LIST OF PUBLISHED ARTICLES OF BBALITVET SCIENTISTS IN 2012

INTERNASIONAL

EMERGING DISEASES; DIAGNOSIS; LABORATORIES;MANAGEMENT;

1. Daniels, Peter; Morrissy, Chris; Poermadjaja, Bagoes; Selleck, Paul; Stratton, John; Allen, John; Padungtod, Pawin; Colling, Axel; Long, Ngo Thanh; Wong, Frank; Wiyono, Agus; Abila, Ronello; Kalpravidh; Wantanee. Diagnostic capacity for regional emergency infectious disease preparedness. In : Proceedings of an international workshop held in Siem Reap, Cambodia, 10–13 August 2010. p. 83-86. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) 2012

No abstract

PARASITOLOGY

CHRYSOMYA BEZZIANA; PHYLOGEOGRAPHY; CONTROL; ASIA

2. Wardhana, April H.; Muharsini, Sri(Department of Parasitology, Indonesian Research Centre for Veterinary Science, Bogor, Indonesia)Hall, M.J.R; Mahamdallie, S.S.; Ready, P.D.(Department of Entomology, Natural History Museum, London)Cameron, M.M.(Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK). Phylogenetics of the Old World screwworm fly and its significance for planning control and monitoring invasions in Asia. International Journal for Parasitology. 2012. Vol.42: p.729-738.

Abstract

Phylogenetic, genealogical and population relationships of Chrysomya bezziana, the Old World screwworm fly (OWSF), were inferred from DNA sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b), nuclear elongation factor-1a (EF-1a) and nuclear white eye colour (white), using sequences of Chrysomya megacephala and Chrysomya rufifacies as outgroups. Cyt b (717 bp, 754 specimens), EF-1a (361 bp, 256 specimens) and white (577 bp, 242 specimens) were analysed from up to two African and nine Asian countries, including 10 Indonesian islands. We show that OWSF occurs as distinctive African and Asian lineages based on cyt b and white, and that there is a marked differentiation between Sumatran and Javan populations in Indonesia, supported by the genealogy and analysis of molecular variance of cyt b alone. Four cyt b sub-lineages are recognised in Asia: only 2.1 occurs on the Asian mainland, from Yemen to Peninsular Malaysia; only 2.2, 2.3 and 2.4 occur in central Indonesia; 2.4 predominates on New Guinea; and 2.1 co-occurs with others only on Sumatra in western Indonesia. This phylogeography and the genetic distances between cyt b haplotypes indicate pre-historic, natural dispersal of OWSF eastwards into Indonesia and other Malesian islands, followed by vicariant evolution in New Guinea and central Indonesia. OWSF is absent from Australia, where there is surveillance for importation or natural invasion. Judged by cyt b haplotype markers, there is currently little spread of OWSF across sea barriers, despite frequent shipments of Australian livestock through Indonesian seas to the Middle East Gulf region. These findings will inform plans for integrated pest management, which could be applied progressively, for example starting in East Nusa Tenggara (central Indonesia) where OWSF has regional cyt b markers, and progressing westwards to Java where any invasion from Sumatra is unlikely. Cyt b markers would help identify the source of any re-emergence in treated areas.

VIROLOGY

EBOLA VIRUS; PONGO PYGMAEUS

3. Nidom, Chairul A.,(Avian Influenza-zoonosis Research Center, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia)Eri Nakayama(Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center

for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan)Reviany V. Nidom; Mohamad Y. Alamudi(Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia)Syafril Daulay(Center for Diagnostic Standard of Agriculture Quarantine, Ministry of Agriculture, Jakarta, Indonesia)Indi N. L. P. Dharmayanti(Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Bogor, Indonesia)Yoes P. Dachlan(Tropical Disease Hospital, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia)Mohamad Amin; Manabu Igarashi(Division of Bioinformatics, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan)Hiroko Miyamoto; Reiko Yoshida; Ayato Takada. Serological Evidence of Ebola Virus Infection in Indonesian Orangutans. PLoS One. 2012; 7(7): e40740. Published online 2012 July 18. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040740

Abstract

Ebola virus (EBOV) and Marburg virus (MARV) belong to the family Filoviridae and cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates. Despite the discovery of EBOV (Reston virus) in nonhuman primates and domestic pigs in the Philippines and the serological evidence for its infection of humans and fruit bats, information on the reservoirs and potential amplifying hosts for filoviruses in Asia is lacking. In this study, serum samples collected from 353 healthy Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) in Kalimantan Island, Indonesia, during the period from December 2005 to December 2006 were screened for filovirus-specific IgG antibodies using a highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with recombinant viral surface glycoprotein (GP) antigens derived from multiple species of filoviruses (5 EBOV and 1 MARV species). Here we show that 18.4% (65/353) and 1.7% (6/353) of the samples were seropositive for EBOV and MARV, respectively, with little cross-reactivity among EBOV and MARV antigens. In these positive samples, IgG antibodies to viral internal proteins were also detected by immunoblotting. Interestingly, while the specificity for Reston virus, which has been recognized as an Asian filovirus, was the highest in only 1.4% (5/353) of the serum samples, the majority of EBOV-positive sera showed specificity to Zaire, Sudan, Cote d’Ivoire, or Bundibugyo viruses, all of which have been found so far only in Africa. These results suggest the existence of multiple species of filoviruses or unknown filovirus-related viruses in Indonesia, some of which are serologically similar to African EBOVs, and transmission of the viruses from yet unidentified reservoir hosts into the orangutan populations. Our findings point to the need for risk assessment and continued surveillance of filovirus infection of human and nonhuman primates, as well as wild and domestic animals, in Asia.

AVIAN INFLUENZA; H5N1 INDONESIAN VIRUS

4. Daniels, Peter[ Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences,

PMB 24, Geelong, 3220, Australia]Agus Wiyono,[Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary

Science]Elly Sawitri, Bagoes Poermadjaja; L. D. Sims. H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in

Indonesia: Retrospective Considerations. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2012 Sep 6. [Epub ahead

of print]

Abstract

Indonesia is one of the five countries where highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of the H5N1 subtype

(H5N1 HPAI) remain endemic in poultry. Importantly, it is one of the countries where the virus causes

human infections. WHO data indicate that as of 2 May 2012, 189 human cases of Influenza A (H5N1) had

been reported in Indonesia, with 157 human deaths. These human cases included a small number in which

limited human-to-human transmission could have occurred. Hence, there remains a critical need in

Indonesia for a more effective One Health approach to the control and prevention of this disease in people

and in poultry. This chapter explores a number of aspects of the evolution of this disease in Indonesia, the

virus that causes it and the control and preventive measures introduced, focusing on the successes and

shortcomings of veterinary and One Health approaches. Indonesia provides many examples of situations

where this latter approach has been successful, and others where further work is needed to maximize the

benefits from coordinated responses to this disease leading to effective management of the risk to human

health.

NASIONAL

BACTERIOLOGY

COXIELLA BURNETII; NESTED POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION

5. Purnawarman, Trioso; Wibawan, I Wayan Teguh; Pasaribu, Fachriyan Hasmi; Setiyono, Agus(Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan, Institut Pertanian Bogor)Saepulloh, Muharam(Balai Besar Penelitian Veteriner, Bogor). Sensitivitas dan Spesifisitas Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction untuk Mendeteksi DNA Coxiella burnetii. [Sensitivity and Specificity of Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction for Detection of Coxiellaburneth DNA]. Jurnal Veteriner. 2012. Vol.13(1): p. 51-56.

Abstract

Sensitivity and specificity of nested polymerase chain reaction (nested PCR) to detect Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii) DNA were studied. The primer system which consists of external primers (OMP1 and OMP2) and internal primers (OMP3 and OMP4), was designed from the nucleotide sequence of the corn I gene encoding for 27 kDa outer membrane protein and used to specifically amplify a 501 by and 438 by fragment. This nested PCR assay was 50 fold more sensitive than that of using PCR external primer only. The Nested PCR has a detection limit as low as 300 pg/gl. Specificity studies showed that nested PCR only detected C. burnetii DNA and did not happened Brucella abortus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Campylobacter Jejuni DNA. Nested PCR has high senstively and specificaly diagnostic method of C. burnetii as-agent of Q fever disease.

CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS; DELPHINAPTERUS LEUCAS; ENTEROTOXEMIA

6. Natalia, Lily; Priadi, Adin (Balai Besar Penelitian Veteriner, Jl. R.E. Martadinata No. 30, PO Box 151, Bogor 16114). Enterotoksemia Yang Disebabkan Clostridium perfringens Tipe C Pada Ikan Paus Putih (Delphinapterus Leucas). [Enterotoxemia Caused by Clostridium perfringens Type C in White Whale (Delphinapterus leucas)]. Dalam : Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknologi Peternakan dan Veteriner. Bogor. 7 - 8 Juni 2011. p. 894-901. Bogor. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Peternakan. 2012.

Abstract

The Beluga or white whale, Delphinapterus leucas, is an Arctic and sub-Arctic species of cetacean. This marine mammal is commonly referred to Beluga or Sea Canary due to its high-pitched twitter. From a conservation perspective, the Beluga is considered "near threatened" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (2009). Three Belugas owned by Gelanggang Samudra, Ancol died in February – March 2011. The first Beluga died suddenly and the second and the third Beluga looked unhealthy and died within a week. Necropsy was carried out immediately and tissue samples were submitted to laboratory. Grossy, severe and extensive haemorrhagic organs (liver, intestine, heart, spleen and lungs) gave the red appearance of the whole body which is entirely due to hemolyzed red blood cells. Clostridium perfringens was found dominantly in gut sample. Mouse neutralization test to the bacterial culture supernatant demonstrated alpha and beta toxins and classified as Cl. perfringens type C (alpha and beta toxin producer), and the toxin produced was > 100 MLDs/ml. Moreover, mouse neutralization test using alpha and beta antitoxins against body fluids of the Beluga indicated the presence of toxins that could be

neutralized by Cl. perfringens type C antitoxin. The results indicated that Beluga whale died from enterotoxemia caused by Cl.perfringens type C. Escherichia coli and Plesiomonas shigelloides were also isolated from the gut sample while Streptococcus group C/G. were found in liver. But these bacteria were classified as nonpathogenic bacteria on Congo red agar. Our findings offer insight for guiding policy and management decision regarding Beluga risk of enteric infection by opportunistic bacterial pathogens in Indonesia.

