Public Health Syllabus 1

M. G. Science InstituteNavrangpura, Ahmedabad - 09

Study Material

for

Elective paper - Public Health

S. Y. B. Sc.

Semester - III

UNIT - 1

Definition and Aim of Physical Education

Various Definitions of Physical Education are –

1. Barrow defined Physical Education as an education of and through human movement

where many of educational objectives are achieved by means of big muscle activities

involving sports, games, gymnastic, dance and exercise.

2. Jackson R. Sharman points out that physical education is that part of education which

takes place through activities, which involves the motor mechanism of human body which

results in an individual’s formulating behavior patterns.

3. Charles A. Bucher defines physical education, an integral part of total education process,

is a field of endeavor which has as its aim the development of physically, mentally,

emotionally and socially fit citizens through the medium of physical activities which have

been selected with a view to realizing these outcomes.”

Aim of Physical Education

The ultimate goal or direction is referred to as an aim, it point out way. It is final end.

Aim is achieved some certain objectives.

Aim of physical education, like general education, is to develop human personality in

its totality well planned activity programs. In some words, physical education aim at the all

round development of the personality of an individual or wholesome development of human

personality and it includes physical, mental, social, emotional and moral aspects to make an

individual a good citizen who is able to make contribution in process of nation in one’s own

way. Thus physical education means at making an individual physical fit, mentally alert,

emotionally balanced, socially well adjusted, morally true and spiritually uplifted.

Objectives of Physical Education

Physical education is part of most of the school and college curricula. Some of the

important objectives of physical education include, the development of one's motor and social

abilities, promoting the importance of physical fitness and encouraging the budding talents.

Take a look at some of the main objectives of physical education.

Physical education is an important part of every school curriculum and a class every

pupil awaits. Physical education is that segment of the daily timetable that every student

eagerly waits to attend, as it is the only official time when the students can be on the grounds,

engaged in their favorite sports. One of the main objectives of physical education is to bring

in this element of joy to the academic orientation of schools.

Physical education aims at dedicating a daily time for some physical activity for the

students. The physical training class, as it is also called, involves sports, games, exercise and

most importantly, a break from the sedentary learning indoor.

One of the other important objectives of physical education is to instill in the students

the values and skills of maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Daily physical activity promotes an

awareness of health and well-being among students. It boosts them to engage in physical

activities on a daily basis. It promotes them to lead a healthy life in adulthood.

Physical education classes constitute programs to promote physical fitness in students,

train them in sports, help them understand rules and strategies in playing and teach them to

work as a team. A very vital factor in physical education is to develop interpersonal skills in

children. Sports aim at making them team players, developing a sportsman spirit in them and

enhancing their competitive spirit. Sports that form a part of physical education classes help

the students invest time in fruitful and competitive activities.

One of the other important objectives of physical education is to inculcate in the

minds of the students, the importance of personal hygiene and cleanliness. Physical education

classes aim at teaching the students, the habits of personal cleanliness and the importance of

the maintenance of personal hygiene in life. Physical education classes also impart sex-

education to the students, help them clarify their doubts and find answers to all the questions

that occur to their minds.

The sports, which are a part of the physical education class, help in developing motor

skills in children. The ability to hold a racket or a bat, the ability to catch a ball and the ability

to swing a bat are some examples of the motor abilities that can develop with the help of

sports. The physical activity that is involved in physical education helps the students in

bringing discipline to body posture and body movements. Hitting a ball with a bat or a shuttle

with a racket as also aiming a ball for a goal or catching it to get the opponent team out, are

some of the commonly observed actions in sports and are extremely beneficial in improving

hand-eye coordination.

The very important objective of physical education is to encourage the upcoming

sportsmen and women of the crowd. Physical education gives the budding sports people a

platform to exhibit their talents. Those with a flair for sports get an opportunity to display

their talent. Their small step on the school playground can eventually turn into a huge leap in

the field of sports.

Moreover, sports refresh the students' minds. Physical education class becomes

enjoyable for the kids while proving helpful for their overall growth and development.

Physical education is indeed one of the most fruitful activities of a school schedule.

The Meanings of Sport:

Everyone thinks the real reason that we play sports is to win. It may be the underlying

reason but I believe the real reason is to learn and have fun

It is well known that sport and physical activity is important for medical health and

subjective well-being and thereby functions as a kind of social good. How sport also operates

as a social good in light of the meaning athletes attach to their activity is a much less

analyzed topic. Accordingly, this essay sets out with a theoretical analysis of which meanings

people most commonly attach to their sport activity, and seven reasons are identified. Next,

the essay interprets these reasons as part of a larger social setting including social background

(age, gender, class) and characteristics of the sport activity (team sport versus individual

sport, competitive level) itself. The empirical analyses, based on Norwegian data, give a

rather complicated picture of how sport carries meaning to different group of people, but

three findings stand out. First, social background is more important than aspects of the

activity itself. Yet, for five out of seven ‘meanings of sport’, aspects of the sport itself also

have significant implications for how the activity is experienced. Finally, the explanatory

factors produce a rather complicated picture of how sport matters to people; gender and age

are especially important, but also type of sport and competitive level have significant effects.

Importance of Play in Child Development

Play is universal throughout the animal kingdom -- whether it's a puppy chasing its

tail, or young birds swooping through the air.

The importance of play to youngsters should not be underestimated.

Play is an essential part of growing up and researchers believe it's critical to ensure

children reach their full potential in life.

Research in animals show that brain connections develop during periods of play, and

there's no reason to suppose the same is not true of young humans.

Parents don't always understand the importance of play however, and in today's

competitive world, the temptation is to stop your children "wasting time" and to put the time

to what they believe is more constructive use.

