK day) Lecture 3 (1/22) Review Quantum Mechanics, birth of photons (FQ3+) Lecture 4 (1/27) Quantum Information, cryptography & communication (FQ12) Lecture 5 (1/29) Radiative Transitions in Atoms & Molecules (FQ4; FS8.2) Lecture 6 (2/03) Radiative/Inter-band transition in solids (FS3, FS7.3.2) Lecture 7 (2/05) Masers & Lasers: CW, pulsed, frequency comb, Xasers Lecture 8 (2/10) Photon Statistics (FQ5) Lecture 9 (2/12) Photon Correlation (FQ6), extension to other (quasi)particles Lecture 10 (2/17) Coherent, Squeezed & Number states (FQ7,8) Lecture 11 (2/19) Resonant Light-atom interaction, density matrices, Rabi oscillation (FQ9) Lecture 12 (2/24) Solid state quantum structures: wells, wires and dots (FS6) Lecture 13 (2/26) Laser cooling of atoms & solids (FQ11+) Lecture 14 (3/03) Cold atoms & atom optics, atom lasers (given by TA R. Niffenegger) Lecture 15 (3/05) TBD (Special topics/APS/coherent control) Lecture 16 (3/10) Excitons and Polaritons (FS4+) Lecture 17 (3/12) Luminescence, Luminescence/NV centers & quantum emitters (FS5,9+) No classes on 3/17 & 3/19 (Spring Break) Lecture 18 (3/24) EIT, slow light (Agarwal) & coherent control Lecture 19 (3/26) Quantum entanglement, memory & teleportation (FQ14) Lecture 20 (3/31) Atoms in cavities, Jaynes-Cummings model (FQ10) Lecture 21 (4/02) Cavity QED/circuit QED, optomechanics Lecture 22 (4/07) Quantum Computing, photon based QC (FQ13+) Lecture 23 (4/09) Quantum Computing systems: ions, Rydberg atoms, molecules Lecture 24 (4/14) Quantum Computing systems: superconductor/cQED, quantum dots, NMR Lecture 25 (4/16) Photonics with nanomaterials: CNT, graphene & 2D materials (FS8+) Lecture 26 (4/21) Phonons/Vibrons and Raman spectroscopy, CARS (FS10) Lecture 27 (4/23) Special topics: Quantum Sensing & Photodetectors, applications Lecture 28 (4/28) Special topics: Optically synthetic gauge fields/topological/quantum

matter, quantum emulation, student presentations Lecture 29 (4/30) Special topics: Casimir, (quantum) plasmonics etc. student presentations Final Exam on (TBD)

Course OutlinePart 1: basic review:Optics+Quantum;

Part 2: Basic Light-matter interaction; laser;

Part 3: Quantum Optics of photons

Part 4: More advanced light-matter interaction

Part 5: Quantum information/photonics/applications

Subject to change;Check updates on course web/wiki



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Textbook 1: M. Fox “Quantum Optics” (Oxford)

Available online from Purdue Library Website

“FQ”

We’ll cover most of FQ



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Textbook 2: M. Fox “Optical Properties of Solids” (2nd ed, Oxford)

Online pdf (1st ed) seems to be available (google)

“FS”

We’ll cover a good portion of FS+ selected modern topics



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moleculeSolid

Nanomaterials: (much less known) middle ground

Exa

mpl

e of

car

bon



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Other Supplemental TextsSupplemental texts and references: 3) GS Agarwal, Quantum Optics (Cambridge 2013)4) Werner Lauterborn,Thomas Kurz. Coherent Optics: Fundamentals and Applications. (Springer, 2002)5) P. Meystre and M Sargent, Elements in Quantum optics, 4th ed (Springer 2007)6) Safa O. Kasap, Optoelectronics & Photonics: Principles & Practices (2nd ed, 2012)*7) Simon Hooker, Colin Webb, Laser Physics (Oxford, 2010) *8) Claus F. Klingshirn, Semiconductor Optics (4th ed, Springer 2012)9) L. Novotny & B Hecht, Principles of Nano-optics (2nd ed, 2012)

The above books (and 2 main texts) are available in Course Reserve in PHYS Library. (do not checkout for long term/pls return asap)

