Public Disclosure Authorized Gofok0f{ / nf]stflGqs zf;gsf ...documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/... · tfn] sf 5g\ ® xgg\ gxf] ;\ eg ] ... clwsf®jfnfx¿df hgr] tgf a9fpg] , ;

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ljsf;sdL{ / lzIf0f ;xhstf{sf nflu nf]stflGqs hjfkmb]lxtf af/] ;|f]tk':ts

k|df0fsf] k|of]u u/L hjfkmb]lxtf s;/L :yflkt ug{]

Gofok"0f{ / nf]stflGqs zf;gsf nflu hgtfåf/f ul/Psf] sfo{

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Gofok"0f{ / nf]stflGqs zf;gsf nflu hgtfåf/f ul/Psf] sfo{

k|df0fsf] k|of]u u/L hjfkmb]lxtf s;/L

:yflkt ug{]ljsf;sdL{ / lzIf0f ;xhstf{sf nflu nf]stflGqs

hjfkmb]lxtf af/] ;|f]tk':ts

s[t1tfof]�� hjfkmb]��lxtf;DaGwL ;|f]��tk':��ts PS;gP8 8]��gdf{sn]�� tof® u®]��sf]�� xf]�� . o;sf]�� ljifoj:��t' PS;gP8 8]��gdf{ssf ;fem]��bf® ;+:��yfx¿n]�� lkmN8df u®]��sf hjfkmb]��lxtf sfo{, cGo ;+:��yfx¿n]�� u®]��sf sfd, ldNbfh'Nbf k':��ts ® ;fGble{s ;flxTo ® o; ljifodf k|sflzt cGo u|Gyx¿af6 ;"lrt 5 . xfdL ljz]��if u®L lgDgnfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5f}��+ .

k®fdzL{ sfo{zfnf ;xefuLx¿

cu':��tf cfk\kGqf OM PS;gP8 gfOh]��l®of, cAb'n l8g l;;]�� PS;gP8 ;]��®f lnof]��g, rfN;{\ a'l;Gh\ PS;gP8 o'uf08f, xf]��cfËk'cf]��Ëyfcf]�� PS;gP8 cfOlh6L -Plzof_, af]�� 8fD:��68 PdP; l6l;l8l;, 8]��lNkg d'l;uf PdP; l6l;l8l;, df]��h]��;\ O;f]��af PdP; l6l;l8l;, k|8]��G;\ sfo]��h\ PdP; l6l;l8l;

PS;gP8 OG6®g]zgn ;+of]hg ;d"x — PlzofnL ;+:��s®0f -@)!!_

dfl®of hl:��6lgofcf]��M PS;gP8 cfOlhl6, zf;g ljz]��if1, t;lnd dhf®M PS;gP8 cfOlhl6, zf;g Ifdtf clej[l4 ljz]��if1, pk]��Gbyfb rf]��®fu'l8, PS;gP8 cfOlhl6, If]��qLo ;+of]��hs Plzof

n]vsx¿

cGgf :��rg]��n ® Ol®sf sf]��O6hL

lrq tyf l8hfOg ;xof]u -PlzofnL ;+:��s®0fsf nflu_

n'O lhldg – 6f]��nL g]��tf, lkSo"o', PS;gP8 rLgh]��ª Hofcf]��lhË – ;+of]��hs, k|fof]��hg OsfO{, PS;gP8 rLg

PS;gP8 OG6®g]zgn cfOlhl6 ;+of]hg ;d"x – PlzofnL ;+:��s®0f -@)!!_

tfl®So"n O:��nfd, gLlt tyf ;fem]��bf®L k|d'v, PS;gP8 rLg

k|sfzg ldlt

dfr{ @)!!

kl®of]hgf Joj:��yfks tyf ;Dkfbs

®f]��lag lu|U;\, cfOlhl6, PS;gP8 OG6®g]��zgn

o; ;|f]��tk':��tssf]�� g]��kfnL ;+:��s®0f b jN8{ a}��+ssf]�� g]��kfndf hjfkmb]��lxtf;DaGwL sfo{qmd -k|fg_ sf]�� cfly{s ;xof]��udf k|sflzt ul®Psf]�� xf]�� .

g]kfnL ;+:��s®0f ;Dkfbs

df]��xg ®fO{

k|sfzg ldlt

dfr{, @)!@

k|fSsygdfgj clwsf®df cfwfl®t k4lt ® ;xeflutfd"ns 9fFrfdf ;~rflnt x'g]�� PS;gP8sf]�� zf;g;DaGwL sfo{sf]�� d'Vo tTj hjfkmb]��lxtf xf]�� . o; If]��qdf sfd ul®®x]��sf hf]�� sf]��xLsf nflu rflxg]�� d'Vo s'®f eg]��sf]�� ®fHo ® gful®saLrsf]�� hjfkmb]��lxtf ;DaGw ® zlQmdf ®x]��sfx¿nfO{ hjfkmb]��xL agfpgsf nflu Jojxfl®s ;Lk ® Ifdtf xf]�� .

o; ;|f]��t k':��tsn]�� kf7snfO{ ®fHo ® gful®saLrsf]�� hjfkmb]��lxtf ;DaGw a'em\gsf nflu ljZn]��if0fsf]�� 9fFrf k|bfg ub{5 ® ljleGg cf}��hf® ® k4lt ;dfj]��z ePsf]�� k|df0fdf cfwfl®t cjwf®0ff k|of]��u u®L ®fHosf lgsfo ® ;]��jf k|bfosnfO{ hjfkmb]��xL agfpg gful®s ;dfh ;+:��yf ® u}��®;®sf®L ;+:��yfx¿n]�� s:��tf]�� sfddf s]��lGb|t x'g]�� eGg]�� lbzf k|bfg ub{5 .

o; ;|f]��tk':��tssf]�� hf]��8 ®fHo ® To;df klg :��yfgLo txsf]�� ;®sf®df ® ;]��jf k|bfossf]�� e"ldsfdf 5 . ul®a hgtf ® pgLx¿sf]�� ;+:��yfsf xsdf ®fHo dfq To:��tf]�� ;+:��yf xf]�� h;sf]�� Dof08]��6 ® bfloTj pgLx¿sf]�� cfwf®e"t cfjZostf kl®k'lt{ ug{]�� x'G5 . o; ;|f]��t k':��ts vfgf, ®f]��huf®L, kfgL, :��jf:��Yo, lzIff ® ;]��jfh:��tf s'®f, h'g ®fHon]�� hjfkmb]��xL tyf kf®bzL{ ¿kdf k|bfg ug{]�� bfloTj x'G5, o:��tf cfwf®e"t clwsf®sf nflu jsfnt ug{]�� u}��®;®sf®L ;+:��yf ® gful®s ;dfhsdL{sf nflu klg pkof]��uL x'G5 eGg]�� cfzf ul®Psf]�� 5 .

o; ;|f]��tk:��ts z'?df clk|msfdf k|of]��u ug{]�� p2]��Zon]�� PS;gP8 8]��gdfs{n]�� tof® u®]��sf]�� xf]�� ® ;g\ @)!)—!! df PS;gP8 ® o;sf ;fem]��bf® ;+:��yfx¿sf sd{rf®LnfO{ tflnd lbgsf nflu lgs}�� Jofks ¿kdf k|of]��u ul®Psf]�� lyof]�� . o;nfO{ PS;gP8sf]�� cGt®f{li6«o zf;g 6f]��nL -cfOlh6L_ n]�� sf]��if pknAw u®fO{ ;~rfng ul®Psf]�� lyof]�� . ;f]�� tflnd ® ;|f]��tk':��ts sd{rf®LnfO{ lgs}�� pkof]��uL l;4 ePsf]�� ® PS;gP8sf]�� zf;g sfo{df ®fd|f]�� k|efj k®]��sf]�� clen]��v ul®Psf]�� 5 .

o; ;kmntfnfO{ x[boËd ub{}�� o; tflndnfO{ PS;gP8 Pl;ofdf lj:��tf® ug{]�� lg0f{o ul®of]�� ® o;}�� l;nl;nfdf o; k':��tsnfO{ Pl;ofsf]�� kl®k|]��Ifdf 9fNgsf nflu kl®dfh{g ul®Psf]�� 5 . clwsf+z ;fdu|L ;fdfGo k|s[ltsf ePsfn]�� b'O{ ;+:��s®0fdf w]��®}�� ;dfgtf 5g\ .

cGt®f{li6«o zf;g 6f]��nLsf]�� Pp6f k|d'v sfd eg]��sf]�� zf;gdf sfd ug{ ;Ifd agfpgsf nflu sd{rf®LnfO{ tflnd lbO{ pgLx¿sf]�� Ifdtf clej[l4 ug'{ xf]�� . ;g\ @)!) df cfOlh6Ln]�� zf;g sfo{nfO{ s;®L a'em\g]�� eGg]�� :��ki6 kf®\of]�� ® kfFr j6f d'Vo If]��qsf]�� klxrfg u¥of]�� M

• clwsf®jfnfsf]�� ;zlQms®0f, P]��Soj4tf ® cleofgnfO{ ;xof]��u ug{]��

• æcb[Zo zlQmÆnfO{ kf®bzL{ agfpg sfd ug{]��

• clwsf®jfnfsf]�� cem a9L cfjfh, k|ltlglwTj ® ;xeflutfsf nflu sfd ug{]��

• hgtfsf]�� cfly{s ;fIf®tf ® ah]��6 ® cfo kf®blz{tfsf nflu sfd ug]��{

• ;]��jf k|jfxdf cem a9L hjfkmb]��lxtfsf nflu sfd ug{]��

;g\ @)!! df cfOlh6Ln]�� ;|f]��tk':��ts ® tflndsf 9fFrfx¿ ljsf; ug{]�� 5 h;n]�� oL kfFr zf;gsf sfo{If]��qnfO{ ;d]��6\g]��5 . xfn ePsf clk|msL tyf Pl;ofnL ;+:��s®0fnfO{ klg ldxLg ¿kdf kl®dfh{g ul®g]��5 ® tflnd ;]��;g ® ;|f]��tk':��tsf]�� Jojxfl®s k|of]��uaf6 cfPsf cg'ejnfO{ gofF ;+:��s®0fdf ;dfj]��z ul®g]��5 .

k|mfG;\ lds]n ofg;]gcGt®f{li6«o lgb]{zsGofok"0f{ tyf nf]stflGqs zf;g ;jfnPS;gP8 OG6®g]zgn

hf]h{ ®f]dfgf]k|d'v, cGt®f{li6«o zf;g 6f]nLGofok"0f{ tyf nf]stflGqs zf;g ;jfnPS;gP8 OG6®g]zgn


kl/roM dfgj clwsf/, zf;g / hjfkmb]lxtf

ul/aL dfgj clwsf/sf] xgg\ xf] .

ædfgjclwsf/ PS;gP8sf] sfdsf] cfwf/lznf xf]Æ

æljZjJofkL ?kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] dfGotf / dfkb08df lgxLt ePsf] x'g] x'Fbf dfgj clwsf/ ;a}

k|sf/sf zf;g;Qf / ;+:s[ltsf nflu ;fGble{s x'G5 . dfgj clwsf/ ljZjJofkL x'G5 – o;sf] cy{ lnË, hft, wd{, of}lgs em'sfj h]h:tf] eP tfklg dfgj clwsf/ ;a}

dfgj k|f0fLnfO{ nfu" x'G5Æ

dfgj clwsf® cleGg x'G5 . Tof]�� g t lbg ;lsG5 jf l5Gg . of]�� cljl5Gg x'G5 . cyf{t\ ;a}�� clwsf® plQs}�� dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . dfgj clwsf® ®fHosf]�� zlQmeGbf klg cufl8 cfpFb5 . ®fHon]�� dfgj clwsf®sf]�� ;Ddfg, ;+®If0f u®L k'®f ug'{ kb{5 t® clwsf®nfO{ pNn3+g ug{ eg]�� kfOFb}��g .

ul®aL dfjg clwsf®sf]�� pNn3+g xf]�� . of]�� zlQmsf]�� c;dfg ;DaGwaf6 pTkGg x'G5 . dfgj clwsf®sf]�� b[li6sf]��0faf6 ul®aL eg]��sf]�� ;Ddfghgs ¿kdf hLjgofkg ug{ kfpg]�� clwsf®sf]�� xgg\ xf]�� . dfgj clwsf®sf]�� ck|flKt eg]��sf]�� lzIff, :��jf:��Yo, Gofo, ;+®If0f, vfgf ® cfjf;h:��tf cfwf®e"t cfjZstf k"®f gx'g' xf]�� .

dfgj clwsf®sf]�� xgg\ kl®jf®, ;d'bfo ® d'n'sleq ® d'n'sx? aLr ePsf]�� c;dfg ® cGofok"0f{ zlQm ;DaGwsf]�� kl®0flt xf]�� . o;nfO{ ®fHosf]�� zf;gdf ePsf]�� c;kmntfn]�� ult lbPsf]�� x'G5, hxfF ;fj{hlgs ;|f]��tnfO{ zlQmdf ®x]��sfx¿, skf{]��®]��zg ® dWod ju{sf]�� a9\bf]�� cfjZostfnfO{ k'®f ug{ b'¿kof]��u ul®G5 .

;+;f®el® g}�� ;®sf®x¿n]�� ;QfnfO{ cfkm"nfO{ zlQmdf ®lx®xgsf nflu k|of]��u u®]��sf 5g\, h;n]�� ubf{ ;'ljwfk|fKt ju{sf nflu ;DklQ y'lk|Psf]�� 5 eg]�� k4tLo e|i6frf® df}��nfPsf 5g\ ® ;+:��yfx¿ elTsPsf 5g\ . e|i6frf®n]�� dflg;nfO{ ul®a agfpg]�� k|lqmofnfO{ hGd lbG5 ® nf]��stflGqs®0fsf]�� d'6'nfO{ sdhf]��® agfpFb5 .

dfgj clwsf/ kl/j{gsf nflu lg/Gt/ k|of;, P]Soj4tf / k}/jLn] l;h{gf

eO{ k|lt/lIft x'G5 .

clwsf/sf] xgg\n] ;fdflhs jlxis/0f x'G5

;fdflhs jlxis®0f dfgj clwsf® -k4tLo_ xgg\sf]�� kl®0flt xf]�� . ljZjsf]�� ax';+Vos dflg;sf nflu of]�� Pp6f jf:��tljstf xf]�� ls pgLx¿nfO{ ;Ddfghgs ¿kdf afFRg ® hLjgofkg ug{ rflxg]�� ;|f]��t ® nfeaf6 pgLx¿ jl~rt ePsf 5g\ . jlxis®0f lnË, hft, ju{, j+z, wd{ ® of}��lgs em'sfjsf cfwf®df x'G5 . a9L zlQm ePsfx¿n]�� sdhf]��®x¿nfO{ jlxis®0fdf kfg{ cfkm";Fu ePsf]�� zlQmsf]�� k|of]��u ub{5g\ tfls pgLx¿ cfkm\gf]�� ;d'bfo ® ;dfhsf]�� cfly{s, ;fdflhs ® ®fhgLlts hLjgdf ;l®s x'g gkfpg\ .

;fdflhs jlxis®0fsf]�� rl®q rlqmo ® k'gk{|efj kfg{]�� vfnsf]�� x'G5 . of]�� Pp6f k':��tfaf6 csf{]��df hfG5 . o;n]�� ul®asf nflu cfktsfnLg cj:��yf ® åGåsf]�� hf]��lvdnfO{ a9fOlbG5 .

;fdflhs jlxis®0fsf]�� rqmnfO{ tf]��8\g jf kl®jt{g ug{ ;lsG5 . dfgj clwsf® TolQs}�� k|fKt x'Fb}��g . hxfF dflg;n]�� dfgj clwsf®sf]�� pkef]��u u®]��sf 5g\, To;sf]�� cl3Nnf]�� k':��tfn]�� ;f]�� clwsf® k|fKt ug{ ;+3if{ u®]��sf 5g\ ® xgg\ gxf]��;\ eg]��® lg®Gt® ¿kdf lgu®fgL ul®Psf]�� x'G5 .

dflg;sf]�� kl®l:��ylt jf cj:��yfnfO{ abNg ;Sg]�� zlQm kl®jt{gsf nflu ;a}��eGbf zlQmzfnL phf{ xf]�� ® PS;gP8n]�� clwsf®jfnfx¿df hgr]��tgf a9fpg]��, ;+ul7t u®L cfkm\gf]�� clwsf® dfu ug{ kl®rfng ug{]�� s'®fnfO{ hf]��8 lbg'sf]�� sf®0f klg oxL xf]�� . lg®Gt® k|of;, P]��Soj4tf, cleofg ® k}��®jLn]�� dfq dflg;sf]�� clwsf®sf]�� ;Ddfg ug{sf nflu ®fHo ® u}��®®fHo ;+:��yfx¿sf]�� cEof;nfO{ kl®jt{g ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fdflhs kl®jt{g s;®L x'G5 eGg]�� xfd|f]�� l;4fGtsf]�� ;f® oxL xf]�� .

dlxnf clwsf/ ckl/xfo{ x'G5clwsf/sf] xgg\n] dlxnf / k'?ifnfO{ km/s lsl;dn] k|efj kfb{5 . dlxnfsf] clwsf/ cfwf/e"t x'G5 lsgeg] lnË ul/aL / dfgj clwsf/ xgg\sf] ljZjJofkL lg0ff{os tTj xf] .

xfdLn] To;}n] dlxnfsf] dfgjclwsf/sf] ;jfnnfO{ ljz]if ?kdf ;Daf]wg ug'{

kb{5 . xfd|f] ;a} sfddfkm{t\ xfdL k'?ifsf] dlxnfdflysf] zf]if0f jf clwkTo / k'?ifsf]

;]jf, ;|f]t / zlQmdf ePsf] c;dfg kx'FrnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{] k|of; ub{5f}+ .

pxL ju{ jf hftLo ;d"xsf] k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ xgg\sf] bf]Aa/ hf]lvddf x'G5g\ . o;f] lsg x'G5 eg] dlxnfx?

c;dfg n}lËs ;DaGwsf] klg lzsf/ x'G5g\ h;n] pgLx?sf] clwsf/ k|fKt ug{ s'/fnfO{

cem sdhf]/ agfOlbG5 .

PS;gP8sf] dfgj clwsf/df cfwfl/t k4ltdf zf;g Pp6f d"n ;jfn xf]

clwsf® ® zf;gsf]�� glhssf]�� ;DaGw x'G5 . zf;g eg]��sf]��

zlQmsf]�� cEof; xf]��M ®fli6«o ;|f]��t ® sfdsf®afxLnfO{ Jojl:��yt

ug{sf nflu ®fhgLlts, cfly{s ® k|zf;lgs zlQm . ;®sf®n]��

dfgj clwsf®nfO{ ;+®If0f, ;Dj4{g ® To;nfO{ k'®f ul®lbgsf

nflu p;n]�� nf]��stflGqs l;4fGtnfO{ cfTd;fy ug'{ kb{5M

;dtf, Gofo, :��jR5tf, ;xeflutf ® ljlwsf]�� zf;gsf]�� kfngf

dfgjclwsf®df cGt®lgxLt x'G5g\ .

zf;gn]�� b'j}�� k|lqmof ® If]��qnfO{ ;d]��6\5 hxfF ;fj{hlgs gLlt

th'{df ul®G5, To;nfO{ j}��wtf k|bfg u®L sfg'g agfOG5 ®

sfof{Gjog ul®G5 . To;}��n]�� o;n]�� clwsf® dfu ug{]�� ® Gofo vf]��Hg]��

;+:��yfut ;fwg pknAw u®fpFb5 .

hgtfsf]�� clwsf® k"®f ug{sf nflu ®fHo j}��wflgs tyf d'Vo

;+:��yf xf]�� . dfgj clwsf®sf]�� ;+®If0f ® ;Ddfg ug{ ® To;nfO{ k"®f

ug{ ®fHon]�� Gofok"0f{ tyf nf]��stflGqs k4lt, k|lqmof ® sfg"gnfO{

;'lglZrt ug'{ kb{5 . v®fa jf sdhf]��® zf;g jf zf;gsf]�� cefj

dfgj clwsf® k|flKtsf]�� afws xf]�� .

hgs]lGb|t Gofok"0f{ tyf nf]stflGqs zf;g clwsf/jfnfx?sf] nf]stflGqs k|lqmofdf ;l/s x'g kfpg], k|Zg ;f]Wg kfpg],

clwsf/ bfjL ug{ kfpg], lg0f{o ug{ kfpg] / ;+:yfx?nfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg kfpg]

Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t x'G5 .

hgtfx?n] ha cfkm"nfO{ ;+ul7t ub{5g\, k|Zg ;f]Wb5g\, clwsf/ bfjL ub{5g\ / hjfkmb]lxtf

vf]Hb5g\, To;n] nf]stflGqs zf;g ;+:yf lgdf{0f ug{ d2t k'¥ofpFb5 .

clwsf/jfnf / ;]jf k|bfos

dfgj clwsf®df cfwfl®t k4ltsf]�� b'O{ kIf eg]��sf]�� clwsf®jfnf ® ;]��jf k|bfos x'g\ ® dfgj clwsf®sf]��

kl®k'lt{ clwsf®jfnf ® ;]��jf k|bfossf]�� ;DaGwdf cfwfl®t x'G5 .

ul®ax¿ hGdhft clwsf®jfnf x'G5g\ ® gful®s, ®fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s ® ;fF:��s[lts clwsf®

pkef]��u ug{ kfpg' pgLx¿sf]�� clwsf® xf]�� . of]�� pgLx¿dfly bof jf dfof u®]��® lbOg]�� s'®f xf]��Og . ;]��jf k|bfos

eg]��sf]�� Tof]�� JolQm jf ;+:��yf xf]�� h;sf]�� bfloTj clwsf®sf]�� ;Ddfg ug'{, ;+®If0f ug'{ ® kl®k'lt{ ug'{ x'G5 .

®fHo ® p;sf ljleGg cjojx¿ h:��tf]�� ls ;+;b, :��yfgLo lgsfo ® Gofo k|0ffnL d'Vo jf k|fylds jf

clGtd ;]��jf k|bfos x'g\ .

;]��jf k|bfos ® clwsf®jfnfx¿aLrsf]�� w]��®}�� ;DaGwx¿ Gofok"0f{ x'b}��g . o:��tf]�� cGofok"0f{ ;DaGwnfO{

®fHon]�� dfq ul®®fv]��sf]�� x'Fb}��g t® kl®jf®sf zlQmzfnL ;b:��o, l5d]��sL, ®f]��huf®bftf, Jofkf®L ® skf{]��®]��zgn]��

klg ul®®fv]��sf]�� x'G5 .

®fHosf]�� cf}��krfl®s lhDd]��jf®LnfO{ zlQmzfnL ;d"xn]�� sAhf u®]��sf]�� x'g ;Sb5 h;sf]�� cfkm\g}�� cfly{s,

wfld{s, hftLo jf ®fhgLlts :��jfy{ x'G5 . pgLx¿n]�� kbf{ k5fl8af6 sfd u®L ®fHosf]�� cf}��krfl®s zf;g

;+®rgf ® k4ltnfO{ sdhf]��® agfpFb5g\ ® cfkm\gf]�� :��jfy{ k'®f ug{sf nflu pkof]��u ub{5g\ .

ljZjJofkL If]q;a} txdf w]/} ;]jf k|bfos x'G5M

cGt/f{li6«o, /fli6«o / :yfgLo . pgLx?n] dfgj clwsf/ kl/k'lt{ eP÷gePsf] s'/fdf k|efj kfg{ ;Sb5g\ .

cGt/f{li6«o stf{

pbfx/0f;fdfGo ;d:ofM clwsf/sf] xgg\ / ul/a jf cg'kl:yt zf;g

ljZjJofkL ;+:��yf jf ;+u7g

cfOPdPkm, jN8{ JofÍ, ljZj Jofkf® ;+u7g

æpQ® s]��lGb|tÆ zt{x¿ nufpg]�� k|j[lQ x'G5, h'g blIf0fdf ®x]��sf]�� ul®a hgtfsf]�� lxtdf x'Fb}��g . C0f lbFbf nufOg]�� zt{x¿n]�� ®fli6«o ;®sf® ® p;n]�� Nofpg]�� ul®ad'vL gLlt ® To;sf]�� sfof{GjognfO{ ;Lldt ul®lbG5 . –h:��tf]�� ls, 8]��x 6«ofk nf]��g ® :��6«Sr®n P8h:��6d]��G6 k|f]��u|fd_

ljZj ahf®sf zt{x¿

cfOPkmcfO{, v'nf ahf® k|lt:��kwf{

k"FhL ® >dsf]�� sdhf]��® cGt®f{li6«o lgodgn]�� k"FhLsf]�� lxt ub{5 . -h:��tf]�� ls s® 5Ng]��, ahf®nfO{ aËofpg]��, >dzf]��if0f ® e|i6frf® _

ax'®fli6«o sDkgLx¿

pBf]��ux¿ sdhf]��® lgodg ® kf®blz{tfn]�� ubf{ zt{x¿ zlQmzfnL ® skf{]��®]��6 :��jfy{sf]�� cg's"n x'g hfG5g\ . h:��tf]�� ls d'No cufj}�� tf]��Sg]��, s® 5Ng]��, ahf®nfO{ aËofpg]��, >dzf]��if0f, e|i6frf® ® jftfj®0fLo k|b"if0f

/fli6«o stf{

®fHo ®fli6«o ;®sf® dfgj clwsf®sf]�� xgg\ ® ul®aLnfO{ k|efjsf®L ¿kdf ;Daf]��wg ug{sf nflu ;Lldt rf;f]�� ® clek|]��®0ff . ®fHosf lgsfo sdhf]��®, e|i6frf®, sdhf]��® zf;g ® lgodg . clwsf® xgg\ ul®Psf]�� . k|efjzfnL ;d"xsf]�� :��jfy{df ultljlw ul®Psf]��

ahf® s]��xL stf{x¿n]�� cflwkTo hdfpFb5g\

k|efjZfnL ;d"xsf]�� :��jfy{df k"®f ul®Psf]�� . >d clwsf® k|Tofe"t gul®Psf]��, pRr a]��®f]��huf®L

;+:��yfx¿ ;fF:��s[lts ® wfld{s cEof;x¿

lkt[;QfTds tfgfzfx, zf]��if0f, hfltjfb, lje]��b, pu|jfb, xflgsf®s k®Dk®fut cEof; . c;dfgtf ® cGofosf]�� lg®Gt®tf ® clwsf®sf]�� xgg\ -ljz]��if u®L n}��lËs clwsf®_

:yfgLo stf{x¿

:��yfgLo lhNnf ;®sf®

:��yfgLo ® lhNnf ;®sf® dfgj clwsf®sf]�� xgg\ ® ul®aLnfO{ k|efjsf®L ¿kdf ;Daf]��wg ug{sf nflu ;Lldt rf;f]�� ® clek|]��®0ff . ®fHosf lgsfo sdhf]��®, e|i6frf®, sdhf]��® zf;g ® lgodg . clwsf® xgg\ ul®Psf]�� . k|efjzfnL ;d"xsf]�� :��jfy{df k'®f ul®Psf]��

ahf® s]��xL stf{x¿n]�� cflwkTo hdfpFb5g\

k|efjzfnL ;d"xsf]�� :��jfy{df k'®f ul®Psf]�� . >d clwsf® k|Tofe"t gul®Psf]��, pRr a]��®f]��huf®L

;d'bfo lkt[;QfTds ;d"x lkt[;QfTds tfgfzfx, zf]��if0f, hfltjfb, lje]��b\, pu|jfb, xflgsf®s k®Dk®fut cEof; . k'?ifsf]�� :��jfy{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg]�� . n}��lËs cGofo . ul®anfO{ l;dfGtLs[t ul®G5 ® pgLx¿sf]�� clwsf®sf]�� xgg\ ul®G5 .

kl®jf® kl®jf®df ePsf]�� lnË ;DaGw n}��lËs cGofo ® dlxnfdfly lx+;f . k'?ifsf]�� :��jfy{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbOG5 .

dfgj clwsf®sf]�� xgg\ ® sdhf]��® zf;g

®fHosf]�� bo®fdf dfq ;Lldt x'Fb}��g .

cGt®f{li6«o ;+:��yfx¿, ljZjJofkL ® ®fli6«o

ahf®, :��yfgLo ;d'bfo ® kl®jf®n]�� klg w]��®}��

cj:��yfdf tfgzfx, zf]��if0f, hfltjfb ®

cGo k|sf®sf]�� lje]��b, pu|jfb ® xfgLsf®s

k®Dk®fut cEof;dfkm{t\ c;dfgtf ®

cGofonfO{ lg®Gt®tf lbg]�� ub{5g\ .

‘hjfkmb]lxtf Pp6f d'Vo cjwf/0ff xf]’PS;gP8sf] dfgj clwsf/df cfwfl/t cjwf/0ff jf k4ltsf] d'Vo s]Gb|ljGb" eg]sf] clwsf/nfO{ ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f / kl/k'lt{ ug{ ;]jf k|bfosf nflu nfu" x'g]

hjfkmb]lxtfsf] l;4fGt xf] .

klxnf klxnf ljsf; Pp6f bof jf s[kfsf]�� sfo{ dflgGYof]�� -/fHon]�� p;sf]�� gful/snfO{ lbg]�� pkxf/_ dfgj clwsf/df cfwfl/t k4ltdf ljsf; Pp6f bfloTj / st{Jo aGb5 . dfgj clwsf/nfO{ k|j4{g u/]��÷gu/]��sf cfwf/df ;]��jf k|bfosnfO{ hjfkmb]��xL agfpg ;lsG5 . dfgj clwsf/df cfwfl/t k4ltsf]�� Pp6f k|d'v ljz]��iftf eg]��sf]�� hjfkmb]��lxtfdf ul/g]�� hf]��8 xf]�� .

hjfkmb]��lxtfsf]�� tfTko{ ;/sf/ hf]�� sfg'gL ?kdf / d'Vo ;]��jf k|bfos xf]�� p;n]��M

• hgtfsf]�� hLjgdf kf/]��sf]�� k|efjsf]�� lhDd]��jf/L lnG5

• ;"rgf k|bfg ub{5, kf/bzL{ k|lqmofx? :��yfkgf ub{5 / hgtfsf]�� s'/f ;'Gb5

• /, tL cfjfhx?nfO{ ;Daf]��wg ub{5 .

of]�� ;|f]��tk':��tssf]�� ljifoj:��t' hjfkmb]��lxtf xf]�� . hjfkmb]��lxtf sfod ug{ s;®L sfd ug{]�� eGg]�� o;n]�� ;'emfpF5 .

o;n]�� d'Vo ¿kdf ®fHosf af®]��df a9L rrf{ u®]��sf]�� 5 hf]�� d'Vo ;]��jf k|bfos xf]�� ® o; k':��tsn]�� ®fHosf]�� :��yfgLo txaf®]�� a9L rrf{ u®]��sf]�� 5 . o;n]��

ljsf;sdL{, ul®a dflg; ® pgLx¿sf ;+:��yfn]�� ®fHoaf6 s;®L hjfkmb]��lxtf dfUg ;Sb5g\ eGg]�� af®]�� 1fg k|bfg ub{5 .

o;n]�� clwsf®jfnf ® ;]��jf k|bfosf]�� ;DaGwaf®]�� k|sfz kfb{5 ® ®fHosf :��yfgLo lgsfo, lhNnf ;®sf® ® cGo nfOg Ph]��G;Lx¿;Fu

hjfkmb]��lxtfsf nflu sfd ug{sf nflu s;®L z'? ug{]�� eGg]�� 1fg k|bfg ub{5 .

:��yfgLo txdf ePsf]�� ;kmntfnfO{ eljiodf lbuf]�� agfpgsf nflu zlQm ;DaGwnfO{ abNg]�� ;+®rgfTds kl®jt{g Nofpgsf lglDt :��yfgLo

;+3if{x¿nfO{ cleofgx¿dfkm{t\ ®fli6«o txdf k'¥ofO dha't agfpg cfjZos x'G5 eGg]�� s'®f dgg\ ug{ dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

:��jLsf/f]��lQmM o; cWofo clwsf/sf nflu sfo{ — dfgj clwsf/df cfwfl/t ;|f]��t k':��ts PS;gP8 -@)!)_ af6 k|]��l/t / ;"lrt 5 .

v/fa l/kf]6{ sf8{

k|fSsyg÷kl/roM hjfkmb]��lxtfdf lsg s]��lGb|t x'g]�� < !

kl/roM of]�� ;|f]��t k':��tsdf tkfO+{n]�� s]�� kfpg' x'g]��5 < #

v08 !– hjfkmb]lxtfsf] cGj]if0f *

cWofo ! nf]stflGqs hjfkmb]lxtf eg]sf] s] xf] < !)

hjfkmb]��lxtfsf k|sf/x? !$

cWofo @ hjfkmb]xL x'g' kg]{ bfloTj !$

bfloTj sxf“af6 cfp“5 < !^

bfloTjsf k|sf/x? !&

/fHodf /x]��sf]��df bfloTj s;sf]�� x'G5 < !(

cWofo # k|lta4tf / dfkb08 @!

k|lta4tf / dfkb08sf]�� klxrfg @#

s]�� dfkb08lagf hjfkmb]��lxtf sfod x'g ;S5 < @$

cWofo $ k|lta4tf / dfkb08 xfl;n ePsf] 5 ls 5}g egL k/LIf0f ug]{ @$

t]��;f{]�� hjfkmb]��lxtfM /fHo cfkm}��+n]�� cfkm\gf]�� k/LIf0f ug]��{ @^

7f8f]�� hjfkmb]��lxtfM gful/sn]�� /fHosf]�� k/LIf0f ug]��{ @*

cWofo % unt cfr/0f / sdhf]/ sfo{;Dkfbgsf] kl/0ffd @*

cf}��krfl/s b08;hfoF @*

a}��slNks b08;hfoF #)

cWofo ^ hjfkmb]lxtfsf rf/ cu|efu #@

lgjf{lrt g]��tf / hgtfaLr ##

lgjf{lrt g]��tf / ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx?aLr #$

;/sf/L clwsf/Lx? / cu|efudf /xg]�� ;]��jf k|bfosx?aLr #%

cu|efudf /xg]�� ;]��jf k|bfosx? / hgtfaLr #^

cWofo & hjfkmb]lxtfnfO{ lgik|efj÷sdhf]/ t'Nofpg] tTjx? #&

;fdflhs / ;fF:��s[lts k"jf{u|x #*

km/skm/s :��jfy{ / 5q5fofFaLrsf]�� lj/f]��wfefif #(

sdhf]��/ /fHoJoj:��yf $!

sdhf]��/ gful/s ;dfh $@

cWofo * hjfkmb]lxtfsf] If]qdf gful/s ;dfh;Da4 ;ª\u7gx? $#

hjfkmb]��lxtfsf :��yfg;DaGwL l;4fGt $#

km/svfn]�� p2]��Zox? k|fKt ug]��{ ;fwgsf]�� ?kdf hjfkmb]��lxtf $^

;/sf/df jf ;/sf/;“usf]�� sfd u/fO M rf/ k4ltx? $&

:��yfgLo :��t/df sfd u/fO $*

laifo;"lr

v08 @– hjfkmb]lxtfsf nflu sfd ug'{]

cWofo ( hjfkmb]lxtf;DaGwL sfo{sf]} ;'?jft %$

tkfO+{sf]�� hjfkmb]��lxtf sfo{sf]�� s]��Gb|sf]�� klxrfg %^

tkfO{+n]�� Nofpg rfx]��sf]�� kl/jt{g s]�� xf]�� < %*

;/f]��sf/jfnfx? sf]�� x'g\ < ^)

s:��tfvfn]�� bfloTj x'G5g\ / To;sf nflu sf]�� lhDd]��jf/ x'G5g\ < ^!

sf]��;“u s:��tf]��vfn]�� zlQm x'G5 < ^%

rfx]��sf]�� kl/jt{g Nofpgsf nflu s–s;n]�� ;dy{g / s;n]�� afwf jf ult/f]��w k'¥ofpg ;Sb5g\ < ^&

cWofo !) hjfkmb]lxtf;DaGwL sfo{sf] nflu kl/rfng &@

;/f]��sf/jfnfx?sf]�� kl/rfng &$

åf/kfn]�� -u]��6lsk/_ ;“usf]�� s;/L sfd ug{]�� &*

hgr]��tgf clej[l4 *)

;fem]��bf/Lsf]�� >[hgf *#

;~hfnnfO{ s;/L ;+ul7t ug{]�� *$

e/f]��;f, ljZj;gLotf / k|lta4tfsf]�� lgdf{0f *%

;~hfn ;fem]��bf/LnfO{ s;/L cf}��krfl/s agfpg]�� *^

cWofo !! hjfkmb]lxtf;DaGwL sfo{sf] tof/L **

s:��tf]�� k|df0f cfjZos k5{ < ()

k|lta4tf / dfkb08sf]�� cg'udgsf nflu kl/;"rsx? (@

kl/;"rsx?sf]�� Rofb/ (#

;"rgfsf]�� kx'“rdf r'gf}��lt ((

kl/;"rsx?sf]�� 5gf]��6df k|efj kfg]��{ tTjx? !)!

cWofo !@ lgod;Ddt eP÷gePsf] -sDKnfo]G;\_ / sfo{;Dkfbgsf nflu k|df0f ;+sng !)@

hjfkmb]��lxtfsf nflu k|df0fx?sf]�� ;ª\sng s;/L ug]��{ eGg]�� lg0f{o ug{]�� !)$

k|df0f ;ª\sngsf nflu k4ltsf]�� Rofb/ jf ;+ufnf]�� !)%

;j]��{If0fx? !)^

;fd'bflos c+ssf8{x? !!)

;fj{hlgs vr{nfO{ 6«ofs ug{]�� ;j{]��If0f !!$

;fdflhs n]��vfkL/If0f !!*

k}��/jLsf nflu k|df0fsf]�� k|of]��u ug]��{ cGo tl/sfx? !@@

p4/0fx?sf] nflu ;Gbe{ ;"lrx? !@%

;Gbe{;"lr !@&

cf}hf/ !M kl/jt{gsf] j[If %*

cf}hf/ @M ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] klxrfg ^)

cf}hf/ #M bfloTjnfO{ ;/f]sf/jfnf;“u hf]8\b} ^@

cf}hf/ $M gLlt lgdf{0f qmdsf] gS;fª\sg ^$

cf}hf/ %M zlQm ljZn]if0f ^^

cf}hf/ ^M ;|f]t, clwsf/ / d"NodfGotfsf] ljZn]if0f ^(

cf}hf/ &M hjfkmb]lxtf;DaGwL sfo{of]hgf &%

cf}hf/ *M hjfkmb]lxtfsf] :��yfg / ;+oGqsf] gSzfÍg &^

cf}hf/ (M åf/kfn]sf] klxrfg &(

cf}hf/ !)M hjfkmb]lxtfsf] ;dotflnsf *@

cf}hf/ !!M ;~hfn ;Demf}tfsf] ;[hgf jf lgdf{0f *&

cf}hf/ !@M k|lta4tf / dfkb08sf] lgSof{}n (!

cf}hf/ !#M cfrf/;lx+tfaf6 kl/;"rs lgsfNg] (%

cf}hf/ !$M ;/sf/L ah]6af6 kl/;"rs lgsfNg] (^

cf}hf/ !%M ;]jf jf ;/sf/L vl/b ;Demf}tf jf s/f/af6 kl/;"rs lgsfNg] (&

cf}hf/ !^M ljQLo lgb]{lzsfaf6 kl/;"rs lgsfNg] (*

cf}hf/ !&M ;j]{If0f gd'gfsf] 5gf]6 !)*

cf}hf/ !*M ;fd'bflos c+ssf8{sf] lgdf{0f !!@

cf}hf/ !(M cGtlqm{of a}7s !!#

cf}hf/ @)M vr{;Fu ;'?sf] / :��yfgfGt/0f ul/Psf] ah]6sf] t'ngf !!^

cf}hf/ @!M ;fdflhs n]vf k/LIf0fdf kl/of]hgf :��ynsf] ?h'÷hf“r !@)

cf}hf/ @@M ;fj{hlgs ;'g"jfO{ !@!

cf}hf/ @#M ;fd'bflos ;"rgf kf6L !@@

cf}hf/ @$M hjfkmb]lxtfsf] c;kmntfaf/] r]tgf hfu/0f !@#

cf}hf/ @%M b08;hfoFsf nflu jsfnt !@#

cf}hf/x?sf] ;"lr


1

k|fSsyg÷kl/ro hjfkmb]�lxtfdf lsg s]�lGb|t x'g]� <of]� ;|f]�tk':�tsn]� hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� cjwf®0ff ® cEof;nfO{ nf]�stflGqs zf;gsf]� k|d'v tTjsf]� ¿kdf phfu® u5{ . vf;u®L, o;n]� zf;g k|lqmofdf hjfkmb]�lxtfnfO{ lj:�tf® ® ;jnLs[t ug{ gful®s ;dfhn]� v]�Ng ;Sg]� e"ldsfaf®]� klg atfp“5 .

zf;g eg]�sf]� ®fHosf lgsfo ® gful®saLrsf]� cGtlqm{of xf]� . of]� ®fHon]� agfpg]� sfg"g, gLlt tyf lgodx¿;“u ;DalGwt 5 ® b}�lgs hLjgdf ul®g]� ltgLx¿sf]� sfof{Gjogsf]� tl®sf klg xf]� . s;®L ®fHon]� cfkm\gf gful®s;Fu Jojxf® u5{ ® gful®sx¿sf dfgj clwsf®sf]� ;+®If0f tyf kl®k"lt{sf nflu s]� s:�tf k|of; u5{ eGg]� s'®f klg zf;gn]� ;d]�6\b5 .

b]�zdf Gofok"0f{ ® nf]�stflGqs zf;g 5 eg]�® xfdL slxn]� eGg ;S5f+}� < tnsf k|Zgx¿sf]� pQ®n]� o;dfly k|sfz kfg]�{5 M

• s]� ®fHon]� ;a}� gful®sx¿ -vf;u®L, cj;®af6 ;a}�eGbf al~rt ePsfx¿_ sf]� nfesf nflu nufgL ® b'n{e ;|f]�tx¿sf]� ljj]�s;Ddt ¿kn]� k|of]�u u5{ <

• s]� ®fHo :�ki6 b]�lvg]� vfnsf lgodx¿af6 ;~rflnt x'G5g\ < To;nfO{ clwsf+z hgtfn]� Gofok"0f{ ® lgikIf 5g\ egL 7fGb5g\ <

• s]� ®fHon]� cfkm"n]� s]� ul®®x]�sf]� 5 eGg]� s'®f hgtfnfO{ hfgsf®L lbG5 ® ;a}� gful®sx¿nfO{ ;Ddfgk"0f{ Jojxf® u5{ <

• s]� ®fHon]� gful®snfO{ cfkm\gf]� g]�t[Tj 5gf]�6 ug]�{ cg'dlt lbG5 ® pgLx¿nfO{ s]� cfjZos 5 ® ;®sf®af6 s]� rfxG5g\ eGg]� s'®f ®fVg lbG5 <

Gofok"0f{ ® nf]�stflGqs zf;g To:�tf]� ;fwg xf]� h;n]� ;LdfGts[t nufot ;a}� gful®ssf]� cfjZostfk|lt ;dfhn]� Wofg lbG5 eGg]� ;'lglZrt u®fp“5 . o;n]� -lgoldt ¿kdf ® ÷vf; cjlwdf_ zlQmsf]� zflGtk"0f{ x:�tfGt/0f ug]�{ ;fy}� ;dfhsf]� b}�lgs Joj:�yfkgsf nflu lgikIf Joj:�yf >[hgf u5{, To;}�n]� of]� cfkm+}�df ;fWo klg xf]� . ha ;dosf]� lgoldt cGt/fndf Gofok"0f{ ® nf]�stflGqs zf;g x'G5, ta ul®aL lgjf®0f ® zflGtk"0f{ Pj+ ;dfj]�zL ;dfh lgdf{0fdf ljsf;sf k|of;x¿ s]�lGb|t x'g ;S5g\ .