For a child, however, there is no more constructive activity than play. When analyzing

the importance of play, particularly if you're tempted to introduce a

more "worthwhile" activity such as flash cards, educational computer games or dancing

lessons, you should take into account the following points...

Play allows a young child to be "in charge". Think about this -- in their everyday

lives, they're small and powerless, always being told what to do, and how to do it. Without an

adult around, they're running the show!

Play helps children learn about the world in which they live. They can investigate and

discover, test their theories, spatial relationships, explore cause and effect, societal roles and

family values. Such is the importance of play, that there's virtually no area of life about which

it can't teach your child something.

Play builds self-esteem. Children will often play at something they know they can do

well, at which they can be successful.

Play builds social skills. Children will begin playing with inanimate and non-

threatening objects, like cuddly toys, bricks etc, so practicing their interactive skills. Later,

playing with other children will build on this foundation as they learn to share, take turns,

assert themselves and begin to empathies with others.

Play with parents shouldn't be underestimated either, as research shows that children

whose parents play with them ultimately develop superior social skills.

Play also provides the opportunity for children to work out their feelings. The

importance of dealing with difficult or unpleasant emotions is immense. A child who's

worried about going to the dentist, for example, may deal with the anxiety by setting up a

clinic for dolls with toothache.

Play helps with language development. Think of the vast number of words a toddler

uses during play, many of them repeatedly, enhancing their language skills.

Play allows children to grow beyond their years. They can pretend to be all sorts of

things in play - a doctor, a surgeon, a civil engineer even!! (Think of those bricks)

Finally, don't forget to consider the importance of stimulating your child's creativity

and imagination - making a castle in the sand, or a car garage out of a shoe box, taking an

order in their own (imaginary) restaurant or dressing up as a king or queen - these all allow

children to stretch the limits of their world and experience the fun in make-believe.

UNIT - 2

What is Physical Fitness?

Physical fitness is defined as the state or condition of being physically sound and healthy, especially as the result of exercises and proper nutrition. It is, thus, a state of general well-being, marked by physical health as well as mental stability. Physical fitness is not just about having a lean body; it is about having cardiovascular and overall muscular endurance, as well as a strong immunity system, and most importantly, a satisfied and happy state of mind.

Definition of physical fitness The ability to function efficiently and effectively without injury, to enjoy leisure, to

be healthy, to resist disease, and to cope with emergency situations. Health-related components of physical fitness include body-composition,

cardiovascular fitness, flexibility, muscular endurance, neuromuscular learning and strength. Skill-related components include agility(defined as the ability to move in any direction quickly), balance (in multiple dimensions) coordination (hand eye, foot eye,) reactions, rhythm, power, and speed (in all directions. The relative importance of each of the components varies for each person.

Optimal Physical Fitness is the condition resulting from a lifestyle that leads to an optimal level of cardiovascular fitness, muscular strength, and flexibility as well as the achievement and maintenance of ideal body weight.

The 5 Components of Physical Fitness

There are 5 components of physical fitness, and these components represent how fit and healthy the body is as a whole.

Some people think that being physically fit means being in good general health. Other people think that it means being able to lift a certain amount of weight or being able to run a particular distance in a certain time.

There's actually no single agreed upon definition of physical fitness.

One common definition is that physical fitness is a set of attributes that people have or achieve relating to their ability to perform physical activity. Another common definition is that physical fitness is a state of well-being with a low risk of premature health problems and energy to participate in a variety of physical activities.

According to Wikipedia, physical fitness is considered a measure of the body's ability to function efficiently and effectively in work and leisure activities, to be healthy, to resist hypo kinetic diseases, and to meet emergency situations.

Even though the definition of physical fitness can vary, there's near unanimous agreement on the 5 components of physical fitness. Here's an overview of each of the components.

1. Cardiovascular Fitness

Cardiovascular fitness (also known as cardio respiratory fitness) is the ability of the heart, lungs and vascular system to deliver oxygen-rich blood to working muscles during sustained physical activity. exercise improves cardiovascular fitness.

2. Muscular Strength

Muscular strength is the amount of force a muscle or muscle group can exert against a heavy résistance. Anaerobic improves muscular strength.

3. Muscular Endurance

Muscular endurance is the ability of a muscle or muscle group to repeat a movement many times or to hold a particular position for an extended period of time. Both aerobic exercise and anaerobic exercise can improve muscular endurance.

4. Flexibility

Flexibility is the degree to which an individual muscle will lengthen. Stretching improves flexibility.

5. Body Composition

Body composition is the amount of fat in the body compared to the amount of lean mass (muscle, bones, organs etc.).

Now that you know what the 5 components of physical fitness are, you'll be better able to develop an effective fitness program.

UNIT - 3

• What is Management? Management is the process of getting activities completed efficiently and effectively

with hand through other people. Management working with and through other people to accomplish most of the objectives of organization and its Members. Management activities include Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Coordinating, Motivating, Leading, Controlling, Budgeting, and Reporting; getting Results and evaluation effectively through other people by process of delegation. • Why Management is necessary in life? Life without Management is just like the Building without base. We can hardly imagine the situation of life without management because management is the thing which leads the life in proper and exact way to succeed and to get the objectives to be accomplished. Management is used in many different fields in different kinds just like Sports Management, Time Management, Event Management, Finance Management, Health • What is Sports Management? Sports Management is the study of planning, supervising and organizing various sporting activities like international and domestic tournaments for several games. Sports Management Courses inculcates leadership qualities in an individual and helps himor

her to coach, manage and train sportsmen coming from various fields of sporting activity. Sports Management focuses on any Event to be completed effectively and flourishingly with

the delegation of work

EVENT MANAGEMENT ORGANISATION

AREA DESCRIPTION INVITATION Teams-Sponsors-Volunteers Officials REGISTRATION Information package