MYCOLOGY

DUDINGTONIA FLAGRANS; SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE; BIOLOGICAL CONTROL; HAEMONCHUS CONTORTUS

7. Ahmad, Riza Zainuddin(Balai Besar Penelitian Veteriner, Bogor)Satrija, Fajar; Pasaribu, Fachriyan Hasmi(Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan, Institut Pertanian Bogor)Sukarno, Nampiah(Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Institut Pertanian Bogor). Pemakaian Duddingtonia flagrans dan Saccharomyces cerevisiae dalam Mereduksi Larva Infektif Haemonchus contortus. [The Study of Duddingtonia Flagrans and Saccharomyces Cerevisiae use on Reducing of Infective Haemonchus Contortus Larvae]. Jurnal Veteriner. 2012. Vol.13(1): p. 70-76.

Abstract

The use of Duddingtonia flagrans as the biological control of nomatode infections has been widely reported. However, no report is available on the use of yeast Saccharomyces cerviciacae for such purpose. The aim of this study was to ivestigate the use of both fungi to reduce the number of Heamoncus contortus infective larvae. Agar and fecal media containing the spore of the fungi was inoculated with infected H. contortus larvae (3rd stage). Fecal media containing the fungi was prepared by oral inoculation of sheep with liquid containing 10 6, 107 spores of D. flagrans, and 106, 107 spores of D. flagrans, and 106, 1012 spores of S. cerviciae. The number of larvae trapped in the fungi was counted. The result showed both fungi were able to reduce the number of infective lave. However, for D. flagrans, beside it able to kill the larvae, it also able to trap the larva which did not occur in S. cerviceae. The combination of both fungi can be used to reduce of the number of invected H. contortus larvae.

PSEUDOEPICOCUM; CLADOSPORIUM; MUCOR; MONILIA; PENICILLIUM; YEASTS; CONTAMINATION; VIRGIN COCONUT OIL; VCO; ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS

8. Ahmad, Riza Zainuddin(Balai Besar Penelitian Veteriner Jl. R.E. Martadinata 30 Bogor)Hartanto, E S.(Balai Besar Industri Agro Jl. IR, H. Juanda No:11. Bogor). Cemaran Cendawan Pada Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO), Kelapa Parut Dan Ampas Kelapa. Dalam : Prosiding Seminar Nasional Mikologi Biodeversitas dan Bioteknologi Sumberdaya Hayati Fungi. Purwokerto, 15 - 16 Mei 2012. Purwokerto: FAKULTAS BIOLOGI UNIVERSITAS JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN. 2012. p.401-407.

Abstrak

Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) adalah salah satu produk kelapa yang mempunyai khasiat sebagai antimikroba. Kandungan asam-asam yang dimilikinya berkhasiat sebagai antimikroba termasuk anticendawan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menguji VCO terhadap cemaran cen-dawan dibandingkan dengan serpihan kelapa dan ampas kelapa selama 1 bulan. Uji dilakukan dengan cara mengisolasi dan identifikasi cendawan yang ditemukan pada VCO (1, 2, 3 dan 4 minggu) sebagai hasil olahan, serpihan kelapa (kelapa parut) sebagai bahan asal dan ampas kelapa sebagai sisa olahan. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa serpihan dan ampas kelapa tercemar, tetapi VCO tidak tercemar. Dari percobaan ini disimpulkan bahwa VCO tidak tercemar cendawan dan kemungkinan dapat digunakan sebagai anticendawan.

FUNGI; ANIMAL DISEASES

9. Ahmad, Riza Zainuddin; Khotiah, Siti; Hardiman (Balai Besar Penelitian Veteriner Jl. R.E. Martadinata 30 Bogor). Peran Cendawan dalam Bidang Veteriner. Dalam : Prosiding Seminar Nasional Mikologi Biodeversitas dan Bioteknologi Sumberdaya Hayati Fungi. Purwokerto, 15 - 16 Mei 2012. Purwokerto: FAKULTAS BIOLOGI UNIVERSITAS JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN. 2012. p.408-415

Abstrak

Cendawan sebagai salah satu plasma nutfah di Indonesia mempunyai peran penting dalam kehidupan manusia termasuk veteriner. Bidang veteriner meliputi kesehatan hewan ternak beserta manusianya. Cendawan ada yang menguntungkan dan merugikan dalam bidang veteriner. Kerugian yang ditimbulkannya berupa mikosis dan mikotoksikosis dalam hitungan ekonomi menimbulkan angka nominal yang besar. Sebaliknya keuntungan melalui pemanfaatan cendawan besar nilai ekonomisnya dalam bentuk peningkatan produktivitas dan memelihara kesehatan hewan ternak. Harapan di masa mendatang melalui mikologi veteriner dapatlah dikendalikan kerugian akibat cendawan yang merugikan dan dapat memanfaatkan cendawan secara maksimal untuk hewan ternak.

HISTOPLASMA FARCIMINOSUM; HORSES

10. Ahmad, Zainuddin Riza(Balai Besar Penelitian Veteriner)Anis, S.(BBPPV Maros). Kejadian Penyakit Selakarang pada Kuda dan Cara Pengendaliannya. [Incidence and Control of Selakarang Disease in Horses]. Wartazoa. 2012. Vol. 22(2): p.65-71.

Abstract

Selakarang is a fungal disease attacking horses.' Although the mortality rate is low, the morbidity is high leading to economic loss. The island of Sulawesi has about 151.000 horses and they are distributed in. 5 provinces: North, Central, West, South, South-East Sulawesi and Gorontalo which potentially has endemic outbreaks caused by the Selakarang fungus, Histoplasma farciminosum. The disease might be endemic throughout Indonesia if the horse trading is not monitored. In Maros, South Sulawesi, the disease is found with symptoms in the form of nasal, cutan, and ocular symptoms. Ignorance of the appropriate authorities will increase the likelihood of spread of the disease. According to the Staatblad act produced in 1912 and the disease belonged to the zoonotic disease and when it is not well handled and properly managed, infection to human may occur. Prevention is better than treatment. In the future, we may propose to produce inactive vaccines and develop serological test to detect antigen and antibody in RIVS collaborating with other government agencies or private parties interested in this disease control.

FUNGICIDES; TRICHOPHYTON VERRUCOSUM; KAEMFERA GALANGA; ETHANOL; IN VITRO

11. Gholib, Djaenudin(Balai Besar Penelitian Veteriner, Jl RE Martadinata No. 30 Bogor 16114). [Antifungal Effect of Kencur Tuber (Kaemfera galanga L.) Ethanol Extract on Mold Trichophyton verrucosum by In Vitro Test]. Uji Daya Antifungi Ekstrak Etanol Rimpang Kencur (Kaemfera galanga L.) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Jamur Trichophyton verrucosum Secara In Vitro. Dalam : Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknologi Peternakan dan Veteriner. Bogor. 7 - 8 Juni 2011. p.865-869. Bogor. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Peternakan. 2012.

Abstract

Kencur tuber extract (Kaemfera galanga L.) was extracted by mean of maceration using 96% ethanol as solution, was studied on its antifungal effect on dermatophyte mold Trichophyton verrucosum using dilution method. The extract for this study was diluted into 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2%. The results revealed that Minimal Inhibition Concentration (MIC) was 1%. Phytochemical analysis of the extract showed that it contains the compound of alkaloid group, saponin, tannin, flavonoid, fenolic and glicosid.

MYCOTIC MASTITIS; INDONESIA

12. Ahmad, Riza Zainuddin (Balai Besar Penelitian Veteriner, Jl. R.E. Martadinata No. 30 Bogor 16114). Mastitis Mikotik di Indonesia. [Mycotic Mastitis in Indonesia]. Dalam : Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknologi Peternakan dan Veteriner. Bogor. 7 - 8 Juni 2011. p. 403- 410. Bogor. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Peternakan. 2012.

Abstract

Mycotic mastitis is caused by pathogenic fungi (mold and yeast). This disease leads to loss to dairy cattle as it caused deterioration of milk. These cases in Indonesia was reported during 1985 - 1987 and it is assumed that it is still present until now. This case is difficult to be recognized because it commonly has subclinical symptom and the disease appeared chronicly. Due to the importance of the disease therefore this paper explains the etiology, distribution, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, diagnosis and control of the disease to reduce and eradicate mycotic mastitis in Indonesia.

FUNGICIDES; FEEDS

13. Ahmad, Riza Zainuddin (The Indonesian Research Centre for Veterinary Science. JL. R.E. Martadinata No. 30, Bogor). Population Dynamics of Fungi in Poultry Feed Against Some Antifungal. [Dinamika Populasi Cendawan dalam Pakan Unggas Menghadapi Anticendawan]. Dalam : Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknologi Peternakan dan Veteriner. Bogor. 7 - 8 Juni 2011. p. 746- 752. Bogor. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Peternakan. 2012.

Abstract

A good quality poultry feed composed by carbohydrate, protein, vitamine; and mineral is a fundamental nutrition source in achieving optimal production yields. However, the feed also potentially serve as a carrier for microorganisms, particularly fungi contamination including their toxic metabolism products. The aim of this study is to investigate the dynamic population of fungus in poultry feed after being treated by some anti fungal. Two different stocks of poultry feeds (200 g in a plastic container (S200) and 50 kg in a sack (S50) were used in this study and three anti fungal addition into those poultry feed stocks (0.1% of AF1; 0.1 % of AF2 and 0.05% of AF3) were tested. A control group was stocks without any anti fungal. They were incubated for 16 weeks at 25 – 30°C. Observation of the dynamic population was conducted at week 0, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 16. Results demonstrated that there was a fluctuating number of mold, yeast and Mycelia sterile for both S200 and S50 during 16 weeks of observation. For S200, number of mold, yeast and M. sterile was significantly different from control (P < 0.0001). Number of mold declined at week 8 and week 2 for AF1 and AF3 groups, respectively. Anti fungal effect of AF2 on mold was found at week 2 and 4. For S 50, although number of mold in the control group was significantly different from AF1, AF2 and AF3 (P < 0.0001), but those three anti fungal significantly revealed the same effect (P > 0.05). Significant difference of M. sterile number was occurred on AF1 and AF2 (P < 0.03). Interestingly, there was no significant difference between the control group and all anti fungal on number of yeast (P > 0.1) but AF3 significantly reduced more number of yeast than AF2 (P < 0.02). Anti fungal AF1 and AF2 acted to inhibit the fungi growth starting at week 8 – 16 and at week 2 for AF3. For S50, AF1 and AF2 were more effective than AF3 especially at week 12 – 16. This study also demonstrated that Mycelia sterile contamination in the poultry feed was more dominant than both mold and yeast.

