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The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico is located on the smallest island by area (9,135 square kilometers) of the Greater Antilles, situated west of the U.S. Virgin Islands and east of the Dominican Republic. Puerto Rico is comprised of one main island and several smaller ones, including Vieques, Culebra, Mona, Desecheo, and Caja de Muertos. Politically, Puerto Rico is divided into 78 municipios (U.S. Census Bureau county equivalents) (see Figure 34 for municipio boundaries). The most populated municipios are San Juan and Bayamon in the north and Carolina in the east. The city of San Juan is the capital of the Commonwealth, the financial capital, and home to a major port and a considerable tourism industry.
The north, east, and southwestern coastlines of Puerto Rico contain fringing, patch and shelf-edge reef formations. Along the south side of the island, reefs tend to surround the small islands off the coast. Fringe reefs are most common, and shelf-edge reefs are the best developed (15). The extent of coral reef habitat surrounding Puerto Rico is summarized in Table 27 and illustrated in Figure 30.
Puerto RicoPopulationIn 2000, the population of Puerto Rico reached 3,808,610 people; in 2008, it is estimated to be 3,972,155 (35, 49). From 1970 to 2008, the population increased by over 1,248,006 people. The municipios showing the greatest population increases were Bayamon, Carolina, and Toa Alta, all of which surround San Juan Municipio. San Juan Municipio actually saw a decrease in population during this time period, dropping by over 38,000 people. The greatest rate of growth was seen in Florida and Canovanas Municipios, growing by 8,858% and 5,923% respectively (49). Both Florida and Canovanas became municipios in 1970 and 1971, respectively, with newly defined borders and populations residing within these borders.
By 2015, the population is expected to grow by 167,722 people. Toa Alta Municipio, located directly west of Bayamon, is expected to show the greatest increase, with approximately 20,000 more people. San Juan Municipio is expected once again to decline in population (8,500 people) (49). Figure 31 presents this expected change by municipio.
In 2008, the overall population density was estimated to be 435 persons per square kilometer. The most densely populated municipio was San Juan with 3,448 persons per square kilometer. The second-most densely populated municipio was Catano with a density of 2,017 persons per square kilometer (49). Catano is located across Bahia de San Juan from San Juan. Figure 30 shows population centers in relation to adjacent coral reef habitats.
Table 27. Approximate area (in square kilometers) of coral reef habitat surrounding Puerto Rico. Source: Rohmann et al., 2005.
Depth Curves (sq km)18 Meter Line180 Meter LineMapped Coral Habitat 1 (sq km)Coral Reef HardbottomSubmerged VegetationUnconsolidated SedimentOther Delineations
2,3025,505.9
757.0721.548.972.7
Habitat Type Area (Sq Km)
Aerial view of San Juan.Credit: NOAA Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management
Key Facts
Population (2008)
Population Density (2008)
(persons per sq km)
Number of residents per square kilometer of potential coral reef habitat within the 180 meter depth curve. (2008)
Households (2000)
Housing Units (2000)
3,972,155
435
721
1,261,325
1,418,476
53
Figure 30. Population of Puerto Rico by U.S. Census counties (municipios) adjacent to coral reef habitat. The population markers are shown at the center of each municipio and should not be interpreted as exactly where population resides.Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000; Rohmann et al., 2005.
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Figure 31. Expected population change in Puerto Rico from 2008 to 2015 by municipio (U.S. Census Bureau county equivalent).Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000.
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
-5,000
-10,000
Pers
ons
Municipio
Adj
unta
s
Agu
ada
Agu
adill
a
Agu
as B
uena
s
Aib
onito
Ana
sco
Are
cibo
Arr
oyo
Barc
elon
eta
Barr
anqu
itas
Baya
mon
Cab
o Ro
jo
Cag
uas
Cam
uy
Can
ovan
as
Car
olin
a
Cat
ano
Cay
ey
Cei
ba
Cia
les
Cid
ra
Coa
mo
Com
erio
Cor
ozal
Cul
ebra
Dor
ado
Faja
rdo
Flor
ida
Gua
nica
Gua
yam
a
Gua
yani
lla
Gua
ynab
o
Gur
abo
Hat
illo
Hor
mig
uero
s
Hum
acao
Isab
ela
Jayu
ya
Juan
a D
iaz
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
-5,000
-10,000
Pers
ons
Municipio
Junc
os
Laja
s
Lare
s
Las M
aria
s
Las P
iedr
as
Loiz
a
Luqu
illo
Man
ati
Mar
icao
Mau
nabo
May
ague
z
Moc
a
Mor
ovis
Nag
uabo
Nar
anjit
o
Oro
covi
s
Patil
las
Penu
elas
Ponc
e
Que
brad
illas
Rinc
on
Rio
Gra
nde
Saba
na G
rand
e
Salin
as
San
Ger
man
San
Juan
San
Lore
nzo
San
Seba
stia
n
Sant
a Is
abel
Toa
Alta
Toa
Baja
Truj
illo
Alto
Utu
ado
Vega
Alta
Vega
Baj
a
Vie
ques
Vill
alba
Yabu
coa
Yauc
o
55
HouseholdsIn 2000, the total number of households in Puerto Rico was 1,261,325. Eighty percent of these households were family households; of these, 30% were two-person households and 26% were three-person households. This was generally consistent across all municipios. Most non-family households contained only one person (90%) (35).