PREPARATION Venue-Facilities-Administration plan DELEGATION Build a TEAM ACCOMMODATION Transport-Housing-Meals

COMPETITION Draw-Computers-Results RECOGNITION Awards-Volunteers-Committee CELEBRATION Social Event

EVACUATION Departure of teams

EVALUATION Event from A to Z

CONGRATULATIONS! Recognition of Sponsors, Volunteers and Event Management Team

EVENT MANAGEMENT Games and Competition goals: To provide a high quality competition experience

Create an “Olympics” type atmosphere

Provide a positive experience for families and supporters

Increase public awareness and educate community

EVENT ORGANISING COMMITTEE CHECKLIST Good, even competition divisions . Trained officials enforcing the rules . “Olympic”

type pageantry . Award Ceremony

Hospitality – recognition of families

Public participation as volunteers and spectators

Celebrities and honored guest involvement

Media coverage

POINTS TO REMEMBER How many athletes & sports can be managed?

Facility availability and limitations

Volunteer resources

Financial resources

The need, abilities and

QUALITY SPORTS EVENTS

In hosting an event's) the following procedures should be in place: Volunteers and officials introduced to the basic philosophy and organization

Athletes in training to experience competition

Organizing Committee to build and assess organizational and administrative skills

Reinforcement of rules and competition procedures

TYPE OF EVENT Determine the type of event to be organized: Fun Event

Local Competition

Regional Games

State Games

National Games

World Games.

12 STEPS TO SUCCESS STEP 1. DATE/FACILITIES: Clash with any other major events . Major school events/school holidays .

Facility is available-cost and postponement date if required in writing Consider adequate: -competition space -teams/spectator seating -toilets/changing

facilities –first aid/medical -meals & refreshment facilities -officials/results area -telephone access -awards area

STEP 2: ORGANISING COMMITTEE Games Director Secretary . Treasurer . Registration . Publicity . Meals and Refreshments . Ceremonies

. Awards . Facilities ( Set up/clear up, equipment) . Program . Evaluation

STEP 3: INVITATIONS Regions/states . Schools . Sports Officials . Dignitaries, VIPs, Government . First

Aid/Medical . Celebrities (Awards presenters) . Press – TV, radio, newspapers . Community service groups . Sponsors . Parents, Family, Friends . General public through advertising

STEP 4: BUDGET & COSTINGS Charges for use of venue andequipment

Estimated meals/refreshments costs

Awards (certificates, ribbonsor medals)

Administration – paper etc.

First aid/medical

Social activities

Projected income –registrations, donations andsponsorship

Accommodation (housing)

STEP 5: ENTRY FORMS, REGISTRATION & TIMETABLE

Standardized entry forms should be available

Entry forms – athlete name, gender age, sport & entry performance

Entry package – timetable, registration costs, entry forms, contact person, rules,

order of events

Teams reminded – medicals, information sheets, equipment, safety gear

Cost and when payment is due

Timetable – check in, meeting place etc.

STEP 6: CEREMONIES & AWARDS Opening Ceremony

Welcome to athletes, coaches, guests -March past of thletes -Raising of flag/Anthem –Torch Entry -Lighting of the flame -oath -Opening event -Entertainment Awards Ceremony:

They take time.

They have to be “Ceremonial”.

There are a lot of awards presentations.

They tend to disturb the smoothrunning of events.

A plan is needed for how thepresentations will take place.

Announcer highlights:

Event being presented -Athlete(s) placing -The full name of the competitor/team/region/state Closing Ceremony

Celebrate the success of the event. .include: -March past of teams -Lowering of flags -Extinguishing of the flame -Event declared closed -Circle of friends STEP 7: MEALS & REFRESHMENTS Important points are: Adequate number of water stations at venues

Provision of meals and drinks (hot & cold) to coaches and competitors

meals and refreshments for officials, volunteers and quests

Providing refreshments for sale for events longer than a half day.

STEP 8: VOLUNTEERS Increase awareness of in the community

“One job for one Club” guide

Determine a list of tasks to be completed

Volunteers should receive: -Briefing on the task -Name tags, shirts, hats -Thanks in

the program, at the Closing

Ceremony and a letter of thanks -Be invited to send a volunteer representative to

meetings

STEP 9: SPORTS SAFETY PLANS Need to ensure the following is provided: First Aid coverage

Treatment area

Injury report forms

Wet weather plan

Safety checks on venue and equipment

Facility maintenance

Shelter from the sun

Telephone access

Proper supervision in all areas

Emergency evacuation plan

Identification of any danger areas

Qualified officials/event personnel

Spectator facilities

STEP 10: SPORTS OFFICIALS Identify the different jobs and numbers required.

Ensure Officials know all the details of the event.

Obtain contact details for one representative of the officials.

Brief sports officials on the rules.

Approach schools, tertiary sport and recreation groups for extra officials.

Provide training for any non-qualified officials.

STEP 11: COMMUNICATION AND RESULTS Committee Meetings should:

Be called for a specific purpose

Only attended by those who need to be there

Planned well in advance

Followed up by the Games

Director . Short, informative and enjoyable

Have minutes kept

Contact should be made between meetings

Written communication

Communication links between venues

Make a list of everyone’s job however small – send a letter of thanks.

If praise and thanks are received for others – remember to pass it on.