Gofok"0f{ ® nf]�stflGqs zf;g x'gsf nflu g]�tfx¿n]� cfkm"df ®x]�sf]� zlQmnfO{ lhDd]�jf®Lk"0f{ 9ª\un]� a[xQ® lxtsf nflu k|of]�u ug'{k5{ . sfo{k4lt ® sfo{ljlw To:�tf]� x'g'k5{ h;n]� zlQmnfO{ lgoGq0fdf lng ® ;®sf®L clwsf®Lx¿nfO{ hgtfsf]� a[xQ® lxt, rf;f]� jf ;Daf]�wgsf nflu sfd ug{ k|f]�T;fxg u®f]�;\ . oL k4lt ® sfo{ljlwx¿ hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� If]�qleq kb{5 .

zf;gsf]� b[li6sf]�0faf6 k|efjsf®L hjfkmb]�lxtf ljz]�if ¿kdf dxTjk"0f{ 5 lsgeg]�M

• o;n]� ;®sf®sf]� zlQmnfO{ lgoGq0f u5{ . hgtfsf]� hLjgdf x:�tIf]�k ug{ ;®sf®;“u Aofks ® dxTjk"0f{ zlQm x'G5 . zlQmsf]� b'¿kof]�un]� Hofb}� gsf®fTds kl®0ffd -vf;u®L clt ul®a ® ;LdfGts[tx¿ hf]� cfkm\gf]� clwsf® vf]�HgnfO{ clt sd dfqfdf ;Ifd x'G5g\_ klg lgDTofpg ;S5 .

• Gofok"0f{ nf]�stGqsf nflu of]� cfjZos k"j{zt{ xf]� . hgtfsf]� OR5fcg';f® g}� ®fHosf zlQmsf]� k|of]�u ul®G5 eGg]� ;'lglZrt u®fpg hjfkmb]�lxtfn]� d2t k'¥ofp“5 . of]� lagf nf]�stGq hlxn]� klg hf]�lvddf kg{ ;S5 .

hjfkmb]�lxtf ;DaGwL sfo{df cfOkg]�{ s]�xL uDeL® cj®f]�wx¿ 5g\ . w]�®}� d'n'sx¿df hjfkmb]�lxtf stf{sf]� ¿kdf gful®s ;dfhsf]� e"ldsfnfO{ ®fHoåf®f dfGotf lbOPsf]� 5}�g . nf]�stGqsf]� u'0f:�t® b]�zcg';f® km®skm®s x'G5 h;n]� hjfkmb]�lxtfk|ltsf]� sfo{z}�nLnfO{ klg k|efljt kf5{ . cfwf®e"t :�jtGqtfx¿–h:�t}�M ;"rgfdf kx'“r gePsf, cleJolQm ® ;ª\ul7t x'g kfpg]� :�jtGqtf gePsf jf ;Lldt ® s'l07t kfl®Psf d'n'sdf ®fHoaflx®af6 hjfkmb]�lxtfsf nflu ul®g]� cfu|xnfO{ klg g®fd|®L cj®f]�w k'¥ofOPsf]� x'G5 . ;®sf®sf]� cfnf]�rgf ug'{nfO{ zf®Ll®s÷ef}�lts lx+;f jf b'Jo{jxf® ul/g]� d'n'sdf klg o:�tf]� cj:�yf ®xG5 . o:�tf]� cj:�yfdf ®fhgLlts g]�tfx¿n]� cToflws :�j]�R5frfl®tfsf ;fy sfd ug{ ;S5g\ ® hjfkmb]�lxtf sfof{Gjogsf nflu agfOPsf sfg"gsf]� pNnª\3g jf a]�jf:�tf ug{ ;S5g\ . o;n]� b08xLgtfsf]� ;+:�s[ltnfO{ a9fjf lbG5 . ;De|fGt÷ljlzi7 ;d"xn]� zlQmsf]� cEof; ug]�{ ® ;®sf®dfly k|efj hdfpg]� d'n'sx¿df hjfkmb]�lxtf klg p:�t}� k|sf®n]� hf]�lvddf kg{ ;S5 . o:�tf]� cj:�yf ®x]�df ;®sf®x¿n]� lglxt :�jfy{k"lt{sf nflu ;LdfGts[t ® sdhf]�®x¿nfO{ a]�jf:�tf ub}�{ ;Lldt ;d"xnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg]�lt® hfg ;S5 .

2

cem eGg'kbf{ ;a}� stf{x¿ -®fHo ® gful®s ;dfh_ df hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� k|efjsf®L e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{sf nflu ljz]�if Ifdtf rflxG5 . pbfx®0fsf nflu, ;~rf®dfWodnfO{ cfwf®e"t cg';Gwfg ® l®kf]�l6{ª ;Lksf]� cfjZostf k5{ . pgLx¿ ljZj;gLo x'g rfxg]� xf]� eg]� ;xdt ePsf]�]� l®kf]�l6{ª :�t®cg';f® l/kf]�l6{ª ug'{ kg]�{ x'G5 . gful®s ;dfh;Da4 ;ª\u7gx¿ ljleGg If]�qdf s;®L ;"rgfdf kx'“r k'¥ofpg]�, dfu th'{df ug]�{ ® s;®L ;®sf®L clwsf®Lx¿;“u k|efjsf®L ¿kdf ;+jfb ug]�{h:�tf sfo{df ;lqmo x'g cfjZos 5 .

of]� ;|f]�tk':�ts To:�tf d'n'sx¿dfly s]�lGb|t 5, hxfF nf]�stflGqs zf;g Joj:�yf ckgfO®x]�sf 5g\ jf To;nfO{ dha't agfpg k|of;/t 5g\, vf;u/L PlzofnL d'n'sx? . Pl;of y'k|}� leGgtfx¿ ePsf]� a[xt\ ® k[ys If]�q xf]� . Pl;ofnL d'n'sx¿sf]� ;fF:�s[lts, ;fdflhs, ®fhgLlts ® cfly{s cj:�yfdf 7"nf]� leGgtf kfOG5 . of]� k':�ts k9\bf Tof]� s'®f Vofn ug{'k5{ . of]� ;|f]�tk':�tsn]� s'g}� klg vf; :�yfgsf]� ;Gbe{cg';f® hjfkmb]�lxtfaf®]� atfpg]� k|of; ub}�{g . o;sf]� Wo]�o eg]�sf]� cfd¿kdf hjfkmb]�lxtf;Da4 d'2fnfO{ p7fp“b}� kf7snfO{ cfkm\gf]� cj:�yf cg';f® ® pgLx¿sf]� cfˆgf]� 1fg ® cg'ejdf cfwfl®t eP® ;f]�Rg k|f]�T;flxt ug'{ xf]� . of]� ;|f]�tk':�ts hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� cy{, o;sf cfwf®e"t tTjx¿af®]� hfGg]� ® :�yfgLo txdf hjfkmb]�lxtf a9fpg gful®s ;dfh kIfsf sfo{stf{sf nflu Jojxfl®s ljsNkx¿ kQf nufpg]� >f]�t xf]� .

k':tsdf k|of]�u ul/Psf]� ;|f]�tx? af/]�

of]� ;|f]�tk':�tssf]� ljifoa:�t' c¿ y'k|}� k|sfzg, k]�k® ® k|ltj]�bgx¿åf®f k|efljt ® ;"lrt 5g\ . ;fdfGo k4ltsf]� ¿kdf oL ;|f]�tx¿af6 ;ª\slnt ;"rgf ® b[li6sf]�0fx¿ of]� k':�tssf]� ;jfn ® j[QfGt;“u ;'xfpg]� u®L ;f®e"t ¿kdf cg's"'ng, ;lDdng -ldnfg_ ® kl®j{tg ul®Psf 5g\, . p4®0f ® ;|f]�tx¿sf]� k"0f{ k':�ts ;"lr ;|f]�tk':�tssf]� cGtdf ®flvPsf]� 5 . o;sf]� cltl®Qm, hxf“ vf;;|f]�tx¿n]� cWofodf dxTjk"0f{ ljrf®x¿ lbPsf 5g\ To;nfO{ pQm cWofosf]� cGTodf pNn]�v ul®Psf]� 5 .

ænf]�stGq dfgj k|lti7f÷;Ddfgsf nflu rflxg]� lg/k]�If dfGotfdfq

geO{ cfly{s ljsf; / ;fdflhs GofonfO{ lbuf]� agfpg]� Psdfq dfu{

xf]� .Æ

–lsd 8fP h'ª !

3

of]� k':�tssf]� p2]�Zo eg]�sf]� nf]�stflGqs hjfkmb]�lxtf eg]�sf]� s]� xf]� , o;nfO{ s;®L klxrfg ug{]�, o;;“u s;®L ;+nUg x'g]�, lgdf{0f ug]�{ / hgtfsf]� hLjg:�t® ;'wf®sf nflu o;sf]� k|of]�u s;®L ug]�{ cflbaf®]� s]�xL k|d'v wf®0ff lbg' xf]� . o;sf]� d'Vo dfGotf eg]�s}� d'n'sdf hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� >[hgf ® cg'udgsf nflu gful®s ;dfh ;+:�yfx¿sf]� dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 eGg]� xf]� .

gful®s ;dfh ;+:�yfx¿sf nflu hjfkmb]�lxtf;DjGwL sfd ug'{ Psbd}� gof“ sfd eg]� xf]�Og . ljleGg ;+3;+:�yfn]� o;cl3 g}� ;fd'bflos ljsf;, ;fj{hlgs lzIff, jsfnt÷k}�®jL ® cGo kl®of]�hgfdfkm{t\ Gofok"0f{ ® nf]�stflGqs zf;gnfO{ ;jnLs[t ug]�{ sfd ul®;s]�sf 5g\ . of]� ;|f]�tk':�tsn]� hjfkmb]�lxtfnfO{ /fd|f]�;+u a'em\bf xfdL cfkm\gf]� k|efjnfO{ clej[l4 ;S5f+}� eGg]� ;'emfj lbG5 . o;sf]� cy{ klxnfeGbf zf;gsf]� If]�qdf cem a9L sfd ug{ cf“6 ug'{ jf xfdLn]� b]�Vg rfx]�sf]� kl®jt{g ug{ gof“ pkfox? kQf nufpg' eGg]� x'g ;S5 . oL k[i7x¿df tkfO{sf]� sfddf hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� cfofd yKg cjwf®0ffut gS;f ® s]�xL Jojxfl®s hfgsf®L klg kfpg' x'g]�5 .

;|f]�tk':�ts s;sf nflu < of]� ;|f]�tk':�ts lgDg kf7sx¿nfO{ Wofgdf ®fvL tof® ul®Psf]� xf]�M

• ®0fgLltsf/M gful®s ;dfh ;+:�yfsf ;b:�ox¿, hf]� cfkm\gf]� ;+:�yfdf ®0fgLlts of]�hgf agfpg lhDd]�jf® jf OR5's 5g\ ® pgLx¿sf]� sfdn]� rfx]�h:�tf]� k|efj lbg ;S5 eGg]� ;'lglZrt u®fpg rfxG5g\ .

• sfof{Gjogstf{M sfo{qmd ® kl®of]�hgf Joj:�yfksx¿ hf]� ;®sf®L sfo{;~rfng ® ;]�jf k|jfxsf]� cg'udg;DaGwL kxnsf]� 9f“rf tof® ® sfof{Gjog u5{g\ .

• k|lzIfsM ;xhstf{ ® k|lzIfs hf]� cfkm\gf]� 5'§}� tflnd;DaGwL ;fdu|L tof® ug{ ® hjfkmb]�lxtf;DaGwL tflnd jf gful®s ;dfhsf]� cg'udg ug{ rfxG5g\ .

• ;jnstf{M c¿ s'g}� klg cEof;stf{x¿ hf]� cfkm\gf]� hLjgdf k|efj kfg]�{ vfnsf]� lg0f{o k|lqmofdf gful®ssf]� cfjfh -vf;u®L :�yfgLo ® If]�qLo :�t®df_ ;jnLs®0f ug{ sfo{®t 5g\ .

tkfO{ of]� k':�tsdf oL s'®f kfpg' x'g]�5}�g• of]� k':�ts ;a}� hgfsf]� nflu ;a}�yf]�s aGg]� p2]�Zo ®fVb}�g . olb tkfO{ tnsf dWo]� s'g}� klg s'®f vf]�Hb}� x'g'x'G5 eg]� Tof]� o; k':�tssf]�

k[i7x¿df kfpg' x'g]� 5}�g .

• hghLjgsf ;a}�� kf6f]��;Da4 hjfkmb]��lxtfsf]�� lj:��t[t dfu{bz{gM of]� ;|f]�tk':�ts s]�jn ;®sf® ® p;n]� ;]�jf lbg]� hgtfaLrsf]� hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� ;DaGwdf s]�lGb|t 5 .

• tflnd k'l:��tsfM ;|f]�t k':�tsdf ePsf]� ;"rgf tflndsf]� 9f“rf tof® kfbf{ ® hfgsf®L lb+bf k|of]�u ug{ ;lsG5 t® b'?:�t tflnd lbUbz{gsf]� ¿kdf eg]� o;sf]� 9f“rf tof® kfl®Psf]� 5}�g .

• z}��lIfs k|ltj]��bgM of]� ;|f]�tk':�tssf]� ljifoa:�t'n]� -c¿dWo]�_ z}�lIfs ;|f]�t ;fdu|Laf6 a9L ;xof]�u lnPsf]� 5 . t® of]� z}�lIfs ax;k|lt nlIft 5}�g . a? d"Nojfg z}�lIfs of]�ubfgx¿nfO{ cem a9L kx'“rof]�Uo 9f“rfdf ¿kfGt®0f ug'{ o;sf]� p2]�Zo xf]� .

• nf]��stflGqs hjfkmb]��lxtfsf]�� nflu vfsfM ;kmntfsf]� s'g}� rfdTsfl/s ;'q 5}�g . of]� ;|f]�tk':�tsn]� ljrf® ® ;fwg÷dfWod k|bfg u5{ t® Tof]� Psdfq ljlw eg]� x}�g .

• ;xh kf7s÷tNnf]��txsf]�� dfu{bz{gM of]� ;|f]�tk':�tsdf k|of]�u ePsf]� efiff k|i6 ® kx'“rof]�Uo x'g]� p2]�Zon]� ®flvPsf]� 5 . o;sf nlIft kf7sx¿ -dfly pNn]�v ul®Pem+}�_ n]� ljleGg ;Gbe{df tNnf]� txsf kf7s÷;|f]�tfnfO{ ;'xfpg]� u®L yk ¿kfGt®0f ug{ e"ldsf v]�Ng]�5g\ eGg]� cfzf ul/Psf]� 5 .

kl/roM of]� k':tsdf tkfO{n]� s]� kfpg' x'g]�5 <

4

hjfkmb]�lxtf sfo{af/]� hfgsf/L lbg]� cGo ;fdu|Lx?

• of]� ;|f]�tk':�ts c¿ y'k|}� cd"No ;fdu|L, k'l:�tsf, dfu{lgb]�{lzsf ® ;fwg;Fu ldNbf]� h'Nbf]� 5 . h'g hjfkmb]�lxtf;DaGwL of]�hgf agfpg ® k|of]�u ug{ ;lsG5 . cem eGg'kbf{, o;nfO{ o:�tf ;|f]�tx¿;“u hf]�8]�/ k|of]�u ug'{ kg]�{ x'G5 M

• PS;gP8 OG6®g]�zgnsf]� ;'zf;gsf]� nflu cfly{s ;fIf®tf ® ah]�6 hjfkmb]�lxtf -PnAofu_ of]� To:�tf]� l;sfO{ k|lqmof xf]� h;n]� ;"rgf, 1fg ® lgoGq0f;DaGwL cj®f]�w x6fpg, ;®sf® ® cGt®f{li6«o ;+:�yf;dIf hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� dfu ug{ ® clwsf® k'gMk|flKt Pj+ cGofonfO{ r'gf}�lt lbg ;d'bfonfO{ ;xof]�u ;dy{ agfp“5 .

• hjfkmb]�lxtf, l;sfO{ ® of]�hgf k|0ffnL-cfNk\;\_M of]� PS;gP8sf nflu to ul®Psf]� hjfkmb]�lxtf;DaGwL k|d'v cfjZostf, dfu{bz{g ® k|lqmof;DaGwL ;+®rgf÷9f“rf xf]� . o;n]� ;a}� ;®f]�sf®jfnf -clwsf+z ul®a ® alx:�s®0fdf k®]�sf dflg;, To;df klg vf;u®L dlxnf ® aflnsf_ k|lt ;+:�yfsf]� hjfkmb]�lxtf clej[l4 ug{ d'Vo l;4fGt ® cEof;sf vfsf to u5{ .

• PS;gP8 OG6®g]�zgnsf]� gful®s ;zlQms®0f ;DaGwL lgb]�{lzsfM o;n]� cfkm\gf]� hLjgnfO{ k|efj kfg]�{ ljsf;sf d'2faf®]� hgtf ® ;d'bfonfO{ cfkm}�+ lg0f{o lng ® pgLx¿sf]� 5gf]�6 ® IfdtfnfO{ cj®f]�w t'Nofpg]� vfnsf]� cGofo ® c;dfg zlQm ;DaGwnfO{ r'gf}�lt lbg pgLx¿nfO{ ;Ifd agfpg ljleGg cf}�hf/ k|of]�u ub{5 .

ænf]�stGqn]� k"j{ jf klZrd eGg]� klxrfg ub}{g, nf]�stGq eg]�s} hgrfxgf xf]� . t;y{

nf]�stGqsf y'k|} df]�8n 5g\ eGg]� s'/f d :jLsf/ ulb{g . of]� Pp6} x'G5 . dfgj

clwsf/ ljZjJofkL dfkb08 xf]� . of]� x/]�s wd{ / ;Eotfsf]� Ps lx:;f xf]� .Æ

– lzl/g PafbL @

;|f]�tk':�tssf]� ;+®rgf÷9f“rfof]� k':�ts d'Vou®L b'O{ efudf afFl8Psf]� 5M

• efu !M hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� cGj]�if0f÷phfu®n]� hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� cjwf®0ffaf®]� kf7snfO{ kl®lrt u®fp“5 . of]� efudf cf7 cWofo 5g\ . klxnf]� ;ft cWofon]� hjfkmb]�lxtf s]� xf]�, o;n]� s;®L sfd u5{, o;df sf]� ;+nUg x'G5g\ ® s;f]� ubf{ unt x'G5 eGg]� h:�tf s'®fsf]� vf]�hLgLlt u5{ . cWofo * n]� hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� If]�qdf gful®s ;dfhsf]� e"ldsfaf®]� k|:�6\ofp“5 .

• efu @M hjfkmb]�lxtfsf nflu s;/L sfd ug]�{ Jojxfl®s kIfdf s]�lGb|t 5 . o;sf rf® cWofon]� hjfkmb]�lxtf;DaGwL sfo{sf]� d'Vo r®0fdfkm{t\ hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� Ps–Ps r®0fsf]� ofqfaf®]� cjut u®fpF5 . hjfkmb]�lxtf;DaGwL kl®of]�hgf ;'? u®L glthfsf]� ;~rf® u®fp“b}� of]� efun]� To;qmddf cfpg]� r'gf}�ltaf®]� dgg\ u®L tkfO{sf]� cfkm\g}� hjfkmb]�lxtf;DaGwL sfo{sf nflu rflxg]� Jojxfl®s dfWod÷;fwgsf]� If]�q k|:�t't u5{ .

d'Vo zAbfjnL -6d{_ ® cjwf®0ffx¿sf]� :�ki6f]�lQm tkfO{n]� hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� If]�q cWoog ubf{ y'k|}� d'Vo zAb ® cjwf®0ffx¿ k6sk6s cfO®fV5g\ . efu ! df …�hjfkmb]�lxtfÚ� zAbs}� lj:�t[tdf kl®efiff ® 5nkmn ul®Psf]� 5 . ;|f]�tk':�tssf]� ljifoa:�t'df ljleGgvfn]� ;DalGwt cjwf®0ffx¿ ®flvPsf 5g\ ® hxf“hxf“ tL k|of]�u ePsf 5g\ ltgnfO{ kl®eflift klg ul®Psf]� 5 . 5nkmndf tnsf zAb klg k|of]�udf cfPsf 5g\ ® tLaf®]� ;'?d}� of]� ;|f]�t k':�tsdf k|i6\ofOPsf]� 5M

• gful®s ;dfh eGgfn]� ;dfhsf ljleGgvfn]� stf{÷;~rfnsnfO{ ;d]�6\b5 hf]� ;®sf® jf ;fj{hlgs If]�qsf]� lx:�;fsf]� ¿kdf ag]�sf x'“b}�gg\ eGg]� hgfOPsf]� 5 . gful®s ;dfh ljljwvfn]� JolQmx¿, ;d"xx¿, ;+3;+:�yfx¿, Snax¿, ;ª\u7gx¿ cflb ® ;~rf®dfWod ldn]�® ag]�sf]� x'G5 .

• gful®s ;dfh ;+:��yf gfkmf®lxt, ;d'bfodf cfwfl®t ;ª\u7gx¿, cf:�yf jf wd{df cfwfl/t,sNof0fsf/L, k]�zfut÷Joj;flos ;+3;+:�yf, 6«]�8 o'lgog, ;fj{hlgs :�jfy{ ;d"xx¿, u}�®;®sf®L ;+:�yfx¿ ® z}�lIfs k|lti7fg÷;+:�yfx¿nufot gful®s ;dfhsf]� ;ª\ul7t :�j¿ksf]� ¿kdf lnOPsf]� 5 .

• zf;gn]�� s;®L d'n's jf ;dfh ;~rfng x'G5 eGg]� a'emfpFb5 . of]� ;dfhnfO{ cl3 a9fpg s:�tf]� ljlw ® k|lqmofx¿ k|of]�u ePsf 5g\ ® lg0f{ox¿ s;®L lnOPsf 5g\ eGg]� s'®f;“u ;Da4 5 .

• Gofok"0f{ ® nf]��stflGqs zf;g dfgj clwsf®, Gofo ® nf]�stGq, hjfkmb]�lxtf ® ljlwsf]� zf;gnufot ;xeflutfsf]� cfwf®zLnfdf plePsf]� x'G5 . dfgj clwsf®d'vL ® hgtfdf s]�lGb|t Gofok"0f{ ® nf]�stflGqs zf;gk4lt eg]�s}� gful®ssf]� ;xeflutf ® ul®a tyf al~rtLs®0fdf k®]�sfx¿n]� k|Zg ;f]�Wg, clwsf®sf]� bfaL ug{, lg0f{o lng ® ;+:�yfnfO{ hjfkmb]�xL agfpg ;Sg]� Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{sf nflu xf]� .

5

k':tssf] v08 ! / @ aLr ;Gbe{x? hf]l8Psf 5g\ / k':tsel/ g} To:tf] hf]l8Psf] ;Gb{enfO{ cfjZos 7fpFdf pb\w[t ul/Psf]

5 . l;4fGt / cEof; b'j} dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ .

v08 ! hjfkmb]lxtfsf] cGj]if0f

of] v08df tkfO+{ oL s'/faf/] l;Sg' x'g]5M

hjfkmb]lxtf eg]sf] s] xf] <

hjfkmb]lxtfsf] k|sf/

hjfkmb]lxtfsf rf/ lx:;fx?

nf]stflGqs hjfkmb]lxtfsf] k|efjsf/L sfo{nfO{ sdhf]/ kfg]{ tTjx?

hjfkmb]lxtf If]qdf gful/s ;dfhsf ;ªu7gx?sf] e"ldsf / ljsNkx?

sd{ lagfsf] ljrf/ jf Jojxf/l;4 gePsf]] l;4fGtsf] s'g} zlQm x'“b}g . ljrf/ jf l;4fGt lagfsf] sfo{sf] s'g}

p2]Zo x'“b}g .

6

xfd|f] 6f]ndf kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkg uDeL/ ;d:of ag]sf] 5 . ;x®df gu/kflnsfn] s]xL sG6]g/x? o;} ;8s rf]sdf 5f]l8lbPsf] 5 .

tL xKtfsf] Ps k6s vfnL ug]{ elgP klg To:tf] slxNo} ePg . gu/kflnsfn] j8f ;ldltnfO{ bf]if nufpF5 /

j8fn] gu/kflnsfnfO{ . xfdL eg] a9\bf] kmf]xf]/sf] 8ª\u'/aLr a:g' k/]sf] 5 . of] cj:yf

xfd|f] nflu hf]lvdk"0f{ ag]sf] 5, vf;u/L xfd|f afnaRrf

hf] aflx/ ;8sdf v]N5g\ .

!syf

k|ZgM oL rf/ syfdf s]� ;dfgtf 5 <

of] lhNnfdf w]/} dflg;x? pkrf/sf]

cefjdf d5{g\ . sltko kl/jf/ t pkrf/sf] nflu

:jf:Yo rf}sL vf]Hb} 6f9f;Dd k'Ug'k5{ . of] dx“uf] / sl7g -vf;u/L la/fdL aRrf;“u_ x'g hfG5 . :jf:Yo rf}sLdf nfdf] nfOg x'G5, To;dfly 8fS6/x? 8\o'6Ldf x“'b}gg\ . sltko g;{x? ;fx|} a];f]dtL / xtkt] 5g\ . la/fdLx?n] cfjZos cfkt\sfnLg ;]jf klg ;w}+ kfpFb}gg\ / pgLx?nfO{ cf}iflwlagf g} 3/ lkmtf{

k7fOG5 . t/ :jf:Yo ljefun] eg] cfjZos hlt ul//x]sf] atfp“5 .

@syf

7

xfd|f] ;x/df lah'nL cfpg] hfg] ul//fV5 . o;n] ubf{ hghLjg ;fx|} sl7g aGg k'u]sf] 5 . xfd|f] ePsf]

Pp6f ;fgf] Joj;fo klg lah'nLd} lge{/ 5 . /ftL ;8ssf alQn] sfd gubf{

j/Lk/L lx+8\g klg -vf;u/L dlxnfnfO{_ vt/f x'G5 . ;/sf/n] lah'nL cfk"lt{ k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] jfrf u/]sf]

lyof] . t/, clxn] ;'lg+b}5 To;sf nflu t caf}{ ?k}ofF vr{ nfU5 /] . Tof] kl/of]hgfsf nflu Ps lghL sDkgL;“u ;Demf}tf eO/x]sf] 5 . Tof] kl/of]hgf ag]kl5 xfdLn] lah'nL t kfpFnf t/

z'Ns rsf]{ ltg'{ kg]{ x'G5 .

ufp“sf s]6fs]6Lx?nfO{ h;/L k9fOg' kg{] xf] To;/L

k9fOPsf] 5}g . y'k|} lzIfsx? l9nf u/]/ sIffdf cfpFb5g\ . s]xL lzIfsnfO{ t

ljBfyL{sf] eGbf cfkm\g} k9fOdf a9L lrGtf x'G5 . k|wfgfWofkslj?4 kf“rj6f

ph'/L kl/;s] . ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkgsf] lhDdf kfPsf] Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] eg] sf/afxL

ug}{ dfGb}g . ltgLx? pgn] lbPsf] vfgd} Jo:t 5g\ . otf xfd|f aRrfx? eg] k9fOdf k5fl8 kb}{5g\ .

$syf

#syf

oL ;a}�� rf/ syfx?sf]�� ;f/ xf]��– hjfkmb]��lxtf sdhf]��/ ePsf]�� 5, h;sf]�� kl/0ffd:��j?k hgtfsf]�� cj:��yf v/fa ePsf]�� 5 . ;fy}�� oL ;a}�� syfdf hjfkmb]��lxtfnfO{ dha't agfpg ;lsg]�� 7fp“ eg]�� 5 . To;f]�� ubf{ hgtfsf]�� hLjgdf ;fFlRrs}�� ;'wf/ Nofpg d2t k'U5 .

t;y{, hjfkmb]��lxtfsf]�� cjwf/0ffnfO{ glhsaf6 lgofNg]�� k|of; u/f+}�� / o;n]�� s;/L sfd u5{ eGg]�� af/]��df klg vf]��hLgLlt u/f}��+ .

v/fa l/kf]6{ sf8{

8

cWofo !

nf]�stflGqs hjfkmb]�lxtf eg]�sf]� s]� xf]� < hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� kl®efiff ug{ ;lhnf]� 5}�g . of]� cWofosf]� p2]�Zo ljZjJofkL jf z}�lIfs ¿kdf :�jLsfo{ kl/efiff tof® ug'{ xf]�Og . o;sf]� p2]�Zo eg]�sf]� nf]�stGqsf]� lgdf{0f ug{, ;'b[9 Gofok|0ffnL, ® ul®aLlj?4 n8\g]� k|of;nfO{ hjfkmb]�lxtfn]� s;®L a9fjf lbG5 eg]�® x]�g'{ xf]� . cem vf;u®L, gful®s ;dfhn]� jsfnt ® ljsf;sf sfdnfO{ alnof]� agfpg hjfkmb]�lxtfnfO{ s;®L k|of]�u ug{ ;S5g\ eGg]� yfxf kfpg' xf]� .

To;sf®0f oxf“ xfd|f]� vf]�hL eg]�sf]� hjfkmb]�lxtfaf®]� pkof]�uL 9ª\un]� lrGtf ® ax; ug'{ xf]�, h;n]� xfdLn]� ef]�Ug]� r'gf}�ltnfO{ ljZn]�if0f ug{ gofF tl®sfn]� sfd ug{ ;xof]�u ub{5_ . o;nfO{ Wofgdf ®fVb}� hjfkmb]�lxtfsf lgDg rf® ljz]�iftfx¿af®]� ljrf® u®f}�+M

• hjfkmb]�lxtf dfgj clwsf®;“u ufFl;Psf]� x'G5 . cfkm\gf]� ;®sf®n]� clwsf®;Da4 dxf;lGwx¿ sfof{Gjogsf nflu sfg"g nfu' ug]�{ ck]�Iff ug{]� clwsf® gful®sx¿nfO{ x'G5 . oL jfrfx¿ k"®f ug{ ® ;xdlt hgfPsf sfg'g ® cfrf®;lx+tfsf]� kfngf ug'{ ;®sf®sf]� lhDd]�jf®L xf]� . ®fhgLlt1 ® gful®saLr, lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglw ® lghfdlt sd{rf®LaLr, ;ª\u7g ® ltgsf ;b:�ox¿ aLrsf]� ;DaGw o;sf s]�xL pbfx®0f x'g\ .

• hjfkmb]�lxtfsf nflu ;DaGwx? cfjZos x'G5 . o;cGtu{t\ ®fhgLlt1 ® hgtf, lgjf{lrt k|ltlglw ® ;®sf®L sd{rf®L, ;+:�yf ® ltgsf ;b:�o aLrsf]� ;DaGw cflb kb{5g\ .

• hjfkmb]�lxtfsf nflu lhDd]��jf®L lng' kb{5 . hf]� ;®sf®L cf]�xbf ®f]�Hb5g\, hgtfnfO{ ®fd|f]� ;]�jf lbg' pgLx¿sf]� lhDd]�jf®L xf]� . olb pgLx¿sf]� sfd To;cg'¿k gePdf pgLx¿n]� s]� uNtLsf sf®0f To:�tf]� eof]� eg]�® :�kli6s®0f lbg ® To;sf]� kl®0ffd :�jLsfg{ tof® x'g'k5{ . …�s;}�nfO{ hjfkmb]�xL agfO®fVg' eg]�sf]� oxL xf]� .

• hjfkmb]�lxtf zlQm;“u ;DalGwt x'G5 ® hjfkmb]�lxtfsf ;a}� ;DaGwx¿df zlQm ljBdfg x'G5 . hjfkmb]�lxtfn]� ;xL 9ª\un]� sfd u®]�df o;n]� zlQmzfnL ;fem]�bf®x¿sf]� thjLhnfO{ ;Lldt kfg{sf nflu cg'udg, lgoGq0f ® ;Gt'ng k|bfg ub{5 .

• k|efjsf®L hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� nflu ;xeflutf cfjZostf k5{ . o;n]� dlxnf ® k'?if, ;]�jfk|bfos ® clwsf®jfnfx¿, ;~rf®dfWod, gful®s ;dfh ® cGo ;®f]�sf®jfnfx¿nfO{ ;+o'Qm ¿kdf ;xdlt ul/Psf k|lta4tfx¿dfly lgu®fgL ®fVg :�yfg v'Nnf u5{ .

• kf®blz{tflagf hjfkmb]�lxtf ;Dej x'“b}�g . cfkm\gf g]�tfx¿nfO{ cg'udg ug{ ® hjfkmb]�xL agfpg hgtfnfO{ ;"rgfdf kx'“r rflxG5 . hjfkmb]�lxtfnfO{ kmi6fpg lbg ;fj{hlgs If]�qsf k|lqmofx¿ v'Nnf ¿kdf ;~rfng ug'{ k5{ .

• hjfkmb]�lxtf ljlwsf]�� zf;gdf lge{® x'G5 . o;n]� To:�tf]� k4lt agfpg ® To;nfO{ dha't agfpg of]�ubfg lbG5 h;df unt cfr®0f, unt sfdsf®afxL ® nfk®jfxLnfO{ bl08t ub{5 .

oL ;ft ljz]�iftfx¿nfO{ hjfkmb]�lxtfsf k[i7e"ld jf cfwf®zLnfsf ¿kdf lnOg' kb{5 . of]� ;|f]�tk':�tse®L d'Vo ljifosf ¿kdf ltgnfO{ bf]�xf]�l®Psf]� kfpg' x'g]�5 .

dfgj clwsf/af/] yk hfgsf/Lsf

nflu !$ / !% k[i7 x]g'{xf]nf

clwsf+z d'n'ssf] jf:tljstf cfbz{eGbf

k/ 5

qm; /]km/]G;\

9

t® hjfkmb]�lxtfn]� s;®L Jojxf®df sfd u5{ eGg]� s'®fsf]� b'?:�t ® k|i6 lrq oL ;ft ljz]�iftfx¿n]� lb+b}�gg\ . sNkgf ug'{xf]�;\ ls tkfO{+n]� hjfkmb]�lxtfn]� sfd ul®®x]�sf]� cj:�yfdf p;nfO{ b]�Vg ;Sg'x'G5 . hjfkmb]�lxtf?kL kfª\u|fx¿ u'8\bf tkfO+{ s]� b]�Vg'x'G5 <

hxfF hjfkmb]�lxtf x'G5

JolQm;“u bfloTj x'G5

lglZrt k|lta4tf jf dfkb08sf nflu

olb tL k"/f ePgg\ eg]�

;fdgf ug'{ kg]�{ kl/0ffd x'G5g\

hxfF hjfkmb]�lxtf x'b}g

ToxfF :�ki6 bfloTj x“'b}�g

/÷cyjf

s'g}� k|lta4tf jf dfkb08 to ul/Psf x'Fb}�g

/÷cyjf

oL k"/f eP÷gePsf]� atfpg]� s'g}� tl/sf x'Fb}�g

/÷cyjf

;fdgf ug'{ kg]�{ s'g}� kl/0ffd x'Fb}�g

hjfkmb]lxtf;DaGwL rf/ ;lhnf k|Zgx? != bfloTj sf];“u x'G5 < @= s:tf k|lta4tf jf dfkb08 k"/f ug]{ elgPsf 5g\ <#= k|lta4tf / dfkb08 k"/f ePsf 5g\÷5|}gg\ eGg] s] n] b]vfpg]5 < $= unt sfo{ jf sdhf]/ sfo{;Dkfbgsf] kl/0ffd s]– s] x'g ;S5g\ <

;|f]tk':tssf ca cfpg] rf/ cWofon] oL k|Zgx?sf] rrf{ u5{g\ .

hjfkmb]lxtf;DaGwL dfly aS;df lbOPsf] a0f{gn] zf]wvf]hsf] /fd|f] k|f/lDes laGb'sf] sfd u5{ . s'g} klg cj:yfsf] sfo{df hjfkmb]lxtfnfO{ cjnf]sg ug{]

k|of; ubf{ ;f]Wg ;Sg] ;lhnf rf/ k|Zgaf/] o;n] lbG5 .

oL k|Zgx? ;f]Wg' lgs} ;lhnf] x'g

;S5 . t/ hjfkm vf]Hg' cln

a9L g} r'gf}ltk"0f{ x'G5 .

10

hjfkmb]�lxtfsf k|sf®x¿ ljleGg n]�vsx¿n]� hjfkmb]�lxtfnfO{ km®s b[li6sf]�0faf6 x]�®]�sf 5g\ ® o;nfO{ ljleGg ;d"x÷>]�0fLdf ljefhg ug]�{ w]�®}� tl®sfx¿ klxrfg klg u®]�sf 5g\ . of]� ;|f]�tk':�tssf]� k|of]�hgsf]� nflu tnsf d'Vo b'O{ leGgtfnfO{ Wofgdf ®fVg a9L h?®L 5 .

leGgtf !M t]�;|f]� ® 7f8f]� -el6{sn ® xf]�l®h]�G6n_ hjfkmb]�lxtf clwsf+z ®fHox¿df w]�®}�vfnsf]� hjfkmb]�lxtf ;+oGq x'G5g\, h'g gful®sx¿sf]� ;+nUgtflagf cfGtl®s ¿kdf ;~rflnt x'G5g\ . jf:�tjdf ®fHosf]� s]�xL lgsfo ®fHos}� cGo lgsfosf]� cg';Gwfg ® lg®LIf0fsf nflu v8f ul®Psf x'G5g\ ® To:�tf]� lgsfon]� cGo lgsfo ljBdfg l;4fGt, sfg'g ® lgod cg'¿k sfd ul®®x]�sf 5g\ eGg]� ;'lglZrt u5{g\ . pbfx®0fsf nflu o:�tf]�vfn]� hjfkmb]�lxtf ®fHoåf®f ul7t dxfn]�vf k®LIfssf]� sfof{no, clVtof® b'¿kof]�u cg';Gwfg cfof]�u ® dfgj clwsf® cfof]�uåf®f cEof; ul®G5 .

o;sf]� cltl®Qm nf]�stflGqs ®fHox¿df k|foM zlQm k[ylss®0f ul®Psf]� x'G5 . ®fHosf]� zlQm sfo{kflnsf, Gofokflnsf ® ljwflosfaLr ljefhg ul®Psf]� x'G5 tfls ®fHosf oL cª\ux¿n]� Pscsf]�{nfO{ hjfkmb]�xL agfpg ;s'g\ .

• ljwflosf ;®sf®sf]� sfg"g agfpg]� cª\u xf]� . ljwflosfsf ;b:�ox¿ ;fdfGotM gful®såf®f r'lgPsf x'G5g\ .

• sfo{kflnsf ;®sf®sf]� lg0f{o÷sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug]�{ cª\u xf]� . of]� ;fdfGotof ljwflosfaf6 5flgPsf ®fi6«klt jf k|wfgdGqL ® dlGqkl®ifb\n]� g]�t[Tj u®]�sf]� x'G5 .

• Gofokflnsf ;®sf®sf]� sfg"g nfu' ug]�{ cª\u xf]� . sfg"gsf]� pNnª\3g eP÷gePsf]� km}�;nf ug]�{ ® pNnª\3g ug]�{nfO{ plrt ;hfo lbg]� sfd Gofokflnsfn]� u5{ .

®fHosf oL tLg cª\u ®fli6«o, If]�qLo ® :�yfgLo txdf sfd ub{5g\ . oBlk, x®]�s txdf o;sf :�j¿kx¿ d'n'scg';f® km®s x'g ;Sb5 . zlQm k[ylss®0f ug'{ eg]�sf]� ;®sf®sf]� s'g}� Ps cËdf dfq cToflws zlQm s]�lGb|t gxf]�;\ egL ;'lglZrt u®fpg' xf]� . o;vfn]� hjfkmb]�lxtfnfO{ slxn]�sfxL+ æt]�;f{]�Æ hjfkmb]�lxtf elgG5 . o;df ®fHocGtu{t\sf l;4fGttM Pp6}� tx jf :�t®sf]� zlQm cf]�u6]�sf]� lgsfoåf®f ®fHo cfkm}�n]� cfkm"nfO{ lgoGq0f ul®®x]�sf]� x'G5 .

æcj}w Jojxf/ ta kmi6fpF5 ha u|fxsdfly Ph]�G6x?sf]�

Psflwsf/ x'G5, ha Ph]�G6;Fu thlahL zlQm a9L x'G5 /

ta l;4fGtk|lt Ph]�G6sf]� hjfkmb]�lxtf sdhf]�/ x'G5 .

cf}krfl/s k|lqmofx?nfO{ sdhf]�/ t'NofP/ e|i6frf/n]� uDeL/ r'gf}lt v8f u5{ .Æ

–kfg ;'s lsd #

hjfkmb]lxtfsf] cEof; ug{ sf];“u a9L zlQm x'G5< dlxnf jf

k'?if< u|fdL0f jf ;x/L hgtf<

11

®fHoleq ;~rflnt t]�;f{]� hjfkmb]�lxtfafx]�s ®fHosf]� ;DaGwdf gful®såf®f klg hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� cEof; ul®G5 . o;nfO{ slxn]�sfxL+ æ7f8f]�Æ hjfkmb]�lxtf klg elgG5 . o;df g]�tfx¿nfO{ hgtfn]� lgoGq0f ul®®x]�sf x'G5g\ . …�tnaf6Ú� x'g]� o:�tf]� hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� Pp6f ;+oGq r'gfj xf]�, h;df hgtfn]� dtbfgåf®f s'g}� g]�tfnfO{ km]�l® kb jf ;Qfdf k7fpg]� ls gk7fpg]� eGg]�af®]� lg0f{o lnG5g\ . gful®sx¿ ;+;bLo lg®LIf0f ;ldltdf ;l®s x'g', ldl8ofn]� ®fhgLlts ;f}�bfjfhLnfO{ lgu®fgL ug'{, e|i6frf® ® unt sfo{lj?4 hgtfn]� ;fj{hlgs lj®f]�w ug'{ h:�tf cGo ;+oGq klg o;df ;dfj]�z ug{ ;lsG5 .

leGgtf @M ®fHoåf®f g]�t[Tj ul®Psf]� ® gful®såf®f g]�t[Tj lnOPsf]� hjfkmb]�lxtf of]� leGgtf k|f®Dedf klxnfsf]� hjfkmb]�lxtf;“u ldNbf]�h'Nbf]� b]�lvg ;S5 . t® o;n]� hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� lbzfeGbf klg ;+oGq s;sf]� :�jldTjdf x'G5 eGg]� s'®f x]�b{5 . s]�xL tnaf6 ul®g]� hjfkmb]�lxtf ®fHoåf®f :�yflkt ;+oGqdfkm{t\ cEof; ul®Psf 5g\ . pbfx®0fsf nflu lgjf{rg ®fHoåf®f g]�t[Tj ul®Psf]� hjfkmb]�lxtf ;+oGq xf]� . Tof]� cflwsfl®s ;+:�yfut ;fwg xf]� h;dfkm{t\ ®fhgLlts k|ltlglwx¿nfO{ k[i7kf]�if0f jf k|ltlqmof lbg ®fHon]� gful®snfO{ cfx\jfg u5{ . hgtfsf]� ;lqmo ;xeflutfsf]� cfjZostf eP klg of]� ®fHoåf®f k|bfg ul®Psf]� ;+oGq xf]� .

csf]�{lt® hgtf cfkm+}�n]� >[hgf u®]�sf ® xfFs]�sf hjfkmb]�lxtf;DaGwL ;+oGq klg 5g\ . pbfx®0fsf nflu ha s'g}� gful®s ;dfh ;+:�yfn]� cfkm\gf]� jfrfcg';f® sfd ug{ c;kmn ;®sf®L clwsf®L]�nfO{ k|Zg ug{ ;fj{hlgs ;'g"jfO{sf]� cfof]�hgf u5{, of]� gful®såf®f l;lht hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� cj;® xf]� . o;df ;®sf®sf]� ;xeflutfsf]� cfjZostf eP klg ;+oGq cfkm}� -;fj{hlgs ;'g"jfO{_ ®fHoaflx®sf kIfåf®f >[hgf ul®Psf]� xf]� .

æ;"rgfsf]� clwsf/nfO{ cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/sf]� ?kdf dfGotf lbOPsf]� 5 Æ

– Prcf/l;kL $

gful/såf/f g]�t[Tj ul/Psf]� hjfkmb]�lxtf

/fHoåf/f g]�t[Tj ul/Psf]� hjfkmb]�lxtf

12

ha xfdL oL b'O{ k[ystfnfO{ hf]8\5f}, ta hjfkmb]lxtfsf rf/ ;d"x klxrfg ug{ ;Dej x'G5 . of] 6]j'ndf x]/f}+ .

t]�;|f]� hjfkmb]�lxtf -/fHo /fHo_

7f8f]� hjfkmb]�lxtf -gful/s /fHo_

/fHoåf/f :yflkt hjfkmb]�lxtf

/fHocGtu{t\sf kIfx¿n]� hjfkmb]�lxtf cEof; ug{ /fHosf]� :jfldTjdf aGg]� ;+oGq

� n]�vfk®LIf0fsf]� ;jf]�{Rr lgsfo

� ;+;bLo ;'g"jfO{

� ljwflosf ;ldlt

� e|i6frf®lj?4 lgsfox¿

� cGtd{Gqfno ;ldltx¿

� clVtof® b'¿kof]�u cg';Gwfg;DaGwL sfof{nox¿

� ;fj{hlgs vl®blaqmLnfO{ lgu®fgL ug{]� lgsfox¿

� dfgjclwsf®, dlxnf, lgjf{rg ;DaGwL cfof]�ux¿

hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� cEof; ug{ jf hfgsf/L lbg gful/ssf nflu

/fHosf]� :jfldTjdf aGg]� ;+oGq

� lgjf{rg / hgdt ;ª\u|x

� ;fd'bflos d~rx?