PARASITOLOGY

CHRYSOMYA BEZZIANA; GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS; MORPHOLOGY

14. Wardhana, April H.; Muharsini, Sri (Indonesian Research Centre for Veterinary Science, Bogor, Indonesia) Ready, P.D.; Hall, M.J.R. (Department of Entomology, Natural History Museum, United Kingdom) Cameron, M.M.(Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom). Geographical characteristics of Chrsyomya bezziana based on external morphology study. [Karakterisasi Geografi Chrsyomya bezziana berdasarkan pada studi morfologi ekternal]. Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner. 2012. Vol.17(1): p.36-48.

Abstract

Correct identification of Chrysomya bezziana is a fundamental step to evaluate the successfulness of the eradication program based on Sterile Insect Techinque (SIT). However, geographical variation of the fly is being controversial among scientists. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of preservation method on visualisation of characters of external morphology and to analyse geographical variation of C. bezziana populations throughout their distribution regions. A total of 88 flies collected from 7 populations in Indonesia, 2 populations in Africa and each 1 population from Oman, India, Malaysia and Papua New Guinea (PNG) were tested in the study. All larvae were removed from natural myiasis cases. The larvae were reared at laboratory until they became adult flies. The samples were preserved into two methods, wet (80 percent ethanol) and dried (pin) methods. Ten external characters of head and body were observed. Data were subjected to principal components and hierarchical cluster analyses in UNISTAT software. The Euclid distance measure was used for the cluster analysis, and the linking method used was the unweighted pair-group method using arithmetic average (UPGMA), to compute the distance between clusters. Results indicated that dried preservation (pinned samples) provided better external character than ethanol preservation. Based on external morphology of adult stages revealed that C. bezziana occurs as two geographical races, African and Asian races. There was no geographical variation of C. bezziana throughout Indonesian archipelago, except for the population from PNG forming its own cluster.

INDONESIAN THIN-TAILED SHEEP; MERINO SHEEP; CYTOKINE PROFILES; FASCIOLA GIGANTICA

15. Wiedosari, Ening(Indonesian Research Centre for Veterinary Science)Piedrafita, David(School of Biomedical Science,Monash University, Australia). Comparison of Cytokine Profile between Indonesian Thin-Tailed and Merino Sheep during A Primary Infection with Fasciola gigantica. [Perbandingan profil Sitokin antara Domba Ekor Tipis dan Domba Merino yang diinfeksi pertama dengan Fasciola Gigantica]. Jurnal Veteriner. 2012. Vol.13(1): p. 20-25.

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of cytokines profiles interferon-y IFN-y), interleukin-5 (IL-5) and IL-10 in Rasciola gigantica resistant Indonesian thin-tailed (ITT) sheep compared to susceptible merino sheep infected with Fasciola gigantica. A total of ten ITT and merino sheep were randomly allocated into infected (n=5) and control (n=5) groups, sheep were infected with 250 viable metacercariae of F. gigantica. The cytokines were determined by isolated mRNA from hepatic lymph node by semi-quantitative RT-PCR (Reverse Trancriptase -Polymerase Chain Reaction). The result showed ITT sheep produced significantly higher IL-5 and 10 ( P<0,05 ) than merino sheep, while ITT sheep produced less IFN-y ( P<0,05) than merino sheep at 10 weeks post infection. It could be concluded that merino sheep tend to develop T type 1 cells, while the ITT sheep tend to develop T type 2 cells which effectively killed F. gigantica.

MYIASIS; CHRYSOMYA BEZZIANA; TRAP; ATTRACTANTS

16. Wardhana, April H.; Muharsini, Sri; Maryam, R.[Indonesian Research Centre for Veterinary Science, Bogor, Indonesia]Hall, M.J.R.[Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, London, UK]. Effectiveness of Sites Using an Odour-Baited Sticky Trap for Cathing Adult Myiasis Flies. International Conference on Livestock Production and Veterinary Technology. Bogor. 1-4 Oktober 2012. p. 42. Program and Abstract Book. Technology Innovation in Support of Sustainable Livestock Development and Food Security. 2012.

Abstract

Traumatic myiasis caused by old world screwworm fly, Chrysomya bezziana remains a major problem attacking both livestock and human. As medically important flies, the urgent control of flies population is a fundamental need, especially in epidemic regions. A new attractant for screwworm flies has been developed and tested using bioassay approach. The aim of this study is to determine the best site for trapping around cattle farms using the attractant to capture adult myiasis flies. A pair of sticky traps were tested in each location with three different sites of two stables; in front of stable (site A), centre of stable (site B) and outside stable over tree or plantation (site C). The distance between traps ranged from 11 - 15 m depending on the size of the cattle shed and cattle pen. Each trap was attached to a tree and maintained for 3 days. The number of flies caught was compared to the data of myiases cases occurred. Data was analysed using a Yates corrected X 2 (Chi Square) test in Epi Info. Result demonstrated that there was no significant different in total adult flies captured in both location. However, setting a trap near vegetation (site C) captured more flies than putting inside or in front of cattle pen. In addition, the new attractant were able to catch six different species that belonged to myiasis agents, either primary, secondary or tertiary flies.

MYIASIS; CHRYSOMYA BEZZIANA; BEZZILURE; ATTRACTANTS

17. Wardhana, April Hari; Muharsini, Sri; Maryam, Romsyah(Balai Besar Penelitian Veteriner, Jl RE Martadinata No. 30 Bogor 16114). [Field Assay of Bezzilure in Catching Flies Causing Myasis to Livestock]. Uji Lapangan Pemikat Bezzilure Untuk Menangkap Lalat Penyebab Myasis Pada Ternak. Dalam : Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknologi Peternakan dan Veteriner. Bogor. 7 - 8 Juni 2011. p.606-612. Bogor. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Peternakan. 2012.

Abstract

One of efforts in controlling myasis cases in livestock can be performed by setting traps over a farm. Research on improvement of attractant for myasis flies was started in 2000 and copleted in 2006 – 2008. Bezzilure is one of attractant candidates in catching more C. bezziana for both cage and room assays. The aim of study was to investigate effectivity of Bezzilure in the field. Lampung and South Kalimantan were chosen to test the attractant candidate. A sticky trap was set outside cattle pen surrounded by plantation and shady vegetations. After three days, all flies caught were collected and sent to the Indonesian Research Centre for Veterinary Science for identification. The result demonstrated that Bezzilure caught 70.5% and 75.2% of secondary myasis flies (C. megacephala, C. rufifacies, Hemypyrellia) for Lampung and South Kalimantan, respectively. The attractant was also able to catch tertiary myasis flies (Sarcophaga sp and Musca sp.) in Lampung and South Kalimantan for 29.5% and 24.7%, respectively. However, none of primary fly (C.bezziana) was caught. Factors influencing low response of C. bezziana are discussed in this paper.

SARCOPTES SCABIEI; PACHYRHIZUS EROSUS; WATER EXTRACT; ACETONE

18. Haryuningtyas, Dyah; Yuningsih; Estuningsih Sarwitri Endah(Balai Besar Penelitian Veteriner, Jl RE Martadinata No. 30 Bogor 16114). [Effectivity of Pachyrhizus erosus Seeds Extracted by Water and Acetone Against Sarcoptes scabiei Mites In Vitro]. Efektivitas Ekstrak Biji Bengkuang (Pachyrhizus erosus) Dengan Pelarut Air dan Aseton Terhadap Tungau Sarcoptes scabiei Secara In Vitro. Dalam : Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknologi Peternakan dan Veteriner. Bogor. 7 - 8 Juni 2011. p.598-605. Bogor. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Peternakan. 2012.

Abstract

Scabies is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by Sarcoptes scabiei mite. The mite commonly infests skin of goat. Control scabies using synthetic drugs have limitation because of the expensive price, negative effect to environment, emerging problem of drug resistance and also unavailability in the rural area. Therefore, it is needed to develop a botanical acariside research as an alternative drug which are cheap and accescible for farmer. The aim of the invitro study was to investigate the potency of bengkuang Pachyrhizus erosus seeds against S. scabiei collected from goat skin. The extraction was performed using acetone and water. Two hundred and seventy mites were used in this study and divided into two groups e.g. water (1, 2.5, and 5% concentration), and acetone extracts group (2.5; % and 10%). Cypermetrin 25% was used as positive control. Six extract solutions were tested to mite mortality (LT50 and LT95) in incubation chamber and observed every hour for 6 hours. The mortality data analysed using probit analisis with 95% significant level. The result demonstrated that active coumpound of bengkuang (Pachyrhizus erosus) seeds (rotenone) had effectively contact toxic property for S. scabiei at 5% concentration both in water and acetone extract. Water extracts have LC50 and LC95 for 8.5 and 0.8 and acetone extract for 2,3 and 11.3 respectively on 5 hours. The lethal concentration of acetone extract were lower than water extract on 5% concentration e.g. 1.8 hours (LT50); 4.8 hours (LT95) and 2.5 hours (LT50); 5 hours (LT95) respectively. Five percent of water extracts Pachyrhizus erosus seed concentration was applicable for farmer in the rural area since it was cheap and practical and also effective to kill mite.

MYIASIS; CHRYSOMYA BEZZIANA; PIPER BETLE; MEDICINAL PLANTS; ESSENTIAL OIL

19. Wardhana, April Hari; Muharsini, Sri; Maryam, Romsyah(Balai Besar Penelitian Veteriner, Jl RE Martadinata No. 30 Bogor 16114)S. SANTOSA,(Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Pancasila, Jakarta) Arambewela, L.S.R.(Industrial Technology Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka) Kumarasinghe,S.P.W. (Teaching Hospital Colombo North Teaching Hospital, Ragama, Sri Lanka and Consultant Dermatologist, Royal Perth Hospital, Australia). [Myiasis Treatment Using Essential Oil Cream of Green Piper betle on Sheep Infestated with Chrysomyia bezziana Larvae]. Pengobatan Myiasis Dengan Sediaan Krim Minyak Atsiri Daun Sirih Hijau (Piper betle L) pada Domba yang Diinfestasi Dengan Larva Chrysomyia bezziana. Dalam : Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknologi Peternakan dan Veteriner. Bogor. 7 - 8 Juni 2011. p.586-597. Bogor. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Peternakan. 2012.