GAMES MANAGEMENT

EVENT DIRECTOR

ADMINISTRATIVE

DIRECTOR

ADMINISTRATION

Computer

Finance

Public Relations

Registration

Schedule

Volunteer

FACILITIES

DIRECTOR

SPECIAL EVENTS

DIRECTOR

SPORTS

DIRECTOR

GAMES COMMITTEE

FACILITIES SPECIAL EVENTS SPORTS

Facilities

Housing

Meals and

Refreshments

Medical

Transport

Awards

Ceremonies

Hospitality

Parents

Events/Health

Athlete Clinics

Alpine Skiing Gymnastics

Basketball Ice Skating

Soccer

Floor Hockey

Aquatics Bocce

Athletics

Cross country Skiing Lower Ability Events

Volleyball

Bowling

UNIT - 4

The Importance of the Olympic Games

The Olympic Games were especially important to the Greeks, and it was the games that unified national, spiritual and racial beliefs. The ancient Greeks were also very competitive people, and all strived to be the best. Winning an Olympic event was the highest honors people could achieve.

The ancient games were also held in high regard for social reasons, as well as the athletic side. Poets and writers were given the chance to present their works to a large audience, members of different city-states would have the chance to meet and talk with members of other city-states.

Leaders of the city-states would also come to discuss any personal differences that they were having with each other. The games were seen as a festival, and it was not acceptable for any negative issues or situations to occur during this time.

Even during times of war and battle, and differences were put aside, so that the Olympics would be conducted in a peaceful manner. Even the games of 480 BC took place in the middle of the Persian War.

It is from this ideal that the Olympic Truce was formed.

During the times of the Olympic Games, messengers were sent all over the Greek world with details of the dates of the games, and called for a truce between any parties conducting in any hostile activities. There was also a ban in any death penalties being carried out during this time.

Ancient Olympics Games

The Ancient Olympic Games were a series of competitions held between representatives of several city and kingdoms from Ancient Greece, which featured mainly athletic but also combat and chariot racing events. During the Olympic Games all struggles against the participating city-states were postponed until the games were finished. The origin of these Olympics is shrouded in mystery and legend. One of the most popular myths identifies Heracles and his father Zeus as the progenitors of the Games. According to legend, it was Heracles who first called the Games "Olympic" and established the custom of holding them every four years. A legend persists that after Heracles completed his twelve labors, he built the Olympic stadium as an honor to Zeus. Following its completion, he walked in a straight line for 200 steps and called this distance a "stadion" (Greek: , Latin: stadium, "stage"), which later became a unit of distance. Another myth associates the first Games with the ancient Greek concept of Olympic truce. The most widely accepted date for the inception of the Ancient Olympics is 776 BC; this is based on inscriptions, found at Olympia, of the winners of a footrace held every four years starting in 776 BC. The Ancient Games featured running events, a pentathlon (consisting of a jumping event, discus and javelin throws, a foot race and wrestling), and boxing, wrestling, and equestrian events. Tradition has it that Coroebus, a cook from the city of Elis, was the first Olympic champion.

The Olympics were of fundamental religious importance, featuring sporting events alongside ritual sacrifices honoring both Zeus (whose famous statue by Phidias stood in his temple at Olympia) and Pelops, divine hero and mythical king of Olympia. Pelops was famous for his chariot race with King Venomous of Pisatis. The winners of the events were admired and immortalized in poems and statues. The Games were held every four years, and this period, known as an Olympiad, was used by Greeks as one of their units of time measurement.

The Olympic Games reached their zenith in the 6th and 5th centuries BC, but then gradually declined in importance as the Romans gained power and influence in Greece. There is no consensus on when the Games officially ended; the most common-held date is 393 AD, when the emperor Theodosius one declared that all pagan cults and practices be eliminated. Another date cited is 426 AD, when his successor Theodosius II ordered the destruction of all Greek temples. After the demise of the Olympics, they were not held again until the late 19th century.

Olympic Games

For the 776 BC to AD 393 Games see Ancient Olympic Games. For the most recent Summer Games in Beijing, 2008 Summer Olympics. For the most recent Winter Games in Vancouver, 2010 Winter Olympics. For the next Summer Games in London, 2012 Summer Olympics. For other uses, see Olympic.

The Olympic Games is a major international event featuring summer and winter sports, in which thousands of athletes participate in a variety of competitions. The Olympic Games have come to be regarded as the world’s foremost sports competition where more than 200 nations participate. The Games are currently held every two years, with summer and Winter Olympic Games alternating, although they occur every four years within their respective seasonal games. Originally, the ancient Olympic Games were held in Olympia, Greece, from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD. Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1894. The IOC has since become the governing body of the Olympic Movement, whose structure and actions are defined by the Olympic Charter.

The evolution of the Olympic Movement during the 20th and 21st centuries has resulted in several changes to the Olympic Games. Some of these adjustments include the creation of the Winter Games for ice and winter sports, the Paralympics Games for athletes with a physical disability, and the Youth Olympic Games for teenage athletes. The IOC has had to adapt to the varying economic, political, and technological realities of the 20th century. As a result, the Olympics shifted away from pure amateurism, as envisioned by Coubertin, to allow participation of professional athletes. The growing importance of the mass media created the issue of corporate sponsorship and commercialization of the Games. World Wars led to the cancellation of the 1916, 1940, and 1944 Games. Large boycotts during the Cold War limited participation in the 1980 and 1984 Games.

The Olympic Movement consists of international sports federations (IFs), National Olympic Committees (NOCs), and organizing committees for each specific Olympic Games. As the decision-making body, the IOC is responsible for choosing the host city for each Olympic Games. The host city is responsible for organizing and funding a celebration of the Games consistent with the Olympic Charter. The Olympic program, consisting of the sports to be contested at the Games, is also determined by the IOC. The celebration of the

Games encompasses many rituals and symbols, such as the Olympic flag and torch, as well as the opening and closing ceremonies. There are over 13,000 athletes who compete at the summer and Winter Olympics in 33 different sports and nearly 400 events. The first, second, and third place finishers in each event receive Olympic medals; gold, silver, and bronze, respectively.