*Available online from PU Library Web/PUnet-connected computers



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Additional Reference BooksQuantum OpticsGilbert Grynberg, Alain Aspect, Claude Fabre, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, Introduction to Quantum Optics: From the Semi-classical Approximation (2010) [book by some masters]C. Gerry & P. Knight, Introductory Quantum Optics --slightly more on theory side, knight is well known expertR. Loudon, The quantum theory of light --- slightly old, also slightly emphasizing theory moreM.Scully & MS.Zubairy, Quantum optics --- by leading QO expert, but less suitable of textbookL.Mandel & E.Wolf: Optical Coherence and Quantum Optics .. handbook & encyclopediaJS Peng, Introduction To Modern Quantum Optics (1998)Photonics/Lasers: Bahaa E. A. Saleh and Malvin Carl Teich, Fundamentals of Photonics (2nd ed, 2007) --- classic large comprehensive book on photonics, good handy refRS Quimby (RPI), Photonics and Lasers: An Introduction – shorter than ST, but seems a good photonics bookSiegman’s Lasers: big book classicOrazio Svelto, Principles of Lasers (5th ed): good comprehensive text explaining lasersAMO physics: Christ Foot, Atomic Physics Solid state physics: C. Kittel, Intro to Solid State PhysicsSome classics on light-materials interaction: JI Pankove, Optical Processes in Semiconductors

W Hayes and R Loudon, Scattering of Light by Crystals



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Some online course notes/texts on quantum optics

http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~jmjk/keeling/teaching/quantum-optics.pdf

http://atomoptics.uoregon.edu/~dsteck/teaching/quantum-optics/quantum-optics-notes.pdf

http://info.phys.unm.edu/~ideutsch/classes/phys566f08/index.htm

http://www.matthiaspospiech.de/files/studium/skripte/QOscript.pdf



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Related Courses in Other Places

1) ETH (A.Imamoglu) http://www.quantumphotonics.ethz.ch/education/quantum_optics2) Caltech (Jeff Kimble)http://www.its.caltech.edu/~qoptics/ph135b/3) Harvard (M. Lukin)http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k976824) http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-453-quantum-optical-communication-fall-2008/index.htm6) http://quantuminformation.physi.uni-heidelberg.de/teaching/https://courses.cit.cornell.edu/ece531/default.htm7) http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k97682



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Course Web & Wiki• Course website

http://www.physics.purdue.edu/academic_programs/courses/phys522/– Syllabus, Lecture notes, homework etc (course

material)

• Course wiki

https://qopticsphotonics.wikispaces.com/– Upload student work: lecture notes, essay – Post interesting seminar info– Share other links/articles/news of interests



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Course Requirement & Grading Components1) Homework (approximately every 1-2 weeks): 30 points2) Papers/Projects: 30 points consisting of 2 parts (15 pts each):2a) a lecture notes (review article style) for an assigned lecture and upload to wiki within 2 weeks from the assigned lecture (every student will be assigned to 1lecture based on class list, see wiki);2b) a paper reviewing either a classic experiment/milestone achievement (before 2002) [undergrad only] or a topic not covered in lectures (eg. one from a relevant seminar), or a current frontier area/topic of your interest. You can find suggested topic in lecture slides though you are not limited to them. I encourage you to check with me about your topic and not to wait to the last week to upload so you may be selected for presentation. Revision can be made till last class. 3) Final Exam: 30 pts4) Class Participation/Service (10pts) that can be earned in several ways (extra will be bonus): 4a) Occasional in class quizzes (1 pt for each problem); 4b) great question/comment/correct a non-trivial mistake in lecture (0.5-1 pt per incidence); 4c) Attend one of the eligible related seminars (see list under Wiki/Seminars) and have either speaker/host sign a form [see wiki] after the talk to prove your attendance (1 pt for each seminar attended); 4d) Give a 10-15 min presentation on your paper/research, or volunteer to teach a topic or explain a concept of interest that may fit into a given lecture (5 pt per presentation, consult with instructor to schedule) 4e) Other service that enhances class learning; eg. offer to give a lab tour to class members of your research lab (5 pts; must be approved of both your lab supervisor & Prof. Chen)

Final Grade: A (>85); B(>70); C(>55); D(>40); [typical sufficient condition, subject to minor change]



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Other Learning Resources: Seminars

• Physics Colloquium

• Condensed Matter physics seminars

• AMO physics seminars (occasional)