LanguageThe primary language spoken in the home was Spanish (88%), followed by English (11%) (35).
Place of BirthNinety-three percent of Puerto Rico’s population was born in Puerto Rico and 6% were born in the United States (35).
IncomeIn 2000, the average median household income for all municipios was $13,189 per year. This is shown in Figure 32. In 2000, 48% of the population lived below the poverty level (35).
Table 28 presents the ratio of the area of potential coral reef habitat and mapped coral reef habitat to the number of residents in the study area. When compared to other study areas, Puerto Rico has the second-highest number of residents per square kilometer of coral reef habitat within the 180-meter depth curve (just behind Guam).
GenderIn 2000, the population was 52% females and 48% males. Of individuals greater than 15 years of age, 56% were married, 28% had never been mar-ried, and 10% had been divorced (35).
Race/EthnicityIn 2000, the population was 80% white, 8% black or African American, 7% other race, and 4% two or more races (35).
AgeTwenty-nine percent of the total population in 2000 ranged in age from 0-17, followed by the age groups 45-59 (17%), 25-34 (14%), 35-44 (14%), 18-24 (11%), 60-69 (8%), 70-79 (5%), and 80+ (3%). San Juan Municipio, the most populated one in Puerto Rico, had the highest percentage of elderly people with 7% ranging in age from 70-79 and 4% over the age of 80 (35).
Beach and swimmers, Caja Muertos, Puerto Rico, 2007.Credit: Eileen Alicea, NOAA NOS International Programs Office
Depth Curves (sq km)18 Meter Line180 Meter LineMapped Coral Habitat 1 (sq km)Coral Reef HardbottomSubmerged VegetationUnconsolidated SedimentOther Delineations
Habitat Type
Persons Per Sq Km of Potential Coral Reef
Habitat in 2008
Table 28. Ratio of the area of potential coral reef habitat and mapped coral reef habitat to population in Puerto Rico.Source: Woods and Poole Economics, Inc., 2007; Rohmann et al., 2005.
2,3025,505.9
757.0721.548.972.7
1,725721
5,2475,505
81,23054,638
Area of Coral Reef Habitat in Puerto Rico
56
50,000
40,000
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
U.S. Median Household Income
50,000
40,000
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
Dol
lars
Figure 32. Median household income in Puerto Rico in 2000 by municipio (U.S. Census Bureau county equivalent).Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000.
Adj
unta
s
Agu
ada
Agu
adill
a
Agu
as B
uena
s
Aib
onito
Ana
sco
Are
cibo
Arr
oyo
Barc
elon
eta
Barr
anqu
itas
Baya
mon
Cab
o Ro
jo
Cag
uas
Cam
uy
Can
ovan
as
Car
olin
a
Cat
ano
Cay
ey
Cei
ba
Cia
les
Cid
ra
Coa
mo
Com
erio
Cor
ozal
Cul
ebra
Dor
ado
Faja
rdo
Flor
ida
Gua
nica
Gua
yam
a
Gua
yani
lla
Gua
ynab
o
Gur
abo
Hat
illo
Hor
mig
uero
s
Hum
acao
Isab
ela
Jayu
ya
Juan
a D
iaz
Municipio
Junc
os
Laja
s
Lare
s
Las M
aria
s
Las P
iedr
as
Loiz
a
Luqu
illo
Man
ati
Mar
icao
Mau
nabo
May
ague
z
Moc
a
Mor
ovis
Nag
uabo
Nar
anjit
o
Oro
covi
s
Patil
las
Penu
elas
Ponc
e
Que
brad
illas
Rinc
on
Rio
Gra
nde
Saba
na G
rand
e
Salin
as
San
Ger
man
San
Juan
San
Lore
nzo
San
Seba
stia
n
Sant
a Is
abel
Toa
Alta
Toa
Baja
Truj
illo
Alto
Utu
ado
Vega
Alta
Vega
Baj
a
Vie
ques
Vill
alba
Yabu
coa
Yauc
o
Dol
lars
Municipio
U.S. Median Household Income
57
EducationIn 2000, 22% of the adult population (25 years of age or over) had a high school diploma. Approximately 19% had some college or held an associate’s degree and 18% held a bachelor’s degree or higher (35). This distribution is broken down by gender in Figure 33.