The Games have grown in scale to the point that nearly every nation is represented. Such growth has created numerous challenges, including boycotts, doping, bribery of officials, and terrorism. Every two years, the Olympics and its media exposure provide unknown athletes with the chance to attain national, and in particular cases, international fame. The Games also constitute a major opportunity for the host city and country to showcase itself to the world.

Modern Games

1896 Games Summer Olympics

The first Games held under the auspices of the IOC were hosted in the Panathenaic stadium in Athens in 1896. These Games brought together 14 nations and 241 athletes who competed in 43 events. Zappas and his cousin Konstantin’s Zappas had left the Greek government a trust to fund future Olympic Games. This trust was used to help finance the 1896 Games. George Aver off contributed generously for the refurbishment of the stadium in preparation for the Games. The Greek government also provided funding, which was expected to be recouped through the sale of tickets to the Games and from the sale of the first Olympic commemorative stamp set.

The Greek officials and public were enthusiastic about the experience of hosting these Games. This feeling was shared by many of the athletes, who even demanded that Athens be the host of the Olympic Games on a permanent basis. The IOC did not approve this request. The committee planned that the modern Olympics would rotate internationally. As such they decided to hold the second Games in Paris.

Changes and adaptations in Summer Olympic Games

After the success of the 1896 Games, the Olympics entered a period of stagnation that threatened their survival. The Olympic Games held at the Paris Exposition in 1900 and the World's Fair at St. Louis in 1904 were side-shows. The Games at Paris did not have a stadium; however, this was the first time women took part in the games. The St. Louis Games hosted 650 athletes, but 580 were from the United States. The homogeneous nature of these celebrations was a low point for the Olympic Movement. The Games rebounded when the 1906 Intercalated Games (so-called because they were the second Games held within the third Olympiad) were held in Athens. These Games are not officially recognized by the IOC and no Intercalated Games have been held since. These Games, which were hosted at the Panathenaic stadium in Athens, attracted a broad international field of participants, and generated great public interest. This marked the beginning of a rise in both the popularity and the size of the Olympics.

Winter Games

The Winter Olympics were created to feature snow and ice sports that were logistically impossible to hold during the Summer Games. The IOC desired to expand this list of sports to encompass other winter activities. At the 1921 Olympic Congress, in Lausanne, it was decided to hold a winter version of the Olympic Games. A winter sports week (it was actually 11 days) was held in 1924 in Chamonix, France; this event became the first Winter Olympic Games. The IOC mandated that the Winter Games be celebrated every four years on the same year as their summer counterpart. This tradition was upheld until the 1992 Games in Albertville, France; after that, beginning with the 1994 Games, the Winter Olympics were held on the third year of each Olympiad.

Recent games

From 241 participants representing 14 nations in 1896, the Games have grown to about 10,500 competitors from 204 countries at the 2008 Summer Olympics. The scope and scale of the Winter Olympics is smaller. For example, Turin hosted 2,508 athletes from 80 countries competing in 84 events, during the 2006 Winter Olympics. During the Games most athletes and officials are housed in the Olympic village. This village is intended to be a self-contained home for all the Olympic participants. It is furnished with cafeterias, health clinics, and locations for religious expression.

Symbols and the Olympic flag

The Olympic Movement uses symbols to represent the ideals embodied in the Olympic Charter. The Olympic symbol, better known as the Olympic rings, consists of five intertwined rings and represents the unity of the five inhabited continents (America, Africa, Asia, Australasia, and Europe). The colored version of the rings—blue, yellow, black, green, and red—over a white field forms the Olympic flag. These colors were chosen because every nation had at least one of them on its national flag. The flag was adopted in 1914 but flown for the first time only at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium. It has since been hoisted during each celebration of the Games.

The Olympic motto is Cities, Altius, Fortius, a Latin expression meaning "Faster, Higher, and Stronger". Coubertin ideals are further expressed in the Olympic creed:

The most important thing in the Olympic Games is not to win but to take part, just as the most important thing in life is not the triumph but the struggle. The essential thing is not to have conquered but to have fought well.

Months before each Game, the Olympic flame is lit in Olympia in a ceremony that reflects ancient Greek rituals. A female performer, acting as a priestess, ignites a torch by placing it inside a parabolic mirror which focuses the sun's rays; she then lights the torch of the first relay bearer, thus initiating the Olympic torch relay that will carry the flame to the host city's Olympic stadium, where it plays an important role in the opening ceremony. Though the flame has been an Olympic symbol since 1928, the torch relay was introduced at the 1936 Summer Games, as part of the German government's attempt to promote its National Socialist ideology.

Opening Ceremonies

As mandated by the Olympic Charter, various elements frame the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games. Most of these rituals were established at the 1920 Summer Olympics

in Antwerp. The ceremony typically starts with the hoisting of the host country's flag and a performance of its national anthem. The host nation then presents artistic displays of music, singing, dance, and theater representative of its culture. The artistic presentations have grown in scale and complexity as successive hosts attempt to provide a ceremony that outlasts its predecessor's in terms of memo ability. The opening ceremony of the Beijing Games reportedly cost $100 million, with much of the cost incurred in the artistic segment.

After the artistic portion of the ceremony, the athletes parade into the stadium grouped by nation. Greece is traditionally the first nation to enter in order to honor the origins of the Olympics. Nations then enter the stadium alphabetically according to the host country's chosen language, with the host country's athletes being the last to enter. During the 2004 Summer Olympics, which were hosted in Athens, Greece, the Greek flag entered the stadium first, while the Greek delegation entered last. Speeches are given, formally opening the Games. Finally, the Olympic torch is brought into the stadium and passed on until it reaches the final torch carrier—often a well-known and successful Olympic athlete from the host nation—who lights the Olympic flame in the stadium's cauldron.