Abstract

Researches on usage of Piper betle L as herbal medicine have been done for years. In vitro assessment revealed that the essential oil of Piper betle L leaf was effective to kill Chrysomya bezziana larvae which is known as primary agent of myiasis in livestock, wild and pet animals including human in Indonesia. The aim of this study is to examine efficacy of the essential oil of Piper betle L leaf and haematological value in sheep infested by C. bezziana larvae. Four incision wounds were made on sheep’s back (two in the left side and two in right side) and then 25 larvae were introduced to each wound. Four treatments tested were: sheep without any treatment (negative control/KN), sheep treated with 2% asuntol (positive control/KP), 2% and 4% essential oil cream of Piper betle L leaf for MA 2% and MA 4%, respectively. The clinical symptomps, weight and number of the larvae collected from myiasis wounds including number of eosinophil and neutrophil were observed. The result demonstrated that all of the sheep suffered from inflammation reaction marked by increased body temperature and number of eosinophil and neutrophil counts. There was no significant difference between sheep treated neither with MA 2% nor with MA 4%

on observed variables. Myiasis treatment using the essential oil cream of Piper betle L leaf was significantly able to reduce the growth of C. bezziana larvae due to contact and digestive effect of the active compounds contained in the essential oil of Piper betle L leaf.

PATHOLOGY

INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE; BURSA OF FABRICIUS; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; PATHOLOGY

20. Wahyuwardani, Sutiastuti(Balai Besar Penelitian Veteriner, Jl RE Martadinata No. 30 Bogor 16114). [Description of Gumboro Virus Pathological Infection and Antigen Detection to the Bursae of Fabricius with Immunohistochemical Technique]. Gambaran Patologik Infeksi Virus Gumboro dan Deteksi Antigen pada Bursa Fabricius dengan Teknik Imunohistokimia. Dalam : Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknologi Peternakan dan Veteriner. Bogor. 7 - 8 Juni 2011. p.772-778. Bogor. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Peternakan. 2012.

Abstract

Gumboro virus infection trial using isolates of vvIBD-indo5 was conducted in broilers at the age of 15 days. Observation of pathological changes and detection of Gumboro viral antigen to the bursae of Fabricius was performed at various stages post infection. Pathological changes found was in accordance with Gumboro disease symptoms in general. There were hypheremic of thigh muscle and atrophy of the bursae Fabricius found from 7 to 14 days post infection. The results of scoring histopathologic changes in the bursae of Fabricius showed that the highest score achieved at 14 days post infection. Detection of antigens by immunohistochemical technique using primary antibody that was raised in rabbit provides an optimal result at dilution of 1 : 600. Gumboro virus antigens can be detected in bursae Fabricius, from 1 to 14 days post infection. The antigens in bursae of Fabricius was found at the greatest number at 3 and 7 days post infection. However the number of the antigen decreased at 14 days post infection. This might be due to of the loss of number lymphoid cells in the lymphoid follicle of the bursa Fabricius because of necrosis or apoptosis

TOXICOLOGY

AFLATOXIN B1; ELISA; CORN; FEEDS; PEANUT

21. Rachmawati, Sri; Munawar, Hasim(Balai Besar Penelitian Veteriner, Jalan R.E. Martadinata no.30, Bogor 16114). Validasi Metoda Analisis Aflatoksin B1 Secara Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) pada Jagung, Pakan dan Kacang Tanah. Dalam : Prosiding Prosiding Pertemuan dan Presentasi Ilmiah Standardisasi, Bali, 8 Mei 2012. Jakarta. Badan Standardisasi Nasional. 2012 : p.97-108.

Abstract

Aflatoksin B1 (AFB1) adalah senyawa racun dari Aspergillus flavus yang tumbuh pada media seperti jagung, pakan, dan kacang tanah dengan kondisi penyimpanan dan penanganan yang kurang baik. Metode Enzyme Linked Imunnosorbent Assay (ELISA) sudah banyak dikembangkan dan digunakan karena dinilai cukup cepat, dan relatif murah. Balai Besar Penelitian Veteriner (Bbalitvet) telah mengembangkan metoda analisis secara ELISA yang diaplikasikan untuk analisis sampel jagung, pakan dan kacang tanah. Tentunya pengembangan metoda tersebut perlu divalidasi. Parameter uji validasi yang dilakukan diantaranya adalah, linieriti, penentuan limit deteksi dan limit kuantifikasi, presisi dan akurasi. Verifikasi dengan pendekatan uji Horwich dilakukan setelah beberapa waktu untuk memastikan metoda masih valid untuk digunakan. Hasil pengujian menunjukan bahwa linieritas dari variasi standar AFB1, kisaran 0,12-30 ng/ml (ppb) memberikan hasil yg baik dengan nilai rata-rata. R2= 0.9813 dari 20 kali penetapan. Limit deteksi (LOD) = 0.17 + 0.06 ppb dan limit kuantifikasi (LOQ)= 0,8 ppb. Metoda ELISA juga memberikan nilai yang tepat dan reproducibel. Keterulangan, repetabiliti pada uji ELISA sangat baik karena RSD nya lebih kecil 2/3

dari KV Horwizt, dan hasil uji akurasi dalam pakan 88 persen , jagung 83 persen dan kacang tanah 96 persen.

OCHRATOXIN; FEEDS; DETECTION; IMMUNOREAGENTS; ELISA

22. Rachmawati, Sri; Munawar, Hasim(Balai Besar Penelitian Veteriner, Jalan R.E. Martadinata No 30 Bogor 16114). Pembuatan Immunoreagen (Konjugat OTA-HRPO) Untuk Pengembangan Deteksi Okratoksin Pada Pakan Ternak Secara ELISA. Dalam : Prosiding Seminar Nasional Mikologi Biodeversitas dan Bioteknologi Sumberdaya Hayati Fungi. Purwokerto, 15 - 16 Mei 2012. Purwokerto: FAKULTAS BIOLOGI UNIVERSITAS JENDERAL SOEDiRMAN. 2012: p.248-256

Abstract

Okratoksin A (OTA) adalah senyawa racun hasil metabolit sekunder dari kapang Aspergillus dan Penicillium. OTA dapat mengkontaminasi pakan ternak dari pra dan pasca panen hingga selama penyimpanan. Efeknya adalah kualitas pakan menjadi menurun sehingga mengakibatkan toksisitas pada ternak. Teknik deteksi secara Enzyme Linked Immunoassay (ELISA) untuk analisis OTA dapat dikembangkan, dimana untuk pengembangan metode ini diperlukan immunoreagen yaitu antibodi anti-OTA dan konjugat OTA horseraddish peroxide (OTA-HRPO). Pada makalah ini diuraikan pembuatan konjugat OTA-HRPO dan pengujian respon sensitifitasnya. Hasil penelitian menunjuk-kan bahwa konjugat OTA-HRPO memberikan sensitifitas yang tinggi pada pengenceran 2700 kali sampai dengan 8100 kali pada penggunaan antibodi anti-OTA yang dikoleksi pada pengambilan darah ke-3 (bleed-3) dengan nilai Optical Density (OD) adalah 1,137 dan 0,683 dan pada penggunaan antibodi anti-OTA bleed 4 dengan nilai OD adalah 1,451 dan 1,272. Konjugat dengan pengenceran 2700 kali dengan nilai OD yang tinggi dipilih untuk uji linieritas. Uji linieritas dilakukan dengan melapis antibidi anti OTA bleed 4 pada mikroplat dengan konsentrasi 10 ug/ml (IgG) dan kisaran standar OTA 0,4 - 100 ng/ml yang memberikan nilai regresi linier sebesar 0,9810. Sejauh ini, konjugat OTA-HRPO yang dihasilkan dapat digunakan sebagai pereaksi untuk pengembangan deteksi OTA pada pakan ternak dengan ELISA direct Competitive.

MEDICINAL PLANTS; ARTEMISIA ANNUA; ARTEMINISIN; THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY

23. Munawar, Hasim; Yuningsih(Balai Besar Penelitian Veteriner, Jalan R.E. Martadinata no.30, Bogor 16114). Validasi Metode Analisis Artemisinin (Obat Antimalaria) dalam Tanaman Artemisia annua dengan Kromatograpi Lapis Tipis. Dalam : Prosiding Prosiding Pertemuan dan Presentasi Ilmiah Standardisasi, Bali, 8 Mei 2012. Jakarta : Badan Standardisasi Nasional. 2012: p.282-288.

Abstract

Artemisinin as an active ingredient in Artemisia annua can be used as an alternative to malaria (blood parasites). The method used was thin layer chromatography which has the efficiency and effectiveness in the semiquantitative analysis. The analysis started to extract of leaves, flowers, and stems of dried Artemisia annua in hexane, and spot in the plate F254 and calculate concentrations. Then, the validation method is tested by determination of recovery test and detection limit. The results of this study is recovery test was 95% and detection limit was 0.06 ug. Concentration of artemisinin was 247 ppm from the stem, and 2500 ppm from both of the leave and flower. Based on experimental results, thin-layer chromatography method is quite effective and efficient in analysis of artemisinin in plant.

Abstrak

Artemisinin sebagai bahan aktif dalam tanaman Artemisia annua dapat digunakan sebagai obat alternatif malaria (parasit darah). Salah satu metode isolasinya yang digunakan adalah kromatografi lapis tipis yang mempunyai efisiensi dan efektifitas dalam analisis secara

semikuantitatif. Analisis diawali dengan mengekstrak daun, bunga, dan batang Artemisia annua yang sudah kering dalam heksana, dan ditotolkan dalam plate Silika Gel 60 F254. Uji validasi dengan penentuan uji perolehan kembali dan limit deteksi. Hasil validasi metode menunjukan uji perolehan kembali 95 % (mendekati 100%) dengan penambahan 100 ug, 6 ulangan dan limit deteksi 0,06 ug. Kandungan artemisinin yang terukur adalah 247 ppm dalam batang dan 2500 ppm masing-masing dalam daun dan bunga. Berdasarkan hasil validasi metode, maka metode kromatografi lapis tipis cukup tepat dan efektif untuk analisis artemisinin dalam tanaman.

CYANIDES; POISONING; ANIMALS

24. Yuningsih(Balai Besar Penelitian Veteriner, Bogor). Keracunan sianida pada hewan dan upaya pencegahannya. [Cyanide poisoning on animals and their prevention]. Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian. (2012). V.31(1), p. 21-26.