� k'gM k|ltlglwTj ePsf]� ;Nnfxsf/ lgsfox?

� ;+;bLo ;ldltdf hgtfsf]� cfjfhsf]� ;'g"jfO{

� hgtf;+usf]� k/fdz{ / ;xeflutfdf ul/g]� /fHosf of]�hgf k|lqmof

Gfful/s ;dfhsf]� kxndf :yflkt hjfkmb]�lxtf ;+oGq

/fHocGtu{t\sf ;+oGqsf dfkb08n]� sfd u/]�÷gu/]�sf]� cg'udg ug{ gful/s g]�t[Tjsf ;+oGqx?

� n]�vf k®LIf0f;Dj4 ;+:�yfx¿df gful®sx¿sf]� cg'udg

� sfg'gL lgu®fgL ;'wfg{ gful®s cg'udg

� ;]�jf k|jfx ;Demf}�tfsf]� lgu®fgLdf sfo{sf®L cEof;x¿ ePsf 5g\ egL x]�g{ gful®s cg'udg

/fHosf Jojxf/ / sfo{sf]� cg'udg ug{ gful/såf/f g]�t[Tj u/L :yfkgf

ul/Psf ;+oGqx?

� gful®s lgu®fgL ;ldltx¿

� ;fj{hlgs vr{af®]� yfxf kfpg ;j]�{If0f

� gful®s k|ltj]�bg sf8{

� lgu®fgL ®fVg]� gful®s ;dfh ;+:�yfx¿ ;®sf®L sfo{qmdsf]� ;d'bfodf cfwfl®t cg'udg

� vf]�hd"ns kqsfl®tf

� gful®s ;dfhn]� g]�t[Tj u®]�sf]� ;fdflhs n]�vfk®LIf0f ® ;fj{hlgs ;'g"jfO{x¿

hjfkmb]�lxtfsf rf/ ;d"xx?

a+|s®xkm -@))!_ sf]� hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� dxTjnfO{ ljrf® ubf{M cjwf®0ffTds ljj®0f ® ®0fgLlt ljsNkx¿af6 cfwfl®t tyf lj:�tfl®t

13

:�jLsf®f]�lQmM of]� cWofo h]�lgkm® ?j]�G:�6]�Ogsf]� c;dfg ljZjdf hjfkmb]�lxtf -@))&_ ® dn]�gf, km:�6{® P08 l;+xsf]� ;fdflhs hjfkmb]�lxtfM cjwf®0ff ® pbfpFbf]� cEof;sf]� kl®ro -@))$_ af6 s]�xL xb\;Dd ;"lrt ® k|efljt 5 . lj:�t[t hfgsf®Lsf nflu ;Gbe{;"lr x]�g'{xf]�;\ .

xf], gful/s ;dfh ;+:yfx?n] klg hjfkmb]lxtfsf]

cEof; ug'{k5{ .

gful/s ;dfh ;+:yfdf w]/}vfn]

hjfkmb]lxtf ;DaGwx? x'G5g\ . of] ;|f]tk':tsn] s;/L ltgn] ;/sf/ / gful/sx?aLr

hjfkmb]lxtfnfO{ agfpg ;Sb5g\ eGg]af/] rrf{ ub{5 .

v08 @ df yk l;Sg'xf];\ . hjfkmb]lxtf ;d:ofnfO{ s;/L lr/kmf/ ug{] eGg] af/]sf] hfgsf/Lsf nflu cWofo ( x]g'{xf];\ .

yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu cWofo *

x]g'{xf]; .

nf]�stflGqs hjfkmb]�lxtfsf nflu gful®s ;dfhsf]� e"ldsfaf®]� hjfkmb]�lxtfsf rf® ;d"xaf6 s]� ;'emfj lng ;lsG5 < • cf}��krfl®s÷cflwsfl®s lgoGq0f ® ;Gt'ng k|efjsf®L x'g'k5{M :�yflkt ePsf clwsf+z

hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� ;+oGqx¿ ®fHocGtu{t\ g}� x'G5g\ . lognfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg ®fHo;“u Ifdtf ® ®fhgLlts OR5fzlQm b'a}� x'g'k5{ . ®fHosf :�jfldTjdf ®x]�sf hjfkmb]�lxtf;DaGwL ;+oGqx¿n]� sltsf]� ®fd|f]�;“u sfd u®]�sf 5g\ eg]�® cg'udg ug{ gful®s ;dfhsf]� nflu ljz]�if e"ldsf /x]�sf]� x'G5 .

• zlQmsf]�� s]��Gb|df cfjfh a'nGb ug{]��M s]�xL hjfkmb]�lxtf ;+oGqx¿nfO{ gful®s ;dfhåf®f lgs}� ;lqmo ® ®0fgLlts ¿kdf k|of]�u ug{ ;lsG5 . kof{Kt cfTdljZjf;, ;dy{g ® k|df0f ;fydf ePdf gful®s ;dfhn]� ;+;bLo ;'g"jfO{, ;f]�wk'5;DaGwL ljz]�if lgsfo ® cfof]�ux¿, ;Nnfxsf® ;ldltx¿dfkm{t\ pNn]�Vo of]�ubfg lbg ;S5g\ .

• gljg tl®sfn]�� ;f]��rljrf® ug{]�� M gful®s ;dfh;Fu ;®sf®sf cfr®0f tyf sfo{k|zf;g ® ;+:�yfut ;+:�s[ltsf]� ;Lldttf aflx® ®xL cg'udg ug{ ;Sg]� cltl®Qm kmfObf x'G5 . o;n]� vf]�hd"ns ljlwsf nflu cj;® >[hgf u5{ ® s]�xL ;Gbe{df ®fHokIf cfkm}�n]� eGg g;s]�sf s'®f eGg]� Ifdtf klg ®fVb5 .

• yk k|efjsf nflu ;ª\ul7t x'g]��M sf®afxLnfO{ nfu' u®fpg gful®s ;dfh;Fu yf]�®}� dfq zlQm x'G5 . o;sf®0f, ltgLx¿n]� ®fHosf hjfkmb]�lxtf;Da4 kIf;“u ;DaGw lgdf{0f ug'{ dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . pbfx®0fsf nflu olb kqsf®x¿n]� ;~rf®dfWoddfkm{t\ e|i6frf®nfO{ phfu® u®]� klg ha;Dd Goflos k|0ffnLn]� 5fglag ® sf®afxL u®L To;sf]� lsgf®f nufpFb}�g, To;n]� sd}� k|efj kfg{ ;S5 .

;/sf/nfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg' gful/ssf] dfq} sfd x}g . cfkm\gf] sfdsf] ;Gt'ng / lgoGq0f ug'{ ;/sf/sf] klg sfd xf] .

‘hjfkmb]�lxtf’ / ‘hjfkmb]�lxtf;DaGwL sfo{’ df s]� leGgtf 5 <

of]� cWofon]� hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� cy{nfO{ nf]�stflGqs zf;gsf]� ck]�lIft ljz]�iftfsf]� ¿kdf lnPsf]� 5 . To;f]� eP …�hjfkmb]�lxtf;DaGwL sfo{Ú� eg]�sf]� s]� xf]� t < of]� ;|f]�tk':�tsdf hjfkmb]�lxtfleq hjfkmb]�lxtf ;+oGqnfO{ dha't agfpg ® ;]�jf k|jfx, zf;g ® ljsf;sf k|ltkmndf ;'wf® Nofpg hjfkmb]�lxtfsf cf}�hf® k|of]�u ug{sf nflu ® gful®s ® gful®s ;dfh ;+:�yfx¿sf]� tkm{af6 ul®g]� ;a}� ;ª\ul7t k|of;x¿nfO{ ;dfj]�z ul®Psf]� 5 .

qm; /]km/]G;\

qm; /]km/]G;\

14

oL bfloTjsf sf/0f xfdL slxn]sfxL+ /fHo kIfx?nfO{

;]jfk|bfos eG5f} . csf]{ zAbdf eGbf pgLx?n] hgtfk|lt

st{Aoaxg u5{g\ .

/, /fHon] cfkm'n] u/]sf] jfrf k"/f ug'{ k5{ eGg] ck]Iff ug]{ clwsf/ hgtf;“u ePsfn] xfdL pgLx?nfO{ clwsf/jfnf klg eG5f} . To;sf/0f hgtfn] clwsf/ wf/0f u5{g\ / tL clwsf/nfO{ jf:tljstfdf

abNg] bfloTj /fHosf] x'G5 .

cWofo @

hjfkmb]�xL x'g' kg]�{ bfloTjx®]�s hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� ;DaGw bfloTj;“u ;'? x'G5 . bfloTj 5}�g eg]� nfu' ug'{ kg]�{ hjfkmb]�lxtf g}� ®x“b}�g . ®fhgLlts pDd]�bjf®x¿ ;fj{hlgs sfof{nodf lgjf{lrt x'g' ® ;®sf®L clwsf®Lx¿n]� sfo{sf®L kb :�jLsf® ug'{sf]� cy{ cfkm'nfO{ h]� dg nfUof]� ToxL ug{ pgLx¿nfO{ :�jtGqtf 5 eGg]� xf]�Og . a? ha pgLx¿ ;Qf jf cf]�xbf lnG5g\, pgLx¿n]� lglZrt bfloTj lnG5g\ .

/fHo / o;sf hgtfaLrsf] ;fdflhs

;Demf}tf eg]sf] oxL xf] .

bfloTj sxf“af6 cfpF5 < ;fj{hlgs If]�qdf bfloTj tnsf ;|f]�tx¿af6 k|jflxt x'G5 .

• dfgj clwsf®M cfkm\gf hgtfsf]� dfgj clwsf®sf]� kl®k"lt{ ug'{ ®fHosf]� ;a}�eGbf d'Vo ® klxnf]� bfloTj xf]� . ®fHon]� cGt®f{li6«o ® If]�qLo clwsf®;DaGwL ;lGw ;Demf}�tfdf x:�tfIf® ® cg'df]�bg u®]�kl5 t emg}� pgLx¿sf]� ljz]�if bfloTj x'g hfG5 . ®fHon]� s]�xL lglZrt l;4fGtsf]� kfngf ug{]� k|lta4tf ub{5g\, h:�tf]� ls e]�b\efj gug{]� . oL ;lGwx¿df lglxt clwsf®nfO{ a9fjf lbg]� sfo{qmd ® ;]�jf k|jfx ug{]� bfloTj lnG5g\ . o:�tf bfloTjx¿ k"®f ug{ ®fHo sfg'gL ¿kdf afFlwPsf]� x'G5 . Pl;ofsf w]�®}�h;f]� d'n'sx¿n]� ;+o'Qm ®fi6«;+3sf]� dfgj clwsf® ;lGwx¿nfO{ cg'df]�bg u®]�sf 5g\ .

yk hfgsf®Lsf nflu k[i7 !% sf]� aS;\ x]�g'{xf]�nf .

• ;+ljwfg ® cGo sfg"gx¿M clwsf+z b]�zdf ;+ljwfgn]� jf cGo sfg'gx¿n]� hgtfn]� ®fli6«o, If]�qLo ® :�yfgLo txdf hgk|ltlglw r'g]�kl5 s:�tf bfloTjx¿ pTkGg x'G5g\ eg]�® :�ki6 kf5{g\ . o:�tf sfg'gx¿n]� ;®sf®sf]� ljleGg cª\u ® If]�qsf zlQm ® bfloTjaf®]� klg JofVof u®]�sf x'G5g\ . hjfkmb]�lxtf sfo{sf]� d'Vo tTj eg]�sf]� ;®sf®sf]� s'g ljefu ® txsf]� s:�tf sfo{qmd ® ;]�jf k|jfx ug]�{ lhDd]�jf®L x'G5 eGg]� yfxf kfpg' xf]� . b]�zsf]� ;jf]�{Rr sfg'gn]� k|foM oL bfloTjx¿ s;®L ljefhg ul®Psf 5g\ eGg]� k|i6 ub{5 .

15

• sfof{nosf]�� zkyM w]�®}�h;f]� d'n'sx¿df ha dlxnf tyf k'?ifn]� ®fHosf]� sfo{sf®L kb jf g]�t[Tj :�jLsf® u5{g\, pgLx¿df lglxt bfloTjnfO{ cf}�krfl®s ¿k lbg ;df®f]�xh:�tf s]�xL sfo{qmd cfof]�hgf x'g]� u5{g\ . GofofwLzx¿n]� lgikIf ® sfg'gL zf;gk|lt akmfbf® ®xg]� vfnsf ;ky vfG5g\ . hgk|ltlglwx¿ ® lghfdlt sd{rf®Lx¿n]� ;+ljwfgsf]� kfngf ® b]�zsf]� lxtcg's"n sfd ug]�{ jfrf u5{g\ .

• ®f]��huf®;DaGwL s®f® ljz]��ifM ljz]�if lhDd]�jf®L ® st{Aosf ;fy to ul®Psf ljz]�if kbx¿ eg{ ;®sf®L lgsfosf ;b:�ox¿ lgo'Qm ul®Psf x'G5g\ . ;®sf®sf ;a}� sd{rf®Lsf]� :�ki6 sfo{ lhDd]�jf®L x'g'k5{ ® Tof]� pgLx¿n]� s;®L lgefpg]� eGg]� pgLx¿nfO{ yfxf x'g'k5{ . cfkm"n]� axg ug'{ kg]�{ st{Ao k"®f ug{ ;®sf®L sd{rf®Ldfly klg sfg'gL bfloTj x'G5 .

oL bfloTjx¿nfO{ ;®sf®sf]� 3f]�if0ffkq ® of]�hgfdf lj:�t[t ¿kdf k|lta4tf ® dfkb08sf]� ¿kdf k|:�t't ul®Psf x'G5g\ -cWofo # x]�g'{xf]�;\ _ . slxn]�sfxL+ ljBdfg bfloTjx¿ klg ;®sf®L 3f]�if0ffkq ® of]�hgf;Fu aflemPsf]� klg x'g ;S5 .

hjfkmb]lxtf;DaGwL sfo{ ubf{ sf];“u s:tf] ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ eGg] bfloTj /x]sf] x'G5 eGg] k|i6;“u kfg{' dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

/, pgLx?sf] cf}krfl/s÷ cflwsfl/s Dof08]6 s] xf] / pgLx?;“u s:tf] cf}krfl/s clwsf/ 5 eGg] kQf nufpg'

klg dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw / 3f]�if0ffx?

;+o'Qm ®fi6«;+3sf]� dfgj clwsf®;DaGwL ljZjJofkL 3f]�if0ffkq -!($*_ ;+;f®df ;a}�eGbf Jofks ¿kdf :�jLsf® ul®Psf]� b:�tfj]�h xf]� . of]� 3f]�if0ffkqsf l;4fGtx¿nfO{ b'O{ dxTjk"0f{ dxf;lGwåf®f sfg"gL ¿kdf afWosf®L agfOPsf 5g\ .

� gful®s ® ®fhgLlts clwsf®;DaGwL cGt®f{li6«o dxf;lGw, ®

� cfly{s, ;fdflhs ® ;f+:�s[lts clwsf®;DaGwL cGt®f{li6«o dxf;lGw .

ljZjsf cfwfhlt d'n'sx¿n]� oL dxf;lGwx¿nfO{ cg'df]�bg ul®;s]�sf 5g\ ® To;df ePsf clwsf®sf]� ;+®If0f ® sfof{Gjogsf nflu :�jLsf® u®]�sf 5g\ . o;sf]� cltl®Qm, ®fHo tx jf ;f]�eGbf dfly uP® hjfkmb]�lxtf dfu ug{ klg c¿ y'k|}� clwsf®;DaGwL ;lGwx¿sf]� k|of]�u ug{ ;lsG5 . pbfx®0fsf nfluM

� dlxnflj?4 x'g]� ;a}�vfn]� e]�b\efj pGd"ng ug{ ag]�sf]� dxf;lGw -l;8_,

� ;+++o'Qm ®fi6«;+3sf]� afnclwsf® ;DaGwL dxf;lGw .

;lhnf] h:tf] b]lvG5, x}g t < t/ Ps} l5g

kvf}{ x} .

16

ljleGg k|sf®sf bfloTjx¿ of]� ;|f]�tk':�tsf]� k|of]�hgsf nflu tn lbOPsf bfloTjnfO{ tLg >]�0fLdf ljefhg ug{ pkof]�uL x'G5 .

®fhgLlts pQ®bfloTj eg]�sf]� ®fHokIf;“u cfkm\gf]� r'gfjL tyf nf]�stflGqs st{AonfO{ ;Ddfg ug{ ul®g]� bfloTj xf]� . pbfx®0fsf nflu o;df lgDg s'®f ;dfj]�z x'g ;S5g\M

• r'gfjsf]� aLrdf ®fhgLlt1x¿ cfkm\gf lgjf{rg If]�q uO{ hgtfnfO{ l®kf]�l6{ª ug]�{

• ljwflosfsf ;b:�ox¿n]� ;®sf®L clwsf®Lx¿sf]� sfdsf®afxLdfly lgu®fgL ®fVg]�

• zlQmzfnL ;®sf®L clwsf®Lsf]� x:�tIf]�kaf6 GofokflnsfnfO{ ;+®If0f ug]�{

• ;fj{hlgs ;'g"jfO{df ;xefuL x'g gful®s ;dfhsf nflu dfWod k|bfg ug{]� .

cfly{s, Joj:��yfksLo ® k|zf;lgs bfloTjx¿ eg]�sf]� ®fHon]� ck]�lIft p2]�Zo k|fKt ug{sf nflu dof{lbt ¿kn]� ;fj{hlgs ;|f]�tsf]� k|of]�u ug{]� bfloTj xf]� . of]� bfloTj eg]�sf]� ;®sf®sf]� cfGtl®s sfdsf®afxLnfO{ cg'udg ® Joj:�yfkg ug{ ;xL lgod ® k|lqmofx¿ kfng ug'{ xf]� . pbfx®0fsf nflu tnsf s'®fx¿ o:�tf bfloTjdf kg{ ;S5g\M

• ljefuLo clwsf®Lx¿åf®f ;®sf®sf]� pRr txdf lgoldt ¿kdf k|ltj]�bgx¿ k]�z ug'{

• cfly{s sf®f]�af®sf]� clen]�v ® l®kf]�6{ ug{ :�jLs[ltk|fKt n]�vfk4lt cjnDag ug'{

• ejg ® ;jf®L ;fwgh:�tf ®fHosf ;DklQsf]� x]�®ljrf® ug'{

• ;®sf®nfO{ cfjZostf kg]�{ j:�t' tyf ;]�jf vl®bdf kf®bzL{ 6]�08® k|0ffnL x'g' .

sfo{;Dkfbg ;DaGwL bfloTj To:�tf st{Jox¿ x'g\ hf]� ®fHon]� xfFl;n jf k|jfx ug]�{ egL k|lta4tf u®]�sf x'G5g\ . oL bfloTjx¿n]� pknlAw ® ® kl®0ffd;“u ;®f]�sf® ®fV5g\ ® pbfx®0fsf nflu lgDg s'®f o;df kg{ ;S5g\M

• ;®sf®åf®f hf]�8 lbOPsf]� If]�q jf d'2fdf plrt Wofg lbg'

• k|lta4tf hgfPsf ljz]�if nIox¿ ,h:�t}� ;x>flAb ljsf; nIodf k|ult xfl;n ug'{

• ®fli6«o ®0fgLlts of]�hgfx¿, h:�t}�M ul®aL Go"gLs®0f ®0fgLlt jf k~raifL{o of]�hgf h;n]� sfo{;Dkfbg jf ;]�jf k|jfx;DaGwL nIo lgwf{®0f u®]�sf]� x'G5, To;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug'{ .

/fhgLlts

bfloTjsf] kl/k"lt{n]

è nf]stGq

lgdf{0f x'G5 .

cfly{s, Joj:yfksLo /

k|zf;lgs bfloTjsf]

kl/k"lt{n] è

k|efjsfl/tfnfO{

k|j4{g u5{ .

cjZo klg oL km/s bfloTjx? Pscsf]{df cGof]Gofl>ft 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu olb ljefux?n]

/fd|/L ;|f]tsf] Joj:yfkg u/]gg\ eg] pgLx?sf] sfo{;Dkfbg klg /fd|f] x'Fb}g / pgLx?nfO{ ljsf;

nIo xfl;n ug{ klg sl7g x'G5 .

sfo{;Dkfbg ;DaGwL

bfloTjsf] kl/k"lt{n] è

ljsf;nfO{ yk dha't

agfp“5 .

17

/fHosf]� sf]�;Fu bfloTj x'G5 </fHon]� ;du|df w]�/}� bfloTjx? lnPsf]� x'G5 . oL bfloTjx? k'/f ug]�{ lhDd]�jf/L -sfo{qmd, ;]�jf / cGo k|of;x?af6_ ;/sf/sf ljleGg cª\ux?df x:�tfGt/0f ul/Psf x'G5g\ . 5f]�6s/Ldf tL cËnfO{ dGqfno, ljefu / lgsfox? elgG5 . clwsf+z ;/sf/sf]� ;Gbe{df oL lgsfox?n]� ljleGg If]�q, tx / :�t/df sfd ul//x]�sf x'G5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu lgDg s'/f ljrf/ u/f}�+ M

To;f]� eP tkfO+{n]� :�yfgLo txdf k|x®Lsf]� cfr®0faf®]� s'g}� ;d:�of ef]�Ug' ePdf To;sf]� hjfkmb]�xL :�yfgLo txsf]� k|x®L rf}�sL g}� x'G5 t < o:�tf]� h?®L 5}�g . k|x®Lsf]� s'g sfo{lhDd]�jf®L s'g txdf x:�tfGt®0f ul®Psf]� 5 ® tNnf]� txdf lg0f{o lng]� clwsf® slt lbOPsf]� 5 eGg]� s'®fdf of]� lge{® x'G5 .

æa9\bf]� hg;xeflutf;Fu} :yfgLo hjfkmb]�lxtfdf klg ;'wf/ cfPsf]� 5, h;nfO{ ‘;fd'bflos txdf ‘ljrf/zLn nf]�stGq’ elgG5 .Æ

– r/f; ;'jfgdfnf %

/fHon] ;du|df ;'/Iffsf] clwsf/ kl/k"lt{ ug]{, ;+/If0f ug]{ / yk dha't kfg]{ bfloTj lnG5 .

/fHosf] tkm{af6 of] clwsf/ dlGqkl/ifb\n] clwsf/ sfof{Gjog ug]{ clwsf/ k|fKt u/]sf] x'G5 .

dlGqkl/ifb\n] of] bfloTj u[x dGqfnonfO{ x:tfGt/0f u5{ .

u[x dGqfnon] If]qLo txsf] k|x/L clws[tnfO{ k|x/L;DaGwL lglZrt sfo{ ug{] clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/L x:tfGt/0f u5{ .

If]qLo :t/sf] k|x/L clws[tn] s]xL lglZrt lhDd]jf/L lhNnf txsf] k|x/LnfO{ lbG5

lhNnfdf /x]sf] k|x/Ln] O{nfsf k|x/L sfof{no tyf rf}sLnfO{ s]xL lglZrt lhDd]jf/L x:tfGt/0f u5{ .

èè

èè

è

s]�xL sfd lau|]�df sf]� hjfkmb]�xL x'G5 <

afof“lt/sf]� rf6{df x]�bf{ lglZrt /fHosf bfloTj k|jfx ug{ sf]�;“u lhDd]�jf/L x'G5 eGg]� ls6]�/

eGg ;w}�+ ;lhnf]� x'“b}�g . slxn]�sfFxL cf}�krfl/s lhDd]�jf/L kfPsf JolQm jf ljefu;“u

cfkm\gf]� st{Ao lgefpg]� clwsf/ jf ;|f]�t x'“b}�g . zlQm ljZn]�if0fn]� s'g}� lglZrt bfloTjsf]�

;Gbe{df ljleGg ;/f]�sf/jfnf;“u s]� s:�tf]� clwsf/ gLlxt x'G5 eGg]� s'/f :�ki6 kfg{ tkfO+{nfO{

;xof]�u ub{5 .

v08 @ df a9L hfgsf/L kfpg' x'g]5 .zlQm ljZn]if0fsf] ug{sf nflu / ljleGg

ljsf;;DaGwL ;d:ofsf nflu ;/f]sf/jfnf s;/L klxrfg ug]{ eGg] hfGg cWofo

( x]g'{xf]nf .

qm; /]km/]G;\

18

ha bfloTj c:�ki6 jf bf]�xf]�l/Psf]� x'G5

la+|s/xkm -@))!_ sf]� hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� dxTjnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{M cjwf/0ffTds ljj/0f / /0fgLlt ljsNkx?af6 cfwfl/t tyf lj:�tfl/t .

olb ;/sf/ :jod\ cfkm\gf bfloToaf/] :ki6 kfg{ sdhf]/ 5 eg] /fHon] s:tf] st{Ao lgjf{x ug]{ / ;/sf/df

/x]sfdWo] s;sf] s] bfloTj x'G5 eg]/ :yflkt ug{ gful/s ;dfhn] s] ug{ ;S5 <

;/sf/L sd{rf/Ln] lhDd]jf/L jf bf]if csf{sf] yfKnf]df ;f/]sf] slxNo} ;'Gg'

efÚ5 < cxF, ;'g]sf] 5}g .

o;af/]

klg ;f]rf} +

!syf;fFlRr s } eb|uf]n

df

xfd|f] 6f]ndf kmf]xf]/sf] ;d:ofaf/] ;Demg';\ t . xfdLn] hlt k|of; u/]klg of] eb|uf]n l:yltsf]

hjfkmb]xL sf] xf] eg]/ /fHosf ;xL lgsfonfO{ ls6fg ug{ ;s]gf} . o;f] lsg ePsf] xf] eg] of] s;sf] bfloTj xf] eg]/ :ki6 ?kdf ls6fg ePg . of] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{sf nflu lhDd]jf/ lgsfo gu/kflnsf, j8f

;ldlt jf lhNnf ;ldlt hf c? s'g lgsfo xf] yfx} ePg . pgLx?sf]

e"ldsf / lhDd]jf/L c:ki6 / To;df bf]xf]/f]kgf ePsf] x'Fbf To;n]

hjfkmb]lxtfdf vf8n l;h{gf u¥of] .

19

cWofo #

k|lta4tf / dfkb08®fHokIfnfO{ pgLx¿sf]� bfloTj k"®f ug{ hjfkmb]�xL agfpg]� xf]� eg]� pgLx¿sf]� bfloTjsf]� If]�q ® k|s[ltaf®]� :�ki6 x'g h?®L x'G5 . k|foM bfloTj cfkm}� cd"t{ ® c:�ki6 efiffdf n]�lvPsf x'G5g\, pbfx®0fsf nfluM

;a} afnaflnsfsf] cfwf/e"t kf]if0fdf clwsf/ ePsf] s'/fnfO{ /fHon] :jLsf/ ub{5.

cfwf/e"t kf]if0f;DaGwL afnclwsf/sf] s'/f ubf{

;/sf/n] s]– s:tf sfo{qmd / kl/of]hgf to u/]sf] 5

egL ;f]Wg'k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu ljBfnodf ef]hg

sfo{qmd /flvPsf] 5 jf :jf:Yo rf}sLdf cltl/Qm kf]if0ftTj pknAw 5 <

oL sfo{qmdaf6 slt hgf afnaflnsf slt k6s nfeflGjt

x'g] elgPsf 5g\ < / s] afns / aflnsf ;dfg?kn] nfeflGjt 5g\ <

…cfwf/e"t kf]if0fÚ sf] cy{ s] xf] < lbgdf Ps 5fs vfgf . b'O{ 5fs <

dfly lbOPsf clwsf®af®]� Jojxfl®s ¿kdf ®fHon]� jf:�tjdf s]� s:�tf]� ;]�jf lbg afWo x'Gf ;S5 eGg]� k|Zg p7\5 . tkfO{n]� oL k|Zgsf]� hjfkm kQf nufpg' kg]�{ x'G5M

• ®fHon]� of]� clwsf®sf]� xsdf cfkm\gf bfloTj k"®f ug{ s:�tf k|lta4tfx¿ lnPsf]� 5 <

• bfloTjsf]� u'0f:�t® ® If]�qsf nflu s]� s:�tf dfkb08 to ul®Psf 5g\ <

;fy}, s'g u'0f:t/sf] kf]if0fsf] Joj:yf ug]{

elgPsf] 5 <

20

k|lta4tf / dfkb08 eg]��sf]�� /fHosf]�� bfloTjsf]�� u'0f:��t/ / kl/df0fx? x'g\

ax'k|lta4tf / dfkb08x? ®fHo;“u ljleGgvfn]� k|lta4tf ® dfkb08 x'G5g\ . oL dWo]� s]�xL bL3{sfnLg ® s]�xL cNksfnLg x'G5g\ . s]�xL ;du| d'n'sdf nfu' x'G5g\ eg]� cGo s]�xLn]� lglZrt If]�q, b]�zsf]� lglZrt e"efu jf lglZrt ;d"xsf -h:�t}�M afnaflnsf ® z®0ffyL{_ sf nflu nfu" x'G5g\ . tnsf]� k[i7sf]� 6]�j'nn]� k|lta4tf ® dfkb08sf s]�xL pbfx®0fx¿ k|:�t't u5{ h;nfO{ tkfO{+ ®fHosf ljleGg bfloTj;“u}� ufl;Psf]� kfpg' x'g]�5 .

æ===v/fa Ph]�G;L e|i6frf/ / 3';df hsl8Psf]� x'G5 / cfo'Qmx?b]�lv åf/kfn]�;Ddsf]� d'vaf6 lg:sg]�

Pp6} efiff eg]�sf]� k};f, k};f / kmf]�xf]�/L k};f g} xf]� .Æ

– r'jf ef]�g]� ^

s:tf] dfkb08 x'g'k5{ eg]/

s;n] lgwf{/0f ub{5 < dlxnf

jf k'?ifn] < ;/sf/sf aflx/sf

jf leqsf dfG5]n] < lj1 jf

k/fdz{bftfn] < cu|:yfgsf

;]jfk|bfosn] < ckfª\utf

ePsf dflg;, h]i7 gful/s jf

ls;fgn] <

o;af/]

klg ;f]rf} +

/fHosf bfloTjx?

sf];Fu< slt km/flsnf]<

slt k6s<slt dha't<

slt w]/}<slt nfdf]<

slt /fd|f]<

21

bfloTjx? k|lta4tfx?

/fHon]� cfkm\gf bfloTj k"/f ug{ s]� s:�tf of]�hgf agfp“5 <

dfkb08x?

k"/f ul/g' kg{]� bfloTjsf]� u'0f:�t/ / If]�q

/fhgLlts bfloTjx?, pbfx/0fsf nfluM gLltut lg0f{odf hgtfsf]� ;xeflutf k|j4{g ug]�{ bfloTj

� r'gfjL 3f]�if0ffkqx¿

� hjfkmb]�lxtf, kf®blz{tf ® hg;xeflutf ;DjGwL sfg"g

� ;"rgfdf kx'“r;DaGwL sfg"g

� gLltut kq jf jQmJox¿

� ;f+;b÷;ef;b\x¿, ® cGo lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwsf nflu cfrf®;lx+tf

� gLltut nIo ® p2]�Zo

� clwsf®sf]� dfkb08

cfly{s, k|zf;lgs /

Joj:yfksLo bfloTjx?,

pbfx/0fsf nfluM dfGotfk|fKt jf sfg'g;Ddt n]�vf k|0ffnL cjnDjg ug]�{ bfloTj

� ;fj{hlgs ljQLo Joj:�yfkg;DaGwL sfg"g

� dfgj ;+zfwg;DjGwL gLltx¿

� >d sfg"gx¿

� 6«]�8 o'lgog;“usf]� ;Demf}�tf

� s® gLltx¿

� k|zf;lgs dfkb08 tf]�Sg]� sfg"g

� n]�vf;DaGwL lgodg ® k|lqmof

� l®kf]�l6{ª ug]�{ lgod ® k|lqmof

� lghfdlt sd{rf®Lsf nflu cfrf®;lx+tf

� hg;]�jfsf dfkb08;DaGwL rf6{®x¿

� ;®sf®L vl®b;DaGwL ljlw÷lgod

sfo{ ;Dkfbg;DaGwL bfloTjx?,

pbfx/0fsf nfluM :�jf:�Yo ;]�jfdf kx'“r k|bfg ug{]� / k'¥ofpg]�;DaGwL bfloTj

� gLltut of]�hgfx¿

� ®0fgLlts of]�hgfx¿

� If]�qut sfo{qmd tyf kl®of]�hgfx¿

� aflif{s ah]�6 ® dWosfnLg gLlt

� ul®aL Go"gLs®0f ®0fgLltx¿

� ;]�jf k|jfx;DaGwL nIo ® p2]�Zo

� ;]�jf lgb]�{lzsf jf ;"lr

� gLltut 9f“rf ® dfkb08

� If]�qljz]�if lgod, pbfx®0fM ;®sf®L ejgsf nflu ef}�lts ;fdu|L ® kl®df0f

� lrlsT;sh:�tf ;]�jf k|bfossf nflu Joj;flos cfrf®;lx+tf

k|lta4tf / dfkb08sf]� klxrfg

Jojxf/df oL b:tfj]hx?df ;w}+ Ps?ktf ePsf]

kfO+b}g .

/fHon] s;/L nf]stGq lgdf{0f

ug]{ p2]Zo /fVb5 <

/fHon] s;/L k|efjsfl/tf ;'lgZrt ug]{

p2]Zo /fv]sf] 5 <

/fHon] s;/L ljsf; ug]{

p2]Zo /fVb5 <

22

ha dfkb08x? c:�ki6 x'G5g cyjf :�yflkt}� ePsf x'“b}�gg\

@syfv/ fa :j f:Yo ;]jfaf6 la

/fdL

ePs

f]

JolQm x}g d'2fsf]� ;fdgf u/f}

dfkb08n]� ;+nUg JolQmeGbf d'2f -pbfx®0fsf nfluM sdhf]�® :�jf:�Yo ;]�jf_ df

s]�lGb|t x'g ;xof]�u u5{ . o;n]� JolQmnfO{ d2faf6 cnu ub{5 . c¿nfO{ bf]�if

b]�vfpg]� eGbf klg Joj:�yf ;'wfg]�{lt® -h:�t}�M la®fdLn]� ®fd|f]� pkrf® kfPsf]� 5 eGg]�

;'lglZrt ug{]�_ nIo ePdf of]� pkof]�uL x'g ;S5 . xf]�, slxn]�sfFxL dflg;x¿sf]�

cfr®0f ;d:�ofsf]� 7"nf]� lx:�;f alglbG5 . To;f]� x“'bfx“'b}� klg o;n]� :�jLsfo{

dfkb08 -h:�t}�M cfrf®;lx+tf_ sf]� cfwf®df cfr®0fsf]� d"Nofª\sg ug'{ ® To;df

ljrng cfPsf]� eP cfnf]�rgf ug{' ®fd|f]� x'G5, JolQmsf]� cfnf]�rgf xf]�Og .

;/sf/ cfkm}+ dfkb08 kl/eflift ug{ sdhf]/ 5 jf To;nfO{ a]jf:tf u5{ eg]

:jLsfo{ dfkb08af/] jsfnt ug{ jf :ki6 kfg{ gful/s ;dfhn] s] ug{ ;S5 <

o;af/]

klg ;f]rf} +

xfd|f] lhNnfdf sdhf]/ :jf:Yo ;]jfsf ;d:ofaf/] ;Demg'eof] < ca d}n] aNn a'em]+ ls xfdLn] s:tf] vfnsf] :jf:Yo ;]jf kfpg'kYof]{ eg]/ xfdLnfO{ yfx} 5}g . :jf:Yo ljefun] ;]jf k|jfxsf dfkb08 s] x'g\ eg]/ slxNo} ;fj{hlgs g} u/]g . h:tf] ls slt

b"/Ldf hgtfn] :jf:Yo rf}sLsf] ;]jf kfpg'k5{, la/fdLn] slt 306f leqdf ;]jf kfpg' kb{5 / x/]s !) xhf/ dflg;sf nflu

slt ;ª\Vofdf 8fS6/ / g;{ x'g'k5{ cflb . To;sf/0f xfdLn] ef]u]sf v/fa ;]jflj?4 ljZj;gLo ?kdf clkn ug{ g} ;Ifd lyPgf} lsgls ;/sf/n] s] s:tf ;]jf k|jfx ug{'k5{ eGg] g} xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5}g .

23

s]� cf}�krfl/s dfkb08lagf hjfkmb]�lxtf sfod x'g ;S5 <cf}�krfl®s dfkb08sf]� kl®efiffn]� ®fHo ® hgtfaLrsf]� …�;fdflhs ;Demf}�tfÚ�sf]� l;h{gf ub{5, ljz]�ifu®L ;]�jf k|bfg ug{]� ;jfndf . o;n]� hgtfx¿ ®fHoaf6 s]� ck]�Iff ug{ ;Sb5g\ eGg]� s'®f atfp“5 . t;y{, cf}�krfl®s dfkb08sf]� pkl:�ylt ® cg'kl:�ylt hjfkmb]�lxtf sfo{sf]� d'Vo k|Zg xf]� . oL leGgvfn]� kl®l:�yltaf®]� ;f]�rljrf® u®f}�+ .

kl®l:��ylt !

/fHoåf/f s'g}� klg cf}�krfl/s dfkb08 to ul/Psf 5}�gg\ .

kl®l:��ylt $

cf}�krfl/s dfkb08x? t 5g\ t/ tLk|lt xfdL ;xdt 5}�gf}�+ .

kl®l:��ylt %

cf}�krfl/s dfkb08x? 5g\ / xfdL ltgnfO{ cg'df]�bg u5f}�{ t/ tL k"/f ePsf 5g\÷5}�gg\ eGg

ufx|f]� 5 .

kl®l:��ylt ^

cf}�krfl/s / :�jLsfo{ cf}�krfl/s dfkb08x? 5g\ t/ ltgLx?nfO{ uDeL/

tfk"j{s lnOPsf]� 5}�g .

kl®l:��ylt #cf}�krfl/s dfkb08x? 5g\

t/ tL c:�ki6 / k'/fgf -;do ;fGble{s gePsf]�_ 5g\ .

kl®l:��ylt @

cf}�krfl/s dfkb08x? 5g\ t/ tL ;fj{hlgs If]�qdf pknAw

5}�gg\ .

oL x®]�s kl®l:�yltx¿nfO{ gful®s ;dfhn]� ljz]�if lsl;dn]� k|ltlqmof lbg' cfjZos x'G5 .

• kl®l:��ylt ! df, ;®sf®sf]� sfo{;Dkfbg dfkg ug]�{ dfkb08 5}�g . To;}�n]� o:�tf]� cj:�yfdf hjfkmb]�lxtf nfu' ug{ ;ls+b}�g .

• kl®l:��ylt @ ® # df ljBdfg ®x]�sf dfkb08x¿ gful®s ;dfhn]� cg'udg ® hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� cfwf®sf ¿kdf k|of]�u ug{ ckof{Kt 5g\ .

• kl®l:��ylt $, % ® ^ df dfq}� ®fHonfO{ cfkm\gf bfloTj k"®f gu®]�sf]�df hjfkmb]�xL agfpg ;lsG5 .

• kl®l:��ylt # ® $ df gful®s ;dfhsf kIfn]� ;j{k|yd cfkm'nfO{ :�jLsfo{ dfkb08sf nflu cleofg ;~rfng ug{ ;Sb5g\ . dfkb08 s:�tf]� x'g'k5{ ® kb}�{g eGg]� ax; dhfn]� ug'{ kg{]� x'g ;Sb5 .

• kl®l:��ylt % ® ^ df hjfkmb]�lxtf;DaGwL sfo{n]� ®fHon]� ;fdflhs ;Demf}�tfcg'¿k cfkm"n]� k"®f u®]�sf]� 5 ls 5}�g eGg]� s'®f lgSof}�{n ug'{ kg{]� x'G5 ® 5}�g eg]� ;d:�of ;dfwfgsf]� nflu s]� ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]�tkm{ sfd ug'{ kg{]� x'G5

æk|To]�s nf]�stflGqs ;dfhsf nflu ;/sf/L ;"rgf / dfgj ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos ;"rgfdf ;a} gful/ssf]� kx'Fr x'g' ckl/xfo{ x'G5Æ

sf]�Olr/f]� dfT;'p/f &

v08 @ df yk hfgsf/L kfpg' xf];\ .

k|lta4tf / dfkb0baf/] ;Da4 ;"rgfdf s;/L kx'“r kfpg] / hjfkmb]lxtf sfo{sf nflu :t/

tf]Sg] dfkb08 s;/L klxrfg ug{] eGg]af/] lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf nflu

cWofo !! x]g'{xf];\ .

:�jLsf®f]�lQmM of]� cWofo h]�lgkm® ?j]�G:�6]�Ogsf]� c;dfg ljZjdf hjfkmb]�lxtf -@))&_ af6 s]�xL xb\;Dd ;"lrt ® k|efljt 5 .

lj:�t[t hfgsf®Lsf nflu ;Gbe{;"lr x]�g'{xf]�;\ .

qm; /]km/]G;\

24

cWofo $

k|lta4tf / dfkb08x? k"/f ePsf 5g\÷5}gg\ egL s;/L kQf nufpg]� ®fHosf bfloTjx¿n]� hjfkmb]�lxtfsf nflu cfwf®x¿ pknAw u®fp“5g\ . ®fHosf ljleGg k|lta4tf ® dfkb08n]� oL bfloTjsf cfofdx¿af®]� atfp“5g\ ® gful®sn]� ®fHoaf6 s]� ck]�Iff u5{g\ eGgsf nflu cfwf®e"t :�t® klg to u5{g\ . ®fHon]� cfkm\gf bfloTjx¿nfO{ k"®f u®]�÷ gu®]�sf]� cg'udg ® cfFsng ug{]� k|lqmofnfO{ of]� cWofon]� glhsaf6 lgofNg]� 5 .

7f8f]� hjfkmb]�lxtfM ®fHon]� dflyaf6 cfkm}�+nfO{ cg'udg ug{]� cWofo ! df pNn]�v ePh:�t}� ;a}� ®fHox¿n]� cfkm\gf cfGtl®s stf{x¿nfO{ hjfkmb]�xL agfpg cfkm\g}� ;+oGq lgdf{0f u®]�sf]� x'G5 . k|foM ;a}�h;f]� d'n'sdf lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwx¿ n]� cg'udgsf]� e'ldsf v]�n]�sf x'G5g\ . lgjf{lrt lgsfosf ;b:�o jf k|ltlglwx¿n]� sDtLdf ;}�¢flGts ¿kdf ;®sf®n]� nf]�stflGqs zf;g, k|zf;g, ljQ, Joj:�yfkg ® sfo{;Dkfbgsf nflu cfkm"n]� lgwf{®0f u®]�sf dfkb08x¿ nfu' u®]�sf]� ;'lglZrt u®L ;f]�sf]� cg'udg ug'{k5{ .

®fhgLlts bfloTjx¿sf]�� cg'udgM ®fHon]� nf]�stflGqs cEof;sf nflu hgfPsf cfkm\g}� k|lta4tfx¿sf]� kfngf u®]�sf]� 5 5}�g egL x]�g{]� k|f®lDes dfWod lgDg x'g\

• kf®blz{tf, ;xeflutf, g}�ltstfnufotsf d'2fdf ;+;bLo ax; ® ;'g"jfO{

• If]�qut sfo{qmdx¿df hg;xeflutf ;DaGwL ;®sf®L ljefusf]� aflif{s k|lta]�bg

• ;+j}�wflgs ® ;dfgtf;DaGwL cbfnth:�tf ;+oGqx¿ nufot Goflos k|0ffnL

• dfgj clwsf®, lgjf{rg cfof]�u, dlxnf cfof]�u, clVtof® b'¿kof]�u cg';Gwfg cfof]�u ® ;f]�wk'5 cfof]�uh:�tf ljz]�if ;'kl®j]�If0f lgsfox¿sf]� k|ltj]�bg

ljQLo, k|zf;lgs ® Joj:��yfksLo bfloTjx¿sf]�� cg'udg lgDg dfWodaf6 ®fHon]� cfkm\gf]� cfr®0f ® dfkb08 kfng eP ÷gePsf]� cfkm}�+ 6«ofs ub{5M

• aflif{s ljQLo tyf Joj:�yfksLo k|ltj]�bgx¿

• ;a}� ljefu ® cGo ®fHosf lgsfox¿sf]� ljQLo lgodsfg"g kfngf u®L sfd u®]�sf]� aflif{s n]�vf k®LIf0f k|ltj]�bg

• cg'zf;g;DaGwL ;f]�wk'5

• If]�qljz]�if n]�vfk®LIf0f, pbfx®0fsf nflu ;®sf®L ljBfnox¿df k"jf{wf®x¿af/]�

• ;+;bLo cg'dug ;ldltx¿, ha pgLx¿n]� ljefux¿sf]� k|efjsfl®tfnfO{ cg'udg u5{g\ .