Closing Ceremonies

The closing ceremonies of the Olympic Games takes place after all sporting events have concluded. Flag-bearers from each participating country enter the stadium, followed by the athletes who enter together, without any national distinction. Three national flags are hoisted while the corresponding national anthems are played: the flag of Greece, to honor the birthplace of the Olympic Games; the flag of the current host country, and the flag of the country hosting the next summer or Winter Olympic Games. The president of the organizing committee and the IOC president make their closing speeches, the Games are officially closed, and the Olympic flame is extinguished. In what is known as the Antwerp Ceremony, the mayor of the city that organized the Games transfers a special Olympic flag to the president of the IOC, who then passes it on to the mayor of the city hosting the next Olympic Games. After these compulsory elements, the next host nation briefly introduces itself with artistic displays of dance and theater representative of its culture.

Medal presentation

A medal ceremony is held after each Olympic event is concluded. The winner, second and third-place competitors or teams stand on top of a three-tiered rostrum to be awarded their respective medals. After the medals are given out by an IOC member, the national flags of the three medalists are raised while the national anthem of the gold medalist's country plays. Volunteering citizens of the host country also act as hosts during the medal ceremonies, as they aid the officials who present the medals and act as flag-bearers. For every Olympic event, the respective medal ceremony is held, at most, one day after the event's final. For the men's marathon, the competition is usually held early in the morning on the last day of Olympic competition and its medal ceremony is then held in the evening during the closing ceremony.

India at the Olympic game

The Indian Hockey team at the 1936 Berlin Olympics, later going on to defeat Germany 8-1 in the final

India first participated at the Olympic Games in 1900, with a lone athlete (Norman Pritchard) winning two medals in athletics. The nation first sent a team to the Summer Olympic Games in 1920, and has participated in every Summer Games since then. India has also competed at several Winter Olympic Games since 1964.

Indian athletes have won a total of 20 medals, mostly in field hockey. For a period of time, India's men's field hockey team was dominant in Olympic competition, winning eleven medals in twelve Olympiads between 1928 and 1980, including six successive gold medals from 1928–1956.

The National Olympic Committee for India is the Indian Olympic Association, and was created in 1927.

India is the country in the world with the lowest number of total Olympic medals per capita.

However 2008 Beijing has been the best ever Olympics for India with India winning three Olympic medals in three different sports and also winning first individual Olympic gold medal won by Abhinav Bindra.

Asian Games

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Asian Games

Official logo of the Games

Games

1951 • 1954 • 1958 • 1962 • 1966 • 1970 •1974 • 1978 • 1982 • 1986 • 1990 • 1994 •1998 • 2

002 • 2006 • 2010 • 2014

Sports (details)

Archery • Athletics • Badminton • Basketball •Boxing • Canoeing • Cricket • Cycling • Divi

ng •Equestrian • Field

hockey • Fencing • Football •Golf • Gymnastics • Handball • Judo •Kabaddi • Karate • Mod

ern pentathlon •Rowing • Rugby union • Sailing • Sepaktakraw •Shooting • Soft

tennis • Squash • Swimming •Synchronized swimming • Table

tennis •Taekwondo • Tennis • Triathlon • Volleyball •Water

polo • Weightlifting • Wrestling • Wushu

Asian Games

Abbreviation Asiad

First event 1951 Asian Games in New

Delhi, India

Occur every four years

Last event 2010 Asian

Games inGuangzhou, China

Purpose Multi sport event for nations on the

Asian continent

The Asian Games, officially known as Asiad,[clarification needed] is a multi-sport event held every four years among athletes from all over Asia. The Games were regulated by the Asian Games Federation (AGF) from the first Games in New Delhi, India, until the 1978 Games. Since the1982 Games they have been organized by the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA), after the breakup of the Asian Games Federation.[1] The Games are recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and are described as the second largest multi-sport event after the Olympic Games.[2][3]

In its history, nine nations have hosted the Asian Games. 46 nations have participated in the Games, including Israel, which was excluded from the Games after their last participation in1974.

The last Asian Games was held at Guangzhou, People's Republic of China last 12 November – 27 November, 2010. The next Games will be held at Incheon, South Korea.

Contents

[hide]

1 History

o 1.1 Prior formation

o 1.2 Formation

o 1.3 Crisis, reorganization, expansion

o 1.4 Future changes

2 Participation

3 Sports

4 Medal count

5 Samsung MVP award

6 List of Asian Games

7 See also

8 References

9 External links

[edit]History

[edit]Prior formation

Before the Asian Games were held, there was a gathering known as the Far Eastern Gameswhich was first mooted in 1912 between Empire of Japan, the Philippine Islands and China. The first Games were then held in Manila in 1913 and ten further gatherings were held until 1934. However, against the backdrop of the second Sino-Japanese War in 1934, in the face of Japan's insistence on including Manchu Empire as competitor nation in the Games, China announced its withdrawal from participation. The Games scheduled for 1938 were cancelled and the organization was discontinued thereafter.