Abstract

A cyanide is a rapidly acting, potentially deadly chemicals that can exist in various forms, especially cyanide gas (HCN, CNCI) which is more actively than cyanide crystals [NaCN, KCN, and Ca(CN) 2]. Nearly 40 percent from 35 cases of toxic compound poisoning in 1992-2005 in Indonesia was caused by adding synthetic cyanide deliberately in feed (crime). This issue makes anxiously concerned with animal welfare. In order to solve this problem it is very important to know the cyanide compounds (natural, synthetic), including their toxicity and the method to diagnose cyanide poisoning in animal by analyzing cyanide content in the suspected feed samples. Specific signs of cyanide poisoning are death acutely with bright colored blood. The treatment is performed by injecting sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate which will split cytochrome-cyanide bone and subsequent rapid removal of a cyanide complex and to form thiocyanate which is readily excreted in the urine. The prevention of cyanide poisoning is recommended by monitoring cyanide content in cyanogenic plants which grow in certain conditions (wilted, young, herbicide-treated), which will increase glycoside (cyanide) levels.

AFLATOXIN; CONTAMINATION; CORN

25. Rachmawati, Sri; Munawar, Hasim(Balai Besar Penelitian Veteriner, Jalan R.E. Martadinata No 30 Bogor 16114). Tingkat Kontaminasi Aflatoksin Pada Jagung Sebagai Bahan Pakan Ternak. Dalam : Prosiding Seminar Nasional Mikologi Biodeversitas dan Bioteknologi Sumberdaya Hayati Fungi. Purwokerto, 15 - 16 Mei 2012. Purwokerto: FAKULTAS BIOLOGI UNIVERSITAS JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN. 2012: p.257-263.

Abstrak

Keadaan iklim dengan curah hujan, kelembaban, dan suhu yang tinggi sangat cocok bagi perkembangbiakan kapang pencemar seperti Aspergillus spp pada bahan-bahan pakan ternak, yang memanfaatkannya sebagai substrat. Kedua jenis kapang tersebut dalam pertumbuhannya lebih lanjut akan menghasilkan metabolit sekunder yang disebut aflatoksin. Aflatoksin B1 (AFB1) sangat berbahaya baik bagi hewan ternak maupun manusia dan berakibat kerugian ekonomi yang cukup tinggi di bidang peternakan, karena produktifitas dan kesehatan ternak menurun. Jagung sebagai bahan dasar utama pakan ternak unggas tidak mustahil terkontaminasi pula oleh aflatoksin. Pada makalah ini disajikan sejauh mana tingkat kontaminasi aflatoksin pada jagung sebagai bahan dasar pakan. Sampel jagung dikumpulkan dari daerah Jakarta dan Tangerang (pabrik pakan) beberapa tahap sampai diperoleh sebanyak 52 sampel jagung. Jagung di supplai dari daerah Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Lampung dan Makasar serta jagung impor dari China dan Thailand. Analisis kadar AFB1 dilakukan secara Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) yang dikembangkan Bbalitvet. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah umumnya jagung terkontaminasi AFB1 dalam kisaran 1,0-517 ng/gr (ppb), dengan 24 sampel (46,2 persen) melebihi standar mutu berdasarkan SNI 01-4483-1998 ( >50 ng/gr). Jagung dari Makasar mengandung AFB I cukup tinggi dengan rata-rata kadar 197,3 ng/gr (n=5), kemudian jagung dari P. Jawa mengandung AFB 1 rata-rata 54,7 ng/gr (n= 19) dan

jagung Lampung rata-rata kadar AFB1 nya 30,7 ng/gr (n=18). Sedangkan jagung import yang mengandung kadar AFB1 tinggi adalah dari Thailand. Hasil pemeriksaan ini membuktikan bahwa kandungan AFB 1 pada jagung yang merupakan komposisi terbesar pakan ternak cukup tinggi sehingga perlu diwaspadai agar pakan yang dikonsumsi ternak harus mengandung AFB1 dalam batas aman.

MEAT; CHLORAMPHENICOL; RESIDUES; LCMS

26. Widiastuti, Raphaella; Rachmawati, Sri; Murdiati, T.B.[Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Science]. Chloramphenicol Residues in Beef Meat Detected by A Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrofotometry (LCMS). International Conference on Livestock Production and Veterinary Technology. Bogor. 1-4 Oktober 2012. p. 41. Technology Innovation in Support of Sustainable Livestock Development and Food Security. Program and Abstract Book. 2012.

Abstract

Chloramphenicol (CAP) is a broad spectfum antibiotic that has been banned as animal drug by the European Union (EU) due to the potential serious toxic effects in human. Therefore, there are no withdrawal times and no safe residue level in any animal product consumed by human being. A minimum required performance limit (MRPL) of CAP of 0.3 ng/g means all methods should be able to at least see to this level. The purpose of this study was to develop a con? rmatory and quantitative method for the determination of CAP in beef meat employing LC-MS and applied to investigate the status of CAP residue in samples collected from West Java and Jakarta provinces. LC separation on a Shimpack column C18 with acetonitrile/ water as mobile phase; and ESI-MS analysis in negative ion mode. Validation results for linearity showed R2 = 0.9989, recoveries for spiked at 0.5 and 1.0 ng/g were 98.76 and 84.00 percent respectively, and limit of detection was 0.302 ng/g. Analysis result for 35 meat samples showed 1 sample was positive for CAP at concentration of 3.17 ng/g.

FEEDS; ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS; AFLATOXINS

27. Kusumaningtyas, Eni; Maryam, Romsyah(Balai Besar Penelitian Veteriner, Jl RE Martadinata No. 30 Bogor 16114). [Feed Contamination by Aspergillus flavus Producing Aflatoxin in Region of Cianjur, Depok and Bekasi in 2009]. Pencemaran Bahan Pakan oleh Aspergillus flavus yang Mampu Memproduksi Aflatoksin di Wilayah Cianjur, Depok dan Bekasi Tahun 2009. Dalam : Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknologi Peternakan dan Veteriner. Bogor. 7 - 8 Juni 2011. p.870-875. Bogor. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Peternakan. 2012.

Abstract

Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin, as its secondary metabolite, are often found in feed. Aflatoxin production of each isolate was different, therefore in this research aflatoxin produced by A. flavus isolate contaminating feed was measured. Samples were taken from three regions of Jabodetabek i.e. Cianjur, Depok, and Bekasi. Assay of ability to produce aflatoxin was conducted by growing A. flavus isolates from samples on to Potato dextrose broth and were incubated at 28oC for 9 days, and then their aflatoxin production were measured. Aspergillus flavus contaminations in feed were from 101 to 105 CFU/g. The ability to produce aflatoxin varied from not detected to 1212,28 g/ml. Aspergillus flavus isolated from corn sample from Bekasi produced the highest aflatoxin (1212,28 g/ml). It was higher than aflatoxin produced by A. flavus from BBalitvet Culture Collection (BCC) or Japan Collection of Microorganisms (JCM) for 84.48 and 809.43 g/ml respectively. Based on the result, it was concluded that A. flavus isolated from feed samples potentially produced high level of aflatoxin, therefore it might become a thread for animal health

PENTACHLOROPHENOL; RESIDUES; RICE STRAW; RICE BRAN

28. Yuningsih(Balai Besar Penelitian Veteriner, Jl RE Martadinata No. 30 Bogor 16114). [Quick and Easy Method for Pentachlorophenol (PCP) Pesticide Residue Detection in Rice Straw and Bran]. Metode Cepat dan Mudah Deteksi Residu Pestisida Pentachlorophenol (Pcp) Dalam Jerami dan Dedak Padi. Dalam : Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknologi Peternakan dan Veteriner. Bogor. 7 - 8 Juni 2011. p.876-881. Bogor. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Peternakan. 2012.

Abstract

Quick and easy method has been improved for detection of pentachlorophenol (PCP) residue in rice straw and bran. The extraction of straw sample was performed with acetone and ethyl acetate-cyclohexane (1 + 1, v/v). Rice bran sample was extracted using acetonitrile, anhydrous magnesium sulfate and sodium chloride, then extraction result were purified using florisil column. Both extract spotted on plate thin layer chromatography (TLC silica gel 60 F254) by developing solvent hexane- acetone (4+1, v/v). The spot result was detected by UV lamp on 254 nm wave length. Validation could be assesed by recovery test by adding 5, 10 and 20 μg. PCP standard solution (in triplicates), 1 replication of blanko and determination of limit of detection (LOD). Result of recovery test was 100.0; 112.5; 100.0; and 100.0; 100.0; 100.0%; for straw and bran rice respectively. They were in the range of Validation Acceptance Criteria for Analysis Pesticide Residues (70 –110%). In conclusion, the improved method is suitable to detect PCP residue with LOD: 0.02 μg PCP.

PARAQUAT; HERBICIDES; RESIDUES; SPECTROPHOTOMETRY; DRINGKING WATER

29. Yuningsih(Balai Besar Penelitian Veteriner, Jl RE Martadinata No. 30 Bogor 16114). [An Easy and Effective Method (Kit Method) for Paraquat (Gramoxone) Herbicide Residue Detection in Drinking Water]. Metode Mudah dan Efektif (Metode Kit) Deteksi Residu Herbisida Paraquat (Gramoxone) Dalam Air Minum. Dalam : Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknologi Peternakan dan Veteriner. Bogor. 7 - 8 Juni 2011. p.882-886. Bogor. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Peternakan. 2012.

Abstract

An easy and effective method have been improved for determination of paraquat herbicide residue in drinking water. Paraquat was reduced with glucose in an alkaline medium, and blue radical ion obtained was measured at 600 nm by using spectrofotometer. Validation of improved method was conducted by recovery, linearity, repeatability (precision) of 6 type concentration (5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 ppm paraquat) and limit of detection (LOD). The result of recoveries after adding 0.5, 1,0 dan 2,0 μg paraquat standard solution (in duplo) in water sample were mean of recoveries are 106; 79 and 72% which its in range 70 – 110%. Linearity (correlation coefisient) r2: 0.9942 is nearly good result (0.999). All of validation result is in range of Validation Acceptance Criteria for Analysis Pesticide Residues, so this improved method is quite significant with LOD 0.25 0.015 μg/ml. Blue color intensity from 10 to 50 ppm paraquat standard solution can be applied as paraquat kit color chart (Kit Method) for praquat residue analysis in water sample without using spectrofotometer.