æ… nf]�stGq ;sf/fTds ?kdf / dxTjk"0f{ ?kn]�

;/sf/sf]� sfo{;Dkfbg;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . w]�/}

nf]�stflGqs d'n'sx?df a9L k|efjsf/L

;/sf/x? x'G5g\ / e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf

nflu pQd sfd u5{g\ .Æ

o'lhg sf]�O *

25

sfo{;Dkfbg ;DjGwL bfloTjsf]�� cg'udgM cfkm\gf sfo{;Dkfbg ;DaGwL dfkb08 k"®f eP÷gePsf]� ljZn]�if0f ug{ ®fHon]� vf;u®L tnsf cf}�hf®÷;fwgx¿sf]� k|of]�u u5{M

• ;®sf®sf ljefux¿sf]� aflif{s l®kf]�l6{ª, vf;u®L sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rsx¿af®]� k|ltlqmofsf nflu .

• ljsf; nIo k|flKtsf nflu ePsf k|ult jf÷® ljefux¿sf]� sfo{;Dkfbg ;DaGwL ;+;bLo ax; ® ;+;bLo ;ldltsf]� ;'g"jfO{

• /0fgLlts ;dLIff, pbfx/0fsf nflu dWo jf ax'aifL{o of]�hgf sfof{Gjog cjlwsf]� clGtddf .

s] gla;f}{ eg] slxn]sfxL+ cf}krfl/s hjfkmb]lxtfsf ;+oGq;“u hf]l8Fbf gful/s ;dfhnfO{ nfe

k'Ub5 .

oL ;a} ;+oGqx?n] b:tfj]hsf] 8+u'/ pTkfbg u5{g\ . olb tkfO{+ x]g{ jf

k9\g ;Sg'ePdf eg] tL hjfkmb]lxtf sfo{sf nflu pkof]uL

;|f]t x'g ;S5g\ .

k'?ifnfO{ hlts} dlxnfnfO{ klg

;lhn} sf/afxL x'G5 < s] To:tf s'g}

g]tf 5g\ h;nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ?kdf

r'gf}lt lbg s;}n] klg rfxFb}g <

o;af/]

klg ;f]rf} +

vf;u/L olb sf/afxL ug{ ;Sg] pgLx?sf] IfdtfnfO{ k|of]u

ug{ rfxg' x'G5 eg] .

26

7f8f]� hjfkmb]�lxtfM gful/sx? /fHosf]� k/LIf0f ub}�{®fHon]� k|lta4tf ® dfkb08x¿ k"®f u®]�÷gu®]�sf]� d"Nofª\sg ® cg'udg ug{ gful®sx¿n]� ;xof]�u u5{g\ . To;sf lgDg pbfx®0f x'g ;Sb5g\ .

• ®fhgLlts pDd]�bjf® jf bnaf®]� ;f]�rljrf® u®L r'gfjdf ef]�6 xfn]�®

• ;+;bLo ax; tyf ;ldltx¿sf]� a}�7sdf ;xefuL eP®

• ;'g"jfO{ ® cg'zf;gsf]� sf®afxLsf nflu k|df0f h'6fP®

• ®fHoåf®f ;~rflnt ;+:�yf jf sfo{qmdsf]� lgu®fgL ug]�{ ;ldlt jf Kofgndf a;]�® sfd ubf{

ljutsf]� bzsdf ljz]�iftM ljsf;f]�Gd'v b]�zx¿df gful®s ;dfh ;+:�yfx?n]� /fHosf ultljlw cg'udg ug]�{ nx®}� cfPsf]� 5 . o:�tf cg'udg vf;u®L ®fHosf]� cfkm\gf]� cg'udg sfo{ sdhf]�® ePsf]� cj:�yfdf cfjZos jf ;fGble{s x'G5 . ®fHoåf®f pknAw u®fPsf ;xeflutfsf Rofgn ;Lldt jf k"jf{u|xL ePdf o;n]� cfjZos ljsNkx¿ k|bfg u5{g\ . gful®s ;dfhn]� u®]�sf]� o; cg'udg;DaGwL gof“ k|rng jf nx® lgDg s'®fdf s]�lGb|t 5M

• ;®sf®af6 k|fKt ;"rgfnfO{ ;ª\sng ® ljZn]�if0f u®L tL k|lta4tf ® dfkb08 k"®f u®]�÷gu®]�sf]� gful®s ;dfhsf]� b[li6sf]�0fn]� d"Nofª\sg u5{ .

• k|lta4tf ® dfkb08 k"®f eP ÷gePsf]� d"Nofª\sg ® ;®sf®sf]� cfrf®0f ® sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ k'li6 ug{ :��jtGq ;"rgf ;ª\sng u5{ .

k|lta4tf / dfkb08 k"/f eP÷gePsf]� d"Nofª\sg ug{ :jtGq ;"rgfsf]� k|of]�u

gful®s ;dfhn]� lgDg tl®sfaf6 ;"rgf ;ª\sng ug{ ;S5g\M

• ;]�jf k|jfx;DaGwL tYofª\ssf]� clen]�v ®fv]�® ® ef}�lts ¿kdf cg'udg u®]�®

• ®fHo sf k"jf{wf® jf ;'ljwfx¿sf]� :�jtGq ¿kdf n]�vfk®LIf0f ;~rfng u®]�®

• ®fHosf]� ;]�jf ® sfo{qmdsf nlIft nfeflGjt ju{nfO{ pgLx¿sf]� wf®0ff ;f]�w]�®

• ;xeflutfsf]� k|lqmof ® cGo hjfkmb]�lxtf ;DaGwL ;+oGq sfof{Gjogsf]� cj:�yfaf®]� k|ToIf cjnf]�sg u®]�®

• ;fj{hlgs sf]�ifsf]� :�yfgfGt®0f plrt 7fp“df ePsf]� 5÷5}�g kQf nufP®

• cf}�iflw jf ljBfnosf kf7\ok':�ts h:�tf ;fj{hlgs a:�t'x¿sf]� ljt®0f eP÷gePsf]� kQf nufP®

• ®fHosf ;]�jf k|bfosnfO{ pgLx¿sf]� pknlAw ® r'gf}�ltaf®]� wf®0ff clen]�vLs®0f u/]�/

æha gLlt lgdf{tf / ;]�jf k|bfosaLrsf]� ;DaGw sdhf]�/ x'G5, ;'kl/j]�If0fsf ;+oGqx?

ckof{Kt -====_ x'G5g\, hgtfsf]� cfjfhnfO{ d'vl/t ul/lb+bf

Go"g:t/sf]� ;]�jf af/]�sf]� pgLx?sf]� 1fgnfO{ /fhgLlts zlQmsf]� ?kdf kl/jt{g ug{ d2t u5{ / :yfgLo

txdf k|efj kf5{ .Æ

– ;fOdLg dxd'b (

7f8f] hjfkmb]lxtf

27

ha /fHosf]� lgoGq0f / ;Gt'ng v/fa jf ;Demf}�tfk/s x'G5

gofF ‘;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg’sf]� efiff

tkfO{+n]� hjfkmb]�lxtf;DaGwL sfd ubf{ ®fHo kIfsf]� bfloTj s]� xf]� ® Tof]� s;®L kl®k"lt{ ug]�{ eGg]� ;DaGwdf ®fHon]� k|of]�u ug{]� u®]�sf zAbfjnL yfxf kfpg' eP ;lhnf]� x'G5 . kl5Nnf jif{x¿df ;®sf® a9L k|efjzfnL ® k|efjsf®L x'g' kg]�{df bafa a9\b}� uPsf]� 5 . ®fHosf k|ultnfO{ cg'udg ug{ ;lhnf]� x'g]� u®L pgLx¿sf of]�hgf th'{df ug{ ®fHonfO{ cfu|x ul®b}� cfPsf]� 5 . tnsf zAbfjnLx¿ ;fj{hlgs If]�qdf of]�hgf ® cg'udgsf s]�xL nf]�slk|o ePsf 5g\ M

• dfkgof]��Uo p2]��Zox¿ eg]�sf]� ;®sf®n]� xfl;n ug{ rfx]�sf]� p2]�Zox¿ x'g\ h;sf]� sfof{GjognfO{ ;do, cª\s, cfsf®, tx cflbdf dfkg ug{ ;lsG5 .

• æOGk'6Æ eg]�sf]� ;®sf®sf cfkm\gf bfloTjx¿nfO{ 7f]�; sfo{qmd tyf ;]�jfdf abNgsf nflu p;n]� cfjZos 7fg]�sf ;|f]�tx¿ x'g\ .

• æcfp6k'6Æ jf glthf eg]�sf]� ;®sf®åf®f k|jflxt a:�t' tyf ;]�jf x'g\ .

• æcfp6sdÆ jf pknAwL eg]�sf]� a:�t' tyf ;]�jf k|jfxaf6 hgtfsf]� hLjgdf cfPsf kl®jt{gx¿ x'g\ .

• sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rs eg]�sf]� cfp6k'6 -glthf_ ® cfp6sd -kl®0ffd_ ;DaGwL tYofª\s x'g\, h;n]� p2]�Zo k"®f eP÷gePsf]� b]�vfpFb5g\ . pbfx®0fsf nflu pkrf®af6 ;Gt'i6 ePsf]� lj®fdLsf]� ;+Vof .

v08 @ df yk hfgsf/L kfpg'x'g]5 . cg'udgsf nflu ;"rgf s;/L ;ª\sng ug]{ eGg]af/] la:t[t hfgsf/Lsf

nflu cWofo !@ x]g'{xf]nf .

eg]cg';f/ ug{ eg] ufx|} xf] .

:�jLsf®f]�lQmM of]� cWofo h]�lgkm® ?j]�G:�6]�Ogsf]� …�c;dfg ljZjdf hjfkmb]�lxtfÚ� -@))&_ ® lk6® Go'j]�n P08 a]�nf}�®sf]� …�hjfkmb]�lxtsf]� dfkgM k|fb"ef{j, kl®k|]�If ® ljsf;sf

nflu kl®0fltÚ� -@))@_ af6 k|efljt ® ;';"lrt 5 . lj:�t[t hfgsf®Lsf nflu ;Gbe{;"lr x]�g'{xf]�;\ .

#syf

c FWof/f]d f /flvPsf]

cxf] . o;n] xfd|f] ;x/sf] ljh'nL ;d:of af/] gofF s'/f k|sfzdf NofPsf] 5 . ljB't k|0ffnL ;'wf/ ubf{ ePsf] ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|lqmof kf/bzL{ lyPg lg . phf{ dfldnf;DaGwL dGqL;“u glhssf] ;DaGw ePsf]

sDkgLnfO{ 7]Ssf lbOPsf] lyof] . To;sf/0f xfdL -o; ;x/sf hgtf_ n] To;nfO{ glhsaf6 lgu/fgL ug'{ kg{] lyof] . xfdLn] r'g]sf hgk|ltlglwx?n] -xfd|f] :jfy{nfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug{_ ;'kl/j]If0fsf] sfd h;/L ug'{ kYof{]

To;/L u/]gg\ . pgLx?n] cfkm\gf] sfd OdfGbfl/tfk"j{s ul/lbPsf] eP o:tf] x'g] g} lyPg .

qm; /]km/]G;\

28

cWofo %

v/fa cfr/0f / sdhf]�/ sfo{;Dkfbg ePsf]� v08df ef]�Ug' kg{]� kl/0ffdx?b08 jf ;hfo hjfkmb]�lxtfsf dxTjk"0f{ tTj xf]� . ®fHo kIfn]� cfkm\gf k|lta4tf ® dfkb08 k"®f gubf{ klg pgLx¿dfly s]�xL ePg eg]� ;du| k|lqmof g}� ;Demf}�tfk®s aGg hfG5 . v®fa cfr®0f ® sdhf]�® sfo{;Dkfbgsf nflu s'g}� b08sf]� Joj:�yf gePsf]� v08df ®fHosf sfo{;Dkfbg af®]� Psbd}� lj:�t[t ® k"0f{ ;"rgf eP tfklg s;}�nfO{ klg hjfkmb]�xL agfpg ;lsFb}�g .

cf}�krfl®s b08cg'udgsf ;+oGqx¿n]� k|lta4tf ® tf]�lsPsf dfkb08 k"®f gu®]�sf]� v'nf;f u®]�df To;sf nflu lbOg]� cf}�krfl®s b08;hfosf]� Joj:�yf ;a}� ®fHo;“u x'g'k5{ . s]�xL pbfx®0f tn lbOPsf 5g\M

ha ®fhgLlts bfloTjx¿ k"®f x'“b}�gg\, ;fdfGotM tnsf b08;hfox¿ pknAw x'G5g\M

• ®fhgLlts k|ltlglwx¿nfO{ k'gMlgjf{rg gug]�{ -bfofFlt®sf]� aS; x]�g'{xf]�;\_

• ®fhgLlts bnleq p;sf]� kb 36'jf ug]�{,

• ljwfosx¿leq cg'zf;g ;DaGwL sf®jfxL k|lqmof,

• dlGqkl®ifb\ jf cGo gLlt lgdf{0f ;+®rgfaf6 alx:�sf®,

• dGqLaf6 lgisfzg jf ljefux¿sf]� sfo{sf®L kbx¿af6 36'jf .

ljQLo, Joj:��yfksLo ® k|zf;lgs hjfkmb]��lxtf k"®f gu®]�df lbOg]� b08;hfo k|foM o:�tf x'G5g\M

• dGqfno ® ljefux¿df u'0f:�t®Lo n]�vfk®LIf0f,

• lgod jf k|lqmof ldr]�® sfd ug{]� sfd sd{rf®L 36'jf ug{]� jf sDtLdf a9'jf gug]�{,

• sfo{sf®L clwsf®Lx¿sf]� lgnDag jf lgisfzg ug]�{,

• lhDd]�jf® JolQmx¿nfO{ v®fa cfr®0f jf 7uLnufot ck®fw u®]�sf]� cf®f]�k nufpg]�,

• To:�tf ljefunfO{ ®fHosf cGo lgsfosf]� k|zf;g dftxtdf ®fVg]� .

s]� dtbfg k|efjsf/L b08;hfo x'g ;S5 <

cfkm' c;Gt'i6 ®x]�sf]� g]�tfnfO{ km]�l® r'gfjdf glhtfpg' gful®sn]� lbg]� k|ToIf b08 ;a}�eGbf rNtLdf ®x]�sf]� b08;hfosf]� dfWod xf]� . o;nfO{ …�eQ]�Ú� hjfkmb]�lxtf ;+oGq klg elgG5 lsgeg]� o;n]� lgoldt ® :�ki6 ¿kdf sd}� sfd u®]�sf]� x'G5 . pbfx®0fsf nflu g]�tfx¿sf]� sfo{;Dkfbg v®fa x'bf x'b}� klg gful®sx¿n]� pgLx¿nfO{ k'gM lgjf{lrt u®fPsf pbfx®0f kfpg ;lsG5 . o;sf]� cnfjf, g]�tfx¿n]� s]�xL dtbftfnfO{ Psbd ®fd|f]� ;]�jf lbPsf]� ® s]�xLnfO{ ub}�{ gu®]�sf]� klg x'g ;S5 . o;sf]� cy{ pgLx¿n]� gful®s ;dfhnfO{ …�km'6fp ® zf;g u®Ú� sf]� cj:�yfdf ®fv]�® ® ;dy{g kfpg s;}�sf]� :�jfy{ k"®f u®L k'gMlgjf{lrt x'g;Sb5g\\ .

b08lagf hjfkmb]lxtf sfod /xg ;Sb}g

29

;/sf/L clwsf/Lx?n] ljsf;sf nflu Hofb} sd sfd u/] klg pgLx? a9'jf x'g] u/]sf] d}n]

kfPsf] 5' .

clwsf+z v/fa k|ltj]bg, g/fd|f] sf08 / ckmjfxnfO{

aflx/} gNofO{ u''kr'k agfOG5.

sfo{;Dkfbg;DaGwL bfloTj k"®f gePdf ®fHokIfn]� ;fdfGotM o:�tf b08;hfosf]� nflu k|:�tfj ug{ ;S5M

• sfo{sf®L clwsf®Lx¿nfO{ lgisfzg ug]�{ jf 36'jf ug]�{,

• sdhf]�® sfo{;Dkfbg ug]�{ ;]�jf k|bfosx¿sf]� ;]�jf ;Demf}�tf gjLs®0f gug]�{,

• sfo{;Dkfbg ®fd|f]� gug]�{ ljefux¿nfO{ ah]�6 j[l4 gug]�{,

• vr{ ug{ g;Sg]� ljefusf]� ah]�6 csf]�{ zLif{sdf tndfly ug{ glbg]�,

• ljlgof]�hg u®]�sf]� ®sd vr{ ug{ g;Sg]� ljefunfO{ ah]�6 k'gMljlgof]�hg ug{ c:�jLsf® ug]�{,

• v®fa sfo{;Dkfbgsf]� d"Nofª\sg, a9'jfdf ®f]�s ug]�{,

• sfo{;Dkfbgsf]� cfwf®df lbOg]� af]�g; /f]�Ssf ug]�{ .

k|efjsf/L b08x?

b08;hfoFnfO{ a9L k|efjsf®L agfpg]� b'O{ k|sf®sf ljz]�iftfx¿ 5g\M

• b08;hfoFnfO{ hjfkm lbOg' kg{]� k|fjwfg;“u hf]�8\g'k5{ . ha sfd lau|G5, h;sf]� ;]�jf k|bfg ug{]� lhDd]�jf®L x'G5 p;n]� k|Zgx¿sf]� pQ® lbg]� ® lsg sfd lalu|of]� egL hjfkm lbg' klg p;sf]� st{Jo x'g' kb{5 .

• b08;hfo nfu' x'g]� k|fjwfg ePsf]� x'g' kb{5 . b08;hfo ljBdfg eP® dfq k'Ub}�g . To;nfO{ Jojxf®df nfu" ul®g' kb{5 . cg'udgn]� bfloTjx¿ k"®f gePsf]� v'nf;f u®]�df :�jefljs ¿kdf b08;hfo nfu' ul®g' kb{5 gsL lgodsf]� ckjfbsf ¿kdf .

;/sf/ cfkm+} cf}krfl/s b08;hfoF nfu' ug{ sdhf]/ 5 jf To;nfO{ a]jf:tf u5{ eg] unt Jojxf/ /

sdhf]/ sfo{;Dkfbgsf] kl/0ffd ef]Ug' kb{5 eGg] ;'lglZrt u/fpg gful/s ;dfh ;+:yfx?n] s] ug{ ;S5g\ <

o;af/]

klg ;f]rf} +

30

l;7\7L ahfpg]� sfd -v/fa s'/faf/]� hfgsf/L lbg]� JolQm_

l;7\7L km's'jf To;nfO{ elgG5 h;n]�

e|i6frf®, v®fa cfr®0f ® v®fa Joj:�yfkg

af®]�df yfxf gePsf]� s'®fnfO{ aflx® NofpFb5

jf ;f]�k|lt Wofgfsif{0f u®fpFb5 . p;n]�

lhDd]�jf® JolQmx¿nfO{ hjfkmb]�xL agfpg

;"rgf pknAw u®fP® dxTjk"0f{ e'ldsf

v]�Nb5 . o:�tf l;7L km's'jfx¿nfO{ ;®sf®,

gful®s ;dfh ;+:�yf, ;~rf®dfWod ®

;fj{hlgs If]�qdf k|f]�T;flxt ul®g'k5{

t® To:�tf JolQmn]� ®f]�huf® gu'dfcf]�;\ ,

b'Jo{jxf®, wDsL jf b'Mv v]�Kg gk®f]�;\ eGg]�

;'lglZrt ug'{ kb{5 . olb h;sf]� af®]� ;"rgf

aflx® Nofpg' kg{]� xf]� ;f]� kIf;“usf]� l;7\7L

km's'jfsf]� glhssf]� ;DaGw 5 eg]� -h:�t}�M

Ps}� ®fhgLlts bn, ;ª\u7g, a+z jf

kljf®sf]� ;b:�o cflb_ pm emg\ cK7\of®f]�df

kb{5 . klxrfg gv'Ng]� vfnsf Rofgn

-h:�t}�M sn®cfO8L gePsf]� kmf]�g sn,

OG6®g]�6 jf df]�afOn ;Gb]�z_ k|of]�u u®fpg

;lsG5 .

j}�slNks b08;hfoFdtbfg ug{]� e'Q]� cf}�hf®afx]�s ®fHokIfnfO{ l;w}� b08;hfoF lbg gful®s;“u c¿ vf;}� sfg'gL clwsf® x'“b}�g . oBlk, gful®s ;dfh;“u v®fa cfr®0f ® sdhf]�® sfo{;Dkfbgsf]� kl®0ffd kfpgsf l9nfO gxf]�;\ eGgsf nflu k|of]�u ug{ ;lsg]� s]�xL ljsNkx¿ 5g\, vf;u®L cf}�krfl®s b08;hfosf]� cefj jf ckof{Kttf ePsf]� cj:�yfdf .

• ph'®L btf{M w]�®}� d'n'sdf ;®sf®L sd{rf®Laf6 sd ;xof]�u jf v®fa Jojxf®af6 k|tfl8t ePdf gful®sx¿n]� clkn ug{ ;Sg]� ;+oGq agfOPsf x'G5g\ . To:�tf ;+oGqdf ph'®L ug{ ;lsG5 . . 7"nf]� ;ª\Vofdf o:�tf]� ph'®L ug'{ zflGtk"0f{ lj®f]�wsf]� ®0fgLltsf]� Pp6f lx:�;f klg aGg ;S5 . o:�tf]� ph'®Laf6 7f]�;\ s]�xL k|fKt geP klg o;n]� gful®sx¿sf]� ;a}� pknAw cf}�krfl®s Rofgnsf]� k|of]�u u®]�sf 5g\ egL b]�vfpg;Dd ;lsG5 .

• ;ª\Vofsf]�� zlQmM s'g}� ljifo jf cj:�yfdf ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf Wofgfsif{0f u®fpgsf nflu gful®s ;dfhn]� kl®rfng ug{ ;Sb5g\ . gful®s ;dfh ;+:�yfx¿;Fu sdhf]�® sfo{;Dkfbg ug]�{ jf e|i6 ;®sf®L clwsf®Lx¿n]� b08;hfo gkfPsf]� k|df0f ePdf pgLx¿n]� To;nfO{ hgr]�tgf a9fpg ® hgtfsf]� cfqmf]�znfO{ zflGtk"0f{ lj®f]�w sf ¿kdf cleJoQm u®fpg ;Sb5g\ . o:�tf ultljlwcGtu{t\ r'gfj alx:�sf®b]�lv lglZrt ;]�jf k|bfossf]� ;]�jf alx:�sf®, 5]�saf®, kbofqf, wgf{ ® a[xt\ a}�7s, ;fj{hlgs ;'g"jfO{ nufotsf sfo{ kg{ ;S5g\ .

• cbfntL Joj:��yfM s]�xL kl®l:�yltdf gful®s ® gful®s ;dfh ;ª\u7gx¿n]� l;ª\uf]� ;®sf® jf To;sf]� s'g}� ljefunfO{ cbfntdf n}�hfg ;Dej x'G5 . o:�tf]� cj:�yfdf ®fHosf v®fa cfr®0f ® sdhf]�® sfo{;Dkfbgn]� To;af6 k|efljtx¿sf]� ;+ljwfg ® cGo sfg'gx¿n]� k|bfg u®]�sf]� clwsf® pNnª\3g jf xgg\ ePsf]� k|dfl0ft ug{ cfjZos x'G5 . of]� Pp6f dx“uf]� af6f]� xf]� ® To;sf nflu ;fd'lxs kl®rfng u®fpg' kg]�{ x'g;Sb5, h;n]� ubf{ k|efljt w]�®}� kIf Ps}� 7fpFdf cfP® sfg'gL k|lqmofnfO{ cufl8 a9fpFb5g\ .

• kbf{kmf; ® e08fkmf]��® ug{]��M ;®sf®L clwsf®L jf ®fhgLlts g]�tfdfly bafa lbg]� k|efjsf®L tl®sf eg]�sf]� ltgLx¿sf]� v®fa cfr®0f ® sdhf]�® sfo{;Dkfbgaf®]� ;~rf®dfWodsf]� Wofgfsif{0f u®fpg' xf]� . o;f]� ubf{ ;~rf®dfWod -h;sf]� p2]�Zo gful®s ;dfh ;+:�yfsf]� h:�t}� x'g klg ;S5, gx'g klg ;S5_ ;Fu glhs ®x]�® sfd ug'{ kg{]� x'G5 . Vofn ug'{ kg{]� s'®f s]� 5 eg]� Psk6s o:�tf sf08 ;fj{hlgs eO;s]�kl5 To;nfO{ ;Lldt ug{ jf lgoGq0fdf lng eg]� d'l:�sn x'G5 t® b08;hfosf]� of]� tl®sf ckgfPdf To:�tf JolQmn]� ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf k|lti7f ® nf]�slk|otf u'dfpg]� jf ®fhLgfdf lbg' kg]�{ cj:�yf lgDTofp“5 .

• cf}��krfl®s b08;hfoFsf]�� k|of]��uM gful®s ;dfhsf]� nflu csf]�{ tl®sf jf pkfo eg]�sf]� cf}�krfl®s b08;hfoF cem}� k|efjsf®L ¿kdf k|of]�u x'g ;sf]�;\ eGgsf nflu ®fHokIfnfO{ k|f]�T;flxt kfg'{ ® ;"rgf pknAw u®fpg' xf]� . pbfx®0fsf nflu olb s'g}� gful®s ;dfh ;+:�yfsf]� ;f+;b ;“u ®fd|f]� ;DaGw 5 eg]� b08;hfosf eflubf®x¿n]� b08;hfo kfPsf]� ;'lglZrt ug{ pgLx¿n]� cfkm";Fu ePsf]� clwsf® jf k|efj k|of]�u ug{sf nflu k|f]�T;flxt ug{ ;S5g\ . csf]�{ ljsNksf]� ¿kdf gful®s ;dfhn]� ;"rgf ;ª\sng ® ljZn]�if0f ug{ ;S5g\ jf u®]�sf]� x'g ;Sb5g\, h;nfO{ ®fHo kIfn]� cg'zf;g;DaGwL k|lqmof÷ljlw :�yfkgf ug{ ® cGo b08;hfonfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg k|of]�u ug{ ;S5g\ .

æ…===blIf0f tyf blIf0f k"jL{ Pl;ofnL d'n's-x?_ nf]�stGq /

ax'njfbk|lt ;w}+ v'nf /xFb} cfPsf 5g\ .Æ

cflzif gfGbL !)

31

ha cf}�krfl/s b08;hfoFn]� tkfO{nfO{ wf]�sf lbG5

of] ljBfnodf b08;hfoF lbg] s'/fdf sbd rfNg] ;do

cfPsf] 5 .

æ/fhgLlts sfo{dfkm{t\ s]�xL ug{ ;Ifd ePdf To;nfO{ ef}lts ?kdf cefj v]�k]�sf

dflg;x?n]� klg To;nfO{ pRr d"Nofª\sg lbg]� ub{5g\ .Æ

;]�el/g 8]�g]�lnpg / lnnf zfxfgL !!

:�jLsf®f]�lQmM of]� cWofo h]�lgkm® ?j]�G:�6]�Ogsf]� …�c;dfg ljZjdf hjfkmb]�lxtfÚ� -@))&_ ® lk6® Go'j]�n P08 a]�nf}�®sf]� …�hjfkmb]�lxtsf]� dfkgM k|fb"ef{j, kl®k|]�If ® ljsf;sf

nflu kl®0fltÚ� -@))@_ af6 k|efljt ® ;';"lrt 5 . lj:�t[t hfgsf®Lsf nflu ;Gbe{;"lr x]�g'{xf]�;\ .

$syf

v/fa l/kf]6 { sf8

{

v/fa l/kf]6{ sf8{

xfd|f afnaflnsfnfO{ h;/L l;sfOg' kYof]{ To;/L l;sfOPsf] 5}g . lsgls v/fa Jojxf/ ug]{ lzIfsdfly s'g} sf/afxL ePsf]

b]lv+b}g . xfd|f] b]zdf lzIfsx?sf nflu agfOPsf] cfrf/;+lxtf 5 . ha lzIfsx? ;f] cfrf/;+lxtfsf] kfngf ub}{gg\, pgLx?nfO{ cg'zf;g pNnª\3gsf] cf/f]kdf ;f]wk'5 ug{' kg{] x'G5 . /, olb Tof] ;f]wk'5n] p;nfO{ bf]ifL 7x¥ofPdf p;nfO{ lgnDjg jf lgisfzg ul/g'k5{ . olb lzIfsn] sfg'g tf]8]df -pbfx/0fsf nflu aRrfnfO{ b'Jo{jxf/

u/]df p;nfO{ kmf}hbf/L d'2f nufO{ k|x/L rf}sLdf a'emfpg'k5{ . xfd|f] ljBfnodf cf}krfl/s b08;hfoF lbg] k|fjwfgnfO{ nfu" g} gul/Psf]

clxn] xfdLn] dx;'; u/]sf 5f} . cg'zf;g ;ldltsf ;a} ;b:ox?sf] lzIfsx?;“u glhssf] ;DaGw 5, To;sf/0f

pgLx?sf] unt Jojxf/n] ubf{ klg slxNo} bf]ifL 7xl/Pgg\ .

32

æ……===== nf]�stflGqs/0fsf]� ‘cy{ gful/sd'vL kl/jt{g, ;dfgtfdf / cfoftgdf ,

afWofTds k/fdz{ / ;+/If0f’ -====_ klxnf]�, ;a} pd]�/

k'u]�sf gful/sx? ;dfg ?kdf /fHodf ;dfj]�z ul/g' kb{5 . -=====_ bf]�;|f]�, l;4fGt / Jojxf/ b'j}df ;fj{hlgs cf]�xbfsf nflu

x'g]� k|lt:kwf{ ;a}sf nflu v'nf x'g'k5{ , -===_ t]�;|f]�,

;/sf/L clwsf/Lx? gful/ssf]� cfjZostf / cfsf+Iffk|lt pQ/bfoL /

hjfkmb]�xL klg x'g'5{ . -====_ rf}yf]�, s'g} klg lgjf{lrt JolQm

jf ;d"xn]� ;fj{hlgs gLltsf If]�qdf ljz]�if ;'ljwf jf clwsf/ kfpg' x'Fb}g .

;fj{hlgs gLltx? lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwn]� dfq} agfpg'k5{ .Æ

dx]�Gb| nfjtL !@

cWofo ^

hjfkmb]�lxtfsf rf/ km/s cu|efu -k|mG6x?_o; cWofodf hjfkmb]�lxtfsf rf® j6f ;DaGwaf®]� rrf{ ug{]�5f}�+ . oL ;a}� ;DaGwx¿ Ps}� ;dodf, ljleGg If]�q ® zf;gsf]� txdf x''G5g\, ® Pscsf]�{df vlK6Fb}� ® k|efljt kfb}�{ ®x]�sf x'G5g\ . jf:�tjdf ;fgf]� ;x® jf :�yfgLo lhNnfdf tf]�lsPsf]� s'g}� lglZrt ;dodf ;~rfng jf cl:�tTjdf ®x]�sf]� hjfkmb]�lxtfsf ;DaGwx¿ gS;fª\sg ul®of]� eg]� Psbd}� uHofËdHofËsf]� lrq cfpF5 .

tyflk, s]�xL ;fdfGo cfsf® ® cfofd lgsfNg pkof]�uL g}� x'g]�5 lsgsL o;n]� ax'If]�qdf hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� sfo{sf]� If]�qaf®]� ;f]�rljrf® ug{ ;xof]�u k'¥ofp“5 . of]� ;|f]�tk':�tsn]� ;®sf® ® p;n]� ;]�jf k|jfx ug'{ kg]�{ hgtfaLrsf]� nf]�stflGqs hjfkmb]�lxtfdf hf]�8 lbG5 . hgtfnfO{ a:�t' tyf ;]�jf pknAw u®fpg]� qmddf ®fHosf ljleGg stf{x¿ ;+nUg x'G5g\ ® tL ;a}�aLr hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� ;DaGw dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . gful®s ;dfh ;+:�yfx¿n]� o; If]�qdf s;®L sfd ug]�{ eGg]� yfxf kfpg hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� ax'kIfLo ;DaGwaf®]� hfgsf®L /fVg' cfjZos x'G5 . oL dWo]� s'g}� klg k|mG6df hjfkmb]�lxtf c;kmn x'g ;S5 . To;nfO{ k|sfzdf Nofpg ® ;Daf]�wg ug{ cfjZos 5 .

oL k[i7x¿df nf]�stflGqs hjfkmb]�lxtfsf >[vnf cGtu{t\sf rf® d'Vo ;DaGwx¿nfO{ phfu® ul®Psf]� 5M

oL k[i7x?df b]lvPh;/L hjfkmb]lxtfsf] e"uf]n jf If]q Tolt ;kmf / ldn]sf] 5}g

;

DaGw $

;DaGw

#

;DaGw !;DaGw @

hgtfgful/sx?, ;d'bfox? /

afl;Gbfx?

lgjf{lrt g]tfx?/fhgLlt1, ;+;b / :yfgLo

kl/ifb\sf ;b:ox?

;/sf/L clwsf/Lx?dGqfno, ljefu / cGo

/fHosf lgsfosf Joj:yfksLo sd{rf/L

cu|:yfgsf ;]jf k|bfosx?;fj{hlgs If]qdf sfo{/t lzIfs, g;{, ;fdflhs sfo{stf{, lkog / cGo

of]� cWofon]� dfly lbOPsf x®]�s ;DaGwdf ®fHosf k|lta4tf ® dfkb08sf]� cg'udg ug{sf nflu gful®s ;dfh ;+:�yfn]� s]� e"ldsf v]�Ng ;Sb5g\ tfls hjfkmb]�lxtf alnof]� x'G5 eGg]�af/]� rrf{ ub{5 .

33

hgtf ® lgjf{lrt g]�tfaLrsf]� ;DaGw lgjf{lrt g]�tf ® hgtfaLrsf]� ;DaGw ;xdlt ® k|ltlglwTjdf cfwfl®t x'G5 . lgjf{lrt g]�tfx¿n]� cfkm"x¿nfO{ ;Qf jf ;®sf®L cf]�xbfdf k'¥ofpg ef]�6 lbP® lhtfPsf hgtfsf]� cfjZostf, rf;f]� ® ?lrsf]� k|ltlglwTj ug'{ kg{]� x'G5 . ;f]�xLcg'¿k gful®s lgjf{lrt g]�tfx¿åf®f zfl;t x'g ;xdt ePsf x'G5g\ ® g]�tfx¿sf]� bfloTj ® pgLx¿n]� JoQm u®]�sf k|lta4tf cg'¿k pgLx¿n]� lnPsf]� lg0f{onfO{ lz®f]�wfo{ ug{ ®fhL ePsf x'G5g\ .

lgjf{lrt g]�tfx¿n]� ®fli6«o, If]�qLo ® :�yfgLo txsf sfg"g lgdf{0f ug{]� txdf ®xL gLlt lgdf{0f ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e'ldsf v]�N5g\ . ;®sf®sf ljz]�if ljefusf OsfO{x¿n]� sfg"g ® gLltx¿sf]� d:�of}�bf agfpg ;S5g\, t® ltgnfO{ ®fHosf]� tkm{af6 cjnDag ug]�{÷gug]�{ eg]�® clGtd lg0f{o lng]� sfd ltg}� lgjf{lrt g]�tfn]� ub{5g\ . gLltx¿n]� ;®sf®sf]� k|lta4tf to ug]�{ ® dfkb08sf]� kl®efiffsf nflu 9f“rf÷;+®rgf tof® ug]�{ x“'bf hjfkmb]�lxtf ® gLltsf]� dxTjk"0f{ ;DaGw x'G5 .

gful®s ;dfh ;+:��yfx¿sf]�� e"ldsf dfkb08sf]� th'{df cg'udg ug{ ® dfkb08 ckof{Kt, c:�ki6, sfd gnfUg]� jf cJojxfl®s ePdf To;k|lt Wofgfsif{0f u®fpg]� x'g ;Sb5 . gful®s ;dfh ;+:�yfx¿n]� lgjf{lrt g]�tfx¿nfO{ lgDg s'®fdf ;xefuL eO{ oL dfkb08 k"®f ug{ nufpg ;S5g\M

• cf}�krfl®s ;®sf®L hjfkmb]�xL ;+oGqx¿, h:�t}�M r'gfjdf dtbfg jf ;+;bLo ;ldltx¿df 1fkgkq k]�z u®]�®

• ;fj{hlgs ;'g"jfO{, jsfnt cleofg jf lj®f]�w k|bz{gh:�tf sd cf}�krfl®s gful®s;dfhsf ;+oGqx¿

xfd|f] ;x/df ljBdfg lah'nLsf] ;d:ofsf] ;Gbe{df d]o/ / pgnfO{ lgjf{lrt ug]{ hgtfaLr hjfkmb]lxtfsf] cefj b]lvG5 . pgn] e/kbf]{ lah'nLsf] Joj:yf ug]{ jfrf u/]sf lyP t/ zlQmdf k'u]kl5 pgn] ;f] jfrfnfO{

k"/f ug{ ;s]gg\

#syf

c FWof/f]d f 5f]l8Psf]

cFWof/f]df 5f]l8Psf]

34

gu/kflnsfsf] v/fa sfo{z}nLsf sf/0f xfd|f] 6f]nsf] ;8ssf] s'gfdf kmf]xf]/sf] y'k|f] nfu]sf] 5 . ;/;kmfO{;DaGwL lhDd]jf/L lnP/ a;]sf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf clwsf/L / pQm sfo{sf] cg'udg ug'{ kg]{ lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwx? aLrsf]

hjfkmb]lxtf ;DaGw g} tf]l8Psf] 5 .

lgjf{lrt g]�tf ® ;®sf®L clwsf®L aLrsf]� ;DaGwlgjf{lrt g]�tf ® ;®sf®L clwsf®Lx¿ aLrsf]� ;DaGw clwsf® jf :��jLs[lt k|bfg ug{]�� ® ;'kl®j]��If0fdf cfwfl®t x'G5 . o;nfO{ ljwflosf ® sfo{sfl®0fL aLrsf]� ;DaGwsf]� ¿kdf klg lng]� ul®G5 . ®fHo k|d'vsf]� g]�t[Tj cGtu{t ®xL sfo{sf®L lgjf{lrt g]�tfx¿n]� cjnDag u®]�sf]� sfg'g ® gLltx¿sf]� sfof{Gjog ® nfu' ug{ ;/sf/L clwsf/L pQ®bfoL x'G5g\ . sfof{Gjog k|lqmof Joj:�yfkgsf nflu dlGqkl®ifb\n]� ;®sf®L ljefux¿sf]� k|of]�u u5{ . k|foM sfo{sfl®0fLn]� ;®sf®L ah]�6df ;xdlt lbOPcg';f® ;®sf®L ;|f]�tsf]� k|of]�u ug{ ® lglZrt ®0fgLlts lg0f{o lng clwsf®k|fKt u®]�sf x'G5g\ . o:�t}�, lgjf{lrt g]�tfn]� sfof{Gjog k|lqmofsf]� ;'kl®j]�If0f u®L ;xdltcg';f®sf]� k|lta4tf ® dfkb08 k"®f gePdf sfo{sfl®0fLnfO{ hjfkmb]�xL agfpg ;Sb5g\ .

!syf;f l R r s } n y f ln ª \u c

j :y

fljs]�lGb|t ;/sf/

clwsf+z d'n'sdf cfhef]�ln ljleGg txdf ljeflht ;®sf®sf ;+®rgf x'G5g\ . ;a}�eGbf k|rlnt df]�8n cGtu{t\ tLg tx x'G5g\M ®fli6«o, If]�qLo -k|fGtLo_ ® :�yfgLo . ®fli6«o txsf]� ;®sf®nfO{ slxn]�sfxL+ s]�Gb|Lo ;®sf® klg eGg]� ul®G5 . If]�qLo txsf]� ;®sf®nfO{ ljleGg gfdn]� -h:�t}�M k|fGtLo, ®fHo jf lhNnf ;®sf®_ af]�nfOG5 . o:�t}�, :�yfgLo txsf]� ;®sf®nfO{ ufp“÷gu® ;®sf®sf]� gfdn]� af]�nfOG5 . h]� gfdn]� k'sfl®P tfklg w]�®}� tx ePsf]� ®fHosf]� Pp6f d'Vo ljz]�iftf eg]�sf]� s]�xL lglZrt sfdsf®jfxL ug{]� lhDd]�jf®L ;®sf®sf]� tNnf]� txdf k|Tofof]�hgf jf lgIf]�k0f ul®G5 . lg0f{o lng]� clwsf® tNnf]� txdf lgIf]�k ug{ ;lsG5 jf slxn]�sfxL+ ul®Psf]� x'G5 t® of]� ;w+}� To:�tf]� gx'g eg]� ;S5 . :�yfgLo ;®sf®x¿ w]�®}� jf yf]�®}� :�jfoQ x'g ;S5g\ . ®, hjfkmb]�lxtf sxf“ ®xG5 eGg]� lgwf{®0f ug{ of]� dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf]� . cWofo * df o; af®]� yk hfgsf®L kfpg'x'g]�5 .

o; ljifo, dfldnf jf If]�qdf gful®s ;dfh ;+:��yfx¿sf]�� lgDg e"ldsf x'g ;Sb5 M

• lgjf{lrt g]�tfx¿n]� cfkm\gf]� ;'kl®j]�If0fsf]� e"ldsfnfO{ k|efjsf®L ¿kdf lgefPsf 5g\ 5}�gg\ egL cg'udg ug]�{ ® sfo{sf®L lg0f{onfO{ cg'df]�bg ug{]� sfddf ljwfosx¿ …�®a® :�6\ofDkÚ� dfq}� ag]�sf 5g\ eg]� pgLx¿sf]� Wofgfsif{0f u®fpg]� .

• ljefux¿n]� ®fHosf bfloTjnfO{ slQsf]� ®fd|®L sfof{Gjog ul®®x]�sf 5g\ eGg]�df k|df0f ;ª\sng ug]�{ ® sfo{sf®LnfO{ hjfkmb]�xL agfpg g]�tfx¿dfly bafa lbg]� .

wGo Û xfdL t

;kmf / ‘:j:5’ 5f}+ .

35

xfd|f] lhNnfsf] ;d:of s] xf] eg] :jf:Yo ljefun] :jf:Yo rf}sLx?df h] eO/x]sf] 5 To;sf] Joj:yfkg jf cg'udg ul//x]sf] 5}g . ;]jf k|bfosx?n] ljleGg Ph]G;L / Jofkfl/s OsfO{x?nfO{ l/kf]6{ u/]sf]

b]lvG5 / pgLx? olt w]/} la/fdL ePsf] :jf:Yo rf}sL rnfpg ;Sg] cj:yfdf 5}gg\ .

;®sf®L clwsf®Lx¿ ® cu|efusf ;]�jf k|bfosx¿ aLrsf]� ;DaGw;®sf®L clwsf®Lx¿ ® cu|efudf ®x]�sf ;]�jf k|bfosx¿ aLrsf]� ;DaGw s®f®df ePsf]�� ;xdlt ® Joj:��yfkgdf cfwfl®t x'G5 . ;®sf®L clwsf®L ® ;]�jf k|bfosx¿nfO{ cnUofpg' ;w}�+ ;lhnf]� x'Fb}�g, o; cy{df ls ;®sf®L ;]�jf k|jfx ug]�{ hf]� sf]�xLnfO{ sfo{sf®Lsf]� lx:�;fsf]� ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . tyflk, hjfkmb]�lxtfnfO{ ldxLg ¿kdf cWoog ug{ nflu eg]� of]�hgfsf® ® gLlt sfof{Gjogsf Joj:�yfks ® gful®s ;dIf ;]�jf k|jfx ug]�{ dflg;x¿nfO{ 5'\66\ofpg pkof]�uL x'G5 . lsgeg]� sfo{sfl®0fLdf ePsf lg0f{ostf{x¿sf]� ;]�jf k|bfosx¿sf]� 5gf]�6 ug]�{, 7]�Ssfdf ® tflnd lbg]�, Joj:�yfkg ug]�{ Pjd\ pgLx¿sf]� sfdsf]� cg'udg ug]�{ lhDd]�jf®L x'G5 . o;nfO{ pgLx¿sf]� sfo{sf®L lhDd]�jf®Lsf]� lx:�;fsf]� ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .

;]�jf k|jfxsf]� lghLs/0f

ha ;fj{hlgs ;]�jfnfO{ lghLs®0f ul®G5, ul®a hgtf To;af6 a9L df®df k5{g\ . h;n]� ltg{ ;S5 p;nfO{ k|fyldstf lb+bf c;dfgtf a9\g hfG5 . ;®sf®n]� s]�xL lglZrt ;]�jf 7]�Ssfdf lbg]� jf æcfp6;f]�;{Æ ug]�]�{ rng ;+;f®e®L g}� a9\bf]� 5 . of]� ;®sf®nfO{ v'DRofP® 7"nf]� sd{rf®LtGqnfO{ 36fpg]� k|of; xf]� . ;®sf®L ;]�jfsf]� æcfp6;f]�;{Æ ug{]� s'®fnfO{ ;dy{g ug]�{x¿ o;n]� k|efjsfl®tf ® k}�;fsf]� ;xL ;b'kof]�u x'g]� ts{ u5{g\ . t® of]� b[li6sf]�0fn]� ;dfhsf ;a}�eGbf pTkLl8t dflg;x¿ s;®L …�;fj{hlgsÚ� ;]�jfsf]� nfeaf6 al~rt x'G5g\ eGg]� s'®fnfO{ a]�jf:�tf u5{ .

of]� cj:�yfdf gful®s ;dfhx¿sf]�� e"ldsf o:�tf]� x'g ;S5

• ;®sf®L a:�t' tyf ;]�jfsf]� vl®b k|lqmofsf]� cg'udg ug]�{ ® 7]�Ssf lb+bf kf®bzL{ ® ;dtfd"ns gePsf]� cj:�yfdf To;af®]� Wofgfsif{0f u®fpg]�]�

• a[xt\¿kdf æcfp6;f]�l;{ªÆ ug'{ kg{]� ;]�jfnfO{ 6«ofs ug{]� ® ljjfbf:�kb÷z+sf:�kb lg0f{o k|lt ;®sf®L clwsf®LnfO{ hjfkmb]�xL agfpg]�

;]jfk|jfx æcfp6;f];{Æ ul/Pdf sf] hjfkmb]xL

x'G5 <

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l9nf] eof}+ .

36

cu|efusf ;]�jf k|bfosx¿ ® hgtfaLrsf]� ;DaGwcu|efusf ;]�jf k|bfos ® hgtfaLrsf]� ;DaGw dfu ® k|ltlqmofdf cfwfl®t x'G5 . ;fdfGotof cu|efusf ;]�jf k|bfosx¿;“u pgLx¿n]� sfof{Gjog ug'{ kg]�{ gLlt ® dfkb08x¿ pk® clwsf® jf zlQm x'“b}�g -oBlk pgLx¿n]� 6«]�8 o'lgog ® k]�zfut ;ª\u7gx¿sf]� dfWodaf6 To;dfly k|efj kfg{ eg]� ;S5g\_ . ;]�jf k|jfxsf ;'ljwf, ;|f]�t ® k"jf{wf®dfly klg pgLx¿sf]� w]�®}� lgoGq0f x“'b}�g . sDtLdf cf+lzs eP klg cu|efusf ;]�jf k|bfosn]� k|efljt kfg{ ;Sg]� s'®f oL x'g\M

• Joj;flos cfr®0f, k|of; ® k|lta4tfsf]� lx;fadf pgLx¿n]� k|jfx ug{ ;Sg]� ;]�jfsf]� u'0f:�t®

• gful®ssf]� dfusf]� ;Gbe{ jf cfwf®df pgLx¿n]� pknAw u®fpg ;Sg]� ;]�jfsf]� kl®df0f÷;ª\Vof

cu|:�yfgsf ;]�jf k|bfosx¿ b'j}� ®f]�huf®bftf -k|foM ;®sf®sf ljefu ® lgsfox¿_ ® pgLx¿n]� ;]�jf lbg]� hgtfk|lt hjfkmb]�xL x'G5g\ . gful®sx¿ k|foM ;®sf®L ;]�jfdf cfl>t x'G5g\ . pgLx¿ cfkm"n]� k|of]�u ub}�{ cfPsf]� ;]�jfsf]� dfkb08 g®fd|f]� eP klg To;sf]� lj®f]�w :�j¿k To:�tf ;]�jfnfO{ ;lhn}� alxisf® ug{ ;Sb}�gg\ .

of]� ;DaGwdf gful®s ;dfh ;+:��yfx¿sf]�� e"ldsf o:�tf]� x'g ;S5M

• ;xdt ePsf]� dfkb08 ® k|lta4tfcg'¿k ;]�jf k|jfx eP÷gePsf]� cg'udg ug]�{ ® To:�tf]� gePsf]� cj:�yfdf Wofgfsif{0f u®fpg]�

• ;|f]�t, k"jf{wf® jf Joj:�yfkg ;xof]�usf]� sdLn]� cu|efusf ;]�jf k|bfosx¿n]� ®fd|f]�;Fu sfd ug{ g;s]�df ;Da4 ljefunfO{ lhDd]�jf®L lng cfu|x ug]�{

• ;]�jf k|jfxsf dfkb08 ckof{Kt ®÷jf Jojxfl®s gePdf gLlt lgdf{tfnfO{ hfgsf®L lbg]�

v08 @ df yk hfgsf/L kfpg'xf];\ . ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnf;“usf] ;DaGwaf/]

yfxf kfpg / r'lgPsf ;d:ofdf lgxLt hjfkmb]lxtfsf] cfofdnfO{ lgbfg ug{

cWofo ( x]g'{xf]nf .

pgLx?sf] lgoGq0faflx/ /xsf] sdhf]/ ;]jf k|jfxsf nflu

cu|efusf sd{rf/LnfO{ bf]if lbg' slQsf] hfoh x'G5 <

$syf

:�jLsf/f]�lQmM of]� cWofo ljZj ljsf; k|ltj]�bgM ul/asf nflu ;]�jf s;/L k|efjsf/L agfpg]� -@))$_ af6 k|efljt / ;'';"lrt 5 . lj:�t[t

hfgsf/Lsf nflu ;Gbe{;"lr x]�g'{xf]�;\ .

xfd|f] ljBfnodf lg/fzfhgs cj:yf cfpg'df lzIfs / pgLx?n] ;]jf lbg] gful/s -xfd|f afnaflnsf_ aLr

hjfkmb]lxtf 6'6\g' xf] . xfdL cfkm\gf afnaRrfnfO{ ljBfnoaf6 cnUofpg ;Sb}gf}+ . xfd|f] ;d:ofnfO{ pRr txdf k'¥ofpg]

;do cfPsf] 5 .

v/fa l/kf]6{ sf8{

qm; /]km/]G;\

37

/fd|f]�;Fu sfd u/]�sf]� hjfkmb]�lxtf k|0ffnLdfM

� v/fa cfr/0f / sdhf]�/ sfo{;Dkfbg eP ;ts{ u/fpFb5

� uNtL ;Rofpg pkfo cjnDjg ul®G5

sdhf]�/ ?kdf sfd u/]�sf]� hjfkmb]�lxtf k|0ffnLdfM

� v/fa cfr/0f / sdhf]�/ sfo{;Dkfbgaf/]� jf:�tf ul/b}�g

� jf÷/, uNtL ;Rofpg s'g}� pkfo cjnDag ul/+b}�g .

cWofo &

nf]�stflGqs hjfkmb]�lxtfnfO{ sdhf]�/ kfg]�{ tTjx?sDtLdf l;4fGtd}� eP klg b]�z, lhNnf jf :�yfgLo If]�qdf ;a}� hjfkmb]�lxtfsf ;DaGwx¿n]� ;'rf? ¿kdf sfd ug{ ;Dej x'G5 . ;]�jf k|jfx jf zf;gdf s'g}� ;d:�of x'g]� 5}�g eGg]� o;sf]� cy{ rfFlx xf]�Og . t® ;d:�ofnfO{ ;xL ;dodf k|sfzdf NofP® ;kmntfk"j{s ;Daf]�wg ug{ ;lsG5 . sdhf]�® ® k|efjsf®L hjfkmb]�lxtfnfO{ ;du|df o;®L 5'§ofpg ;lsG5M

zlQmsf] lgoGq0f / ;Gt'ng gePdf hjfkmb]lxtf c;kmn

x'G5 .

nf]�stflGqs hjfkmb]�lxtfnfO{ sdhf]�® kfg]�{ y'k|}� tTjx¿ 5g\ . oL tTjn]� cfjZostf k®]�sf]� a]�nfdf r]�tfjgLsf]� 306L aHg ®f]�Sb5 . pgLx¿ ;dfwfgsf nflu cfjZos b08;hfoF lbg klg c;Dej jf d'l:�sn agfp“5g\ .

of]� cWofon]� o:�t}� s]�xL sdhf]�® t'Nofpg]� tTjaf®]� rrf{ ug{]�5M

• ;fdflhs ® ;fF:�s[lts k"jf{u|x

• km®skm®s :�jfy{ ® 5q5fofFaLrsf]� lj®f]�wfefif

• sdhf]�® ®fHosf lgsfox¿

• sdhf]�® gful®s ;dfh

ækl/jt{g cl3, -===_ x/]�s lg0f{o s]�Gb|Lo ?kdf lnOPsf]� lyof]� / dflg;x?n]� :yfgLo

dfldnfdf yf]�/} dfq} eGg ;Sy]� . To;sf/0f, ufpFsf k|d'vx? / lhNnfsf pkIf]�qsf g]�tfx?n]� lbPsf]� w]�/}h;f]� ;]�jfn]� :yfgLo dfu k'/f ub}{gYof]� . -====_ gofF

;+ljwfgn]� hgtfsf]� dfunfO{ ljs]�lGb|s/0fsf nflu k|Hjlnt

u/]�sf]� 5 .Æ

–o'g–x\jfg lsd!#

x®]�s cj:�yfdf oL ;a}� tTjn]� p:�t}� k|sf®n]� c;® u5{g\ eg]�® dfGg' plrt x'“b}�g . of]� 5nkmnsf]� p2]�Zo eg]�sf]� hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� laifonfO{ a9L hl6n, ljljw ® cfoflds agfpg]� vfnsf jf:�tljs r'gf}�ltx¿af®]� Wofgfsif{0f u®fpg' xf]� .

t/ jf:tljstf hlxn] klg cfbz{eGbf km/s x'G5 .

xfdL ljleGg b]zdf hjfkmb]lxtfsf Jojxfl/s

sl7gfO{ cg'ej ug{ ;Sb5f}+

of] k':tsn] clxn];Dd Jojxf/df hjfkmb]lxtfn]

s;/L sfd ug'{ kb{5 eGg] s'/fsf] …cfbz{Ú tl:a/ k|:t't u/]sf] 5 .

38

xfd|f] lhNnfdf sdhf]/ ;]jfsf nflu :jf:Yo ljefunfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg} d'l:sn 5 . :yfgLo :jf:Yo rf}sLdf

ph'/L ug'{sf] s'g} cy{ 5}g . sfgdf t]n xfn]/ a;]sf 5g\ . xfdL lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{no hfg afWo 5f}+ hxfF k'Ug a;df g} rf/ 306f nfU5 . Toxf“ k'Ug vlr{nf] 5 / k'u]kl5 klg hl6n vfnsf] kmf/fd eg'{k5{ . xfdLdWo] sltkon] Toxf“sf clwsf/Ln] af]Ng] efiff;d]t a'em\b}gf+} .

;fdflhs ® ;fF:�s[lts k"jf{u|x nf]�stGq ® hjfkmb]�lxtf Pl;ofnL ;Gbe{df nflbPsf klZrdL cfljZsf® x}�gg\ . ljåfgx¿n]� nf]�stflGqs cEof;x¿ ljljw Pl;ofnL k®Dk®f ® Oltxf;df h®f uf8]�® ®x]�sf lyP jf 5g\ eGg]� b]�vfPsf 5g\ . Pl;ofsf nflu nf]�stflGqs hjfkmb]�lxtf s'g}� gf}�nf]� s'®f x}�g, g t of]� s]�xL lg®fzfjfbLx¿n]� eg]� h:�tf]� Pl;ofnL ;F:�s[lt;“u aflemg]� vfnsf]� g}� 5 .

s'g}� klg ;Gbe{df ul®g]� hjfkmb]�lxtfsf cEof; Tof]� ;dfhsf]� Oltxf; ® rngaf6 k|efljt ePsf]� x'G5 . hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� ;DaGwdf k®Dk®fut e"ldsf ® ;F:�s[ltk|ltsf ljZjf;n]� hl6n e"ldsf v]�Ng ;Sb5 . w]�®}� b]�zdf hftLo klxrfgsf]� wf®0ff ;fdflhs cj:�yfnfO{ kl®eflift ug{ k|of]�u x'“b}� cfPsf]� 5 . hftLo ® ;fF:�s[lts ;d"xleq lglZrt rngx¿n]� s;®L dlxnf, k'?if, afnaflnsf ® h]�i7 gful®sx¿nfO{ Jojxf® ug]�{ eGg]� to u®]�sf]� x'g ;S5g\ . sltko k®Dk®f ® ®Lltl®jfhn]� s]�xL dflg;nfO{ lg0f{o k|lqmofaf6 cnUofpFb5g\ jf ;d"xsf s]�xL ;b:�on]� c¿sf]� cfr®0fnfO{ lnP® k|Zg p7fpg]� sfdnfO{ :�jLsf® ug]�{ klg x'g;S5 . o;nfO{ ;fdflhs jf ;fF:�s[lts k"jf{u|x elgG5 .

v/fa :jf:Yoaf6 la

/fdL

@syf

æc;n zf;gnfO{ -===_ hjfkmb]�lxtf, kf/blz{tf, ;xeflutf÷cfjfh, ljlwsf]�

zf;g÷;DefJotf, lgodgsf/L ljz]�iftf,

/fhgLlts l:y/tf, pQ/bfoL, ;xdltlt/

cled'v ePsf]� ;dtf / ;dfj]�zLtfsf ?kdf

kl/eflift ul/G5 .Æ

– ;'lrqf k'Gof/tfaGw' !$

nf]�stflGqs hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� r'gf}�lt eg]�s}� ;+:�s[ltdf ePsf d"Nojfg jf ;sf®fTds kIfsf]� ;+®If0f ub{}� ;fdflhs al~rtLs®0f ® c;dfgtfnfO{ a9fjf lbg]� vfnsf s"k|yf;“u n8\g' klg xf]� .

39

;fdflhs ® ;fF:�s[lts k"jf{u|x slxn]�sfxL+ zf;g k|0ffnLdf ;dflji6 ul®Psf]� x'G5 . h;®L cf}�krfl®s hjfkmb]�lxtfsf ;+oGqx¿sf]� l8hfOg ul®Psf]� 5, To;n]� dlxnf ® c¿nfO{ ;xefuL x'g ufx|f]� kfg{ ;S5 . g]�tfx¿nfO{ hjfkmb]�xL agfpg]� cj;®sf]� kx'“raf6 h]�i7 gful®s, u|fdL0f, ckfª\u ® clt ul®a hgtfx¿ aflx®}� ®xg ;S5g\ . ®fHosf]� k4lt jf ;+oGqn]� o;®L sfd ug{ ;Sb5 ls a]�®f]�huf® jf 3®af®laxLg, z®0ffyL{, kl®rokq gePsf dflg;x¿ jf lglZrt wfld{s jf hftLo ;d"xx¿ cflbnfO{ ;LdfGts[t agfpg ;S5 .

cf}�krfl®s hjfkmb]�lxtfsf ;+®rgfn]� ;fdflhs ® ;fF:�s[lts k"jf{u|xnfO{ b]�vfp“5 haM

• hg;xeflutfsf]� cj;®nfO{ sd ug{ ;®sf®L kmf®fd ® ;fj{hlgs ;'g"jfO{df a9L k|fljlws efiffsf]� k|of]�u ul®G5 .

• ;®sf®L sfo{;Dkfbgsf]� cg'udgsf nflu ;ª\slnt tYofª\sdf ul®a ® wgL, dlxnf ® k'?if cflb aLrsf]� ;]�jfk|jfxsf]� leGgtfaf®]� n'sfOG5 .

• s]�xL dflg;x¿nfO{ ljBdfg b08;hfoF cEof; ug{ :�jLs[lt lbOFb}�g jf o;f]� ug{ lgs}� dx“uf]� x'G5 .

e|i6frf/ / hf]�lvddf /x]�sf ;d"xx?

e|i6frf®n]� ;fdflhs ;]�jfdf pknAw ;|f]�tdf sdL NofpF5 ® km®s ;d"xx¿nfO{ km®s 9ª\un]� k|efj kf5{M

• pTkLl8t ;d"xx¿ ;fdfGotM ufoa ePsf]� sf]�if -®sd_ af®]� clwsf®Lx¿nfO{ hjfkmb]�xL agfpg sd ;Ifd x'g]� ePsfn]� pgLx¿sf nflu 5'§ofOPsf]� ;|f]�tnfO{ rf]�g{ ;®sf®L clwsf®LnfO{ ;lhnf]� x'g ;S5 .

• of}�g;Dks{ klg e|i6frf®sf]� Pp6f ¿k x'g ;Sb5 . ;®sf®L clwsf®Lx¿nfO{ 3'; lbg'sf]� ;f6f]� dlxnfnfO{ of}�g lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg x'g nufpg]� klg x'g ;S5 .

• s]�xL ;d"xx¿nfO{ ;|f]�t ® ;]�jfdf kx'“r x'g glbg s]�xL zlQmzfnL gful®s, ®fhgLlt1 ® ®fHosf clwsf®Lx¿aLr uf]�Ko ;xdlt x'g;S5 .

æ…:yfgLo ;/sf/sf lgsfox? Psbd} sd;n÷ckof{Kt ;+:yfut jftfj/0fdf cjl:yt x'G5 h;n]� pgLx?nfO{ 6f7faf7fx?sf]� sfa'df kg]�{ hf]�lvd a9fpF5.Æ

–glGbgL s[i0fg\ !%

r'gf}�ltk"0f{ jkmfbfl®tf ® ;dy{g cgf}�krfl®s hjfkmb]�lxtf k4ltn]� cf}�krfl®s ;Gt'ng ® lgoGq0flj?4 sfd ubf{ nf]�stflGqs hjfkmb]�lxtf sdhf]�® x'g hfG5 . dflg;x¿nfO{ cfkm\gf]� ;fF:�s[lts ;d"x jf a+z÷hftk|lt akmfbf® x'g]� ls jf ;®sf®L clwsf®LnfO{ hjfkmb]�xL agfpg]� eGg]� lg0f{o ug{ sl7g x'g ;Sb5 . ha ;®sf®k|lt hgtfsf]� ljZjf; x®fpF5, pgLx¿ cem a9L hftLo jf ;d'bfolt® em'sfj ®fVg yfN5g\ . o;n]� hl6ntf NofpFb5 lsgeg]� dflg;x¿n]� km®skm®s ck]�Iff ® jkmfbf®LaLr cfkm\gf]� af6f]� to ug'{ kg{]� x'G5 .

40

zf;gsf cf}�krfl®s ® cgf}�krfl®s ;+®rgfx¿ :�ki6 ¿kdf ;w+}� ljefhg gePsf]� x'g ;S5 . ®fhgLlts g]�tf ® cgf}�krfl®s k®Dk®fut clwsf®LaLr bf]�xf]�®f]�kg ® k®:�k® Joj:�yf ePsf]� x'g ;S5 . pbfx®0fsf nflu ;®sf®L hflu®, ;|f]�t ® ;]�jfx¿sf]� kx'Frdf hftLotf jf wd{sf cfwf®df k|efljt ul®Psf]� x'G5 h;n]� ubf{ cf}�krfl®s ;®sf®L k|lqmof d'gL s;nfO{ 5gf]�6 ug{]� eGg]� cgf}�krfl®s l6s]� k|j[ltsf]� Pp6f k4lt g}� lgdf{0f x'g ;Sb5 . ha ;®sf®L clwsf®Lsf]� hftLo x}�l;ot x'G5, ;Da4 hftLo ;d"xsf ;b:�onfO{ ;d]�t tL clwsf®Lx¿sf]� sfo{;Dkfbg jf cfr®0fnfO{ r'gf}�lt lbg ufx|f]� k5{ .

ha zlQmzfnL JolQmx¿n]� c¿nfO{ k|efjdf kfg{, wDSofpg ® rnfvLk"0f{ jf utn tl®sfaf6 c¿nfO{ k|efljt kfg{ cfkm\gf]� -cf}�krfl®s ® cgf}�krfl®s_ x}�l;ot ® ;|f]�tsf]� k|of]�u u5{g\, tL JolQmx¿n]� oL dflg;x¿sf]� jkmfbfl®tfnfO{ …�sAhfÚ� u®]�sf 5g\ eGg ;lsG5 . pbfx®0fsf nflu sAhf Tolta]�nf x'G5 hltv]�® g]�tfx¿M

• ;|f]�t, ;]�jf ® cj;®df kx“'rsf]� abnfdf 3'; dfU5g\ .

• cfkm'k|ltsf]� ;dy{g h'6fO®fVg lglZrt ;d"xx¿nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg]� ® ;+®If0f ug]�{ jfrf u5{g\ .

• cfkm\gf unt lqmofsnfk tyf sdhf]�® sfo{;Dkfbgk|lt hgtfn]� cf“vf lrDnFbf To;sf abnfdf hgtfnfO{ s]�xL nfe lbG5g\ .

ænf]�stGqsf]� cy{ s]� xf]� < of]� hLjg lhpg]� tl/sf jf hLjgz}nL

xf]� h;n]� :jtGqtf, ;dfgtf / efO{rf/fnfO{ dfGotf lbG5 -===_.

;dfgtf gx'Fbf :jtGqtfn]� JolQmut kxnnfO{ l;WofpF5 eg]� efOrf/flagf :jtGqtf / ;dfgtf

k|s[ltl;4 jf k|fs[lts sfo{ x'g ;Sb}gg\ .Æ

af/af/f cf/ hf]�zL !^

$syf

v/fa l/kf]6 { sf8

{

o:tf] vt/faf6 aRgsf nflu To;af6 cfpg] nfe

lng' x'Fb}g

ha ;+/If0fjfb :yflkt x'G5

;+®If0fsf]� cgf}�krfl®s k4lt ;do;“u}� :�yflkt x'g ;S5 . pbfx®0fsf nflu ha s'g}� Ps hftLo tyf wfld{s ;d"xnfO{ ;®sf®L clwsf®Lx¿sf]� ;fy ®xG5, pgLx¿n]� ljz]�ifflwsf® kfpg'[ ;fdfGo s'®f h:�tf]� nfUg yfN5 . 7]�Ssfk6\6f jf hflu® s;nfO{ lbg]� eGg]� s'®f s;®L lg0f{o ul®G5 eGg]� s'®f cf}�krfl®s ¿kdf :�jLsf® gul®Psf]� eP tfklg o;af®]� ;a}�nfO{ yfxf x'g ;Sb5 slxn]�sfFxL ;De|fGt ;d"x ® ®fhgLlt1aLr clnlvt ;Demf}�tf x'g ;S5 . oL ;d"xn]� ;®sf®sf]� c;kmntfaf®]� Wofgfsif{0f gu®fP;Dd pgLx¿sf]� ljz]�ifflwsf® ®fHoåf®f ;+®lIft eO®x]�sf]� x'G5 .

xfd|f] ljBfnodf cg'zf;g ;ldltdf ePsf ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?n] lzIfsn] v/fa cfr/0f b]vfpFbf b08 lbg' kg{]] xf] . t/ ;xfos k|wfgfWofksn] ;fgf] ;xof]u jf nfe / 7"nf] jfrf u/]/ pgLx?sf] akmfbfl/tfnfO{ cfkm\gf] jzdf kfg{ ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . To;}n] xfd|f] ljBfnodf hjfkmb]lxtf sdhf]/ ePsf] 5 .

v/fa l/kf]6{ sf8{

41

!syf;flRrs } nyflnª\u c

j:yf

®fHosf sdhf]�® ;+:�yf÷lgsfox¿®fHosf ;+:�yfx¿ sdhf]�® ePdf nf]�stflGqs hjfkmb]�lxtf sdhf]�® x'G5M

• gLlt ® dfkb08x¿sf]� th{'df lkmtnf]� x'G5, h;n]� ubf{ ltgsf]� sfof{Gjog ® cg'udg ug{ sl7g x'G5 .

• ;®sf®L clwsf®L;“u cfly{s tyf Joj:�yfkg k|lqmofnfO{ cjnDag ug]�{ jf ;]�jf k|jfx sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu rflxg]� ;Lk x'“b}�g .

• w]�®}� dflg;x¿nfO{ hjfkmb]�lxtf, kl®of]�hgf Joj:�yfkg ® cg'udgh:�tf dxTjk"0f{ If]�qdf tflnd lbg' dx“uf]� ® a9L ;do nfUg]� x'G5 .

• lgjf{lrt g]�tfx¿;“u ;'kl®j]�If0fsf]� nflu kof{Kt ;do ® Ifdtf cefj x'g ;S5 .

• n]�vf k®LIf0f ug]�{ ;+:�yf ® lgjf{rg cfof]�uh:�tf ®fHosf ;+®rgf klg k"0f{ ¿kdf :�jtGq gx'g ;S5g\ .

hgtfsf]� glhsdf ;/sf/ <

gful®sx¿sf]� ;®sf®;“usf]� yk k|ToIf kx'“r ;'lglZrt u®fpg' ljs]�lGb|s®0fsf]� p2]�Zo xf]� . hlt a9L :�yfgLo txdf lg0f{o ® sfdsf®afxL x'G5, plt g}� a9L hgtfx¿ ;l®s x'g]� xf]�Og < t® ;w}�+ To:�tf]� x'“b}�g . of]� kl®sNkgfnfO{ jf:�tljstfdf abNg :�yfgLo ;®sf® alnof]� ® ;Ifd x'g'k5{ . jf:�tjdf w]�®}� d'n'sx¿df ljs]�lGb|s®0fn]� :�yfgLo txsf ®fHo ;+®rgfnfO{ sdhf]�® agfPsf]� kfOG5 . :�yfgLo ;®sf®n]� ug'{ kg]�{ sfd w]�®}� x'g]� t® To;sf nflu ;|f]�t yf]�®}� x“'bf o:�tf]� ;d:�of x'g]� u5{ . ;|f]�t sd x'Fbf dfkb08sf]� cg'udg ® hjfkmb]�lxtfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ ;lsFb}�g .

:yfgLo ;/sf/n] xfd|f] ;x/sf] kmf]xf]/ ;kmf ug'{ kg{] xf] t/ To;sf nflu pgLx?;“u kof{Kt ah]6 / cfwf/e"t ;]jfsf] Joj:yfkg;DaGwL ;Lk g} 5}g .

;'kl/j]If0f ug'{ kg]{ clwsf/L;Fu cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg;DaGwL s'g} cg'ej g} 5}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf hjfkmb]lxtf xfl;n ug{ Hofb} sl7g

x'g] /x]5 .

42

dnfO{ s] ljZjf; 5 eg] xfdL o; ;x/sf afl;Gbfx? cfkm+} klg bf]ifL 5f} . xfdL lgliqmo 5f}+ / xfd|f] tkm{af6 x'g] dxTjk"0f{ 5gf]6af/] ;d]t xfdL ;';"lrt 5}gf+} . ;/sf/L vl/b k|lqmofnfO{ xfdLn] glhsaf6 lgofNg' cfjZos 5 . ;/sf/L ;"rgfdf /fd|f] kx'“r kfpg xfdLn] cleofg yfNg' k5{ tfls xfd|f] hLjgnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ lg0f{ox? ul/+bf xfdLn] klg

cfkm\gf] ljrf/÷wf/0ffx? lbg JoQm ug{ kfp5f}+ .

sdhf]�® gful®s ;dfhgful®s ;dfh c;ª\ul7t x'Fbf, ;'';"lrt gx'“bf jf ;®f]�sf® g®fVbf nf]�stflGqs hjfkmb]�lxtfdf o;n]� gsf®fTds c;® kf5{ . gful®sx¿n]� hjfkmb]�lxtf sfod ug{ ;xof]�u k'¥ofpg]� y'k|}� tl®sfx¿ 5g\ t® To;sf nflu k|ltj4tf ® ;ª\u7gsf]� cfjZostf k5{ . tn lbOPsf s'®fx¿n]� zf;gdf ;xefuL x'g gful®s ;dfhsf]� cj;®nfO{ 36fp“5g\ h;sf]� kl®0ffd:�j¿k k|efjsf®L hjfkmb]�lxtfnfO{ sdhf]�® t'Nofp“5M

• ;lqmo gful®ssf ¿kdf ®fhgLlts ® gful®s clwsf®sf]� vf]�hL jf ®fd|f]� hLjg:�t®sf]� nflu ;fdflhs–cfly{s clwsf®sf]� vf]�hLdf ?lr jf 1fgsf]� cefj

• ;®sf®L ;"rgfk|lt kx“'r gx''g' ® ;"rgfsf]� :�jtGqtfsf nflu cleofg gx'g'

• yf]�®}� dfq}� gful®s ;dfh ;+:�yfn]� dfq hgtfnfO{ kl®rfng u®L lg0ff{ostf{x¿nfO{ naL u5{g\ .

• ulx®f]� ¿kn]� ljeflht ® lrl®Psf]� ;dfh, h;df s'g}� kIfnfO{ ;®sf®åf®f ;l®s u®fO{ ® ;fy lbG5 eg]� c¿ af“sL ;LdfGts[t ® zf]�lift x'G5g\ .

gful/s ;dfh ;+:yfx? slQsf]� hjfkmb]�xL 5g\ <

of]� ;|f]�tk':�tsn]� ;®sf® ® p;n]� ;]�jf lbg' kg]�{ hgtfaLrsf]� hjfkmb]�lxtf lgdf{0fdf hf]�8 lbG5 . t®, hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� cfjZostf ;®sf®df dfq}� ;Lldt ®x“b}�g . c¿nfO{ j}�wflgs ¿kdf hjfkmb]�xL aGgsf nflu cfu|x ug'{ cl3 gful®s ;dfh ;+:�yfx¿n]� cfkm}� hjfkmb]�xL x'g cfjZos 5 . 7"nf ® zlQmzfnL cGt®f{li6«o u}�®;®sf®L ;+:�yfx¿n]� cfkm'n]� ;xof]�u ug]�{ ® ;xsfo{ ug]�{ ;fem]�bf® ;+:�yfk|lt hjfkmb]�xL x'g' h?®L 5 . o:�t}� ;b:�otfdf cfwfl®t cfGbf]�ng ® ;~hfnx¿n]� klg cfkm'n]� k|ltlglwTj u®]�sf]� hgtfk|lt hjfkmb]�xL x'g'k5{ . ha gful®s ;dfh ;+:�yfx¿n]� cfkm'n]� of]�hgf u®]�cg';f® sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug{ c;kmn x'G5g\ jf ;|f]�tsf]� b'¿kof]�u u5{g\, Tolta]�nf pgLx¿ cfkm\gf sfo{;Dkfbgsf]� nflu hjfkmb]�xL eO{ b08nfO{ :�jLsfg'{k5{ .

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f ]

v08 @ df yk hfgsf/L lng'xf];\ .

gful/s ;dfhsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ vfnsf] ;~hfn lgdf{0f s;/L

ug]{ eGg] yfxf kfpg cWofo !) / hjfkmb]lxtfnfO{ sdhf]/ kfg]{ tTjx?sf]

cg'udg ug]{ cg';Gwfgd"ns tl/sfaf/] yfxf kfpg cWofo

!@ df x]g'{xf];\ .

To;}sf nflu t of] ;|f]tk':ts rflxPsf] xf] .

:�jLsf®f]�lQmM of]� cWofo P–Pd uf]�Ph ® cf®= h]�lGsG;sf]� hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� k'gh{Gd jf k'gJof{VofM nf]�stGqnfO{ dfgj ljsf;sf nflu

s;®L k|efjsf®L agfpg]� -@))%_ af6 ;';"lrt ul®Psf]� Ps lx:�;f xf]� . k"0f{ ljj®0fsf]� nflu ;Gbe{;"lr x]�g'{xf]�nf .

ælgd'vf gful/sx?n]� cfjfh p7fpFbf-===_ o;n]� gLlt

lgdf{tf;dIf pgLx?sf]� k|efj a9fpg ;S5 / ;fj{hlgs ;]�jf

-===_ sf]� cndnnfO{ klg 36fpg ;S5 . t/, lgd'vf hgtf -===_

n]� dtbfg ubf{ ;fj{hlgs ;]�jfnfO{ sd dxTj lb+b} hftLo jf ;}4flGts nfOgcg';f/, h'g pDd]�bjf/n]� pgLx?nfO{ gub /

hflu/ lbg tof/ 5g\ pgLx?nfO{ dtbfg ug{ ;S5g\ .Æ

laqmd s]�= rGb !&

qm; /]km/]G;\

43

cWofo *

hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� If]�qdf gful/s ;dfh ;+:yfx? o; kl5sf cEofox¿df o; ;|f]�tk':�tsn]� cl3Nnf ;ft cWofox¿sf]� cfwf®zLnfdf pleP® cl3 a9\g]�5 . casf]� hf]�8 hjfkmb]�lxtfn]� s;®L sfd u5{ eGg]� a'emfOaf6 hjfkmb]�lxtfsf nflu sfd ug{df x'g]�5 . o; cWofosf]� p2]�Zo hjfkmb]�lxtf sfo{sf nflu s]�xL pkof]�uL ;jfn ® cjwf®0ffnfO{ k|:�t't ub}�{ cWofo @ sf nflu k|i6 cfwf® tof® ug'{ xf]� .

hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� If]�q;DaGwL cjwf®0ffo; efu hf]�g ufe]�G6fsf]� gful®s ;dfhsf nflu ;xeflutfsf If]�q;DaGwL ljrf®÷cjwf®0ffaf6 k|efljt ® cg's"lnt 5 -lj:�t[t ljj®0fsf nflu ;Gbe{;"lr x]�g'{xf]�;\ _ . hjfkmb]�lxtf nfu' ul®Psf]� jf nfu' ug{ cfx\jfg ul®Psf ;a}� If]�q p:�t}� x'Fb}�gg\ . ;+;bdf x'g]� cf}�krfl®s ax; lj®f]�w;ef eGbf lgs}� km®s x'G5 . gu®kflnsfsf]� sfof{nodf x'g]� cg'zf;g;DaGwL ;'g"jfO{ ;fd'bflos k|x®Lsf]� ;fKtflxs d~reGbf w]�®}� km®s x'G5 . oL 36gfx¿ hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� km®s km®s If]�qdf ®xG5g\ .

yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu cWofo @ x]g'{xf];\ .

tkfO{sf] cfkm\g} ;Gbe{cg';f/ hjfkmb]lxtfsf] If]qnfO{ s;/L ljZn]if0f ug]{ eGg] yfxf kfpg cWofo !)

x]g'{xf]nf .

aGb :yfg

To:�tf]� If]�q xf]� hxf“ hjfkmb]�lxtf aGb sf]�7fleq cEof; ul®G5 . gful®s

;dfhnfO{ oL :�yfgaf6 al~rt ul/G5 . s]�xL aGb :�yfgx¿ c;n lgotsf nflu -h:�t}�M afn ;fIfL ;+nUg ePsf]� d'2fdf l;w}� cbfntdf gnuL Sofd]�®fdfkm{t\ af]�Ng nufpg]�_ aGb ul®Psf x'G5g\ . c¿ cj:�yfdf kf®blz{tfsf]� cefjn]� aGb ul®Psf]� ;S5 . To;nfO{ v'Nnf ubf{ nf]�stflGqs zf;gsf nflu ®fd|f]� x'G5]� .

pkof]�u x'g g;s]�sf]� :yfg

To:�tf]� :�yfg xf]� hxf“ gful®sx¿ ;xefuL x'g kfp“5g\ t® ljljw sf®0fjz To;sf]�

vf;}� k|of]�u ug{ ;Sb}�gg . o:�tf :�yfg k|of]�u ug'{ dx“uf]� x'g ;S5 -h:�t}�M w]�®}�h;f]� b]�zx¿df ;jf]�{Rr jf ;+j}�wflgs cbfntx¿_ . o:�tf :�yfgdf åf®kfnx¿n]� k|j]�znfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{ ;Sb5g\ jf gful®sx¿ o:�tf :�yfgx¿ pgLx¿sf nflu pknAw 5 eGg]�af®]�df cgle1 x'g ;S5g\ .

bfaL ul/Psf]� :yfg

gful®s ;dfhn]� l;h{gf u®]�sf]� ® dfu u®]�sf]� :�yfg xf]� . o;df gful®sx¿n]� kxn u®]�sf d~rx¿ kb{5g\ hxf“ ;®sf®L clwsf®Lx¿nfO{ :�ki6Ls®0fsf

nflu af]�nfOG5 . bfaL ul®Psf :�yfgx¿ ;fj{hlgs a}�7sb]�lv ;®sf®L ;'ljwfsf]� cjnf]�sg ® cGo ;®sf®L If]�qdf ;xeflutf a9fpg]�;Dd x'g ;S5 .

cfdlGqt :yfg

To:�tf]� If]�q xf]� hxfF ;®sf®åf®f kxn ® lgoGq0f ul®Psf hjfkmb]�lxtf;DaGwL ;+oGqdf gful®sx¿ ;xefuL x'g ;S5g\ . o:�tf :�yfgx¿df gful®sx?

®fHo kIfsf]� cfu|xdf ® pgLx¿n]� to u®]�sf]� lgodcg'¿k ;+nUg x'G5g\ . cem}� o:�tf :�yfgx¿df gful®sx¿n]� lg0f{onfO{ k|efj kfg]�{ ;Defjgf ®xG5 .

qm; /]km/]G;\

44

xfd|f] lhNnfdf :jf:Yo ;]jf

k|bfosx?sf] 7]Ssfk§f / cg'udg aGb

sf]7fdf x'g] u5{ . aGb 9f]sf vf]Ng] pkfo 5÷5}g eg]/ xfdLn] ;f]Rg' kg]{5 .

®fHo kIf ® cGo ;®f]�sf®jfnf;Fu sfd ubf{ ljleGgvfn]� hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� :�yfgsf]� zlQm ;DaGw jf cfofdnfO{ tkfO{n]� Wofg lbg' kg]�{ d'Vo s'®f xf]� . hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� :�yfgx¿ >[hgf ug]�{x¿n]� g}� k|foM Toxf“ nfu' x'g]� lgodsf]� lgwf{®0f klg u5{g\ . o:�tf lgod k"jf{u|xL klg x'g ;S5g\ ® k"jf{u|x yf]�®}� eP klg tL :�yfgdf h]� k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 To;nfO{ c;® u5{ .

æljs]�lGb|s/0f k|lqmofsf k|d'v tLg tTjx? 5g\M zlQm

ljs]�lGb|s/0f, cf}krfl/s hjfkmb]�lxtf / ;fj{hlgs

k|ltlglwTj . hjfkmb]�lxtf / k|ltlglwTjlagfsf]� ljs]�lGb|s/0f

k|lqmof zlQmsf]� :yfgfGt/0f dfq x'g]�5 .Æ

l6g uË !*

efu @ df yk l;Sg'xf];\ .zlQm ljZn]if0f ;~rfngaf/] hfgsf/Lsf

nflu cWofo ( x]g'{xf]nf .

tkfO{sf] b]zdf hjfkmb]lxtf;DaGwL :yfgdf s:tf]vfn] zlQmn]

k|efj kf5{ <

hjfkmb]�lxtfsf :yfgdf zlQm

s'g}� klg hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� :�yfgdf k|fo PseGbf a9L zlQmn]� sfd ul®®x]�sf]� x'G5M

• b]�lvg]� zlQm cf}�krfl®s lgod, ;+®rgf ® k|lqmofdfkm{t\ cEof; x'G5 . pbfx®0fsf nflu, ljwflosfdf rln®x]�sf]� ax;df cWoIftf ug]�{ zlQm jf clwsf® ;fdfGotof ;efd'v;“u x'G5 .

• cb[Zo zlQm kbf{aflx® cEof; ul®G5 . pbfx®0fsf nflu s]�xL zlQmzfnL ;®f]�sf®jfnfx¿n]� a}�7sdf ;dfj]�z ul®g]� Ph]�08f jf a}�7sdf sf]� lgdlGqt x'G5g\ eGg]� s'®fnfO{ k|efj kfg{ ;Sg]� x'G5g\ .

• ;dfhsf k®Dk®f ® ulx®f]�¿kdf :�yflkt ljZjf;af6 cfGtl®s zlQmsf]� cEof; ul®G5 . pbfx®0fsf nflu Pp6f cg'ejL k"?if ®fhgLlt1n]� zlQmzfnL lg0f{ostf{x¿sf]� cufl8 cfTdljZjf; ® ;hxtfsf ;fy af]�Ng ;Sb5, h'g s'®f c¿ gful®ssf nflu sl7g x'g;Sb5 . o;k|sf®sf]� zlQmn]� s;sf]� cfjfh a9L ;'lgG5 ® uDeL®tfk"j{s lnOG5 eGg]� s'®fdf k|efj kfb{5 .

ln;f e]�g]�Snf;]�g P08 e]�n]�o/ ldn/sf]� zlQm,hgtf / /fhgLltM k}/jL / gful/s ;xeflutfsf nflu sfo{lgb{]�lzsf

-@))@_ af6 cg's"lnt . lj:�t[t hfgsf/Lsf nflu ;Gbe{;"lr x]�g'{xf]�nf .