[edit]Formation

After World War II, a number of Asian countries became independent. Many of the newly independent Asian countries wanted to see a new type of competition where Asian dominance would not be shown by violence but would be strengthened by mutual understanding. During the1948 Summer Olympics in London, a conversation between sportsmen from China and the Philippines raised the idea of restoring the Far Eastern Games. However, the Indian International Olympic Committee representative Guru Dutt Sondhi thought that the restoration of the Games would not be sufficient to show the spirit of unity and level of achievement in Asian sports, so proposed to sports leaders the idea of having discussions about holding a wholly new competition — the Asian Games. This gave

rise to the agreement to form the Asian Athletic Federation. A preparatory committee was set up to draft the charter for this new body. On 13 February 1949, the Asian Athletic Federation was formally inaugurated in New Delhi, alongside the name Asian Games Federation, with New Delhi announced as the first host city of the Asian Games which were scheduled to be held in 1950.[4][5]

[edit]Crisis, reorganization, expansion

First Asian Games Opening Ceremony

Starting in 1962, the Games were hit by several crises. First, the host country Indonesia, refused to permit the participation of Israel and the Republic of China due to political and religious issues. As a result, the IOC removed its sponsorship of the Games and terminated Indonesia as one of the IOC members.[6] The Asian Football Confederation (AFC),[7] International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) and International Weightlifting Federation (IWF), also removed their recognition of the Games.[8][9]

In 1970, South Korea dropped its plan to host the Games declined due to national security crisis, however the main reason was due to financial crisis, forcing the previous host Thailand to administer the Games again in Bangkok using funds transferred from South Korea.[10] Prior to the Games, Japan was asked to host the Games, but declined due to Expo '70 in Osaka.[11] This edition also marked the first time the Games have a television broadcasting throughout the world.[12] In 1974, the Games formally recognized the participation of China, North Korea and Mongolia. Israel was allowed to participate despite the opposition from Arab World, while Taiwan was permitted to take part despite its status was abolished in general meeting on November 16, 1973 by Games Federation.[13]

The last is 1978, Pakistan dropped its plan to host the Games in 1975 due to financial crisis and political issues.[14] Thailand offered to help and the Games were once again held in Bangkok. However once again, like in 1962, Taiwan and Israel were refused the participation by Games Federation, amid political issues and security fears.[15] Several governing bodies protested against the ban, like IAAF, threatened to bar the participating players from 1980 Summer Olympics,[16] this caused several teams to withdraw prior to the Games.[17]

Following this series of crises, the National Olympic Committee in Asia decided to revise the constitution of the Asian Games Federation. A new association, named the Olympic Council of Asia, was created in November 1981 with the exclusion of Israel.[18] India was already scheduled to host the 1982 Games and the OCA decided not to drop the old AGF timetable.

The OCA formally supervised the Games starting with the 1986 Asian Games in South Korea.[19] In the succeeding Games, Taiwan (Republic of China) was re-admitted, but was forced by the People's Republic of China to compete under the name Chinese Taipei.[20]

In 1994, the Games were first time included the nations of former Republics of the Soviet Union of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan,Turkmenistan and Tajikistan. Also to note it is the first time that the Games were held outside the capital city of host country.[21] However,Iraq was suspended from the Games due to Gulf War in 1990, while North Korea boycotted the Games due to relation problems. It is also marred by the death of Nepalese delegation Nareshkumar Adhikari during the Game's opening ceremony.[22] The 1998 Games marked the fourth time held in Bangkok, Thailand in history. Differ to December 6 as opening ceremony date to previous three occasions on December 9, the Games were closing on same day all time, December 20, while all opened by Bhumibol Adulyadej.

[edit]Future changes

The number of competition events is scheduled to shrink down to just 35 sports at the 2014 Games to be held in Incheon, South Korea. 2014 will also see the last Games hosted in even-numbered year, as the Olympic Council of Asia pushed the subsequent Games to just one year ahead of the Olympic Games. This means the 18th Asian Games which were originally planned for 2018 will be pushed to 2019.

[edit]Participation

See also: Olympic Council of Asia

2006 Asian Games

All 45 members affiliated to the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA) are eligible to take part in the Games. In history, 46 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) have sent competitors to the Games.Israel has been excluded from the Games since 1976, the reason cited as being due to security reasons.[23] Israel requested to participate in the 1982 Games, but the request was rejected by the organizers due to incident in 1972 Summer Olympics.[24] Israel is now a member of the European Olympic Committees (EOC).

Due to its continuing ambiguous political status, Taiwan has participated in the Games under the flag of Chinese Taipei since 1990. Macau is allowed to compete as one of the NOCs in Asian Games, despite not being recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) for participation in the Olympic Games.

In 2007, the President of OCA, Sheikh Ahmed Al-Fahad Al-Ahmed Al-Sabah, rejected the proposal to allow Australia to participate in the Games. He stated that while Australia would add good value to the Asian Games, it would be unfair to the other NOCs in Oceania.[25]

Only seven countries, namely India, Indonesia, Japan, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Singapore and Thailand have competed in all editions of the games.

[edit]Sports Main article:

Asian Games sports

44 sports were presented in Asian Games history, including 2010 Games in Guangzhou.

Sport Years

Aquatics since 1951

Archery since 1978

Athletics since 1951

Badminton since 1962

Baseball since 1994

Basketball since 1951

Board games since 2006

Sport Years

Hockey since 1958

Judo since 1986

Kabaddi since 1990

Karate since 1994

Modern pentathlon 1994, 2002, 2010

Roller sports 2010

Rowing since 1982

Bodybuilding 2002–2006

Bowling 1978, 1986, since 1994

Boxing since 1954

Canoeing since 1986

Cricket 2010

Cue sports since 1998

Cycling 1951, since 1958

Dancesport 2010

Dragon boat 2010

Equestrian 1982–1986, since 1994

Fencing 1974–1978, since 1986

Football since 1951

Golf since 1982

Rugby union since 1998

Sailing 1970, since 1978

Sepaktakraw since 1990

Shooting since 1954

Softball since 1990

Soft tennis since 1990

Squash since 1998

Table tennis 1958–1966, since 1974

Taekwondo 1986, since 1994

Tennis 1958–1966, since 1974

Triathlon since 2006

Volleyball since 1958

Weightlifting 1951–1958, since 1966

Gymnastics since 1974

Handball since 1982

Wrestling since 1954

Wushu since 1990

India at the Asian Games

India at the Asian Games

Flag of India

IOC code IND

NOC Indian Olympic Association

Asian Games history

Asian Games

1951 • 1954 • 1958 • 1962 • 1966 • 1970 • 1974 •1978 • 1982 • 1986 • 1990 • 1994 • 1998 •