FEEDS; SAFETY; OCHRATOXIN; ELISA

30. Rachmawati, Sri (Balai Besar Penelitian Veteriner Jl. R.E. Martadinata No. 30, Bogor 16114). Produksi Pereaksi Imunokimia Untuk Pengembangan Teknik Elisa Okratoksin A (Ota) Dalam Rangka Monitoring Keamanan Pakan Ternak. (Immunoreagent Production for Development of ELISA Ochratoxin-A Technique in Monitoring Livestock Feed Security). Dalam : Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknologi Peternakan dan Veteriner. Bogor. 7 - 8 Juni 2011. p. 732- 740. Bogor. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Peternakan. 2012.

Abstract

Ochratoxin A (OTA) contaminates feed material such as corn, starting from pre up to post harvest. For monitoring purpose of OTA contamination and quality control, there is a need to provide a tool capable of analyzing contaminant rapidly with high accuracy. Currently, there are only limited number of laboratories in Indonesia capable of analizing OTA, and mostly using the instrument such as HPLC which need big investation, skilled operator, long preparation, and expensive cost. So, immunodetection for quantifying OTA is necessary to be developed in Indonesia. The objective of this research was to produce the immunoreagent for development of OTA ELISA kit. The research activities involved: (a) Polyclonal antibody anti OTA production in rabbit serum; (b) preparation of OTA-HRP (horseraddish peroxidase) conjugate for development of direct competitive ELISA and (c) development and characterization of indirect and direct competitive ELISA to find out the sensitivity of reagents produced. Blood serum was coolected from 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th bleeding, the serum was purified using protein A sepharose column, the IgG content were in the range of 1 – 6 mg/ml for 1st – 4th bleeding antibody. Indirect ELISA test using 3rd bleed antibody with IgG content of 1.7 mg/ml indicated that antibody anti OTA had the actifity given the high different of OD value (0.9) with the OD of control serum (pre-immunization serum) on dilution factor of 50. The diluted antibody of 1/400 (dilution factor of 400) still gave good response. Increasing activity of antibody of 3rd bleed also found by an increase of coating antigen OTA-BSA 0.4; 2 and 10 μg/ml. Liniearity testing of 3rd bleed antibody gave a linier curve in the range of 1 up to 100 ppb of OTA standard. However the response seemed not too sensitive as the percent inhibition given of 100 ppb OTA standard only 43%. Combination of coated antigen OTA-BSA and antibody still have to be studied to find out the optimum condition of indirect ELISA test. Immunoreagent of conjugate OTA-HRPO was also prepared for the direct ELISA test. Titration of conjugate gave value of 0.7 OD for 1/300 and 0.4 for 1/900. The conjugate test did not give a satisfied result. Further synthesizing and testing of conjugate still needed to find sensitive results.

ANTIBIOTIC RESIDUES; SPIRAMYCIN; BROILER CHICKENS; LIVER; MEAT

31. Widiastuti, Raphaella; Murdiati, T.B. (Balai Besar Penelitian Veteriner, Jl. R.E. Martadinata 30, Bogor 16114). Residu Antibiotika Spiramisin Pada Hati dan Daging Ayam Pedaging yang Dicekok Antibiotika Spiramisin. [Spiramycin Residue in Muscle and Liver of Chicken Received Spiramycin Antibiotic Administered Orally]. Dalam : Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknologi Peternakan dan Veteriner. Bogor. 7 - 8 Juni 2011. p. 741- 745. Bogor. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Peternakan. 2012.

Abstract

Spiramycin, one of macrolides antibiotic is widely used in veterinary medicine to treat respiratory diseases or as feed additives to promote growth. However uncontrolled usage and/or slaughtered the animal before the recommended withdrawal period may cause the presence of residue in animal products. The aim of this research was to study the distribution of spiramycin residue in meat and liver of 6 weeks chicks that were orally treated with 1 g/l spiramycin for 7 consecutive days. The spiramycin residue in meat and liver samples were extracted chemically and analysed by a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Spiramycin residue in meat disappeared rapidly and remained only for one day post withdrawn. On the other hand the occurrence of spiramycin residue in liver tissue was higher than in meat and remained more than 7 days post withdrawn.

TOXINS; BINDERS; AFLATOXINS; AFLATOXIN B1; IMMUNE RESPONSE; BROILER CHICKENS; NEWCASTLE DISEASE

32. Saepulloh, Muharam; Bahri, Sjamsul; Rahmawati , Sri; Dharmayanti, N.L.P. Indi (Balai Besar Penelitian Veteriner, Jl. RE. Martadinata 30, PO. Box. 151, Bogor 16114). Pengaruh Toksin Binder dan Aflatoksin B1 Terhadap Respon Tanggap Kebal Newcastle Disease Pada Ayam Pedaging.

[Effect of Toxin Binder and Aflatoxin B1 Against Immune Response of Newcastle Disease in Broiler]. Dalam : Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknologi Peternakan dan Veteriner. Bogor. 7 - 8 Juni 2011. p. 753-764. Bogor. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Peternakan. 2012.

Abstract

The aim of this research was to study the effectiveness of toxin binder to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in chicken feed and also its influence to antibody response against Newcastle Disease (ND) in broiler. Three commercial product of toxin binder (A, B, and C) that contain propionate acid and calcium propionate were used to absorb the aflatoxin in chicken feed. Each of toxin binder with a dosage 0.2% was mixed with chicken feed that contain aflatoxin 100 ppb and 5000 ppb which was given to experimental chicken for 3 and 4 week, respectively. The result showed that the used of binder A, B, and C was still effective as toxin binder when the chicken feed only contained 100 ppb AFB1. However, all of the binders were not effective when chicken feed contained 5000 ppb AFB1. Based on the challenged test against ND, death was not found in treatment groups, except in the control group without vaccination and one chicken death in treatment group IX (5000 ppb of AFB1 and binder B). The result demonstrated that the binder A, B and C will be more effective if the aflatoxin content in chicken feed was relatively lower (100 – 200 ppb) for prolonged effect as the case with layer. Therefore, further research in layer was needed to find out the antibody response against ND.

ZINC; ATOMIC ABSORPTION; SPECTROPHOTOMETRY; STANDARDS

33. Munawar, Hasim (Balai Besar Penelitian Veteriner, Jl RE Martadinata No. 30 Bogor 16114). Perbandingan Standar Multi Elemen dan Elemen Tunggal Untuk Analisis Kadar Seng (Zn) Pada Daging Ayam dan Sapi. [Comparison of Multi and Single Element Standards Used to Analyze Zinc (Zn) In Chicken and Beef]. Dalam : Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknologi Peternakan dan Veteriner. Bogor. 7 - 8 Juni 2011. p. 765-771. Bogor. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Peternakan. 2012.

Abstract

Zinc (Zn) is an essential metal in animal feed because it affects physiological function and metabolism process. The purpose of this study was to test the accuracy of multi element standard with atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS), and compare it with the single element standard based on linearity, precision, and recovery test. Absorbance and concentration of single and multi element standards were measured, and then were made line regression equation and linearity regression. Furthermore digestion process, sample (chicken and beef) were dissolved in HNO3 65%, and heated to get clear solution. The digestion solution was measured with atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) at wavelength of 213.9 nm. Precision and recovery were performed on a standard that had the best linearity by taking data from measured sample. The result of line equation of the standard multi element y = 0.1795x + 0.0129 was obtained with linear regression 0.9982.Precision calculated by determining coefficient of variance was 0.0015, and the recovery was 90.09. Based on these data, multi element standard can be determined using AAS including as a standard for the sample because the linearity resulted from multi element was better than that of single element.

VIROLOGY

AVIAN INFLUENZA; WATERFOWLS; GENETIC DIVERSITY

34. Hewajuli, Dyah Ayu; Dharmayanti, N.L.P.I.[Balai Besar Penelitian Veteriner]. [The Relationship of Avian Influenza and Waterbirds in Creating Genetic Diversity and the Role of Waterbirds as

Reservoir for Avian Influenza]. Hubungan AI dan unggas air dalam menciptakan keragaman genetik serta peran unggas air sebagai Reservoir pada penyebaran virus AI. Wartazoa. (2012). Vol.22(1): p.12-23.

Abstract

Outbreaks of Avian Influenza (AI) has enormous implications for poultry and human health.These outbreaks are caused by influenza A virus that belongS to the family of Orthomyxoviridae. These viruses are RNA viruses, negative polarity, and the envelope has segmented genom. Generally, Avian Influenza is a disease which originally occurred in birds with complex ecology including reassortment and transmission among different species of birds and mammals. The gene of AI virus can be transmitted among human and avian species as shown by the virus reasortantment that caused pandemic human influenza in 1957 and 1968. Pandemi in 1957 and 1968 were different from previously human viruses because the substitution of several genes are derived from avian viruses. Wild waterfowls especially Anseriformes (duck, muscovy duck and geese) and Charadriiformes (gulls, seabirds, wild birds) are the natural reservoirs for influenza type A viruses and play important role on the ecology and propagation of the virus. From this reservoir, influenza type A virus usually can be transmitted to other birds, mammals (including human) and caused outbreak of lethal diseases. Waterfowl that is infected with influenza A virus usually does not show any clinical symptoms. However, several reports stated that HPAI viruses can cause severe disease with neurogical disorders led to death in waterfowl. Migration of birds including waterfowls have active role in transmitting and spreading the disease. Movement of wild birds and inappropriate poultry trade transportation play a greater role as vector in spreading HPAI to humans. Ecological change of environment has also a great effect in spreading AI viruses. The spreading pattern of AI viruses is usually influenced by seasons, where the prevalence of AI was reported to be in the fall, winter and rainy seasons. Finally, the effective control strategies against the spreading of AI viruses is required. Programs of monitoring, surveilence and vaccination is part of the control strategies of AI viruse spreading besides other strategies that had been applied.

SERUM BANK

35. Sendow, Indrawati(Balai Besar Penelitian Veteriner). Peran Bank Serum Hewan dalam Menyidik Suatu Penyakit Hewan Secara Seroepidemiologis dan Retrospektif. [The Role of Animal Serum Bank in Investigating Animal Diseases by Seroepidemiological and Retrospective Studies]. Wartazoa. (2012). V.22(2), p.79-84.