• AMO physics faculty candidate talks

• Quantum photonics faculty candidate talks

• Physical Chemistry seminars

• Select Birck/ECE seminarscheck corresponding departmental websites as well as course Wiki(seminars not listed in wiki can earn pt if approved by instructor)

Important supplement to the lectures! (some more guest speakers will be invited)



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Other Learning Resources: Journals

• Nature/NatureX (esp. Nature Photonics)/Science

• PRL relevant sections (general-quantum information/AMO/optics/condensed matter)

• PRA

• Optics Letters/Express

• JOSA-B (J Opt. Soc. America)

• IEEE Quantum electronics



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Other Learning Resources: Conferences/Workshops/tutorials

• APS DAMOP

• OSA’s Frontier in Optics (FiO)/Laser Sciences (LS)

• CLEO/QELS

• Physics of Quantum Electronics (PQE)

• SPIE’s Photonics ****

Some notable previous workshops/summer schools:http://www.acqao.org/workshops/summerschool_2004_canb.htmhttp://www.cft.edu.pl/QuantumOpticsVI/lectures.htmlhttp://quantum.nasa.gov/agenda.html



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Some Research Groups/Centers in QO/QP• Max-Planck Institute QO: http://www.mpq.mpg.de• Vienna (http://vcq.quantum.at/) and Innsbruck• JILA (NIST-Colorado), CUA (MIT-Harvard), JQI (NIST-Maryland) • ETH: A. Imamoglu etc.• Harvard: M.Lukin etc.• Stanford (Yamamoto, Vuckovic etc.)• Caltech (J. Kimble, O. Painter etc.)• … many more (just google quantum optics or quantum

photonics)

See comprehensive list under http://www.quantumoptics.net/

and updated lists under course wiki/link & things of interest



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o JQI, Joint Quantum Institute (U. Maryland & NIST), USA

o JILA (UCol & NIST), Boulder, USAo CUA, Center for Ultra cold

Atoms, Harvard – MIT, USA

o MPQ, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany

o ICFO, The Institute of Photonics Sciences, Barcelona, Spain

o IQOQI, Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Innsbruck, Austria

o CQT, Center for Quantum Technologies, Singapore

o ARC, Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, Australia

o IQC, Institute for Quantum Computing Waterloo, Canada

o QUANTOP – QDEV , Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen

ARCARC

MPQMPQICFOICFO

NISTNISTCUACUA

IQCIQC

JQI JQI

CQTCQT

QUANTOPQUANTOPIQOQIIQOQI

Some major QO/QP/QI Research Centers in the world

Why the top 1-5? Who are the current leaders?

Placing PURDUE on the QUANTUM MAP!



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Next Lecture

• Lecture 2: Review key concepts from classical optics

(cf. *FQ Chap2;

also of interests:

*FS Chap 1-2;

*E. Hecht, Optics (esp. Chap 8 on polarization)

*Lauterborn & Kurz, Coherent Optics, Chap 1-3)



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Image Sources/Creditshttp://physics.illinois.edu/people/profile.asp?kwiathttp://www.quantum-munich.de/media/atomlaser/http://chems.usc.edu/faculty_staff/armani.htmhttp://eandt.theiet.org/news/2011/dec/quantum-chip.cfm

http://iopscience.iop.org/1367-2630/6/1/096/fulltext/ http://xqp.physik.uni-muenchen.de/research/photonic_ent/multiphoton/index.htmlhttp://phys.org/news/2013-05-photonic-quantum-brighter-future.html

http://www.ccqed.eu/http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2012/oct/09/quantum-control-pioneers-bag-2012-nobel-prize-for-physics

http://www.uibk.ac.at/th-physik/qo/research/polarmolecules.htmlhttp://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/physics/staff/academic/szymanska/research/polaritonbec/http://iopscience.iop.org/1367-2630/focus/Focus%20on%20Cavity%20and%20Circuit%20Quantum%20Electrodynamics%20in%20Solids

http://www.rle.mit.edu/altering-organic-molecules-interaction-with-light/http://jqi.umd.edu/news/miniaturizing-delay-lineshttp://www.nist.gov/pml/div684/grp04/quantum_computation_simulation_neutral_atoms.cfm



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Light

Matter (atom)

Light

Documents

Purdue University Spring 2014 Prof. Yong P. Chen ([email protected]) Lecture 1 (1/13/2014) Slide [email protected] Introduction to Quantum Optics