@syf

v/fa :j:Yoaf6 lj

/fdL

aGb hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� :yfg

qm; /]km/]G;\

o;af/]

klg ;f]rf} +

45

sd pkof]�u ePsf]� hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� :yfg

cfdlGqt hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� :yfg

bfaL ul/Psf hjfkmb]�lxtfsf :yfg

!syf;flRrs } nyflnª\u c

j:yf

#syfc FWof/f]d f 5f]l8Psf]

$syf

v/fa l/kf]6 { sf8

{

xfd|f] kmf]xf]/ ;ª\s6 ;Daf]wgsf nflu hjfkmb]lxtfsf] :yfg gful/s ;dfhåf/f sd

pkof]u ePsf] 5 . :yfgLo lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwx?;“u ;+nUg eO{ pgLx?n]

gu/kflnsfdf ;~rflnt

;]jfx?dfly plrt cg'udg u/]÷

gu/]sf]] ;'lglZrt ug'{ h?/L 5 .

xfd|f] ljBfnosf] cg'zf;g ;ldltdf a:bf ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?n]

cfdlGqt :yfgdf k|j]z u5{g\ . t/ o:tf a}7sx?df s;n] s;nfO{ lgoGq0f u5{

xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5 .

xfd|f] ;x/df ;fj{hlgs a:t' tyf ;]jfsf] vl/b k|lqmof hlxn] klg aGb sf]7fdf x'g] u/]sf] 5 . x]b}}{ hfg'xf]nf,

gful/s ;dfhsf] cg'udgsf nflu of] 7fp“ l5§} bfaL ug{]5 .

v/fa l/kf]6{ sf8{

46

ljleGg p2]�Zo k|flKtsf]� dfWodsf ?kdf hjfkmb]�lxtf sfo{x? gful®s ;dfh ;+:�yfx¿n]� ljleGg sf®0fsf nflu hjfkmb]�lxtf sfo{ ;~rfng ug]�{ lg0f{o u5{g\ . of]� If]�qdf ;+nUg x'g'sf]� k5fl8 s'g}� Pp6f dfq sf®0f 5}�g . t®, tkfO{ hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� :�yfg lgdf{0f ub}�{ x'g'x'G5 jf To;df ;xefuL x'g'x'G5 eg]� cfkm"n]� s]� xfFl;n ug{ rfx]�sf]� xf]� eGg]� :�ki6 ¿kdf hfgsf®L x'g cfjZos x'G5 . gful®s ;dfh ;+:�yfx¿n]� xfFl;n ug]�{ ck]�Iff lng]� k|rlnt rf® p2]�Zo lgDg x'g\ .

gful/s ;dfh ;+:yfx? lgDg s'/fsf nflu hjfkmb]�lxtfsf sfo{df ;+nUg x'G5g\M

;]��jf k|jfx ;'wf® ug{ tfls gful/sx?n]� ;'wfl/Psf]� ;/sf/L ;]�jf, vf;u/L ljz]�if If]�q jf ef}�uf]�lns :�yfgdf kfO{ nfefljGt

x'g ;s'g\ .

e|i6frf®lj?4 n8\g tfls ljsf; nIosf nflu ljlgof]�lht ;fj{hlgs ;|f]�tsf]� k|of]�u p2]�Zocg'?k k|of]�u xf]�;\ / ;xL cfr/0f

k|j4{g xf]�;\ .

zf;g dha'tLs®0f ug{ tfls zlQmnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsof]�;\ . /fd|f]� dfkb08 :�yfkgf ul/Psf]� xf]�;\ / kf/blz{tfn]�

;+/rgfdf /x]�sf ;d:�ofnfO{ ;RofOPsf]� ;'lglZrt u/f]�;\ .

gful®snfO{ ;zlQms®0f ug{ tfls ®fHon]� cfkm\gf k|lta4tf ® dfkb08 k"®f u®]�÷gu®]�sf]� cg'udg ug{ hgtfx¿

;';"lrt ® ;Ifd xf]�pg\ .

dfly lbOPsf nIox¿ Ps}� ;dodf gx'g ;Sg]� xf]�Ogg\ . tL sf®0f ® k|efjsf]� hl6n cGt®;DaGwdf h]�lnPsf x'G5g\ . pbfx®0fsf nflu zf;gnfO{ dha't kfg{]� ® e|i6frf®lj?4 n8\g]� xf]� eg]� ;]�jf k|jfxdf ;'wf® Nofpg'kb{5 . o:�t}�, ;®sf®sf cfr®0fsf]� cg'udg ug{ gful®sx¿ ;zQm eP eg]� e|i6frf® 36\g' kb{5 . t;y{ tkfO{+ PseGbf a9L tl®sfaf6 kl®jt{g Nofpg rfxg' eP tfklg tkfO{{n]� k|f®lDes nIonfO{ JofVof u®L To;n]� tkfO{+n]� ug'{ x'g]� hjfkmb]�lxtf sfo{ lbzflgb]�{z ug{ lbg' jf~5gLo x'G5 .

hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� sfd ug'{ eg]�sf]� nfe p7fpgsf nflu xf]�Og

hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� sfdaf6 cg'lrt tj®n]� :�yfgLo ;®sf®sf clwsf®Lx¿af6 nfe lng ;Sg]� hf]�lvd ®xG5 . pbfx®0fsf nflu, olb s'g}� gful®s ;dfh ;+:�yfn]� s'g}� vf; ufp“df vr{ ul®g' kg]�{ ;|f]�tsf nflu nuftf® bafa lbO®x]�df cGttM p; To;df ;kmn x'g ;Snf . t®, vt®f sxf“lg® x'G5 eg]� To;kl5 ;|f]�tx¿ Pp6f gful®s ;dfhsf]� cfjfh jf bafasf sf®0f c¿ kf“r ufp“sf nflu elgPsf]� ;|f]�t Pp6}� uflj;df vGofpg' kg{]� x'G5 . t;y{, hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� sfd ;dtf ® ljj]�szLn lg0f{o k|lqmofåf®f ;"lrt x'g' kb{5 .

Pd= P;= lu|G8nsf]� :�yfgLotfdf hfg'M ljs]�lGb|s®0f, nf]�stflGqs®0f ® ;'zf;gsf]� jfrf -@))(_ af6 cg's"lnt . lj:�t[t ljj®0fsf nflu ;Gbe{;"lr x]�g'{xf]�;\ .

47

:��jtGq cg'udgstf{ -jfr8u_M gful®s ;dfhnfO{ ®fHosf]� zlQmsf æsfpG6®kmf]�OnÆ jf clen]�vsf nflu ®flvPsf]� r]�ssf]� lx:�;fsf ¿kdf x]�l®G5 ® aflx® a;]�® ;®sf®sf]� cfr®0f ® sfo{;DkfbgfO{ ;w+}� cg'udg u5{ .

;xsf®L zf;gdf ;xefuLM gful®s ;dfhn]� hafkmb]�lxtfsf]� ;+®rgf ® k|lqmofleq gful®sx¿sf]� ;®f]�sf® nfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug{ ®fHokIf ;“u sfd u5{ .

lrGts ® ;d:��ofsf]�� ;dfwfgstf{M gful®s ;dfhn]� hjfkmb]�lxtfsf k|d'v r'gf}�lt af®]�sf]� a'emfOnfO{ ulx®f]� kfg{ ® ;dfwfgsf gofF pkfo kQf nufpgsf nflu cfjZos k|lqmofdf ;xof]�u k'¥ofp“5 .

tnaf6 dflylt/ hfg]�� hafkmb]��lxtfsf]�� k|j4{gstf{M gful®s ;dfhn]� ;®sf®sf cfr®0f ® sfo{;Dkfbgsf]� cg'udg ug{ ® l;w}� ®fHo kIfnfO{ hafkmb]�xL agfpg gful®ssf nflu :�yfg l;h{gf ub{5 .

;/sf/;“u jf ;/sf/dfly sfd ug{]�M rf/ tl/sfx? b]�z jf :�yfgLo If]�qsf]� ®fhgLlts ® P]�ltxfl;s kl®k|]�Ifsf]� cfwf®df gful®s ;dfh ;+:�yfx¿sf]� ;®sf®;Fu sfd ug{]� ljleGg tf}�®tl®sf x'g;Sb5 . s'g}� d'n'sdf tL ;+:�yfx¿sf]� ;®sf®;Fusf]� ;DaGw cljZjf;k"0f{ jf lj®f]�wLsf]� h:�tf]� x'G5 eg]� sltko d'n'sdf eg]� cfk;L ;xof]�u ;Dej ® nfebfoL klg b]�lvPsf]� 5 . hjfkmb]�lxtf;DaGwL sfo{ ubf{ gful®s ;dfhn]� Wofg lbg kg{]� rf® e"ldsfnfO{ oxf“ k|:�t't ul®Psf]� 5 -oLafx]�s c¿ y'k|}� ;Defjgf klg 5g\ _ .

jsfnt ;xdlt lgdf{0f

;f}bfafhL÷jftf ;zQmLs/0f

æoL ;+:yfx? ;fgf ;d"xsf]� ?kdf ;'? eP, c? ;d"x / If]�q;Fu ldn]�/ ¥ofnL u/]�, /fi6«JofkL zlQmsf]� ?kdf a9\g yfn]� / cfddflg;x?sf]� c;Gt'li6nfO{ cfdsf/afxLdf abNb} hgcfGbf]�ngsf]� ljsf; u/]� . o;k|sf/ pgLx? ;fgf]� / leqL ;d"xaf6 hgcfGbf]�ng ag]� .Æ

Pl8gf c6]�{hf !(

;xeflutfd"ns k4lt

ha gful®s ;dfh ;+:�yfx¿n]� hjfkmb]�lxtf;DaGwL sfd ub{5g\, pgLx¿n]� ;w+}� ;xellutf, kf®blz{tf ® ljlwsf]� zf;gnfO{ k|j4{g ug]�{ u®L sfd ug'{ dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . a[xt\ ;xeflutfsf]� cy{ ®fhgLlts lg0f{o k|lqmofaf6 ;a}�eGbf ;LdflGts®0fdf k®]�sfx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf s'®f cfk}�+m ®fVg ;Ifd agfpg' ® hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� If]�qdf pgLx¿n]� cfkm\gf cfkm\gf]� lbzf cfkm}� to ug{ ;'lglZrt ug'{ xf]� .

t/ l;Q}df eg] s]xL klg kfOFb}g lg .

ljljwvfnsf] gful/s ;dfhn] g} hLjGt /fhgLlts ;+:s[lt lgdf{0f ug{ d2t

k'¥ofp“5 .

;a} gful/s ;dfh ;+:yfx? Pp6}

x“'b}gg\ . pgLx?sf] leGg nIo / Ph]08f

x'G5g\ .

gful/s ;dfh ;+:yfx?n] cfkm\gf ;/sf/x?;Fusf] ;Gbe{df km/s vfn] e"ldsf lgefp“5g\ .

48

:�yfgLo txdf sfd ubf{ nf]�stGq lgdf{0fsf]� ax; ® 5nkmndf s]� eGg]� ul®G5 eg]� ;a}�eGbf a9L ;Defjgf :�yfgLo txd}� x'G5 . s'®f s]� 5 eg]� :�yfgLo g]�tfx¿ :�yfgLo kl®k|]�Ifdf zfGble{s hgtfsf d'2fk|lt k|ToIf ¿kdf hafkmb]�xL x'g]� xf]� eg]� ;]�jf k|jfx ® zf;g k4ltdf ;f“lRrs}� ;'wf® Nofpg ;lsG5 . To;sf®0f gful®s ;dfhsf ;+:�yfx¿sf nflu :�yfgLo ;®sf®sf]� blfoTjsf]� cg'udg ® :�yfgLo hafkmb]�lxtfsf]� ;jnLs®0fdf hf]�8 lbg' pko'Qm x'G5 .

If]�qLo tyf :�yfgLo txdf ®fHosf]� ;+®rgf ;[hgf -jf lj:�tf®_ ug]�{ k|lqmofnfO{ ljs]��Gb|Ls®0f elgG5 . oyfy{df ljs]�Gb|Ls®0f Tolta]�nf x'G5, hlta]�nf s]�Gb| ;®sf®n]� :�yfgLo ;®sf®sf stf{ jf ;+:�Yff nfO{ k|bfg ub{5 . ljs]�lGb|t ;®sf®sf]� k|rng clwsf+z ljsf;f]�Gd'v nufot y'k|}� d'n'sdf kfOG5 . t®, o;nfO{ nfu" ug{ tl®sf w]�®}� 5g\ ® o;n]� ;a}�lt® Ps}� vfnsf]� nfe lbG5 eGg]� klg 5}�g .

æ…===zlQmsf]� cEof;af6 ;a}eGbf a9L k|efljt x'g]�x?sf]� ;xeflutf j[l4 geP;Dd

ljs]�lGb|s/0fn]� cfkm\gf]� clGtd p2]�Zo-nf]�stflGqs zf;g_

xfl;n ug{ ;Sb}g . ljBdfg ljs]�lGb|s/0f k|lqmof -===_ df b'O{ d'Vo ;+/rgfut tTjx?sf]�

cefj 5 ‘dflyaf6 tnlt/ hfg]� hjfkmb]�lxtf / hgk|ltlglwTj .’

ln08f r]�nfg ln @)

:yfgLo txdf ljs]lGb|s/0fdfkm{t\

jf:tljs kl/jt{g Nofpg :yfgLo ;/sf/;“u s]xL

thljhL clwsf/ x'g'k5{ .

;f“lRrs} nf]stflGqs ljs]lGb|s/0fsf] cy{M• :yfgLo ;/sf/;“u :yfgLo cfjZostf / cj:yf ;'xfp“bf] lg0f{o lng ;Sg] zlQm x'G5 . • :yfgLo ;/sf/x?;“u ;|f]t x'G5 / To;nfO{ :yfgLo k|fyldstf;“u d]n vfg] u/L ljlgof]hg ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ x'G5 . • :yfgLo hgtfx? :jtGq / lgikIf :yfgLo r'gfjaf6 :yfgLo ;/sf/df r'lgG5g\ . • sfg'gL ;'wf/n] :yfgLo ;/sf/df dfq} ge} :yfgLo ;d'bfodf klg zlQm x:tfGt/0f u5{ . • :yfgLo k|ltlglwx?n] uflj;, gu/kflnsf / o;sf ;a} ljefusf] lg/LIf0f u5{g\ . • :yfgLo ;/sf/x?;Fu cfkm\gf If]qdf ljleGg ;]jf k|jfx ug]{,cfkm\gf] If]qdf ;]jf k|jfxsf nflu of]hgf agfpg] / ;+of]hg ug]{ clwsf/ x'G5 . • :yfgLo ;/sf/x? cfkm'eGbf dflyNnf] txsf ;/sf/ / :yfgLo hgtf b'a}k|lt hafkmb]xL x'G5g\ .

• :yfgLo k|ltlglwx?n] cfkm\gf] bfloTj k"/f gu/]df :yfgLo gful/sn] pgLx?nfO{ lkmtf{ af]nfpg ;S5g\ .

/fhgLlt zf:qLx?n] ljs]lGb|s/0fsf] of] :j?knfO{ zlQm …lgIf]k0fÚ klg eG5g\ .

49

sltko cj:yfdf ljs]lGb|s/0f s[lqd /

lgik|efjL aGg k'u]sf] 5 .

:yfgLo ;/sf/;“u jf:tljs ?kdf thlahL clwsf/ gePdf dflyNnf] txsf] ;/sf/ g} hjfkmb]xL

x'g'k5{ .

x/]s b]zsf gful/s ;dfh ;+:yfx?n] pgLx?sf] hjfkmb]lxtf sfo{n] :yfgLo

lgsfonfO{ nlIft ug'{ cfjZos 5 5}g egL d"Nofª\sg ug'{k5{ .

:yfgLo g]tfx?n] klg cnf]stflGqs rngnfO{ a9fjf lbg ;S5g\ h:t}M 7"nf lg0f{ox? ubf{ dlxnfnfO{ kfvf

kfg]{ .

:yfgLo txdf hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� If]�qnfO{ lgDg s'/fn]� ;+s'lrt ub{5

• :�yfgLo ;®sf®sf]� gLltut lg0f{odf s'g}� ;+nUgtf x'“b}�g ® s]�jn s]�Gb| ;®sf®sf]� sfof{Gjog ug]�{ cª\usf]� ¿kdf dfq}� sfd u5{ .

• :�yfgLo ;®sf®sf]� cfkm\g}� ;|f]�t x'“b}�g ® pgLx¿sf]� sfd ug{ cfjZos ;|f]�tsf]� Joj:�yf ul®Psf]� 5}�g -o;nfO{ ;|f]�t®lxt DofG8]�8 elgG5_ .

• :�yfgLo k|ltlglwx¿ s]�Gb| ;®sf® jf k|e'TjzfnL ®fhgLlts bnx¿af6 lgo'Qm ul®G5g\ .

• :�yfgLo k|ltlglwx¿sf]� uflj; ® gu®kflnsfsf]� sd{rf®L jf ljQdfly s'g}� lgoGq0f x'“b}�g .

• :�yfgLo ;®sf®x¿ sfg'gL ¿kdf :�yfgLo gful®sk|lt geO dflyNnf]� txsf ;®sf®k|lt hjfkmb]�xL x'G5g\ .

æd]�/f]� a'emfO{df nf]�stGqn]� sdhf]�/nfO{ klg zlQmzfnLnfO{ hlts} cj;/ lbG5 . nf]�stGqnfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ hgtfdf :jtGqtf, cfTd;Ddfg / Pstfsf]� alnof]� efjgf x'g'k5{ .Æ

df]�xgbf; ufGwL @!

:yfgLo ;xeflutf Ö ;dfg ;xeflutf

50

:�yfgLo txdf nf]�stflGqs hjfkmb]�lxtfnfO{ alnof]� agfpg ;Dej ePsf pbfx®0fx¿ gePsf eg]� xf]�Ogg\ . olb To;f]� xf]� eg]� gful®s ;dfhn]� hf]�8 lbg' kg]�{ Pp6f d'Vo If]�q oxL xf]� . v08 @ df ePsf 36gf cWoog x¿n]� k|i6;“u b]�vfPem}�+ :�yfgLo hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� u'0f:�t®nfO{ clej[l4 ug{ gful®ssf]� cu'jfO{df x'g]� o:�tf k|lta4 kxnx¿n]� hgtfsf]� hLjg:�t®df k|ToIf ;'wf® Nofpg]� 7"nf]� ;Defjgf ®xG5 .

cWofo ! sf]� klxnf]� k[i7df rrf{ ul®Psf hjfkmb]�lxtfsf ;ft ljz]�iftfx¿ ofb 5 < k|efjsf®L ® ®fd|f]�;Fu sfd ug{]� :�yfgLo hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� k4ltn]� lgDg ug{]� ;Defjgf x'G5M

• :�yfgLo ®fhgLlt1, lghfdlt sd{rf®L ® ;d'bfoaLrsf]� ;DaGw alnof]� agfpFb5 ® gof“ :�YffgLo g]�tfx¿sf]� l;h{gf x'g lbG5 .

• :�yfgLo g]�tfx¿n]� cfkm"n]� u®]�sf lg0f{o ® sfo{;Dkfbgn]� :�ygLo hgtfsf]� hLjgdf s;®L k|ToIf k|efj kf®]�sf]� 5 egL k|sfz kf®L pgLx¿n]� lnPsf lg0f{o ® sfo{;Dkfbgsf]� lhDd]��jf®L lnPsf]� ;'lglZrt ub{5 .

• ;®sf®L ;"rgfdf kx'“r k|j4{g ® ;®sf®L k|lqmofnfO{ gful®s k®LIff÷cg';Gwfgsf nflu v'nf u®L kf®blz{tfsf]� clej[l4 ub{5 .

• hgtfsf]� cfTd;Ddfg a9fpFb}� ® pgLx¿sf]� cfjZostf k"lt{ ug{ pgLx¿nfO{ ®fd|f]� ;®sf®L ;]�jf k|bfg u®L dfgj clwsf®sf]� k|j4{g ub{5 .

• :�yfgLo txsf]� lg0f{o k|lqmof, ;]�jf Joj:�yf, cg'udg ® k|ult d"Nofª\sgdf a[xt\ ;xeflutf u®fp“b}� :�yfgLo lgsfox¿÷;®f]�sf®jfnfx¿ aLrsf]� zlQm ;DaGwnfO{ k'gM;+®lrt ub{5 .

• ;xdt ePsf k|lta4tf ® dfkb08x¿ kfng ul®Psf]� ® unt cfr®0f Pjd\ nfk®jfxL ug]�{nfO{ sf®afxL u®L ljlwsf]�� zf;gnfO{ k|j4{g ub{5 .

gful/s ;dfh ;+:yfx?sf nflu /0fgLlts d'2fx?

of]� ;|f]�tk':�tssf]� v08 ! n]� gful®s ;dfhsf lglDt lgDglnlvt ®0fgLlts ljsNkaf®]� rrf{ u®]�sf]� 5M

• hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� sfo{ lsg ug{]� <

• ®fHosf s'g bfloTjx¿k|lt tkfO{+sf]� ;®f]�sf® 5 <

• ®fHosf k|lta4tf ® dfkb08af®]� plrt ;"rgfdf tkfO{sf]� kx'“r 5 <

• dfkb08 ckof{Kt ® cJojxfl®s eP klg tkfO{ ltgsf]� cg'udg ug'{x'G5 <

• tkfO{+sf]� sfdsf nflu s'g hjfkmb]�lxtf ;DaGw ;a}�eGbf a9L ;fGble{s 5 <

• k"jf{ux| ® sAhfaf6 s;®L ;fjwfgL ckgfpg' x'G5 jf To;sf]� ;fdgf s;®L ug'{ x'G5 <

• s:�tf]� vfnsf]� hafkmb]�lxtsf]� :�yfgdf sfd ug]�{ tkfO{+sf]� p2]�Zo 5 <

• tkfO{ ;®sf®;Fu, ;®sf®sf]� ;fO8df ®xL ® ;®sf®sf]� kx®]�bf®sf ¿kdf s;®L sfd ug'{ x'G5 <

• tkfO{ ;]�jf k|jfx d'2fsf cfwf®e"t kIfnfO{ ;Daf]�wg ug{ rfxg'x'G5 ®÷jf zf;gsf]� u'0f:�t® h:�tf bL3{sfnLg d'2f ;'Nemfpg]� k|of; ug{ rfxg'x'G5 <

• tkfO{sf]� kl®k||]�Ifdfdf :�yfgLo hjfkmb]�lxtf clej[l4 ug{ slt ;Dej 5 <

:�jLsf®f]�lQmMM of]� cWofo hf]�g ufe]�Gtfsf]� kfj® So'j ck|f]�r km® PgfnfOlhª l;len ;f]�;fO6L kfl6{l;k]�;g :�k]�; ® pgsf]� sfo{kq

lht, 3f6f jf k|lt:�kwf{ < ænf]�stGqsf]� ax;nfO{Æ cem ;3g agfpFb} -@))%_ af6 s]�xL k|efljt ® ;';"lrt 5 . o;df ePsf

ljrf® ® hfgsf®L x¿ dn]�gf, km;{6® P08 l;+xsf]� ;fdflhs hjfkmb]�lxtfM cjwf®0ff ® pbodfg cEof;x¿sf]� kl®ro -@))!_

af6 klg cg's'ng ul®Psf x'g\ . lj:�t[t hfgsf®Lsf nflu ;Gbe{;"rL x]�g'{xf]�nf .

efu @ df yk hfgsf/L lng'xf];\ . csf]{ efusf] ;a} cWofon]

hjfkmb]lxtf sfo{ ;~rfngsf nflu wf/0ff / Jojxfl/s

cGt/b[li6 lbG5g\ .

qm; /]km/]G;\

51

v08 @ hjfkmb]lxtfsf nflu

sfd ug'{

o; v08df tkfO{+n] lgDg s'/f kfpg' x'g]5M

hjfkmb]lxtf sfo{sf] c+z aGg] ljleGg lqmofsnfkx?

hjfkmb]lxtf sfo{ z'? ug{] tl/sf

hjfkmb]lxtfsf nflu ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] kl/rfng

;"rgfdf kx'Fr agfpg] / ;"rs 5fGg]

k|df0f hDdf ug{] ljljw tl/sfx?

;/sf/nfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpgsf nflu k|df0fsf] k|of]u

52

hjfkmb]�lxtf sfo{sf r/0fx?hjfkmb]�lxtf sfo{ ug'{ eg]�sf]� ljljw k|sf®sf lqmofsnfknfO{ ;dfj]�z ug{]� k|lqmof klg xf]� . olb tkfO{+ hjfkmb]�lxtfsf nflu ul®Psf]� sfdn]� k|efj kf®f]�;\ eGg]� rfxg' x'G5 eg]� z'? ug{'eGbf klg cl3b]�lv g}� hjfkmb]�lxtf sfo{sf]� ;a}� r®0fx¿ af®]� ;f]�rljrf® k'¥ofpg' kb{5 .

z'?jft jf z'? s;/L ug{]� -cWofo (_

;/f]�sf/jfnfsf]� kl/rfng

-cWofo !)_

tof/L-cWofo !!_

k|df0f h'6fpg' jf ;+sng ug'{-cWofo !@_

k|df0fsf]� k|of]�u -cWofo !@_

s[kof gf]��6 ug'{xf]��;\M hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� sfo{sf nflu Pp6fdfq ;xL k|lqmof 5}�g . dfly pNn]�v ul®Psf]� rqmnfO{ ToxL cg'¿kdf g}� cEof; ug'{ kb{5 eGg]� xf]�Og . hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� sfo{sf nflu tkfO{+sf]� kl®k|]�If ;'xfpg]� u®L dfly pNn]�v ul®Psf]� s'g}� klg r®0fdf z'? ug{ ;lsG5 ® ;f]�lx cg'¿ksf]� l;nl;nf jf ;+®rgf agfpg ;lsG5 . cEof;df oL r®0fx¿ l;nl;nfa4 ¿kn]� xf]�Og ls cl3kl5 u®]�® k|of]�u ug{' kg{]� klg x'G5 .

hjfkmb]lxtf eGg] lalQs} ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg lbg]

ltn:dL 5l8 rfFlx xf]Og .

53

k|of]�]�u ul/Psf zAbx? af/]�

o; ;|f]�t k':�tsdf ;dfj]�z ul®Psf ljleGg ljlw ® k4ltnfO{ cGo ;+:�yfx¿n]� jf cGo ;|f]�tk':�tsdf æhjfkmb]�lxtf sfo{Æ eg]�® gelgPsf]� x'g ;Sb5 . o;sf cltl®Qm oxfF ePsf w]�®}� cf}�hf®x¿ ;®sf®nfO{ cg'udg ug{dfq k|of]�u ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]� xf]�Og . s]�xL cf}�hf®x¿ skf{]�®]�zg, bft[ lgsfo ® gful®s ;dfhx¿sf]� hjfkmb]�lxtfnfO{ alnof]� agfpg klg k|of]�u ug{ ;lsG5 . ;®f]�sf®jfnfsf]� gS;fÍg h:�tf s]�lx cf}�hf® w]�®}� ;+:�yf ® If]�qx¿df k|of]�u ug{ ;lsG5 . gful®s ;dfh ;+:�yfx¿n]� k|df0f a6'Ng ® k|of]�u ug{]� cf}�hf®nfO{ ;®sf®sf]� hjfkmb]�lxtf ;'wf® ug{eGbf klg k|foMh;f]� ;®sf®L gLlt ® ah]�6nfO{ k|efljt ug{sf nflu k|of]�u ub{5g\ . To;}�n]� s]� s'®f Vofn ®fVg' kb{5 eg]� oxfF ePsf ljlw ® cf}�hf®x¿ cGo zfLif{s cGtu{t\ klg Kofs]�lhË u®]�® k|:�t't ul®Psf]� x'g ;Sb5 .

r/0fa4 ?kdf hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� If]�qnfO{ cWoog ubf{ o;n]� ;a}�lt/ pxL tl/sfn]� k|of]�u ug{ ;lsg]� Pp6}� df]�]�8n ;'emfFpb}�g . o;sf]� p2]�Zo hjfkmb]�lxtf sfo{sf ljljw kIfx?nfO{ Jojl:�yt ug{ ;lsg]� ;–;fgf efudf 5'6\ofpg' xf]� / Pp6f lqmofsnfkn]� csf]�{ lqmofsnfksf nflu s;/L cfwf/ agfpFb5 egL x]�g'{ xf]� .

o; v08df lbOPsf ;"rgfnfO{ hjfkmb]�lxtf sfo{ ug{ cfkm\g}� ljlw ljsf; ug{sf nflu gful/s ;dfh ;+:�yfx?n]� k|of]�u ug{ ;Sg]� tTjx?sf]� ?kdf lnOg' kb{5 . k|To]�s cWofodf tkfO{+n]� lgDg lrGxx? kfpg' x'g]�5 M

Jojxfl/s cf}��hf/ h;nfO{ tkfO{+sf]� sfddf ;xof]�u k'¥ofpgsf nflu k|of]�u ug{ ;lsG5

;|f]��tk':��tssf]�� cGo efudf ePsf a9L hfgsf/L af/]�sf ;Gbe{

o;af/]�� klg ;f]��rf}��++ yk cWoognfO{ lgb{]�z ug{ ;Sg]� k|Zgx?

/f}+ hlt vfnsf] eP tfklg cflv/ d Pp6f v/fof]

g} t x'F

o;af/]

klg ;f]rf} +

qm; /]km/]G;\

54

cWofo (

hjfkmb]�lxtf;DaGwL sfdsf]� z'?jft

====s'g rflx+ ljlw k|of]u ug{] eGg]af/] xfdLnfO{ cndn

eof]

t/ sxfFaf6, s;/L z'? ug{] eGg] yfx}

ePg

=== ;fd'bflos /]l6Ë

sf8{ / ;fdflhs

k/LIf0faf/] klg

;'Gof}+

=== clg ;j{]If0f,

ah]6 ljZn]if0f /

jsfntsf

af/]df klg

xfdLn] Joo

v'6\ofpg] jf 6

«ofs ug{]

/ gful/s l/kf]6

{ sf8{

af/] ;'Gof}+ =

==

ha xfdLn]

hjfkmb]lxtfsf]

sfd z'?

u¥of}+ ====

55

xfdLn] bh{gf}+ cf}hf/,

ufO8 / Dofg'cnx?

e]6\6fof}+ ====

====clg nf]stGq lgdf{0f ug{ / ul/ad'vL

kl/jt{gsf nflu klg

olt w]/} k':ts,

k|ltj]bg / j]a;fO6x?

t/ klg ===

t/ ha xfdLn] xfd|f]

hjfkmb]lxtfsf] sfddfkm{t

\

s] xfl;n ug{ rfxG5f}+ eGg]

cfwf/e"t k|Zg cfkm}+nfO{

;f]Wof}+ Tof] cndn

;dfKt eof] .

s'g rflxF ljlw xfd|f nflu ;a}eGbf pko'Qm xf] eGg] s'/f

v'6\ofpg ;s]gf}+

====h;sf] k|of]u u/L gLltnfO{ k|efljt ug{

;lsGYof], ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;Fu nlaË ug{ ;lsGYof]

56

xfdLn] hjfkmb]lxtfsf] af/] Tolt a]nf ;f]Rg yfNof}+ hlt a]nf xfdL ;a}n] :jf:Yo rf}sLdf g/fd|f]

Jojxf/ ul/Psf] dx;'; u¥of}+ . xfdLn] s] lg0f{o u¥of}+ eg] xfd|f]

:jf:Yo rf}sLdf To:tf] 7fpF x'g' kb{5 hxfF gful/snfO{ ;Ddfgk"j{s Jojxf/

/ /fd|f] ;]jf k|bfg ul/G5 .

xfd|f] hjfkmb]lxtf;DaGwL sfd Tolt a]nf z'? eof] ha Pp6f

lvof nfu]sf] l6gsf] a6\6fn] Pp6f afnssf] v'6\6f sf6\of] / v'6\6fdf g/fd|f];Fu ;+qmd0f eof] . xfdLnfO{ s] nfUof] eg] xfd|f ;8sdf oqtq

ePsf / ;+sng gul/Psf kmf]x/nfO{ Tolts} 5f]8\g ;lsb}g .

hjfkmb]�lxtf;DaGwL sfdsf]� s]�Gb|ljGb"sf]� klxrfghjfkmb]�lxtf;DaGwL sfd ljljw sf®0f ® kl®l:�yltdf ug{]� ul®G5 . v08 ! df k|:�t't ul®Psf rf® j6f syfx¿ s]�xL pbfx®0f dfq x'g\ . kl®l:�ylt h:�tf]� ;'s}� eP tfklg cy{k"0f{ hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� sfd ug{sf nflu tkfO{+ s]� kl®jt{g Nofpg rfxg' x'G5 eGg]� s'®fdf :�ki6 x'g Psbd}� h?®L x'G5 .

o; ;|f]�t k':�tsdf s]� cg'dfg ul®Psf]� 5 eg]� tkfO{ s'g}� k|sf®sf]� gful®s ;dfh ;+:�yfdfkm{t\ hjfkmb]�lxtf;DaGwL sfd ug{ rfxg' x'G5 . o:�tf]� ;+:�yf 7"nf, :�yflkt u}�®;®sf®L ;+:�yfb]�lv e®v®}� :�yflkt ePsf]� ;fgf]� ;d'bfodf cfwfl®t ;d"x x'g ;Sb5 . hjfkmb]�lxtf;DaGwL sfd z'?jft ubf{ ljleGg ;+:�yfx¿sf]� ljleGg p2]�Zo ® ck]�Iff x'g ;Sb5 . h:�tf]� lsM

• tkfO{+sf]� ;+:�yfn]� klxn]�b]�lv g}� lglZrt If]�qdf sfd ul®®x]�sf]� 5, h:�tf]� ls :�jf:�Yo, s[lif jf vfg]�kfgLdf kx'Fr ® ;f]�lx If]�qdf hjfkmb]�lxtf dha't agfpg rfxG5 .

• tkfO{+sf]� ;+:�yf;Fu :�ki6 nIo ls6fg ul®Psf]� ®0fgLlts of]�hgf 5 ® tkfO{+ cfkm\gf]� ;+:�yfsf]� sfddf hjfkmb]�lxtf;DaGwL kIfnfO{ yk]�® sfdsf]� k|efjnfO{ cem 7f]�; agfpg rfxg' x'G5 .

• tkfO{+sf]� ;+:�yf klxn]�b]�lv g}� lglZrt ju{ jf ;d"x;Fu sfd ul®®x]�sf]� 5, h:�tf]� ls o'jf, j[4, afnaflnsf jf z®0ffyL{ ® tkfO{+ pgLx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf ®f]�hfOsf ;jfnx¿df hjfkmb]�lxtf dfUgsf nflu ;Ifd agfpg rfxg' x'G5 .

• tkfO{+sf]� ;+:�yf ;femf ;fd'bflos ;d:�ofnfO{ ;Daf]�wg ug{ :�yfkgf ePsf]� lyof]�, h:�tf]� ls :�yfgLo ljBfnodf sIffsf]�7fsf]� cefj ® tkfO{+sf]� p2]�Zo eg]�sf]� hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� cf}�hf® k|of]�u u®L ;d:�of ;dfwfg ug'{ xf]� .

o;af/]

klg ;f]rf} +

tkfO{+sf] kl/k|]Ifdf s:tf] vfnsf] hjfkmb]lxtf sfo{ ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 eGg] s'/f s;n] lg0f{o ub{5 < of] s'/f cflz+s ?kdf tkfO{sf]

;+:yfsf] Dof08]6n] klg lgwf{/0f ub{5 . of]hgf lgdf{0f ubf{ ;xeflutfd"ns ljlw k|of]u u/]df o;n] dxTjk"0f{ ;"rgf k|bfg u/L ;DaGw lgdf{0f

ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5 .

57

ha xfdLn] xfd|f] ;x/sf] lah'nLsf] ;d:of lgofNof}+, xfdLn] hfjkmb]lxtf;DaGwL 7"nf] vf8n e]6\6fof}+ . ;/sf/n] ljB'tnfO{ cf+lzs ?kdf gLlhs/0f ul//x]sf] 5 / gLlh sDkgLx?n] ljB't

pTkfbg ug{] KnfG6 v8f ul//x]sf 5g\ / /fHonfO{ ;f] ljB't a]lr/x]sf 5g\. t/ ;/sf/ / gLlh sDkgLaLrsf] ljB'tsf] sf/f]af/ :jR5 5 egL gful/s ;dfhn] cg'udg ug{] s'g} sfg'g 5}g . ljB't cfk'lt{ kf/bzL{ / :jR5 xf];\

egL ;'lglZrt ug{] s'g} lgod 5}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf s;/L xfdL hjfkmb]lxtf;DaGwL sfd ug{] egL ;f]Rg ;Sb5f}+ <

hjfkmb]�lxtf;DaGwL sfd ug{ vf]�Hg'sf]� sf®0f h]� eP tfklg tkfO{+sf]� k|fyldstf jf kmf]�s;nfO{ kl®eflift ug{ s8f d]�xgt ug{}� kg{]� x'G5 .

tn lbPsf lgdf{0f v08x¿ s'g}� klg kl®l:�yltdf hjfkmb]�lxtf sfo{ jf kl®of]�hgfsf nflu k|f®lDes tTjsf ¿kdf k|of]�u ug{ ;lsG5 .

hjfkmb]�lxtf;DaGwL sfo{sf]� kmf]�s; jf s]�Gb|ljGb" kl/eflift ug{sf nflu rflxg]� cfwf/e"t tTjx?

• tkfO{+n]� Nofpg rfxg' x'g]� kl/jt{g / ;f]� kl/jt{g Nofpg rfxg]� sf/s tTjx?nfO{ ljZn]�if0f ug'{xf]�;\

• of]� kl/jt{gnfO{ k|efljt ug{ ;Sg]� / k|efljt x'g]� ;/f]�sf/jfnfx?sf]� klxrfg ug'{xf]�;\

• rfx]�sf]� kl/jt{g xsdf ;/sf/sf]� s'g}� bfloTj 5 ls egL :�ki6 kfg'{xf]�;\

• of]� kl/jt{g Nofpg]� bfloTj /fHosf s'g stf{ jf cËsf]� xf]� egL cf}�Nofpg' xf]�;\ -hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� xsdf pgLx? aLrsf]� ;DaGwsf]� ljZn]�if0f ug'{xf]�;\_

• of]� kl/jt{g Nofpgsf nflu ;a}� ;fGble{s ;/f]�sf/jfnfx?sf]� zlQm slt 5 egL kQf nufpg'xf]�;\

• pgLx?sf]� zlQm, d"NodfGotf / ;|f]�tdflysf]� kx'Frsf sf/0f rflxPsf]� kl/jt{g Nofpgsf nflu ;xof]�u ug{ ;Sg]� jf To;nfO{ /f]�Sg ;Sg]� JolQmx?sf]� cfFsng ug'{xf]�;\

v08 ! df cem w]/} l;Sg'xf];\

hjfkmb]lxtf, bfloTj / hjfkmb]lxtf ;DaGw cflb h:tf o; cWofodf k|of]u ul/Psf cjwf/0ff af/] 5nkmnsf nflu cWofo

!, @ / ^ x]g'{xf];\

rfx]sf] kl/jt{g

To;df s;sf] ;/f]sf/ 5 <

bfloTj s;sf] 5 <

bfloTjx? s] x'g\ <

cfkm";Fu ePsf] ;Lk jf Ifdtfåf/f s;n] kl/jt{gnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ jf ult/f]w pTkGg

u/fpg ;Sb5 <sf];Fu s:tf]

vfnsf] zlQm 5

qm; /]km/]G;\

#syfc FWof/f]d f 5f]l8Psf]

58

rfx]sf] jf OR5fOPsf] kl/jt{g

tkfO{+n]� Nofpg rfxg' ePsf]� kl/jt{g s]� xf]� <tkfO{+sf]� hjfkmb]�lxtf;DaGwL sfdsf]� nIo s]� xf]� egL :�ki6 x'g dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . k|foMh;f]� of]� s'g}� k|sf®sf]� ;'wf® x'g]� ub{5 h:�tf]� ls :�j:�Yo afnaflnsf, cem a9L 3®fo;L cfDbfgL, lg0f{o k|lqmofdf gful®ssf]� cem Jofks ;xeflutf, ®fd|f]� u'0f:�t®sf]� cfjf; jf cem ljZjfl;nf]� cu'jfx¿ . tkfO{+sf]� lbdfudf ePsf]� OR5fOPsf]� kl®jt{g af®]� hlt a9L ljj®0f eg{ ;Sg'x'G5, tkfO{+ cfkm\gf]� of]�hgfdf Tolt g}� a9L s]�lGb|t x'g ;Sg' x'G5 .

ofb ug'{xf]�;\, tkfO{+n]� Nofpg rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{g ;]�jf k|bfg ug{]� sfo{df ;'wf® ug{', e|i6frf® lj?4 n8\g', zf;gnfO{ alnof]� agfpg', gful®snfO{ ;zQm agfpg' jf logLx¿sf]� ld>0f x'g ;Sb5 –cWofo * sf]� v08 ! x]�g'{xf]�;\_

s]�xL kl®k|]�Ifdf OR5fOPsf]� kl®jt{g eg]�sf]� hjfkmb]�lxtf ;+oGq gePsf]� cj:�yfdf To:�tf]� ;+oGq :�yfkgf ug'{ x'g ;Sb5, ljz]�ifu/L u®L tL d'n'sx¿df hxfF n8fO{, k|fs[lts k|sf]�k, a;fO{;®fO{, ;}�lgs x:�tIf]�k jf ;®sf®sf]� u}�®nf]�stflGqs kl®jt{gn]� ubf{ cf}�krfl®s hjfkmb]�lxtf ;dfKt jf sdhf]�® ePsf]� 5 .

tkfO{+sf]� kl®k|]�Ifdf h'g rfFlx nIo ;a}�eGbf pko'Qm eP klg csf{]� r®0f eg]�sf]� tkfO{+n]� rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{gnfO{ Pp6f ultzLn s'®fsf]� ¿kdf ;f]�+Rg' xf]� . To:�tf]� s'®f h;df sf®0f ® k|efj x'G5 . tnsf]� cf}�hf®nfO{ ;f]� k|of]�hgsf nflu k|of]�u ug{ ;lsG5 .

cf}hf/ !M kl/jt{gsf]� ?v

oyfl:�yltdf kl®jt{g Nofpgsf nflu kl®jt{gsf]� ?v pkof]�uL x'g ;Sb5 . ha tkfO{+;Fu OR5fOPsf]� nIo lbdfudf x'G5, To;n]� Nofpg]� ;sf®fTds glthf sNkgf ug{ ;lhnf]� x'G5 . gsf®fTds k|efjx¿ klxrfg ug{ clns a9L

r'gf}�ltk"0f{ x'G5 ® Tof]� ug{ plQs}� dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 lsgeg]� o;n]� kl®jt{gnfO{ stfaf6 cj®f]�w cfpg ;Sb5 eGg]� s'®fsf]� ;+s]�t ub{5 . To;}�u®L o;n]� rflxPsf]� kl®jt{g cfpg'cl3 s]� x'g jf s:�tf]� lg0f{o lng h?®L 5 eGg]� af®]� :�ki6 x'g klg ;xof]�u ub{5 .

kl5Nnf]� kfgfdf ePsf]� h:�tf]� rf6{ agfPdf To;n]� tkfO{+nfO{ lgDg s'®f ljZn]�if0f ug{ ;xof]�u ub{5M

• a[xt\ k4lt -?v_ df tkfO{+n]� rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{g -sf08_

• tkfO{+n]� rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{gaf6 cfpg]� kl®0ffdx¿ -xfFufx¿_

• tkfO{+n]� rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{g Nofpg ;xof]�u ug{]� tTjx¿ -h®fx¿_

sf08af6 glhs jf 6f9f xfFuf ® h®fx¿ yk]�® tkfO{+n]� tfTsflns ® bL3{sfnLg glthfx¿ ® ;xof]�uL tTjx¿ b]�vfpg ;Sg' x'G5 .

ha tkfO{+n]� tkfO{+n]� rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{gsf ;Defljt ;xof]�uL tTjx¿ ® kl®jt{gsf glthf klxrfg ug{' x'G5, tkfO{+n]� ug{ nfUg' ePsf]� hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� sfo{cGtu{t\ s]� s]� ug'{ kg{]� x'g ;Sb5 eg]�® yfxf kfpg yfNg' x'g]�5 . olb tkfO{+sf]� nIo dfly elgPsf]� h:�tf]� xf]� eg]� tkfO{+ hjfkmb]�lxtf;DaGwL sfd ubf{ s]� s'®fdf s]�lGb|t x'g' kb{5 t <

s]�� tkfO{+n]�� lgDg ug'{ x'g]��5 <

• phf{ If]�qdf :�ki6 bfloTj ® dfkb08sf nflu jsfnt ug{' x'g]�5 <

• ;fj{hlgs clen]�vdf kx'Frsf nflu naL ug'{ x'g]�5 ® To;nfO{ ;fj{hlgs JoonfO{ v'6\6ofpg jf 6«ofs ug{ k|of]�u ug'{ x'g]�5 <

• :�yfgLo jlsn;Fu ldn]�® ljB'tsf]� ;®sf®L Joj:�yfkgnfO{ cg'udg ug{' x'g]�5 <

• ljB't pTkfbg KnfG6sf]� gLlhs®0f ul®Fbf ;f]� k|lqmofsf]� kf®blz{tf ® :�jR5tfnfO{ lgofNg' x'g]�5 <

59

pbfx/0f sM ljB'taf/]� kl/jt{gsf]� ?v

v08 ! df cem a9L k9\g'xf];\ hjfkmb]lxtfnfO{ sdhf]/ agfpg] sf/s tTjsf af/] yfxf kfpgsf

nflu cWofo & k9\g' xf]; . tkfO{+n] rfxg' ePsf] kl/jt{g Nofpgsf nflu tL dWo] s]xLnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{' kg{] x'g ;Sb5 .

glthf

!M

xfd|f] ;

x®df ;

fgf J

oj;fo

a9L pT

kfbgz

Ln 5

g\

glth

f @M dl

xnfx

? a

9L ;

'/lIf

t ?kd

fcf

jthfjt

ug{

;Sb

5g\

glth

f #M a

QL afN

g / v

fgf k

sfpgs

f nflu

dl6\6

t]n / Ko

f/fl

kmgdf s

d lg

e{/

x'g]

glthf

$M /fli

6«o phf{ af]8

{sf ;b:

ox?n]

;Dklt

;fj{hlgs

ug'{ kg{]

;xof]u

L s

f/s tTj #M

ljB'tsf] lsga]rnfO{

v'jf a/km ofxfF kFfOG5 .? %÷-

:jR5 agfpgs

f n

flu lgod agfp

g]cG

o sf/s tTjx?