Abstract

Serum bank is a place to collect sera from random collection as a representative population for a long period and still maintain its characteristic of biochemical and immunological aspects. Serum Bank can store many sera from different species of animals from different areas. National and regional serological surveys can be done relatively in short period, without the need of skilled human resources and budget to collect the sera from the field. Hence, the basic information or seroepidemiological and retrospective studies can be obtained within in a short time. Serum Bank at Research Institute for Veterinary Science (RIVS) consists of survey and sentinel collections which were conducted by RIVS staffs, regional livestock services, Disease Investigation Center and farmers. This paper will describe the role, management, the advantages of Bank Serum and its problem. Due to its importance, Serum Bink needs to be maintained to keep its function for other purposes

AVIAN INFLUENZA; GENETIC DIVERSITY; GENETIC VARIATION; H5N1 INDONESIAN VIRUSES

36. Dharmayanti, N.L.P. Indi(Balai Besar Penelitian Veteriner)Diwyanto, Kusuma; Bahri, Sjamsul(Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Peternakan). Mewaspadai Perkembangan Avian

Influenza (AI) dan Keragaman Genetik Virus AI/H5N1 di Indonesiap. [The Genetic Variation of Avian Influenza H5N1 Indonesian Viruses]. Pengembangan Inovasi Pertanian (publikasi elektronis), 2012, vol. 05(2): p.124-141 pustaka.litbang.deptan.go.id/publikasi/ip052125.pdf

Abstract

In Indonesia, the H5N1 avian influenza (AI) virus has been circulating more than nine years. The high human case of H5N1 and endemic situation in Indonesia allow the emergence of AI virus of H5N1 subtype which is more adaptable to humans. Meanwhile, studies on the character of AI virus of H5N1 subtype from birds to infect humans as well as those from the poultry are still limited. Limitations in some ways make the studies of AI viruses from Indonesia are still very few to do. This paper iscusses the genetic diversity of H5N1 virus premises as a result of the evolution of the H5N1 virus. Since the virus had been identified in 2003, AI viruses have evolved into three groups, namely (1) viruses that were similar to progeny H5N1 AI in 2003; (2) viruses that have specific mutations isolated around H5N1 human cases; and (3) the antigenic drift viruses created by immunological pressure due to vaccination. From this grouping, there were genetic character differences between the groups of viruses, so the government vaccination policy should be based on scientific assessment. Control measures, surveillance and improvement of monitoring of virus circulation should also been conducted for the alert to the emergence of new virus which is likely to be more dangerous and more adaptable to humans.

INFLUENZA; H5N1; H3; H10; IDENTIFICATION

37. Dharmayanti, NLP Indi[Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Science]. Molecular Identification of Influenza Virus Subtype H3 and H10 in Avian Species. Dalam : International Conference on Livestock Production and Veterinary Technology. Bogor. 1-4 Oktober 2012. p. 46. Technology Innovation in Support of Sustainable Livestock Development and Food Security. Program and Abstract Book. 2012.

Abstract

In Indonesia, the endemic status of H5N1 and identification of novel H1 N1 in humans and pigs since 2009, would be a serious situation. Virus H5N1 and other influenza viruses provide opportunities for the virus H5N1 reassortant with other influenza viruses such as H3N2 or novel H1N1 virus that is likely to create a new influenza virus that more pathogen or more easily adapt to human. Circulating of influenza viruses in avian species excluding the H5N1 virus have not studied yet. In this study, we conducted the molecular identification of influenza viruses that cannot be identified with H5N1 primer that is necessary to identify primer influenza advanced by others to find out what kind subtype influenza virus circulating in the field. The sample used is five allantoic fluid samples (Code BI-B5) are thought to contain a virus other than influenza virus H5N1. The method used in this study was to RT-PCR using multiple specific primer sets and confirmation of influenza carried by DNA sequencing. From the analysis of RT-PCR and DNA sequencing showed that the code samples B1 and B2 show the highest homology with the data registered in GenBank virus (NCBI) by H3 subtype influenza. The virus sample with code B4 has the highest homology with the influenza virus subtype H 10. From the identification and characterization result showed that the virus with sample code B1 (A/Chicken/Buleleng/BBVD488-9/2009) and (B2) A/Duck/Tabanan/BBVD573-10/2009) were virus subtype H3 while B4 code (A/Chicken/Klunglcung/BBVD006-1/2010) is the AI virus subtype 1-110.

MAREK’S DISEASE VIRUS; HERPESVIRUS OF TURKEY; PCR; DUPLEX; MEX GENE; SORF 1 GENE

38. Hartawan, Risza[Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Science]. Identification of Marek's Diseases Virus (MDV) and Herpesvirus of Turkey (HVT) Using Duplex Polymerase Chain Reaction

(PCR) Approach. Dalam : International Conference on Livestock Production and Veterinary Technology. Bogor. 1-4 Oktober 2012. p. 45. Technology Innovation in Support of Sustainable Livestock Development and Food Security. Program and Abstract Book. 2012.

Abstract

Outbreaks of Marek's disease in all over the world have resulted in considerable economic repercussion in affected layer or breeding farms. Fortunately, the vaccination programs have generated satisfactions outcome to reduce the number of outbreak despite a few number of cases have still occurred. In Indonesia, two kind master seeds of vaccine are extensively applied in the field; including attenuated MDV-1 CVI988 and HVT strain FC128, either as single or combination vaccine. The objective of the current study is to identify and differentiate these two strain of virus using polymerase chain reaction test that are faster and reliable. While the test of strain MDV-1 is targeted on the meq gene as gene marker, the sorf 1 gene are used for the identification strain HVT. As a result, PCR for these genes are successfully used to differentiate these two strains of virus, either as in single assay or in duplex assay platform. This outcome is beneficial for the next stage of Marek's disease study.

AVIAN INFLUENZA; MATERNAL ANTIBODIES; H5N1; BROILER CHICKENS

39. Indriani, Risa; Dharmayanti, NLP. Indi[Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Science]. Antibody Level of Avian Influenza Subtype H5 In Commercial Broiler Chicken on Farms. Dalam : International Conference on Livestock Production and Veterinary Technology. Bogor. 1-4 Oktober 2012. p. 35. Technology Innovation in Support of Sustainable Livestock Development and Food Security. Program and Abstract Book. 2012.

Abstract

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) subtype H5N1 has been in Indonesia since the middle of 2003. Vaccination of chicken has become a routine practice in the countries of Asian (including Indonesia) where HPAI is endemic. This is especially conducted for layer and breeder farms, but the broiler is left unvaccinated. To see the innate immune antibodies against AI subtype H5, which derived from hen in young broiler, this experiment was conducted on commercial broiler farm in sector 3. Seventeen farms which are located in the district of Sukabumi and Cianjur were chosen. Twenty serum samples were collected from each farm by random at the time of broiler DOC, two weeks of age and at around four to five weeks of age or market ready. Serum samples were tested using haemagglutination inhibition (HI) against three antigen isolates of AI subtype H5N1 and one antigen AI H5N2. Data of HI test were analyzed in the geometric mean titer (GMT) and negative titer (< 16) was regarded as 4 for the calculation of GMT. Results of analysis on serum samples showed that DOC of broiler chicken had maternal antibody titer of AI subtype H5 were = 16, then at 2 weeks of age the maternal antibody titer subtype H5 were < 16 and at the time market ready or at 4 - 5 weeks of age the maternal antibody titer AI subtype H5 has reached 0. It is concluded that maternal antibody AI subtype H5 in broiler chicken is no longer providing protection, and it is possible to broiler chicken to be infected by AI virus in the field.

TAMBAHAN PUBLIKASI 2012 YANG BELUM DIBERI SUBYEK

mfn=00181540. Daniels, Peter[ Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, PMB 24,

Geelong, 3220, Australia]Agus Wiyono,[Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Science]Elly Sawitri,

Bagoes Poermadjaja; L. D. Sims. H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Indonesia: Retrospective Considerations. p. 35. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Berlin. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 2012.

Abstract

Indonesia is one of the five countries where highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of the H5N1 subtype (H5N1 HPAI) remain endemic in poultry. Importantly, it is one of the countries where the virus causes human infections. WHO data indicate that as of 2 May 2012, 189 human cases of Influenza A (H5N1) had been reported in Indonesia, with 157 human deaths. These human cases included a small number in which limited human-to-human transmission could have occurred. Hence, there remains a critical need in Indonesia for a more effective One Health approach to the control and prevention of this disease in people and in poultry. This chapter explores a number of aspects of the evolution of this disease in Indonesia, the virus that causes it and the control and preventive measures introduced, focusing on the successes and shortcomings of veterinary and One Health approaches. Indonesia provides many examples of situations where this latter approach has been successful, and others where further work is needed to maximize the benefits from coordinated responses to this disease leading to effective management of the risk to human health.

mfn=00182141. Dharmayanti, N.L.P. Indi; Ratnawati, Atik; Hewajuli, Dyah Ayu; Indriani, Risa(Balai Besar Penelitian

Veteriner). Sirkulasi virus Avian Influenza H5N1 Tahun 2010: Virus genetic drift mirip A/Ck/West Java/Pwt-Wij/2006 ditemukan di beberapa kabupaten di Sumatra dan Jawa. Jurnal Biologi Indonesia. 2012. Vol.8(1), p.103-119.

Abstract

Until 2011, the H5N1 subtype of AI virus is still circulating in many parts of Indonesia. The discovery of the AI viruses which have undergone genetic drift since 2006 until now requires serious attention from the government in terms of AI disease control, the surveillance and monitoring of virus circulation and execution of genetic mapping to determine the genetic character of the AI virus at the molecular level, especially on the surface of glycoproteins (HA and NA protein). This information is needed to determine the diversity and character of the AI virus in Indonesia. Genetic data are used to evaluate the strategy to control AI in Indonesia, such as vaccination and the vaccine seed used and determine the extent of AI virus mutation in Indonesia has been mutated. This study conducted by monitoring of the AI virus circulation throughout 2010. The methods used were AI virus isolation, RT-PCR, sequencing of genes coding for viral surface and the prediction of three-dimensional analysis to determine the location of virus mutation. The results of this study showed that most of the AI virus subtype H5N1, which was isolated during the year 2010, showed similar mutations to the genetic drift virus in 2006, A/Ck/West Java/Pwt-Wij/2006. The viruses were characterized by the presence of 18-19 amino acid substitutions at the level of the HA protein. On the NA protein level, there is a single mutation which was buried in the NA molecule. This mutation probably did not influence for NA activity. Genetic mapping ofAl virus subtype H5N1 in 2010 showed that the viral genetic drift as the mutan virus A/Ck/West Java/Pwt-Wij/2006 have circulated not only in West Jawa alone but has been found on the island of Sumatra, Banten, West Jawa and East Jawa.

mfn=00182242. Subekti, Didik T.(Balai Besar Penelitian Veteriner)Hayati, Lisda(Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Lambung

Mangkurat, Banjarmasin)Raharja, Sujud M.(Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Lumajang). Performa Perangkat Diagnostik Elisa Toksoplasmosis pada Serum Domba dan Manusia. Jurnal Biologi Indonesia. 2012. Vol.8(2), p.289-302.