EmploymentIndustryIn 2000, 24% of the civilian population 16 years of age and over were employed. This percentage represents almost 931,000 people (35). The industries that employed the most people are listed in Table 29.
Commute to WorkFor the civilian population over 16 years of age, 52% worked in their county of residence. The primary means of transportation to work were driving alone in a private vehicle (69%) and carpooling in a private vehicle (18%). These were followed by public transportation (5%), walking (4%), other means (2%), and working at home (2%) (35).
Figure 33. Education attainment by gender for the population 25 years and over in Puerto Rico in 2000.Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000.
No HighSchool Diploma
Education Attainment Level
High SchoolDiploma
Some College or Associate’s Degree
Bachelor’s Degree or Higher
60
50
40
30
20
10
0Perc
ent o
f Pu
erto
Ric
o’s P
opul
atio
n 25
Yea
rs a
nd O
ver
U.S. AverageMales Females
Housing and DevelopmentHousing UnitsThere were a total of 1,418,476 housing units in Puerto Rico in 2000. Of the total housing units, just under 65% were owner occupied, 24% were renter occupied, and 11% were reported as vacant (35).
Educational; health and social servicesManufacturingRetail tradePublic administrationConstructionProfessional; scientific; management; administrative and waste management servicesArts; entertainment; recreation; accommodation and food servicesOther services (except public administration)Finance; insurance; real estate and rental and leasingWholesale tradeTransportation and warehousing; and utilitiesInformationAgriculture; forestry; fishing and hunting; and mining
Table 29. Percent of the population 16 years of age and over employed by industry in Puerto Rico in 2000.Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000.
Industry Percent Employed19131211977554422
A resort coastline on Puerto Rico.Credit: Kris Wall, NOAA
58
In Puerto Rico, reef fi sh catches have decreased considerably during the last 20 years indicating classic signs of overfi shing: reduced total landings, declining catch per unit eff ort, shifts to smaller fi sh, and recruitment failures. In 2003, almost 220,000 recreational anglers made over 1.1 million fi shing trips in the waters of Puerto Rico. The recreational fi shing occurred on the shoreline, from private boats and from charter trips. Within the eight year period from 1995 and 2002, commercial fi shers caught 1.6 million tons of fi sh per year. Reef fi sh and invertebrates, including conch and lobster were the primary target of fi shers (87%) (28).
Highlighted Issue: Fishing and Overfi shing Plumbing Facilities
In 2000, only about 6% of the housing units lacked complete plumbing facilities (35).
Source of WaterThe U. S. Census Bureau did not collect data on water sources for Puerto Rico in 2000 (35).
Sewage DisposalThe U. S. Census Bureau did not collect data on sewage disposal for Puerto Rico in 2000 (35).
Building PermitsBetween 2000 and 2007, an average of 6,594 building permits were issued per year for new residential construction. An average of 939 permits were issued per year for commercial construction (27).
TourismBetween 2000 and 2005, an average of 3,407,483 visitors per year (exclud-ing same-day visitors) visited Puerto Rico. Three quarters of the visitors were from the Americas (34).
A fi shing net caught on coral at low tide.Credit: Eileen Alicea, NOAA National Ocean Service, International Programs Offi ce
Development along the coast in 2005.Credit: NOAA Offi ce of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management
59
Puerto Rico Municipios
1. Adjuntas 14. Camuy 27. Fajardo 40. Juncos 53. Naguabo 66. San Lorenzo2. Aguada 15. Canóvanas 28. Florida 41. Lajas 54. Naranjito 67. San Sebastián3. Aguadilla 16. Carolina 29. Guánica 42. Lares 55. Orocovis 68. Santa Isabel4. Aguas Buenas 17. Cataño 30. Guayama 43. Las Marías 56. Patillas 69. Toa Alta5. Aibonito 18. Cayey 31. Guayanilla 44. Las Piedras 57. Peñuelas 70. Toa Baja6. Añasco 19. Ceiba 32. Guaynabo 45. Loíza 58. Ponce 71. Trujillo Alto7. Arecibo 20. Ciales 33. Gurabo 46. Luquillo 59. Quebradillas 72. Utuado8. Arroyo 21. Cidra 34. Hatillo 47. Manatí 60. Rincón 73. Vega Alta9. Barceloneta 22. Coamo 35. Hormigueros 48. Maricao 61. Río Grande 74. Vega Baja
10. Barranquitas 23. Comerío 36. Humacao 49. Maunabo 62. Sabana Grande 75. Vieques11. Bayamón 24. Corozal 37. Isabela 50. Mayagüez 63. Salinas 76. Villalba12. Cabo Rojo 25. Culebra 38. Jayuya 51. Moca 64. San Germán 77. Yabucoa13. Caguas 26. Dorado 39. Juana Díaz 52. Morovis 65. San Juan 78. Yauco
Figure 34. Location of Puerto Rico municipios (Census Bureau statistical county equivalents).