;xof]uL s

f/s

tTj $

M gful/sx?

n] ;f

j{hlgs

sf]if af/] ;

'rg

fdf kx

'Fr kfpg'sf

nflu

xfd|f] ;x/df e/kbf{] / z'ne ljB't

sfg'gL ?kdf

clwsf/ kfpFb

5g\

OR5fOPsf] kl/jt{gM

;xof]uL sf/s tTj !M

ljB't ljt/0fd

f ePsf] ei6«frf/sf]

e08fkmf]/ ug{]

;xof]uL sf/t tTj @M ljB't k|0ffnLdf gLlh

sDkgLsf] e"ldsfnfO{ lgu/fgL ug{sf nflu

Joj:yflksf nfO{ clwsf/ k|bfg ul/g'

cGo

sf/s

tTjx?

cGo

sf/s

tTjx?

cGo

sf/s

tTj

x?

qm; /]km/]G;\

60

;®f]�sf®jfnf sf]� x'g t <tkfO{+n]� ug'{ x'g]� hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� sfd sf]�;Fu ldn]�® ug{ x'G5 ® ;f]� sfddfkm{t\ s;nfO{ k|efljt ug{ rfxg' x'G5 eGg]� s'®faf®]� ®0fgLlts 9Ën]� ;f]�Rg cfjZos x'G5 . tkfO{+n]� Nofpg rfxg' x'g]� kl®jt{gdf -k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ¿kdf_ ljleGg JolQm, ;+3;+:�yf ® ljefusf]� ;®f]�sf® x'g;Sb5 . ;®f]�sf®jfnf eg]�sf]� tkfO{+n]� rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{gnfO{ k|efljt ug{ ;Sg]� ® To;af6 k|efljt x'g]� b'j}� x'g\ . tL ;®f]�sf®jfnf dWo]� sf]�xLn]� To;nfO{ ;dy{g ug{]�5g\, sf]�xLn]� lj®f]�w ug{]�5g\ eg]� sf]�xL;Fu To;af®]� alnof]� wf®0ff x'Fb}�g . Ps jf b'O{ ;®f]�sf®jfnfsf]� ®fd|f]�;Fu a'em]�® xf]�;\ jf ga'emL rflxPsf]� kl®jt{g Nofpg]� bfloTj x'g ;Sb5 . oL dWo]� s'g}� klg ;®f]�sf®jfnf tkfO{+sf]� hjfkmb]�lxtf;DaGwL sfddf ;xof]�uL jf lj®f]�wL aGg ;Sb5g\ .

cf}hf/ @M ;/f]�sf/jfnfsf]� klxrfg

tkfO{+n]� Nofpg rfxg' x'g]� kl®jt{gdf s–s;sf]� ;®f]�sf® 5 egL klxrfg ug{sf nflu klxnf]� sbd eg]�sf]� ;Defljt JolQm, ;+:�yf ® cGo v]�nf8Lx¿sf]� lni6

tof® ug{]� x'g ;Sb5 . ^! kfgfsf]� aS;\df ePsf]� kfFr k|sf®sf]� ;®f]�sf®jfnfnfO{ Vofn ug'{xf]�;\ .

tnsf]� lrqdf lbOPsf]� h:�tf]� ;"lr ag]�kl5, bf]�;|f]� r®0f eg]�sf]� k|To]�s ;®f]�sf®jfnfnfO{ lj:�t[tdf cg';Gwfg ug'{ xf]� . o;sf]� p2]�Zo eg]�sf]� lgDg x'g' kb{5M

• k|To]�s ;®f]�sf®jfnf ;d"xdf ;+nUg d'Vo ;®f]�sf®jfnf sf]� x'g\ <

• k|To]�s ;d"x ® ;+:�yfleq s:�tf]� :�jfy{ ® d"NodfGotfn]� sfd ul®®x]�sf]� 5 <

• oL ;®f]�sf®jfnf leq ® aLrdf s:�tf]� k|sf®sf]� zlQmsf]� v]�n eO®fv]�sf]� 5 <

• ljleGg ;®f]�sf®jfnfsf]� s:�tf]� k|sf®sf]� ;"rgf ® cGo ;|f]�tdf kx'Fr 5 <

tkfO{+n]� rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{gsf]� ;®f]�sf®jfnf klxrfg ug{]� s'®f Pp6f lg®Gt® k|lqmof xf]� . o;af®]� z'?b]�lv ;"rgf ;+sng u®L To;nfO{ lg®Gt® ¿kdf ck8]�6 ® ;dLIff ug{ h?®L x'G5 .

– ®fli6«o phf{ af]�8{sf]� ;b:�o– phf{ dGqfno– :�yfgLo lgsfosf]� ljB't pk;ldltsf ;b:�o

– PSd]� kfj® sDkgL k|fln– vl®blaqmLsf]� gu®Lo lgb{]�zs– ;fgf Jofkf®Lx¿– ®flt lx8\g]� dlxnfx¿– dl6\6t]�nsf pTkfbs– ljB'tLo ;fdu|Lsf lgof{tstf{– phf{ cg';Gwfg OsfO, sf7df08f}�+ ljZjljBfno– jftfj®0f ;d"x, j}�slNks phf{ cfof]�u– lb l®klAnsfsf nflu jftfj®0f kqsf®– dxfgu®sf]� ljB't ljefudf sfd ug{]� dlxnfx¿

s;sf] ;®f]sf® 5 <

61

cr o

s s r e f e r e nc

e

;/sf/sf] gLltdf ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yo / lzIffaf/] s]xL pNn]v 5 ls 5}g egL

x]g'{xf];\

kfFr k|sf/sf ;/f]�sf/jfnfx¿

tkfO{+n]� Nofpg rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{gsf]� cfwf®df ;®f]�sf®jfnfx¿nfO{ kfFr ;d"xdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5M

• ;]��jf k|bfosM h;sf]� tkfO{+n]� rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{g Nofpgsf nflu bfloTj x'G5 jf To;sf nflu of]�ubfg lbg' kg{]� x'G5

• clwsf®jfnfM tkfO{+n]� Nofpg rfxg' x'g]� kl®jt{gsf]� xsbf®

• nfeu|fxLM hf]� k|ToIf ¿kdf xsjfnf xf]�Og t® h;n]� ;f]� kl®jt{gaf6 kmfObf kfpF5g\

• cGo lx;fan]�� k|efljtM hf]� ;f]� kl®jt{gaf6 ;sf®fTds jf gsf®fTds geP klg l;w}�}� kmfObf kfpFb}�gg\

• ?lr ePsf kIfM hf]� ;DalGwt k|lqmofdf ?lr ®fVb5g\, ;f]�dfly l6Kk0fL ub{5g\ jf ;f]� kl®jt{gnfO{ cWoog ub{5g\ .

s:�tf bfloTj x'G5g\ / s;sf]� bfloTj xf]� <®fHo kIfsf stf{x¿nfO{ hjfkmb]�xL agfpg pgLx¿sf]� Jojxf® ® sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ pgLx¿sf]� bfloTjsf]� s;Ldf ®fv]�® x]�g'{ kg{]� x'G5 . bfloTj lagf hjfkmb]�lxtfnfO{ nfu" ug{ ;lsFb}�g . tkfO{+sf]� hjfkmb]�lxtf;DaGwL sfdsf]� s]�Gb|ljGb"nfO{ kl®eflift ug{sf nflu tkfO{+n]� cfkm"n]� rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{gsf]� xsdf ;®sf®sf]� ljBdfg bfloTjsf]� k|s[lt yfxf kfpg' h?®L x'g hfG5 .

v08 ! df yk k9\g'xf];\;]jf k|bfos / clwsf/jfnfsf] cjwf/0ffaf/]

a'em\gsf nflu cWofo @ k9\g'xf];\ . hjfkmb]lxtf ;DaGwdf ljljw e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{] v]nf8L jf

stf{x?sf] af/] cem a'em\gsf nflu cWofo ^ k9\g' xf];\ .

v08 ! df cem a9L k9\g'xf];\bfloTj sxfFaf6 cfpF5 egL a'em\g cWofo @ k9\g'xf];\

tkfO{+n]� rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{gsf]� xsdf bfloTj klxrfg ul®Psf]� 5}�g eg]� tkfO{+n]� bfloTjx? to ul/ o;nfO{ ckgfpgsf nflu jsfnt ul/ hjfkmb]�lxtf;DaGwL sfdsf]� z'?jft ug'{ kg{]� x'G5 . olb bfloTj klxNo}� ljBdfg 5 eg]� klg ®fHosf s'g–s'g stf{x¿sf]� bfloTj 5 ® bfloTj s]� 5 egL yfxf kfpg Pp6f hf;';n]� h:�t}� d]�xgt ug'{ kg{]� x'g ;S5 .

/fHon] klxNo} u/]sf] jfrf yfxf kfpg ;/sf/sf] gLlt / 3f]if0ffkq

k9\g' xf];\

bfloTj s] x'g\ <

s;sf]

bfloTj xf] <

qm; /]km/]G;\

qm; /]km/]G;\

62

cf}hf/ #M bfloTjnfO{ ;/f]�sf/jfnf;Fu hf]�8\g]�

klxnf]� sbd eg]�sf]� tkfO{+n]� Nofpg rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{gsf]� xsdf ljBdfg clen]�v jf sfg"gdf

ePsf bfloTj jf ®fHon]� s]� ug'{ kg{]� xf]� -cyjf s]� ug{ gx'g]� xf]�_ eGg]� s'®fnfO{ klxrfg u®L ;f®f+z tof® u®]�® ;"lr

agfpg' xf]� . ;®sf®sf]� ljljw tx jf If]�qnfO{ Wofg lbg'xf]�;\ . tkfO{+sf]� cg';Gwfgsf nflu tn ePsf]� h:�tf]� 6]�an

k|of]�u ug{ ;Sg' x'G5 . bf]�;|f]� sbd eg]�sf]� s'g bfloTjsf nflu s'g ;®f]�sf®jfnf lhDd]�jf® xf]� eGg]� :�ki6 eO{ gf]�6 ug'{ xf]� .

ju{ bfloTj s;sf]� bfloTj xf]�

/fhgLlts bfloTj

;g\ @)@) ;Dddf ljB'tsf]� kx'Frdf @% k|ltztn]� j[l4 jf ;'wf® ug{'

Sofljg]�6÷;+;bn]� lgu®fgL ug{]�

@)@) sf]� phf{ ®0fgLlts of]�hgf sfof{Gjog ug{]�

phf{ dGqfno

xfd|f]� ;x®sf]� ljB't ljt®0f ;'wf® ug{]� phf{ dGqfno ® ljB'tsf]� gu®Lo pk;ldlt

ljQLo, k|zf;lgs / Joj:yfksLo bfloTj

;fj{hlgs ;]�jfsf]� ljQLo Joj:�yfkgsf]� lgl®If0f ug{'

cy{ dGqfno

:�jR5 ljQLo l®kf]�{l6Ë ;'lglZrt ug'{ dxfn]�vf lgoGqs

;x®sf nflu ljB't lsGg]� phf{ dGqfno ® gu® kl®ifb\ vl®bsf]� gu®Lo lgb{]�zs

sfo{;Dkfbgsf]� bfloTj

;x®sf]� ljB't tf®nfOg Joj:�yfkg ug'{

jl®i7 gu®Lo Joj:�yfksM ljB't k"jf{wf®

ljB'tsf]� aS; ® 6«fG;ld;g nfOg h8fg u®L dd{t ;Def® ug{]�

Joj:�yfksM gu®Lo phf{ h8fg

;8s ® 6«flkms aQL h8fg u®L dd{t;Def® ug{]�

Joj:�yfksM ;fj{hlgs ljB't ® gu®Lo 6«flkms k|d'v

;"lr agfpg} klg lgs} d]xgt k¥of]

xfd|f] ;x®df e/kbf{] / ;'ne lah'nL Nofpgsf nflu ;/sf/sf] ljleGg lgsfosf bf]xf]l/Psf] bfloTj ePsf] kfOof] .

63

t/ ofb ug'{xf];\, tkfO{+n] of] r'gf}ltk"0f{ sfd PSn}

ug'{ kg{] 5}g

hjfkmb]lxtf sfo{df z'?eGbf cGt a9L dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

k9\b} hfg'xf];\ .

s'g}� cj:�yfdf tkfO{+n]� kQf nufpg' ePsf]� bfloTj l;w}� b]�lvg]� vfnsf]� x'g ;Sb5 . Tof]� cj:�yfdf

®fHosf s]�xL stf{x¿sf]�dfq bfloTj b]�lvg ;Sb5 ® pgLx¿sf]� Dof08]�6 :�ki6 ¿kdf 5'l6Psf]� x'g

;Sb5 . t® clwsfz+ cj:�yfdf tkfO{+n]� Nofpg rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{gsf nflu ®fhgLlts, ljQLo,

Joj:�yfksLo ® sfo{;Dkfbg;Fu ;DalGwt bfloTjx¿;Fu}� ldl;P® cfpF5g\ . s]�xL bfloTjx¿ :�yfgLo

txaf6 cfPsf x'G5g\ eg]� c¿ lhNnf, ®fli6«o, If]�qLo ® cGt®f{li6«o txaf6 cfPsf x'G5g\ . tkfO{+n]�

bfloTj af]�s]�sf]� PseGbf a9L kIf ® pgLx¿aLrsf]� cGt®;DaGwsf]� hfnf]� g}� e]�6\6fpg' x'g]�5 .

To;}�n]� hjfkmb]�lxtf;DaGwL sfdsf]� tof®L ubf{ tkfO{+n]� bfloTj ® bfloTa af]�s]�sf stf{x¿sf]� hl6n

hfnf]�nfO{ km'sfpg]� r'gf}�lt Psflt/ x'G5 eg]� csf{]�lt® tL s;®L cGt®;DalGwt 5g\ eGg]� klg ljZn]�if0f

ug'{ kg{]� x'G5 .

tkfO{+n] sfg"gL k[i7e"ld ePsf jf tkfO{+n] k|efj kfg{ rfxg' ePsf] lj1f;Fu ;xsfo{ ug{

;Sg' x'G5 .

rfx]� tkfO{+ ;f]� sfd cfkm}�+ ug{ rfxg' x'G5 jf s;}�sf]� ;xof]�u lng rfxg' x'G5, cf}�hf® gDa® # n]� lgDg s'®fsf ug{sf nflu ;xof]�u u®]�sf]� x'g' kb{5M

• tkfO{+n]� Nofpg rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{gnfO{ k|efj kfg{]� ;a}� ;®sf®L bfloTjsf]� :�ki6 lrq sf]�g{

• tkfO{+n]� Nofpg rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{g;Fu ;fGble{s ;a}� ®fHosf stf{x¿sf]� ;"lr

o; k5fl8sf]� kfgfdf ePsf]� cf}�hf® gDa® $ ;®sf®L bfloTj k"®f ug{ cfjZos k|lqmofnfO{ ldlxg;Fu a'em\gsf nflu k|of]�u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;af6 k|fKt 1fgsf]� k|of]�u u®L hjfkmb]�lxtfnfO{ sxfF dh'at agfpg ;lsG5 ® dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{onfO{ sxfFaf6 k|efljt ug{ ;lsG5 egL kQf nufpg ;lsG5 .

bfloTj 5}g eg]� sxfFaf6 z'? ug{]� <

tkfO{+n]� rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{g Nofpgsf nflu sf]� lhDd]�jf® 5 egL vf]�Hg]� qmddf tkfO{+n]� s]� yfxf kfpg' ;Sg' x'G5 eg]� To;sf nflu cf}�krfl®s ¿kdf s;}�sf]� klg bfloTj 5}�g . s]� klg x'g ;Sb5 eg]� bfloTjx¿ :�ki6;Fu kl®eflift ul®Psf]� 5}�g ® ;®sf®L stf{x¿ cfkm}�+ klg ;f]� af®]� :�ki6 5}�gg\ . hxfF hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� k4lt g}� 5}�g, ToxfF hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� k4lt :�yflkt ug{ gful®s ;dfh ;+:�yfn]� s]� ug{ ;Sb5g\ < bfloTjnfO{ th'{df ug{ ® j}�wtf lbgsf nflu sf]� lhDd]�jf® 5 egL k|Zg u®L ® tL bfloTjdf s]� s]� x'g' kb{5 eGg]�af®]� ;fj{hlgs ax; rnfP® sfd z'? ug{ ;lsG5 .

64

cf}hf/ $M lg0f{o lng]� k|lqmofsf]� l;nl;nfsf]� gS;fÍg

;®sf®L bfloTjsf]� ldlxg kIfnfO{ kQf nufpg]� Pp6f pkfo eg]�sf]� s'g}� klg bfloTj k"®f ug{]� k|lqmofdf lnOg' kg{]� ;a}�

;fgf ® 7"nf lg0f{osf]� klxrfg ug'{ xf]� .

tnsf]� cf}�hf® k|of]�u ug{sf nflu ;f]� bfloTjaf6 k|fKt x'g]� lglZrt 36gf jf glthfaf6 z'? ug{'xf]�;\ . pbfx®0fsf nflu, Tof]� s:�tf]� x'g

;Sb5 eg]� ælhNnfsf *) j6f :�jf:�Yo rf}�sL ldl;g k'u]�sf]� x'g]�5Æ, cyjf æc~rndf !% j6f gofF :�s"n lgdf{0f ul®g]� 5Æ . tnsf

pbfx®0fsf nflu xfdL lgDg 36gfnfO{ z'?jftL ljGb"sf ¿kdf lng]�5f}�M æljB'tsf nflu pkef]�Qmf d"No tf]�lsg]�5 . Æ

lglZrt bfloTjnfO{ k"®f ug{sf nflu ;®f]�sf® ePsf jf bfloTj ePsf jf x'g' kg{]� ;a}� stf{x¿ kQf gnfu]�;Dd lg0f{osf]� l;nl;nfnfO{ v'6\ofpg jf 6«ofs ug{ g5f]�8\g' xf]�;\ . slxn]�sfxL+ of]� cEof;nfO{ bf]�xf]�¥ofpg' lgs}� kmfObfhgs x'G5M

• l;4fGt jf sfg"g cg'¿k h;®L x'g' kg{]� xf]� To:�tf]� lg0f{o k|lqmofsf]� l;nl;nfsf]� rf6{ agfpg' xf]�;\ .

• cem a9L ;"rgf ;+sng ug'{xf]�;\ ® Jojxf®df ;f]� k|lqmof s:�tf]� 5 To;sf]� csf{]� rf6{ agfpg' xf]�;\ .

lg0f{osf] l;nl;nf pbfx/0f

bfloTjsf] ck]lIft glthf ljB'tsf nflu pkef]Qmf d"No tf]lsg]5

o;af/] s;n] lg0f{o lnG5 < d"No s;n] tf]S5 < /fli6«o phf{ af]8{sf] ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldltn]

:jLs[ltsf nflu pDd]bjf/nfO{ s;n] dgf]lgt ub{5 < k|foMh;f] /fhgLlts bn

t/ gful/sn] klg

;ldltdf sf] a:5 eGg] s;n] lg0f{o lnG5 <

;fj{hlgs dgf]gog h;nfO{ ;ef;b\åf/f :jLs[t ul/G5

/ ;f]af/] s;n] lg0f{o lnG5 <

/ ;f]af/] rflx+ s;n] lg0f{o lnG5 lg <

65

sf]�;Fu s:�tf]� k|sf/sf]� zlQm x'G5 <o; ;|f]�t k'l:�tsfsf]� klxnf]� v08df zlQm ;a}� hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� ;DaGwdf x'G5 elgPsf]� lyof]� . cWofo * n]� ljleGg k|sf®sf]� zlQmaf®]� s]�xL k|sfz kf®]�sf]� lyof]�M b]�lvg]�, cb[Zo ® cfGtl®ls®0f ul®Psf]� zlQm . tkfO{+n]� Nofpg rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{gsf]� ;®f]�sf®jfnfx¿ aLr s;®L ljleGg k|sf®sf]� zlQm ljBdfg ® ;lqmo x'G5 <

• ;b[Zo jf b]��lvg]�� zlQmM tkfO{+n]� cWoog ul®®xg' ePsf]� bfloTjsf]� xsdf s]�xL ;®f]�sf®jfnfsf]� To;dfly b]�lvg]� k|sf®sf]� zlQm x'G5 . zlQmnfO{ gLlt, sfg"g ® lgod, h;n]� ®fHosf ljleGg stf{, ljefu ® ;+:�yf e"ldsf ® lhDd]�jf®LnfO{ :�ki6 ¿kdf pNn]�v jf JofVof u®]�sf]� x'G5, n]� ;b[Zo agfPsf]� x'G5 . clwsf®jfnf x'g' klg Ps k|sf®sf]� zlQm g}� xf]� . ;®sf®L lg0f{o ® k|lqmofnfO{ k|efljt ug{ ;Sg]� hgtfsf]� clwsf®nfO{ clwsf®sf]� ljw]�os, ;+ljwfg 3f]�if0ff jf cGo sfg"g ® lgodn]� ;b[Zo agfPsf]� x'G5 . ;b[Zo zlQm yfxf kfpg ;lhnf]� x'G5 lsgeg]� of]� ;a}�n]� b]�Vg ;Sg]� ® w]�®}� cj:�yfdf lnlka4 ul®Psf]� x'G5 .

• n's]��sf]�� jf cb[Zo zlQmM tkfO{+n]� klxrfg ug'{ ePsf]� ;®f]�sf®jfnfx¿ aLr l5k]�sf]� zlQm ;DaGw x'G5 . o:�tf]� k|sf®sf]� zlQm æaGb sf]�7f leqaf6Æ ;~rflnt x'G5 ® To:�tf]� k|sf®sf]� cj:�yfnfO{ hgfpFb5 hxfF zlQmzfnL JolQmx¿ aLr zf;gsf]� cf}�krfl®s ;+®rgf aflx® afF8kmfF8 jf n]�gb]�g x'G5 . ha tkfO{+n]� Nofpg rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{gsf af®]� ;f]�Rg' x'G5, tkfO{+n]� k|efljt t'Nofpg rfxg' ePsf]� lg0f{ok|lqmofsf]� l;nl;nfdfly s;sf]� cb[Zo zlQm 5 egL klxrfg ug{ h?®L x'G5 . kbf{ k5fl8 ePsf ;|f]�t jf ;"rgfdfly ®fHo ® gful®s ;dfh ;+:�yfsf stf{sf]� kx'Fr 5 < olb cb[Zo ¿kdf zlQm af]�s]�sfx¿n]� tkfO{+sf]� k|ultdf cj®f]�w k'¥ofpg rfx]� eg]� b]�lvg]� zlQm s]�Gb|x¿nfO{ dfq ;Daf]�wg u®]�® k'Ub}�g .

• cfGtl®s jf cfGtl®lss®0f ul®Psf]�� zlQmM tkfO{+sf]� ;"lrdf ePsf ;a}� ;®f]�sf®jfnfx¿sf]� zlQmk|ltsf]� cfkm\gf]� cfGtl®s wf®0ff jf b[li6sf]�0f x'G5 . oL wf®0ff ;dfhdf cfkm\gf]� ® c¿sf]� x}�l;ot ® ljleGg dflg;sf cufl8 ljleGg kl®l:�yltdf s:�tf]� Jojxf® æ;xLÆ xf]� eGg]� af®]� x'G5 . tkfO{+n]� rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{gnfO{ ljleGg stf{x¿n]� s;®L x]�®]�sf 5g\ < s]� To;nfO{ ædlxnfsf]� d'2fÆ jf æu|fF;?6sf d'2fÆ sf ¿kdf x]�l®Psf]� 5 < jf To;nfO{ ljz]�if1åf/f ;Daf]�wg ul®g' kg{]� d'2fsf ¿kdf lnOPsf]� 5 < tkfO{+n]� rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{gnfO{ tkfO{+sf]� d'n'ssf]� ®fhgLlts ax; ® lg0f{o k|lqmofsf]� k®Dk®fn]� s:�tf]� k|efj kfb{5 ;f]� ljrf® ug'{xf]�;\ .

sf];Fu s:tf] k|sf/sf] zlQm x'G5 <

66

cr o

s s r e f e r e nc

e

xfdLn] xfd|f lg0f{ostf{x?nfO{ xfd|f s'/f ;'gfpg lgs} sl7g eof] . pgLx?n] ljB'tLs/0fsf] d'2fnfO{ lj1fx?åf/f ;'Nemfpgsf

nflu 5f]l8lbg eGy].

xfd|f] :s"ndf sfg'g / lzIff gLltsf sf/0fn] k|wfgfWofks;Fu

b]lvg] zlQm lyof] . t/ :s"n Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf

;b:ox?nfO{ pkxf/ lbP/ pgn] cb[Zo zlQm klg hdfpFlyg\ .

cf}hf/ %M zlQm ljZn]�if0f

;®f]�sf®jfnfsf]� zlQm ljZn]�if0f ug{]� w]�®}� tl®sfx¿ 5g\ . hjfkmb]�lxtf;DaGwL sfdsf nflu ljZn]�if0f ug{]� tl®sf tkfO{+n]�

klxrfg ug'{ ePsf]� ;®f]�sf®jfnfnfO{ lgDg cg';f® ;d"xdf afF8\g]� x'g ;Sb5M

• pgLx¿;Fu ePsf]� zlQm b]�lvg]�, gb]�lvg]� jf cfGtl®s

• pgLx¿sf]� kx'Fr ePsf]� hjfkmb]�lxtf ;+oGq 7f8f]�, t]�;f{]�, cf}�krfl®s jf cgf}�krfl®s, ®fHo jf gful®sn]� g]�t[Tj lnPsf]�

• tkfO{+n]� Nofpg rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{gdfly pgLx¿sf]� zlQm

tkfO{+sf]� zlQm ljZn]�if0fsf nflu lgDg k|Zg pkof]�uL x'g ;Sb5g\ .

zlQm sxfF cjl:�yt x'G5 <

• tkfO{+n] rfxg' ePsf] kl/jt{g Nofpgsf nflu sf];Fu

zlQm 5 egL sfg"g jf gLltn] JofVof ub{5 <

• tkfO{+n] rfxg' ePsf] kl/jt{g Nofpg] xsdf jf:tljs

zlQm sxfF cjl:yt 5 <

• h;sf] bfloTj xf], s] pgLx?;Fu jf:tljs zlQm 5 t <

• olb tkfO{+n] Nofpg rfxg' x'g] kl/jt{gsf nflu bfloTj

ePsf ;/f]sf/jfnf 5g\ eg] tL cf}krfl/s ?kdf

sf];Fu hjfkmb]xL 5g\ <

• tL cgf}krfl/s ?kdf sf];Fu hjfkmb]xL 5g\ <

• tkfO{+n] rfxg' ePsf] kl/jt{g Nofpg] xsdf sf];Fu

zlQm 5}g <

• s;nfO{ ;|f]t, ;"rgf, 1fg / ;Lk lbO{ ;zQm agfpg

;lsG5 <

zlQmsf cfofdx? s]� s]� x'g\ <• ;/f]sf/jfnfx?aLr gb]lvg] zlQm s;/L cEof;

eO/fv]sf] 5 <

• ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx?n] tkfO{+n] rfxg' ePsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ s;/L x]/]sf 5g\ <

• ;f] kl/jt{g cfPdf To;af6 kmfObf jf gf]S;fg k'Ug] dflg;x? 5g\ <

• tkfO{+sf] hjfkmb]lxtf;DaGwL sfd ;kmn ePdf ss;n] kmfObf kfpF5g\ jf gf]S;fgL Joxf]5{g\ <• tkfO{+n] Nofpg rfxg' ePsf] kl/jt{g Nofpg] k|lqmofdf s:tf k|sf/sf :jfy{ aflemg ;Sb5g\ <• ;Defljt åGånfO{ Rofgn ug{ hjfkmb]lxtfsf] s'g :yfg jf 7fpFnfO{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 <• oL hjfkmb]lxtfsf :yfgdf gb]lvg] / cfGtl/s zlQmn] s;/L sfd ub{5 <

v08 ! df cem a9L k9\g' xf];\zlQm / hjfkmb]lxtfsf] :yfgsf] ljleGg k|sf/af/] a'em\gsf nflu

cWofo * k9\g'xf];\ .

67

tkfO{+n]� rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{g Nofpgsf nflu s;n]� ;xof]�u ug{ ;S5g\ ® s;n]� cj®f]�w ug{ ;S5g\ <clxn]�;Dddf tkfO{+nfO{ hjfkmb]�lxtf;DaGwL sfddfkm{t\ k|fKt ug{ rfxg' x'g]� nIo jl®kl®sf]� zlQm af®]� yfxf eof]� xf]�nf . tkfO{+sf]� kmf]�s; jf s]�Gb|ljGb"nfO{ kl®eflift ug{sf nflu ul®g' kg{]� clGtd d'Vo sfd eg]�sf]� ;®f]�sf®jfnfx¿sf]� b'O{ dxTjk"0f{ ;d"x jf ju{nfO{ klxrfg ug'{ xf]�M

• tkfO{+n]� rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{g Nofpgsf nflu k|efljt kfg{ jf ljZj:�t t'Nofpg' kg{]� ;®f]�sf®jfnf . ;®f]�sf®jfnfsf]� of]� ;d"xnfO{ tkfO{+n]� tkfO{+sf]� hjfkmb]�lxtf;DaGwL sfdsf]� nlIft ;d"xsf ¿kdf lng ;Sg' x'G5 .

• rflxPsf]� kl®jt{g Nofpgsf nflu ;+nUg u®fpg ;lsg]� ® ;xsfo{ ug{ ;lsg]� ;®f]�sf®jfnf . of]� ;d"x eg]�sf]� tkfO{+sf]� ldqzlQm jf ;fem]��bf® x'g\ .

dfly pNn]�v ul®Psf]� dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{odf k'Ugsf nflu cem}� ;®f]�sf®jfnfsf]� ljZn]�if0f ug{ kg{]� x'G5 . ;®f]�sf®jfnfx¿nfO{ ljljw tl®sfaf6 cWoogcg';Gwfg ® juL{s®0f ug{ ljleGg k|sf®sf cf}�hf® ® k4ltx¿ pknAw 5g\ . tL dWo]� o; cWofosf]� clGtddf ePsf]� cf}�hf® ^ Pp6f xf]� .

cl3Nnf]� cWofodf rrf{ ul®Psf ljleGg k|sf®sf zlQmafx]�s, ;®f]�sf®jfnfsf]� s'®fnfO{ dWogh® ubf{ Vofn ug'{ kg{]� tLg d'Vo tTjx¿ 5g\ . tL x'g\ zlQm, ;|f]�t ® d"NodfGotf . s'g}� klg txsf]�]� pNn]�Vo kl®jt{g Nofpgsf nflu tL tLg}� tTj rflxG5g\ . To;}� u®L tkfO{+n]� Nofpg rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{gnfO{ cj®f]�w k'®\ofpg klg ltgnfO{ k|of]�u ug{ jf gug{ ;lsG5 .

dfly pNn]�v ul®Psf tLg tTjdWo]� ;®f]�sf®jfnfx¿sf]� d"NodfGotf ;a}�eGbf sd dxTj lbOPsf]� tTj xf]� . æd"NodfGotfÆ nfO{ xfd|f]� k|of]�hgsf nflu d"No, OR5fzlQm, clej[lQ, cfsf+Iff ® Jojxf®sf]� ld>0fnfO{ lng ;lsG5 h'g gful®s hLjgdf dflg;sf]� cGt®;DaGwdf b]�lvG5 .

pgLx?;Fu ePsf] ljz]iftfsf sf/0f s;n] rflxPsf]

kl/jt{gnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ jf ult/f]w k'/\ofpg ;Sb5 <

v08 @ df cem a9L k9\g'xf];\tkfO{+sf] nlIft ;d"x;Fu s;/L ;~rf/ ug]{ eGg] af/] yfxf kfpg

cWofo !@ sf] k'5f/df x]g'{xf];\ .

v08 @ df cem a9L k9\g'xf];\;~hfn / ;fem]bf/L lgdf{0f

ug{] af/] yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu cWofo !) df hfg'xf];\ .

xfdLn] rfx]sf] kl/jt{g Nofpgsf nflu s'g ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu zlQm,

;|f]t / d"NodfGotf 5 <

qm; /]km/]G;\

68

;®f]�sf®jfnfsf]� d"NodfGotfnfO{ slt ®fd|f]�;Fu a'em\g' x'G5 ® cGtlqm{of ug'{ x'G5 eGg]� s'®fn]� tkfO{+sf]� sfdsf]� ;kmntfdf 7"nf]� e"ldsf v]�n]�sf]� x'G5 . h:�tf]� ls, olb s'g}� ;®f]�sf®jfnf;Fu s'g}� bfloTj k"®f ug{]� clwsf® ® ;|f]�t 5 eg]� klg olb ;f]� bfloTj p;sf]� d"NodfGotf leq kb{}�g eg]� p;n]� To;nfO{ k"®f ug{]� ;Defjgf sd x'G5 . tkfO{+sf]� nIo xfl;n ug{sf nflu ;a}�eGbf 7"nf]� cj®f]�w zlQmzfnL ;®f]�sf®jfnfsf]� d"NodfGotf;Fu nIo d]�n gvfg' x'g ;Sb5 . cf}�krfl®s clwsf® gePsf]� ® yf]�®}� ;|f]�t ePsf]� cj:�yfdf hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� k4lt ljsf; ug{]� sfdsf]� z'?jft ug{ pkof]�]�u ug{ tkfO{+n]� ;Sg]� s'®f ;fdflhs k"FhLdfq x'g ;Sb5 .

hjfkmb]lxtfsf] xsdf xfdLn] k|foMh;f] hf]8]/ x]l/g] d"Nox? ;dfgtf, kf/blz{tf, :jR5tf, ;xeflutf / ljlwsf] zf;gsf]

;dfg x'g\ .

/ zlQmdf jf:tljs kl/jt{g Nofpg' klg

To;}�n]� tkfO{+n]� hjfkmb]�lxtf;DaGwL sfdsf nflu /0fgLlts ;fem]�bf/ / nlIft ;d"xx? /f]�Hg'cl3 pgLx?sf]� d"NodfGotf af/]� yfxf kfpg' pkof]�uL x'G5 . o;f]� ug'{ ;lhnf]� sfd eg]� xf]�Og . tkfO{+n]� ug{ ;Sg]� eg]�sf]� dflg;x?n]� s]� eG5g\ / ub{5g\ egL cjnf]�sg ug'{ xf]� . o:�tf]� cjnf]�sgaf6 pgLx?sf]� d"NodfGotf s:�tf]� 5 egL c8\sn sf6\g' kg{]� x'G5 . slxn]�sfxL+ ;/f]�sf/jfnfsf]� d"NodfGotfaf/]� yfxf kfpg ;j{]�If0f / cGtjf{tf{ h:�tf cWofo !@ df rrf{ ul/Psf cf}�hf/ k|of]�u ug{ klg ;lsG5 .

v08 @ df cem a9L yfxf kfpg'xf];\

;/f]sf/jfnfaf6 s;/L ;"rgf ;+sng ug{] eGg] yfxf kfpg cWofo !@ / To;df klg z'?df ePsf k4ltx? k9\g'xf];\ .

qm; /]km/]G;\

69

clwsf/ ;|f]�t

d"NodfGotf

5

2

1

3

78

4

6

cf}hf/ ^M /fe -;|f]�t, clwsf/ / dfGotf_ ljZn]�if0f

hjfkmb]�lxtf;DaGwL sfd z'? ubf{ rflxPsf]� kl®jt{g Nofpgsf nflu ;xof]�u ug{ jf To;nfO{ cj®f]�w ug{ sf]�;Fu ;|f]�t, clwsf® ® d"NodfGotf 5 egL yfxf kfpg dxTjk"0f{

x'G5 . o;f]� ul®P s;nfO{ cem a9L clwsf®, ;|f]�t ® dfGotf lbO{ ;xof]�u ug'{ kb{5 tfls pgLx¿n]� kl®jt{g Nofpgsf nflu a9L k|efjsf®L jf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]�Ng ;Sb5g\ egL yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 .

o; cf}�hf®nfO{ k|of]�u ug{'cl3 tkfO{+n]� ;®f]�sf®jfnfsf]� ;"lr tof® u®L pgLx¿sf]� d"NodfGotf ® pgLx¿;Fu ePsf ;|f]�t ® clwsf®af®]� hfgsf®L ;+sng ul®;s]�sf]� x'g' kb{5 . ;+sng ul®;s]�kl5 tkfO{+n]� tLg r®0fdf ®fe ljZnif0f ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .

r/0f !

tn lbOPsf]� h:�tf]� rf6{ agfpg' xf]�;\ . of]� 7"nf]� x'g' kb{5 tfls o; ljZn]�if0fdf ;xefuL ePsf ;a}�n]� rf6{sf cf7 j6}� efu b]�Vg ;s"g\ . efux¿nfO{ oxfF b]�vfP h;®L g}� gDa® lbg'xf]�;\ .

70

r/0f @

sf8{df tkfO{+sf]� ;a}� ;®f]�sf®jfnfsf]� gfd n]�vL k|To]�s ;®f]�sf®jfnfsf]� gfd rf6{sf]� cf7 efusf]� Ps Ps efudf 6fF:�g'xf]�;\ . lgDg lgb{]�lzsfn]� tkfO{+nfO{ ;xof]�u ug{ ;Sb5 M

• efu !M tkfO{+n]� rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{g Nofpgsf nflu ;xof]�u ug{sf nflu clwsf®, ;|f]�t ® dfGotf ePsfnfO{ oxfF ®fVg'xf]�;\ . -o; cGtu{t\ ;xof]�uL ;®sf®L sd{rf®L x'g ;Sb5 _

• efu @M o;df tkfO{+n]� rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{g Nofpg ;xof]�u ug{ clwsf® ® dfGotf ePsf t® ;|f]�t gePsfnfO{ ®fVg'xf]�;\ . -o; cGtu{t\ bofn' ;]�jf k|bfos x'g ;Sb5 hf]�;Fu tkfO{+n]� rfx]�sf]� ;'wf® Nofpgsf nflu ;|f]�t 5}�g . _

• efu #M o;df tkfO{+n]� rfx]�sf]� kl®jt{g Nofpgsf nflu ;xof]�u ug{ ;|f]�t ® dfGotf ePsf]� t® cf}�krfl®s clwsf® gePsfnfO{ ®fVg'xf]�;\ . -o; cGtu{t\ ldng;f® ® nf]�stGqjfbL kqsf® x'g ;Sb5 hf]�;Fu ;"rgf ;Dk|]�if0f ug{ ;Sg]� zlQm 5 _

• efu $M o;df clwsf® ® ;|f]�t ePsf t® tkfO{+n]� Nofpg rfxg]� kl®jt{gnfO{ ;dy{g gug{]�nfO{ ®fVg'xf]�;\ . -o; cGtu{t\ ;®sf®L sd{rf®L kg{ ;Sb5g\ h;n]� e|i6frf®af6 kmfObf lnO®x]�sf]� 5 ® tkfO{+n]� rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{g Nofpg s'g}� OR5f 5}�g _

• efu %M o;df clwsf® ePsf]� t® tkfO{+sf]� sfdnfO{ ;xof]�u ug{ ;|f]�t ® dfGotf gePsfnfO{ ®fVg'xf]�;\ -o; cGtu{t\ ;ef;b\ jf ;f+;b kg{ ;Sb5 hf]� sfo{kflnsfnfO{ hjfkmb]�xL agfpg]� cfjZostf b]�Vb}�g _

• efu ^M o;df To;nfO{ ®fVg'xf]�;\ hf]�;Fu tkfO{+nfO{ ;xof]�u ug{sf nflu ;|f]�t 5 t® clwsf® 5}�g ® h;sf]� dfGotfn]� ;f]� kl®jt{gnfO{ ;dy{g ub{}�g . -o; cGtu{t\ u}�/ ;/sf/L ;+:�yf kg{ ;Sb5g\ hf]�;Fu tkfO{+sf]� sfdnfO{ ;xof]�u k'¥ofpg ;Sg]� ;~hfn ® ljZn]�if0f Ifdtf 5 t® hf]�;Fu o; sfddf ;+nUg x'g]� pTk]�|®0ff 5}�g _

• efu &M o;df ltgnfO{ ®fVg'xf]�;\ hf]� tkfO{+n]� Nofpg rfxg' x'g]� kl®jt{gsf]� ;®fxgf ub{5g\ t® ;xof]�u ug{sf nflu ;|f]�t jf clwsf® 5}�g . -o; cGtu{t\ jt{dfg cj:�yfn]� gsf®fTds ?kdf k|efljt kfl/Psf JolQm x'g ;Sb5 hf]�]�;Fu To;nfO{ kl®jt{g ug{]� Ifdtf 5}�g ._

• efu *M ! b]�lv & leq ®fVg gldNg]�nfO{ o;df ®fVg'xf]�;\ .

s'g} JolQmsf] d"NodfGotf s:tf 5 egL s;/L

yfxf kfpg] <

To;sf nflu ltgLx?n] s] eG5g\ / ljutdf s] u/]sf 5g\ eGg] a'em\g' :ki6 cfwf/ xf] .

s;n] rflx+ hjfkmb]lxtf, kf/blz{tf / ;xeflutfsf] l;4fGt jf:tj d} cEof; ub{5g\ ;f] yfxf kfpg]

sf]lzz ug'{xf];\ .

71

r/0f #

ca tkfO{+sf]� hjfkmb]�lxtf;DaGwL sfdsf nflu sf]�;Fu sfd ug{]� ® s;nfO{ nlIft ug{]� eGg]� ljrf® ug'{xf]�;\ . o;sf nflu k|To]�s efudf ;®f]�sf®jfnf af®]� lgDg k|Zgsf]� pQ® vf]�Hg'xf]�;\M

• efu ! df ePsf ;®f]�sf®jfnfx¿ af®]�M tkfO{+sf]� hjfkmb]�lxtf;DaGwL sfddf logLx¿nfO{ ;+nUg u®fpg ;lsG5 < ;fem]�bf®sf ¿kdf pgLx¿sf]� ;aeGbf alnof]� ;Defjgf 5 .

• efu @ df ePsf ;®f]�sf®jfnf af®]�M xfl;n ug{ vf]�lhPsf]� nIo k|flKtsf nflu s]� o; ;d"xsf ;®f]�sf®jfnfn]� ;|f]�tdf ®fd|f]� kx'Fr kfpg ;Sb5g\ < tkfO{+n]� Nofpg rfxg'ePsf]� kl®jt{gdf ;xof]�u k'¥ofpgsf nflu ;®f]�sf®jfnfx¿sf]� Ifdtf clej[l4 ug'{ lgs}� dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

• efu # df ePsf ;®f]�sf®jfnfsf]� af®]�M s]� oL ;®f]�sf®jfnfx¿dWo]� s]�xLnfO{ a9L cf}�krfl®s clwsf® lbg cfjZos x'G5 < olb x'G5 eg]� s]� o;sf nflu jsfnt ug{]� s'®f tkfO{+n]� ug{]� hjfkmb]�lxtf;DaGwL sfdsf]� Pp6f lx:�;f x'g ;Sb5 <

• efu $ df ePsf ;®f]�sf®jfnfsf af®]�dfM oL ;®f]�sf®jfnfsf]� d"NodfGotfnfO{ k|efljt ug{ tkfO{+ s]�xL ug{ ;Sg' x'G5 < pgLx¿sf]� dfGotfdf kl®jt{g ePdf pgLx¿n]� hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� sfddf ®fd|f]� of]�ubfg lbg ;Sb5g\ .

• efu % df ePsf ;®f]�sf®jfnfsf af®]�dfM oL zlQmzfnL ;®f]�sf®jfnfx¿ x'g\ . pgLx¿sf]� ;|f]�tdf kx'Fr a9fpg ® dfGotfnfO{ k|efljt ug{ s]�xL ug{ ;lsG5 < ;DejtM ;lsGg t® sf]�lzz ug{' jfG5gLo x'G5 .

• efu ^ df ePsf ;®f]�sf®jfnfsf af®]�dfM o; ;d"xsf ;®f]�sf®jfnf;Fu tkfO{+ o;®L Jojxf® ug{ ;Sg' x'G5 tfls pgLx¿sf]� dfGotf tkfO{+n]� ug{ vf]�Hg' ePsf]� hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� sfd;Fu glhs cfcf]�;\ < Vofn ug'{xf]�;\, pgLx¿sf]� dfGotf tkfO{+sf]� dfGotf;Fu ldNg}� k5{ eGg]� 5}�g . pgLx¿n]� tkfO{+n]� Nofpg rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{g ;xL jf cf}�lrTok"0f{ xf]� egL 7fg]� k'U5 . km]�l® klg of]� sl7g sfo{ xf]� t® o;sf nflu sf]�lzz ug{' kb{5 .