Abstract

Toxoplasma seropositivity in Indonesia have a high prevalence, both in human and animals. Unfortunately, the availability of diagnostic tools to support dynamic surveillance are limited. Recently, the diagnostic tools for toxoplasmosis, namely ELISA BM were developed. The technology was based on ELISA technique using soluble tachyzoite antigen from tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii. Kit performance is one of the important issue for acceptance of diagnostic tools prior to wide application. The purpose of the studies was to asses the quality of diagnostic tools performances. The assesment comprises of four stages. First stage was to evaluate the performance of ELISA BM compared to Latex Agglutination Test (LAT) on sheep sera. Secondly, to evaluate the performance of ELISA BM to descriminate true seropositive and seronegative toxoplasmosis on human sera. The last stage were comparing ELISA BM, ELISA TL (commercial kit) and LAT on predetermined and unknown human sera. The results show that the accuracy of ELISA BM is slightly better than ELISA TL. Agreement of ELISA BM with LAT was better againts ELISA TL with LAT. However, all performance as determined using Cohen's lc and Gwet's AC, of ELISA BM, ELISA TL and LAT were good up to very good agreement.

mfn=00184543. Chotiah, Siti[Balai Besar Penelitian Veteriner, .11. Re. Martadinata 30 Bogor, 16114]. Strategic control of

acute diarrhea of newborn calves. Strategi Pengendalian Diare Bakterial pada Anak Sapi Potong. Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner. 2012. Vol.17(3), p.234-243.

Abstract

Diare anak sapi merupakan gejala penyakit yang dapat mempengaruhi peningkatan kualitas dan kuantitas sapi. Penelitian strategi pengendalian diare bakterial pada anak sapi potong telah dilakukan di Bbalitvet dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui agen bakteri penyebab diare pada anak sapi potong, menurunkan kasus diare dan meningkatkan laju pertumbuhan berat badan anak sapi yang dilahirkan Penelitian dimulai dengan identifikasi kasus diare dan isolasi agen bakteri penyebab diare di 12 kelompok temak sapi potong. Aplikasi strategi pengendalian diare anak sapi potong secara terpadu telah dilakukan pada kelompok pembibitan sapi potong di lapang. Sebanyak 12 ekor sapi betina bunting umur kebuntingan 7 bulan keatas telah dipakai sebagai kelompok perlakuan yang divaksinasi dengan menggunakan vaksin inaktif Ecoli-Closvak polivalen dosis 3 ml dan booster diberikan 3 minggu sebelum partus. Makanan tambahan konsentrat diberikan selama 2 bulan sebelum partus, sanitasi kandang dan peralatan diterapkan dan anak sapi yang lahir diberi kolostrum. Pengamatan dilakukan selama 5 bulan, dimulai dari vaksinasi induk sampai anak umur 3 bulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Escherichia coli serotipe K99 dan Clostridium perfringens tipe A dan C telah teridentifikasi di 4 kelompok temak sapi potong di 3 kabupaten (Garut, Tasikmalaya dan Ciamis), dan 2 kelompok ternak di 2 kabupaten (Tasikmalaya dan Ciamis) di Jawa Barat. Respon imun terhadap E. coli dan a toksin C. perfringens dideteksi dengan ELISA memberikan hasil yang baik. Aplilcasi model pengendalian diare terpadu dapat menyelamatkan semua anak sapi perlakuan sejak lahir sampai umur 3 bulan dari kejadian diare dan kematian. Disamping itu laju pertumbuhan bobot badan anak sapi perlakuan dari umur 1 bulan sampai tiga bulan lebih cepat dan lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan pedet lahir dari induk kontrol.

mfn=00183944. Daniels, Peter; Morrissy, Chris[CSIRO-AAHL, Geelong, Australia]Poermadjaja, Bagoes[Director General of

Livestock and Animal Health Services (DGLAHS), Indonesia]Selleck, Paul[CSIRO-AAHL, Geelong, Australia]Stratton, John[OIE, Bangkok, Thailand]Allen, John[Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Australian Animal Health Laboratory (CSIRO-AAHL), Geelong, Australia]Padungtod, Pawin[FAO, Bangkok, Thailand]Colling, Axel[CSIRO-AAHL, Geelong, Australia]Long, Ngo Thanh[Regional

Animal Health Office, Vietnam]Wong, Frank[CSIRO-AAHL, Geelong, Australia]Wiyono, Agus[Research institute for veternary science, Bogor, Indonesia]Abila, Ronello[OIE, Thailand]Kalpravidh, Wantanee[FAO, Bangkok, Thailand]. Diagnostic capacity for regional emergency infectious disease preparedness. Proceedings of an international workshop held in Siem Reap. Cambodia. 10-13 August 2010. p.83-86. ACIAR Proceedings. 137. Canberra. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. 2012.

No Abstract

mfn=00184645. Kusumaningsih, Anni[Balai Besar Penelitian Veteriner, .11. Re. Martadinata 30 Bogor, 16114]. Some

Factors Trigger Increasing Foodborne Diseases Cases of Livestock Origin. Faktor Pemicu Kasus Foodborne Diseases Asal Ternak. Wartazoa. 2012. Vol.22(3), p.107-112.

Abstract

Food is an essential need for various human body activities. Consequently, food must be guaranteed to be free from biological, chemical, and physical contaminants and other hazardous substances that can obstruct health. The presence of various hazardous contaminants in food may result in the appearance of foodbome diseases, i.e. human diseases spread through contaminated food and drinks. Biological contaminants in food can be bacteria, viruses, parasites, moulds, or fungi. The most dangerous biological contaminants that may cause an epidemic disease in human are pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter spp., Vibrio cholerae, Enterobacter sakazakii, Shigella, etc. Researchers believe that there are several factors that can be the trigger that increase of foodbome diseases cases such as community demography by increasing the individual groups that are more susceptible to pathogenic foodbome infections, human behaviour related to the changes in the community life style and consumption, the advances in industrial and technological sectors through the increase of large scale food industries concentrated in one location, the global trade or travel, and increasing bacterial resistances against antimicrobials as the result of the increasing the uses of antimicrobials for disease prevention and cure in animals and humans.

mfn=00184746. Natalia, Lily; Priadi, Adin[Balai Besar Penelitian Veteriner, .11. Re. Martadinata 30 Bogor, 16114]. Botulism:

Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Prevention. Botulismus: Patogenesis, Diagnosis dan Pencegahan. Wartazoa. 2012. Vol.22(3), p.127-140.

Abstract

Botulism is a potential lethal disease in animals as well as in human, a neuroparalytic disease caused by Clostridium botulinum toxin. C. botulinum is widely distributed in the soil and vegetation, intestinal contents of mammals, birds and fish. Eight types of C. botulinum (A, B, C1, C2, D, E, F, G) have been recognized, each elaborating an immunologically distinct form of toxin. Botulinum neurotoxins are the most powerful biological toxins known and in some countries they have been studied anddeveloped as biological weapon. The medical aspects of the toxin were also developed for therapeutic uses in human diseases. The spores of C. botulinum are relatively heat resistant and in contrast to the spores, botulinum toxin is relatively heat labile. Botulinum toxins are inactivated by their antitoxins. Botulinum toxin produces clinical manifestations when either inhaled or ingested. After toxin is absorbed, it enters the bloodstream and travels to peripheral cholinergic synapses, primarily the neuromuscular junction. Once at these sites, botulinum toxin is internalized and enzymatically prevents the release of acteylcholine leads to paralysis. Laboratory diagnoses for botulism should include isolating C. botulinum and detecting of toxin in the patient. Rapid and sensitive detection of all types of botulinum toxin are needed. Cases of botulism in Indonesia were found primarily in poultry and many cases were suspected and remained undiagnosed. Cases of botulism were suspected affecting cattle in East Java and serologically results showed positive to C. botulinum type C. The botulismus prevention using vaccine induced a strong antibody response and could be remained protective for 12 months, while botulism treatment in animals is usually ineffective.

mfn=001861

47. Widiastuti, Raphaela[Balai Besar Penelitian Veteriner, .11. Re. Martadinata 30 Bogor, 16114]. Detection of nitrofurans residue in broiler chicken meat analysed by HPLC. Deteksi Residu Nitrofuran pada Daging Ayam Pedaging yang Dianalisis Secara Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi. Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner. 2012. Vol.17(4), p.284-289.

Abstract

Furazolidone (FZD), furaltadone (FTD), nitrofurantoin (NFT) and nitrofurazone (NFZ) are veterinary drugs that belong to the nitrofurans (NFs) group and employed as feed additives for growth promotion and theurapetic treatment of gastrointestinal infections caused by Eschericia coli and Salmonella spp. The occurrence of NFs in animal products will end to cause health problem in human consumed such food. This research conducted to study the analysis of NF residues in chicken meat by a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and to study the occurrence of NFs residues in samples collected from traditional markets and supermarkets in Bandung, Bogor and Depok. The results of validation method on several parameters for each NF showed that the average of the relative standard deviation (RSD) from the precision study were 2.15 to 2.38 percent, the R2 values of the linearity study were 0.9964 to 0.9995; recoveries were 75.90 to 91.50 percent and the detection limits were 12.01 to 37.25 ng/g. The residual level of NFs for 42 field samples showed that 2 samples positive for NFZ (9.09 and 10.74 ng/g), 1 positive for NFT (10.46 ng/g), 4 positive for FTD (16.44 up to 27.21 ng/g) and none positive for FZD. Present results showed that analysis of NFs in broiler chicken meat can be done using an HPLC and the analysis results from field samples showed that these types of drugs were being used for broiler production both as single and/or combination drugs, therefore it is necessary to raise public awareness to monitor the use of NF in livestock production in Indonesia.