2002 •2006 • 2010

Asian Winter Games

1986 • 1990 • 1996 • 1999 • 2003 • 2007 • 2011

Asian Indoor Games

2005 • 2007 • 2009

Asian Beach Games

2008 • 2010

Asian Martial Arts Games

2009

Asian Youth Games

2009

South Asian Games history

South Asian Games

1984 • 1985 • 1987 • 1989 • 1991 • 1993 • 1995 •1999 • 2004 • 2006 • 2010

India is a member of the South Asian Zone of the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA), and has participated in the Asian Games since their inception in 1951. The Indian Olympic Association, established in 1927, and recognised in the same year by the International Olympic Committee, is the National Olympic Committee for India.[1]

India was one of the first five founding members of the Asian Games Federation on 13 February 1949, in New Delhi; the organisation was disbanded on 26 November 1981 and replaced by the Olympic Council of Asia.[2][3]

Contents

[hide]

1 Membership of Olympic Council of Asia

2 Hosted Games

3 Summer Games results

4 Winter Games results

5 Indoor Games results

6 Beach Games results

7 Martial Arts Games results

8 Youth Games results

9 See also

10 Notes and references

[edit]Membership of Olympic Council of Asia

India is a member of the South Asian Zone of the Olympic Council of Asia, the governing body of all the sports in Asia, recognised by the International Olympic Committee as the continental association of Asia.[4][5][a] Being a member of South Asian Zone, India also participates in the South Asian Games, sub-regional Games for South Asia.[6]

The OCA organises five major continental-level multi-sport events: the Asian Summer Games (which are commonly known as the Asian Games), Asian Winter Games, Asian Indoor-Martial Arts Games, Asian Beach Games, and Asian Youth Games. Before 2009,Indoor and Martial Arts were two separate events for indoor and martial arts sports respectively. However, the OCA has since amalgamated them into a single event, theAsian Indoor-Martial Arts Games, which will be debuted in 2013 in Incheon, South Korea.[7] As a member of OCA, India is privileged to participate in all these multi-sport events.

[edit]Hosted Games

New Delhi, the national capital of India, has hosted the Asian Games on two occasions: the inaugural 1951 Asian Games and the 1982 Asian Games.[8]

[edit]Summer Games results

See also: Asian Games and Asian Games medal count

India is one of the only seven countries that have competed in all the editions of the Asian Games. The other six are Indonesia, Japan, thePhilippines, Sri

Lanka, Singapore and Thailand. India has won at least one gold medal at every Asian Games, and always ranked within the top 10 nations of the medal table except in the 1990 Asian Games.

Games Rank Gold Silver Bronze Total

1951 Asian Games[9] (host) 2 15 16 20 51

1954 Asian Games[9] 5 4 4 5 13

1958 Asian Games[9] 7 5 4 4 13

1962 Asian Games[9] 3 12 13 27 52

1966 Asian Games[9] 5 7 4 11 22

1970 Asian Games[9] 5 6 9 10 25

1974 Asian Games[9] 7 4 12 12 28

1978 Asian Games[9] 6 11 11 6 28

1982 Asian Games[9] (host) 5 13 19 25 57

1986 Asian Games[9] 5 5 9 23 37

1990 Asian Games[9] 12 1 8 14 23

1994 Asian Games[9] 8 4 3 15 22

1998 Asian Games[9] 9 7 11 17 35

2002 Asian Games[9] 8 10 12 13 35

2006 Asian Games[9] 8 10 17 26 53


2010 Asian Games[10] 6 14 17 33 64

Total 5 128 173 261 562

[edit]Winter Games results

See also: Asian Winter Games and Asian Winter Games medal count

India has sent athletes to every celebration of the Asian Winter Games. Through the last revision of the Games in Astana and Almaty in2011, India has never won a medal in the Winter Games.[11]

[edit]Indoor Games results

See also: Asian Indoor Games


2005 Asian Indoor Games[12] 5 7 3 8 18



Total 8 22 21 43 86

[edit]Beach Games results

See also: Asian Beach Games

India has participated in both the editions of the Asian Beach Game. In the 2008 Games, India won a total of five medals, including three gold, and ranked seventh in the final medal table.[14] Three gold medals were won by India in the 2010 Asian Beach Games in Muscat, Oman, earning the country sixth place in the medal table.[15]



2008 Asian Beach Games 7 3 0 2 5

2010 Asian Beach Games 6 3 0 1 4

Total 6 6 0 3 9

[edit]Martial Arts Games results

See also: Asian Martial Arts Games

India sent a delegation in the inaugural Asian Martial Arts Games held in Bangkok, Thailand from 1 to 9 August 2009. Indian contingents won a total of 33 medals, including three gold and seven silver, leading to the country finishing 10th in the final medal table standings.[16]


2009 Asian Martial Arts Games 10 3 7 23 33

[edit]Youth Games results

See also: Asian Youth Games

Indian athletes competed in the inaugural Asian Youth Games in Singapore. Indian competitors earned medals in only two sports— athleticsand swimming. Four of the five gold medals came from athletics and one came from the swimming competition. Aaron Agnel Dsouza was the only multiple medal winner. Dsouze won a gold in the 200 m freestyle and a bronze in the 100 m freestyle.[17]


2009 Asian Youth Games 7 5 3 3 11

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