• efu & df ePsf ;®f]�sf®jfnfx¿sf af®]�dfM s]� oL ;®f]�sf®jfnfx¿n]� ;|f]�tdf a9L kx'Fr agfpg ;Sb5g\, ljz]�ifu®L ;"rgfsf]� kx'Frdf < o;sf nflu ;xhLs®0f u®]� kmnbfoL g}� x'g ;Sb5 .

• efu * df ePsf ;®f]�sf®jfnfsf]� af®]�dfM s]� o; ;d"xsf ;®f]�]�sf®jfnfnfO{ ;+nUg u®fpg' ®0fgLlts lx;fan]� ;xL sfo{ xf]� < ;fob xf]�Og .

casf] tkfO{+sf]

r'gf}lt eg]sf] hjfkmb]lxtf sfo{sf nflu kl/rfng ug'{ xf] .

clwsf/ ;|f]t

d"NodfGotf

5

2

1

3

78

4

6

:�jLsf/f]�lQmM of]� kf7 dfgj clwsf/d'vL Pk|f]r, tfls{s 9fFrf Pk|f]r, :�j6 Pgflnl;; / :�jLl8; cGt/f{li6«o ljsf; ;xof]�u lgsfo -l;8f_ sf]� zlQm ljZn]if0f

cjwf/0ffkq — cg'ej / r'gf}ltx?, @))^ af6 ;"lrt / k|]�l/t 5 .

gu/Lo pk;ldltPSd] kfj/ sDkgL

vl/bsf] lgb{]zs

jtfj/0f kqsf/

gu/Lo Joj:yfks

gu/ kl/ifb\phf{ dGqL

72

xfd|f ljBfnodf ePsf hjfkmb]lxtfsf] sdLsf af/] xfdLn] s]xL ug{]

lg0f{o u¥of}+ .

klxnf xfdLn] xfd|f lhNnfsf dflg;x?nfO{

;+nUg x'g ljZj:t t'Nofpg] sf]l;; u/\of}+ .

xfdLn] of] ;lhn} x'G5 eGg] 7fg]sf lyof}+ .

d /fhgLltb]lv 6f9f /xg rfxG5' .

d;Fu slxNo} g;lsg] a}7sdf hfg]

;do 5}g

xfdLn] s] 7fGof}+ eg]

dflg;x? lbSs 5g\ /

xfd|f] cleofgdf ;fd]n

x'g]5g\ .

hjfkmb]lxtfh:tf

…km\ofG;LÚ zAb;Fu xfdL

lbSs eO;Sof}+ .

cWofo !)

hjfkmb]lxtf sfo{sf nflu kl/rfng

yfxf 5, pgLx? unt lyP .

73

xfdLn] hjfkmb]lxtf lsg

dxTjk"0f{ 5 eGg] af/]

r]tgf hufpg' k¥of] .

xfdLn] ;/sf/leqsf

:yfgLo lg0f{ostf{x?;Fu

klg ;DaGw lj:tf/ u¥of}+ .

/ xfdLn] ;fd'bflos cg'udgstf{sf ?kdf tflnd lbgsf nflu gful/sx?sf]

klxrfg u¥of}+

uon x'g] lzIfssf nflu tna lbg' x'“b}g .

lzIff kfpg]

xfd|f

afnaflnsfs

f]

clwsf/ xf] .

xfdLn] hjfkmb]lxtfn] s;/L

xfd|f] hLjgdf k|efj kfb{5

egL kfDKn]6 5fKof}+ / ;8s

gf6s b]vfof}+ .

74

PSnf]� k|of;n]� oyfl:�yltdf kl®jt{g Nofpg sl7g x'G5 . To;}�n]� cGo ;®f]�sf®jfnfx¿nfO{ kl®rfng ug{]� sfd hjfkmb]�lxtf sfo{sf]� dxTjk"0f{ lx:�;f xf]� . cWofo ( df tkfO{+n]� Nofpg rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{gsf]� klxrfg ug'{ eof]� ® ;f]� kl®jt{g Nofpgsf nflu cfjZos z'?jftL tTj ® dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{oaf®]� klg ljrf® ug'{ eof]� . tkfO{+n]� rfx]�sf]� kl®jt{gdf s;sf]� ;®f]�sf® 5 eg]�® klg cWoog ug'{ eof]� . ®fe ljZn]�if0fn]� ;®f]�sf®jfnfx¿dWo]� sf]� tkfO{+sf]� ®0fgLlts ;fem]�bf® ® nlIft ;d"x aGg ;Sb5 eGg]�af®]� klg s]�xL ;'emfjx¿ k|bfg u¥of]� .

hjfkmb]lxtf k4lt gePsf] cj:yfdf s] ug{]

ev{®}� n8fO{ jf åGåaf6 u'lh|Psf]� jf zf;g k4lt sdhf]�® ePsf]� d'n'sdf ;aeGbf klxnf hjfkmb]�lxtfsf cfwf®e"t zt{n]� :�yflkt ug{]� sfd ug'{ dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . o:�tf]� kl®k|]�Ifdf hjfkmb]�lxtf nf]�stGq ® ljsf;sf]� ckl®xfo{ lx:�;f xf]� eGg]� s'®f a'emfpg ® ;xdt u®fpgsf nflu ;®f]�sf®jfnfnfO{ kl®rfng ug{' g}� tkfO{+sf]� p2]�Zo x'g ;Sb5 .

dxTjk"0f{ tYo s]� xf]� eg]� slxn]�sfxL+ o:�tf]� x'g ;s]� tfklg w]�®}�h;f]� oL rf® dWo]� s'g}� klg Pp6f sfo{ ug{sf nflu tkfO{+n]� ;a}� ;®f]�sf®jfnfnfO{ kl®rfng ug{]� ;Defjgf cToGt sd x'G5 . kl5Nnf]� kfgfdf ePsf]� cf}�hf® & n]� tkfO{+nfO{ s'g ;®f]�sf®jfnfnfO{ s]� ug{sf nflu kl®rfng ug{]� eGg]� :�ki6 x'g ;xof]�u ub{5 .

;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ kl/rfng ug'{ eg]sf] s] xf] <

o; ;|f]�t k'l:�tsfdf ;®f]�sf®jfnfnfO{ kl®rfng ug'{ eg]�sf]� tkfO{+n]� Nofpg rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{gdf ;+nUg u®fpgsf nflu cGo ;®f]�sf®jfnf;Fu ljleGg tl®sfn]� ul®g]� Jojxf® ® ;+;u{ xf]� eGg]� cy{df k|of]�u ul®Psf]� 5 . ;®f]�sf®jfnfnfO{ s]� ug{sf nflu kl®rfng ug{ rfxg' x'G5 ;f]� cg'¿k tkfO{+n]� ljleGg tl®sf ® lqmofsnfk k|of]�u ug{ ;Sg' x'G5 . hjfkmb]�lxtf sfo{ ubf{ tkfO{+ ;®f]�sf®jfnfx¿nfO{ sDtLdf rf®j6f sfd u®fpg kg{]� x'G5 .

!= tkfO{+nfO{ ;"rgf, hjfkmb]�lxtfdf :�yfg jf cGo ;®f]�sf®jfnfdf kx'Fr agfpg]�

@= s'g}� bfloTj k"®f ePsf]� 5 ls 5}�g egL k|df0f h'6fpg jf ;+sng ug{ ;3fpg

#= g]�tfx¿nfO{ hjfkmb]�xL agfpgsf nflu k|df0f k|of]�u ubf{ tkfO{+;Fu ;+nUg x'g

$= tkfO{+n]� rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{g Nofpgsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{o ug{

dflg;nfO{ kl/rfng ug{' eg]sf] pgLx?sf] Wofg lvr]/ pgLx?nfO{ sfd ug{sf nflu

tof/ ug'{ xf] .

/fd|/L of]hgf gul/sg kl/rfng u/] To;n] unt ck]IffnfO{ a9fpF5 / uGhfuf]n k}bf ug{

;Sb5 .

nIosf] :ki6tf lgs} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 x} .

75

cf}hf/ &M hjfkmb]lxtf sfo{of]hgf

tkfO{+sf ;a}� ;®f]�sf®jfnfx¿nfO{ tkfO{+n]� Nofpg vf]�Hg' ePsf]� kl®jt{g dxTjk"0f{ 5 eGg]� c:�ki6 tyf ;fdfGo

cleJolQm lbg' cy{xLg ® w]�®}� ;do nfUg]� sfo{ x'g ;Sb5 . olb tkfO{+n]� z'?b]�lv g}� tkfO{+n]� Nofpg rfxg' ePsf]�

kl®jt{g Nofpgsf nflu pgLx¿n]� s]� ul®lbPsf]� rfxg' x'G5 ;f]� s'®f z'?b]�lv g}� :�ki6 ¿kdf atfpg' ePdf w]�®}� xfl;n ug{

;Sg' x'G5 .

lgDg lgb]�{lzsf k|of]�u u®L tn lbOPsf]� h:�tf]� 6]�a'n agfpg'xf]�;\ .

• tkfO{+ ;®f]�sf®jfnfn]� s]� u®]�sf]� rfxg' x'G5M b]�a|]� kl6\6sf]� sf]�nddf tkfO{+sf]� nIo xfl;n ug{sf nflu ;®f]�sf®jfnfn]� ug'{ kg{]�

sfdsf]� ;"lr agfpg'xf]�;\ . s]� Wofg lbg'xf]�;\ eg]� o; sf]�nddf ®fVg' x'g]� ;a}� jfSo lqmofaf6 z'? ug'{xf]�;\ . of]� dfly pNn]�v u®]�sf]�

rf® j6f sfo{ h:�t}� x'g ;Sb5 . tkfO{+;Fu ;®f]�sf®jfnfnfO{ kl®rfng ug{sf nflu a9L jf sd sfo{ x'g ;Sb5 cyjf lgtfGt

km®s k|sf®sf sfd x'g ;Sb5g\ . o; cEof;sf]� p2]�Zo eg]�sf]� ;s]�;Dd :�ki6 ® lglb{i6 x'g]� k|of; ug'{ xf]� .

• s;nfO{ kl®rfng ug{]� M aLr kl6\6sf]� sf]�nddf k|To]�s sfo{ ug{sf nflu s'grflx+ ;®f]�sf®jfnf ;a}�eGbf pQd x'G5 ;f]�

n]�Vg'xf]�;\ . ®feaf6 kQf nfu]�sf s'®fx¿nfO{ Wofg lbg'xf]�;\ .

• ;do >+[vnfM s'g ;®f]�sf®jfnfnfO{ k|lqmofsf]� z'?df, s'gnfO{ kl5 cflbsf]� c8\sn ug{ yfNg'xf]�;\ . ljleGg ;®f]�sf®jfnfnfO{

kl®rfng ug{]� ;xL ;doaf®]� o; cWofodf rrf{ ul®g]�5 .

xfd|f] ljBfnosf] cleofgsf nflu xfdLn] tof/ u/]sf] sfo{of]hgf tn lbOPsf] 5 .

ljBfnodf hjfkmb]lxtfM kl/rfng of]hgf

xfdL ;/f]sf/jfnfn] s] ul/lbof];\ eGg] rfxG5f}+ s;nfO{ kl/rfng ug{] ;do >[+vnf

sljBfno kl®;®leq lzIfs ® ljBfyL{sf]� pkl:�yltnfO{ cg'udg ug{]� cg'dlt

®fHo jf k|b]�zsf]� lzIff dGqL

bf]�;|f]�

vxfd|f]� ljBfnosf lzIfssf lj?4 klxnf g}� bfo® ul®Psf]� cf}�krfl®s lzsfot kmf®fd

k|zf;g k|d'v, lhNnf lzIff sfof{no

klxnf]�

uxfdLn]� xfd|f]� cg'udgaf6 kQf nfu]�sf]� s'®fx¿ ljBfnosf]� xndf sfo{qmd u®L aflx® Nofpg]� jf k|:�t't ug{]� ;fj{hlgs a}�7sdf pkl:�yt x'g]�

;a}� ;d'bfosf ;b:�o, ljz]�ifu®L kfsf]� pd]�/sf ;b:�ox¿ ® wfld{s cu'jfx¿

rf}�yf]�

3t]�;|f]� ;qdf k|To]�s lbg pkl:�ylt cg'udgstf{sf ¿kdf ljBfno hfg]�

;d'bfosf r'lgPsf jois ;b:�ox¿

t]�;|f]�

ªljBfno cg'udg ;ldltsf ljBdfg ;d'bfosf ;b:�ox¿nfO{ lkmtf{ af]�nfpg]�

ljBfno Joj:�yfkg ;ldlt kfFrf}�

76

cf}hf/ *M hjfkmb]lxtfsf] :yfg / ;+oGq af/] of]hgf lgdf{0f jf dfu{ to ug{]

ljleGg ;®f]�sf®jfnfnfO{ s]� u®fpg rfxg' x'G5 eGg]� s'®faf®]� :�ki6 eO;s]�kl5 csf{]�

r®0f eg]�sf]� pgLx¿;Fu ;+jfb ® cGtlqm{of ug{sf nflu pknAw 7fpFaf®]� cg';Gwfg ug'{ xf]� . :�yfg jf

7fpFsf]� k|sf®nfO{ k|efj kfg{]� b'O6f dxTjk"0f{ sf®s tTjx¿ x'G5g\M

• ;®f]�sf®jfnfsf]� k|s[ltM tkfO{+n]� kl®rfng ug{ rfxg' ePsf]� ;®f]�sf®jfnfsf]� k|s[lt, cf]�xbf ®

x}�l;otsf cfwf®df pgLx¿;Fu ;Dks{ ug{]� dfWod ® 7fpFsf]� to ul®g' kb{5 . h:�tf]� ls, s'g}� sfd

ug{]� cf}�krfl®s cg'dltsf nflu ;®sf®L clwsf®LnfO{ nlaË ug{sf nflu cf}�krfl®s dfWod

k|of]�u ug{ ® tkfO{+n]� ug'{ ePsf]� To:�tf lqmofsnfkaf/]� sfuhL ¿kdf clen]�v ®fVg' h?®L x'G5 .

t® olb tkfO{++ cg'udstf{sf ¿kdf tflnd lbgsf nflu of]�Uo gful®ssf]� vf]�hL ug{ rfxg' x'G5

eg]� tkfO{+n]� s]�xL ;d'bfodf cfwfl®t ;+:�yfx¿nfO{ cgf}�krfl®s ¿kdf e]�6]�® ;Nnfx;'emfj dfUg

pko'Qm x'G5 .

• ljBdfg hjfkmb]�lxtf ;+oGqM tkfO{+n]� rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{gnfO{ k|efj kfg{]� lg0f{o ug{]� jf

lg0f{onfO{ ;dLIff ug{]� s'g}� k|sf®sf]� ;®sf®L ;+oGq klxnfb]�lv g}� x'g' kb{5 . o:�tf]� ;+oGq ®fHosf]�

:�jfldTj ePsf]� jf cGo gful®s ;dfh ;+:�yfsf]� kxndf lgdf{0f ePsf]� x'g ;Sb5 . o:�tf

;+oGqx¿n]� sfd ug{]� ;+®rgf ® d~rx¿nfO{ ®fd|f]�;Fu cWoog ug'{xf]�;\ . o:�tf hjfkmb]�lxtfsf

:�yfg tkfO{+sf nflu aGb x'g ;Sb5 jf cfdGq0faf6 dfq v'nf x'g ;Sb5 . l;4fGtdf of]� v'nf

x'g ;Sb5 t® gful®s ;dfh lj®n}� l5®]�sf]� x'g;Sb5 . olb o:�tf]� :�yfg pknAw 5}�g eg]� jf

:�yfg}� 5}�g eg]� tkfO{+n]� ;®f]�sf®jfnfx¿;Fu cGtlq{mof ug{'cl3 Tof]� hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� gofF :�yfg

agfpg' jf dfu ug'{ kg{]� x'G5 .

tkfO{+sf]� hjfkmb]�lxtf sfo{sf]� nlIft ;d"xdf s;®L k'Ug]� eGg]�af®]� ®0fgLlts ¿kdf ljrf® ug{' cfjZos

x'G5 . oL tL ;®f]�sf®jfnfx¿ x'g\ h;n]� tkfO{+n]� rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{g Nofpgsf nflu lg0f{o ul®lbg' kg{]�

x'G5 jf cGo sfo{ ul®lbg' kg{]� x'G5 .

efu @ df a9L hfgsf/L kfpg'x'g]5 .o; af/] ;f]Rg'xf];\

tkfO{+sf] kl/k|]Ifdf tkfO{+n]M

• aGb ul/Psf] jf ePsf] hjfkmb]lxtfsf] :yfgnfO{ v'nfpg of]ubfg lbg ;Sg'x'G5 .

• tkfO{+n] klxnf g;f]Rg' ePsf] hjfkmb]lxtfsf] :yfgdf k|j]z ug{]

• /0fgLlts dxTj ePsf] :yfgx?df lgdlGqt x'g]

• gofF :yfgx? l;h{gf ug{]

v08 ! df cem a9L k9\g'xf];\ljleGg k|sf/sf] hjfkmb]lxtfsf]

:yfg af/] cWofo * df k9\g'xf];\ .

o;af/]

klg ;f]rf}

pgLx?n] dflg;x?nfO{ af]nfpg la;{]. Sof af]/ u/].

u'0ffTds lzIffsf nflu ;fj{hlgs sfo{qmd

qm; /]km/]G;\

77

tkfO{+n]� ug{]� kl®rfngsf]� sfdsf]� Pp6f lx:�;f sd k|of]�u ul®Psf]� hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� :�yfgnfO{ ;lqmo agfpg]� jf k|of]�udf Nofpg x'g ;Sb5 . tkfO{+n]� tkfO{+sf]� ;+:�yf jf cGo ;®f]�sf®jfnfx¿nfO{ ljBdfg hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� :�yfgdf lgDTofpg ;Sg' x'g]�5 tfls pgLx¿n]� tkfO{+n]� Nofpg rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{gnfO{ k|efj kfg{]� lg0f{onfO{ k|efljt ug{ ;s"g\ . tkfO{+n]� s]�xL ;do ® ;|f]�tnfO{ gofF hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� :�yfg l;h{gf ug{sf nflu vr{ ug'{ klg ®fd|f]� x'g]�5, h;n]� tkfO{+n]� Nofpg rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{geGbf klg bL3{sfnLg nIosf nflu kmnbfoL xf]�;\ . h:�tf]� ls, tkfO{+sf]� kl®rfng of]�hgf cg'¿k lzIffsf d'2fnfO{ ;Daf]�wg ug{ ;fd'bflos d~r v8f ug{]� x'g ;Sb5 . olb tkfO{+ d~r v8f ug{]� sfddf ;kmn x'g' eof]� eg]� pQm d~rnfO{ cf}�krfl®stf lbO{ lg®Gt®tf lbg ;lsG5 tfls To;n]� eljiodf cGo d'2fnfO{ klg ;Daf]�wg ug{ ;sf]�;\ .

ca xfdLn] s:tf k|sf/sf :yfgx? klxNo} pknAw 5g\ jf x'G5g\ / sxfF xfdLn] gofF :yfg agfpg' kb{5 egL

yfxf kfof}+ .

xfd|f] kl/rfng of]hgfnfO{ a9fpgsf nflu hjfkmb]lxtf ;+oGq / :yfgaf/] xfdLn] ;+sng u/]sf ;"rgf k|of]u

u¥of}+ .

xfdL ;/f]sf/jfnfn] s] ul/lbof];\ eGg] rfxG5f}+

s;nfO{ kl/rfng ug{]

ljBdfg hjfkmb]lxtf ;+oGq

s:tf] k|sf/sf] hjfkmb]lxtfsf] :yfg

s ljBfno kl®;®leq lzIfs ® ljBfyL{sf]� pkl:�yltnfO{ cg'udg ug{]� cg'dlt

lzIffdGqL ljBfno P]�gsf]� v08 *s n]� lglZrt cj:�yf jf zt{df gful®snfO{ ljBfno kl®;® cg'udg ug{ lbG5 .

w]�®}� k|of]�u gul®Psf]�

v xfd|f]� ljBfnosf lzIfssf lj?4 klxnf g}� bfo® ul®Psf]� cf}�krfl®s lzsfot kmf®fd

k|zf;g k|d'v, lhNnf lzIff sfof{no

ljBfno cg'udg ;ldlt

xfn aGb

;"rgfsf]� :�jtGqtf P]�gsf]� v08 @

sd k|of]�u ul®Psf]�

u xfdLn]� xfd|f]� cg'udgaf6 kQf nfu]�sf]� s'®fx¿ ljBfnosf]� xndf sfo{qmd u®L aflx® Nofpg]� jf k|:�t't ug{]� ;fj{hlgs a}�7sdf pkl:�yt x'g]�

;a}� ;d'bfosf ;b:�o, ljz]�ifu®L kfsf]� pd]�/sf ;b:�ox¿ ® wfld{s cu'jfx¿

of]� gofF hjfkmb]�lxtf ;+oGq x'g]�5

l;h{gf ul®Psf]�

s] s'/fn] hjfkmb]lxtfsf] :yfgnfO{ ;+s'lrt ub{5 <

• w]�®}� d'n'sx¿df gful®s ;dfhn]� ;®sf®nfO{ hjfkmb]�xL agfpgsf nflu lgs}� ;fgf]� ®fhgLlts bfo®f x'G5 . lgDg sf®s tTjn]� k|efjsf®L hjfkmb]�lxtf sfo{sf]� Ifq]�nfO{ ;+s'lrt agfpb5 M

• ;fj{hlgs n]�vf ® ;"rgfdf kx'Fr gx'g' jf sd kx'Fr x'g'

• ah]�6nufot cGo s'®fdf ;®sf®L tYofÍ e®kbf{]�, lj:�t[t jf lgoldt gx'g'

• sfg'g jf cEof; jf k®Dk®fsf sf®0f jfs\ :�jtGqtf ® ;+ul7t x'g]� clwsf® lgolGqt x'g'

• o:�tf]� ®fhgLlts ;+:�sf® hxfF ;®sf®sf]� lj®f]�w u®]� lx+;f jf otgf v]�Kg' kb{5

• hxfF ®fhgLlts g]�tfx¿nfO{ sfg'g j]�j:�tf ug{ jf kfng gug{ 5'6 lbOG5

• To:�tf]� ;®sf® h'g ;Lldt :�jfy{ ePsf]� ;fgf]� ;d"x jf ju{k|ltdfq hjfkmb]�xL x'G5, h;n]� ubf{ cGonfO{ l;dflGts[t ® ckx]�lnt ub{5 .

xfd|f] ljBfnodf hjfkmb]lxtfM ;+oGq / :yfg

78

åf/kfn]�;Fu s;®L sfd ug{]� <;®f]�sf®jfnf;Fu hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� PseGbf a9L :�yfgdf ;+;u{ ug{ ;lsG5 . h:�tf]� ls dfgL lnpmF, tkfO{+n]� Pp6f s'g}� ;®sf®L clwsf®LnfO{ ;®f]�sf®jfnfsf ¿kdf klxrfg ug'{ eof]�, h;nfO{ tkfO{+n]� k|efljt ug'{ kg{]�5 . tkfO{+n]� s]� kQf nufO;Sg' ePsf]� 5 eg]� tkfO{+n]� Nofpg rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{gaf®]� d'Vo lg0f{o aGb sf]�7fleq ul®G5 . ;f]� :�yfgnfO{ gful®s ;dfhsf]� ;xeflutfsf nflu v'nf ug{]� sf]�lzz ug{ ;Sg' x'G5 -tkfO{+n]� pgnfO{ tkfO{+sf]� ;jfn;Fu ;DalGwt gePsf]� d~rdf cGtlq{mof ® ;DaGw lj:�tf® ug{'_ . o;f]� ug{ ;lhnf]� x'g ;Sb5 lsgeg]� of]� :�yfg tkfO{+sf]� kx'Frdf 5 .

kx'Fr kfpg sl7g ;®f]�sf®jfnfnfO{ kl®rfng ug{ åf/kfn]�;Fu sfd ug{ h?®L x'G5 -oxfF åf/kfn]� eg]�sf]� zlQmzfnL ;/f]�sf/jfnf;Fusf]� kx'FrnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{;Sg]� JolQmsf]� ?kdf lnOPsf]� 5_ . tkfO{+sf]� tkm{af6 d'Vo ;®f]�sf®jfnf;Fu ;+;u{ ug{sf nflu clwsf®, ;|f]�t jf d"No ePsf]� sf]�xL 5 < tkfO{+sf]� nlIft ju{n]� s]� ;'Gb5g\ jf s]� yfxf kfpFb5g\ eGg]� s'®fdf s;n]� lgoGq0f ub{5 < k|foMh;f]� -t® ;w}�+ rflx+ xf]�Og_ oL ®0fgLlts ;Nnfxsf®, k|]�; k|jQmf, jlsn, ®fhgLlts ldqzlQm ® kyk|b{zs h:�tf zlQmzfnL ;®f]�sf®jfnfsf]� leq j[tsf]� dflg;x¿ x'g ;Sb5g\ .

tnsf]� rf6{n]� hjfkmb]�lxtf sfo{sf nflu dgg\ ug'{ kg{]� åf/kfn]� PseGbf a9L k|sf® jf ;d"xsf x'g ;Sb5g\ egL b]�vfpFb5 . cWofo ( df ePsf]� cf}�hf® ! sf]� k|of]�u u®]�® tkfO{+n]� klxrfg ug'{ ePsf]� of]�ubfg lbg]� sf®stTjnfO{ km]�l® dgg\ ug'{xf]�;\ . oL tL sfo{qmd÷ultljlw jf lqmofsnfk jf s'®fx¿ x'g\ h;n]� tkfO{+n]� rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{g Nofpg of]�ubfg lbg ;Sb5g\ . oL of]�ubfg lbg]� sf®stTjx¿nfO{ tkfO{{+n]� cfˆgf]� nIosf]� åf/kfn]�sf ¿kdf lng ;Sg' x'G5 . k|To]�s sf®s tTjn]� oyfl:�yltnfO{ xNnfP® tkfO{+sf]� nlIft ;d"xsf]� kx'Frsf]� ;Eefljt 9f]�sfnfO{ vf]�Ng ;3fp k'¥ofpFb5 . tkfO{+sf]� kl®rfng of]�hgfnfO{ cem lj:�tf® ug{]� Pp6f tl®sf eg]�sf]� tkfO{+n]� Nofpg rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{gnfO{ of]�ubfg lbg]� tTjx¿nfO{ k|efljt ug{ ;Sg]� ljljw åf/kfn]�nfO{ klxrfg ug'{ x'g ;Sb5 .

of]ubfg lbg] tTjgofF lzIfs

Joj:yfkg gLlt th'{df u/L nfu"

ul/g'

of]ubfg lbg] tTjk|wfgfWofksnfO{ v/fa Joj:yfkg / e|i6frf/sf

nflu sf/jfxL ul/g'

of]ubfg lbg] tTjljBdfg cg'udg ;ldlt

e· ul/g'

of]ubfg lbg] tTjlzIfs uon ePsf]

k|df0f ljBfno;Fu lnP/ ;DalGwt ;d'bfonfO{

atfOg'

of]ubfg lbg] tTjgofF lzIfs Joj:yfkg gLlt th'{df u/L nfu"

ul/g'

åf/kfn] sf] x'g\ < pgLx?;Fu s;sf] kx'Fr

5 <

tkfO{+sf ;Defljt ;fe]�mbf®x¿dWo]� zlQmzfnL ;®f]�sf®jfnfsf]� åf/kfn]� sf]� x'g\ jf åf/kfn]�nfO{ s;n]� lrGb5g\ eGg]� kQf nufpg' r'gf}�lt xf]� . w]�®}� cj:�yfdf, tkfO{+n]� kx'Fr agfpg vf]�Hg' ePsf]� hjfkmb]�lxtsf]� :�yfgdf kfOnf 6]�Sg]� cj:�yf l;h{gf ug{sf nflu gofF ;DaGwx¿ agfpg klg cfjZos x'g ;Sb5 .

79

cf}hf/ (M u]6slk/sf] klxrfg

tkfO{+sf]� kl/rfng of]�hgfaf6 tkfO{+n]� hjfkmb]�lxtf sfo{sf nflu k|efljt ug'{ kg{]� t/ h; sxfF l;w}� kx'Fr agfpg

sl7g 5 pgLx?sf]� ;"lr tof/ ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . o; ;"lrdf tL JolQmx?sf]� klg gfd ;dfj]�z ug{ ;lsG5 h;af6 s]�xL

ug{sf nflu ;"rgf jf :�jLs[lt lng kg{]� x'g ;Sb5 . ;"lrdf tkfO{+sf]� kIfdf sfd jf lg0f{o lngsf nflu tkfO+{n]� ljZj:�t t'Nofpg ;Sg]�

7fGg' ePsf lg0f{ostf{nfO{ klg ;dfj]�z ug{ ;Sg' x'G5 .

• tn lbOPsf]� h:�tf]� 6]�a'n agfpg'xf]�;\ . afFofdf, tkfO{+n]� k|efljt ug'{ kg{]� t/ tkfO{+sf]� kx'Fr gePsf]� ;/f]�sf/jfnfsf]� ;"lr agfpg'xf]�;\ .

• csf{]� sf]�nddf tkfO{+sf]� klxnf]� ;"lrdf ePsf ;/f]�sf/jfnfsf]� åf/kfn]�sf ?kdf l;w}� jf ck|ToIf ?kdf sfd ug{]� dflg;sf]� ;"lr agfpg'xf]�;\ . o;sf nflu ;~hfn agfpg / cg';Gwfg ug{ cfjZos x'g ;Sb5 .

• o; ;"lrdf tkfO{+n]� lrGg' ePsf]� jf tkfO{+sf]� kx'Fr ePsf]� åf/kfn]�sf]� gfdsf]� d'gL wsf{]� sf]�g'{xf]�;\ jf To;nfO{ xfOnfO6 ug'{xf]�;\ .

• bfOg]�kl6\6sf]� sf]�nddf åf/kfn]�sf]� klg åf/kfn]�sf]� ;"lr agfpg'xf]�;\ . o;df klg tkfO{+n]� lrGg]� jf tkfO{+;Fu ;DaGw ePsf gfdsf]� d'gL wsf{]� sf]�g'{xf]�;\ . pgLx?nfO{ tkfO{+ åf/kfn]�nfO{ lrgfOlbgsf nflu cg'/f]�w ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .

;DaGwnfO{ klxNofpg]

d'Vo ;/f]sf/jfnf åf/kfn] åf/kfn]nfO{ s;n] lrGb5

lzIffdGqL >LdtL zld{nf l3ld/]�

cf}krfl/s åf/kfn]x?

• :�jsLo ;lrj /fdxl/ jf:�tf]�nf

• dGqfnosf jl/i7 ;Nnfxsf/, 8f= ldgaxfb'/ cdfTo

xfd|f]� ;~hfndf ePsf]� gful/s ;dfh ;+:�yfsf]� ;b:�o /fdlszf]�/ cdfTo

cgf}krfl/s åf/kfn]x?

• k|fljlws tflndsf k|aGw lgb{]�zs, xl/x/ uf}�td -glhssf ;fyL_

• z}�lIfs k/fdz{ s]�Gb|sf zf/bf /]�UdL -k'/fgf]� ldq_

sfof{no ;xfos, uf]�ljGb cjfn]�, h;n]� pgsf]� sfo{qmd tflnsf agfpFb5g\

zflns/fd j:�g]�t -k"j{;xsdL{_, hf]� z}�lIfs k/fdz{ s]�Gb|df sfd ub{5g\

o; cf}hf/ k|of]u u/L xfdLn] s] kQf nufof}+

eg] k|efjzfnL åf/kfn]nfO{ lrGg] s]xL JolQmx?nfO{ xfdLn] klxNo}b]lv lrGbf/x]5f}+ .

xfd|f] lrghfgn] xfdLnfO{ åf/kfn];Fu ;Dks{ ug{ ;xof]u u/\of] / xfdLn] dGqLnfO{ e]6\g ;Sof}+ .

cfkm\gf] dfG5] egL lrlgP/ kmfObf lng vf]Hg] jf 3"; v'jfpg]

rSs/df eg] gnfUg' xf]nf x} .

80

dnfO{ s;n] /f]S5 <

o; cWofosf]� afFsL efun]� rfx]�sf]� kl®jt{g Nofpgsf nflu tkfO{+;Fu sfd ug{sf nflu ;®f]�sf®jfnfnfO{ s;®L kl®rfng ug{]� eGg]�af®]� s]�lGb|t x'g]�5 . ;Defljt ;fem]�bf® ® ldqzlQm;Fu s;®L sfd ug{]� eGg]� af®]� rrf{ ug{]�5f}�+ . o;sf nflu lgDg ug{ ;lsG5M

• ;®f]�sf®jfnfx¿sf]� r]�tgf j[l4 u®]�®

• ;fem]�bf®L lgdf{0f u®]�®

• ;~hfn agfP® jf Jojl:�yt u®]�®

• ljZjf;, ljZj;gLotf ® k|lta4tf lgdf{0f u®]�®

• ;fem]�bf®L ;xdltdfkm{t\ ;~hfnnfO{ cf}�krfl®s agfP®

r]�tgf clej[l4hjfkmb]�lxtf sfo{sf nflu ;dy{g h'6fpgsf nflu Nofpg rfx]�sf]� kl®jt{gsf af®]� r]�tgf hufpg' dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . o;sf nflu ;xL ® ;l6s ;"rgf tof® u®L ;Dk|]�if0f ug{]� ® ;fj{hlgs ;+jfb ® 5nkmnnfO{ a9fjf lbg]� ug'{ kg{]� x'G5 . lgDg ;a}� jf s]�xL zLif{saf®]� r]�tgf clej[l4 ug'{ kg{]� x'g;Sb5M

• s]� kl®jt{g ug{ vf]�lhPsf]� xf]� ® lsg <

• rfx]�sf]� kl®jt{gsf]� xsdf ;®sf®sf]� bfloTj s]� 5 <

• of]� kl®jt{g Nofpg]� jf o;nfO{ x]�®ljrf® ug{]� bfloTj ;®sf®sf]� s'g lgsfo jf clwsf®Lsf]� xf]� <

• oL bfloTj k'®f ug{ pgLx¿ slt ;kmn ePsf 5g\ <

• tkfO{+ sf]� xf]� jf tkfO{+sf]� ;+:�yf jf ;~hfn s]�s:�tf]� vfnsf]� xf]� <

• tkfO{+n]� rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{g Nofpgsf nflu s]� ug{ rfxg' x'G5 <

• tkfO{+nfO{ ;xof]�u ug{sf nflu c¿ ;®f]�sf®jfnfn]� s]� ul®lbof]�;\ eGg]� rfxg' x'G5 <

z'? ug'{cl3 tkfO{+;Fu ;Dk|]�if0f ug{sf nflu :�ki6 ;Gb]�z 5 eGg]� s'®f ;'lgZrt ug'{xf]�;\ . tkfO{+n]� lbg' x'g]� u'x\o ;Gb]�z eg]�sf]� Tof]� xf]� h'g tkfO{+ dflg;x¿n]� kl5;Dd klg ;lDempg\ ® uDeL® ¿kdf lnpg\ eGg]� rfxg' x'G5 < ;a}� ;®f]�sf®jfnfsf nflu Pp6}� u'x\o ;Gb]�z gx'g ;Sb5 . t® k|To]�s ;®f]�sf®jfnfsf nflu u'x\o jf d'Vo ;Gb]�z Ps jfSodf tkfO{+n]� eGg ;Sg' kb{5 .

afnaflnsf :s"ndf ePsf] a]nf pgLx?nfO{ k9fOG5 eGg] ;'lglZrt ug{ xfdLnfO{ d2t

ug'{xf];\ .

81

;Gb]z km}nfpg] tl/sf• krf{ ljt/0f • k|efjzfnL JolQmx?;Fu e]63f6• P;PdP; k7fP/

• ;fj{hlgs a}7s af]nfP/• /]l8of]df cGtjf{tf{ lbP/• ;]lnla|6LnfO{ ;f] d'2fsf af/] af]Ng jf d'2fnfO{ ;dy{g ug{ nufP/

• c?n] cfof]hgf u/]sf] a}7sdf af]n]/• ;8s gf6s u/]/• ;fj{hlgs ;"rgfkf6Ldf /fv]/• j]a;fO6df /fv]/

• ;fj{hlgs h'n'; u/L• :yfgLo klqsfdf n]v k|sflzt u/]/• ;fF:s[lts sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u/]/

;"rgfnfO{ km}�nfpg jf ;Dk|]�if0f ug{]� w]�/}� tl/sfx? 5g\ . ;Lldttf s]�jn ;|f]�t / sNkgfzLntfsf]� xf]� .

;fj{hlgs ;~rf/sf nflu -pko'Qm_ ;do Psbd}� dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . r]�tgf clej[l4sf nflu slxn]� sfd ug{]� eGg]� s'/f tkfO{+n]� ug{]� hjfkmb]�lxtf sfo{sf]� k|s[ltdf e/ kb{5 . lg0f{ostf{nfO{ tkfO{+sf]� kIfdf sfd u/fpg bafa lbg hgdfg;sf]� ;xof]�u / ;dy{g lngsf nflu tkfO{+n]� z'?b]�lv g}� ;fj{hlgs ?kdf hgr]�tgf hufpgsf lglDt sfd ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . t/ sltko cj:�yfdf oy]�i6 k|df0f ;+sng gul/Gh]�n;Dd tkfO{+n]� ul//xg' ePsf]� sfddf sdeGbf sd Wofg lvrfpg' a'l4dfgL sfd x'G5 . h:�tf]� ls, v/fa cfr/0f jf e|i6frf/ h:�tf]� ;Dj]�bgzLn ljifo, h;af/]� ;fj{hlgs ?kdf yfxf ePdf ldl8ofn]� p5fNg ;Sb5, To:�tf]� ljifodf ;"rgfsf]� kx'FrnfO{ ;'/lIft ug{sf nflu To;nfO{ k'Ubf]� k|df0f ;+sng gul/Gh]�n;Dd aflx/ gNofpg' g}� pko'Qm x'G5 .

82

cf}hf/ !)M hjfkmb]lxtf ;dotflnsf

oxfF;Dd cfOk'Ubf tkfO{+nfO{ z'?jftL ljGb" ® ck]�lIft nIosf af®]� :�ki6tf cfO;s]�sf]� x'g' kb{5 . cf}�hf® $ k|of]�u u®L

tkfO{+n]� lgDg s'®f klg yfxf kfpg' eof]�M

• tkfO{+n]� rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{g Nofpgsf nflu s'g ;®f]�sf®jfnfnfO{ kl®rfng ug{]�

• ljleGg ;®f]�sf®jfnfn]� ug'{ kg{]� sfd jf rfNg' kg{]� sbd -h'g tkfO{+ rfxg' x'G5_

• oL sbdx¿ s'g qmddf rflng' kb{5 eGg]� s'®f

oL hfgsf®L jf ;"rgfnfO{ k|of]�u u®]�® tkfO{+n]� ug'{ x'g]� hjfkmb]�lxtf sfo{sf]� ;dotflnsf tof® ug'{xf]�;\ . s'g ;dodf s'g ;®f]�sf®jfnfnfO{

kl®rfng ug{ ® r]�tgf hufpg pko'Qm ® ®0fgLlts x'G5, ;f]�sf]� of]�hgf agfpg'xf]�;\ . tkfO+{sf]� ;dotflnsf tn lbOPsf]�eGbf cem a9L

lj:�t[t x'g' kb{5 . tkfO{+sf]� hjfkmb]�lxtf sfo{ cl3 a9\b}� hfFbf o;df tkfO{+n]� yKb}� hfg ;Sg'x'G5 .

nlIft ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t

;+:yfx?sf] r]tgf

hufpg]

ljBfno kl/;/df kx'Fr

agfpg]

;fem]bf/x? sxfF uP/ ;~hfn agfpg]

;fd'bflos cg'udgstf{nfO{

tflnd lbO kl/rfng ug{]

k|df0fsf] k|of]u u/L

a[xQ/ ;d'bfodf r]tgf

hufpg]

gofF ;ldlt

u7g ug{]

k|wfgfWofksnfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg

;fj{hlgs ;ef ug{]

z'?jftM xfd|f]� ljBfnodf hjfkmb]�lxtf af®]� 5nkmn

rnfpg]�

clGtd nIoM lzIfsx¿ sIffdf uO{ k9fO®x]�sf

x'g]� 5g\ .

slxn] s] ug{] eGg] s'/faf/] :ki6 x'g' k|efjsf/L hjfkmb]lxtf sfo{sf nflu

dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

kmfu'g r}q j}zfv h]7 c;f/ ;fpg

83

;fem]�bf®Lsf]� lgdf{0f;~hfn lgdf{0f ug{]� sfdsf]� z'?jft tkfO{+n]� ldn]�® sfd ug{ ;Sg]� jf rfxg' x'g]� JolQm ® ;+:�yfx¿sf]� klxrfg ug{af6 z'? x'G5 . cWofo ( df ePsf]� cf}�hf® ̂ k|of]�u u®L tkfO{+n]� ;Defljt ;fe]�mbf® ® ldqzlQmsf]� klxrfg ug{ ;Sg' x'G5 .

;"lrdf tkfO{+nfO{ rflxg]�eGbf a9L ;®f]�sf®jfnf x'g ;Sb5g\ . of]� s'®f tkfO{+n]� lgdf{0f ug{ rfxg' x'g]� ;~hfnsf]� cfsf® ® nIodf e® kb{5 . ;fe]�mbf® 5fGbf lgDg s'®f Vofn ug'{xf]�;\M

• olb tkfO{+ 7"nf]� jf a[xQ® ;fdflhs cfGbf]�ng rnfpg rfxg' x'G5 eg]� c+s ® ef}�uf]�lns ljt®0f dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . tkfO{+n]� w]�®}� ;b:�o ePsf]� ® u|f;?6df cfkm\g}� ;~hfn ePsf]� ;+:�yfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg' kg{]� x'G5 .

• olb tkfO{+ cg'udg ug{ ® k|df0f ;+sng ug{]�sf nflu ;fem]�bf® 5fGg rfxg' x'G5 eg]� Pp6f alnof]� kl®of]�hgf 6f]�nL agfpgsf nflu rflxg]� 1fg ® ;Lkaf®]� ®fd|f]�;Fu ljrf® ug'{xf]�;\ . tkfO{+n]� k|df0f ;+sng ug{sf nflu k|of]�u ug{ rfxg' x'g]� k4ltsf cfwf®df tkfO{+n]� cg';Gwfg, tflnd ® ljZn]�if0f ug{]� ;Lk ePsf]� ;d'bfodf cfwfl®t ;+:�yfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg ;Sg' x'G5 .

• tkfO{+n]� r]�tgf hufpg]�, ;fj{hlgs ;~rf® ® k}�®jLdf bvn ePsf ;fem]�bf® klg 5fGg' kg{]� x'g ;Sb5 . s;n]� tkfO{+nfO{ k|df0f ;Dk|]�if0f ug{, kQf nfu]�sf tYonfO{ k|:�t't ug{ ® lg0f{ostf{nfO{ ljZj:�t t'Nofpg k|efjsf®L ¿kn]� ts{ ug{ ;Sb5 <

• ofb ug'{xf]�;\ tkfO{+n]� ;dfwfg ug{ vf]�Hg' ePsf]� ;d:�ofaf®]� k|ToIf cg'ej ® 1fg ltgLx?;Fu x'G5 hf]� To;af6 ;aeGbf a9L k|efljt 5g\ .

tL ;fe]mbf/nfO{ /f]Hg'xf];\ h;n] nlIft ;d"xnfO{ cfZro{df kfg{ ;Sb5 jf pgLx?sf] Wofg lvRg

;Sb5 .

To:tf ;fem]bf/nfO{ klg /f]Hg'xf];\ h;n] tkfO{sf] ljZj;gLotf a9fpg ;xof]u ug{ ;Sb5 jf h;n] tkfO{+sf] sfdsf] k|f]kmfOnnfO{ a9fOlbg ;Sb5 .

s'g ;®f]�sf®jfnfnfO{ ;fem]�bf®sf ¿kdf ®f]�Hg]� eGg]� lg0f{o ul®;s]�kl5 csf{]� r®0f eg]�sf]� s'g;Fu klxNo}�b]�lv ;Dks{ 5, s'g;Fu 5}�g ® tkfO{+n]� klxnf]� rf]�l6 ;Dks{ ug{' kg{]� s'g xf]� egL gS;fÍg ug'{ xf]� . s]� klg x'g ;Sb5 eg]� tkfO{+n]� lrGg' ePsf]� JolQmx¿sf]� s]�xL ;®f]�sf®jfnf;Fu lrghfg ® ;Dks{ 5 . tkfO{+n]� cf}�hf® ( åf/kfn]�sf]� ;DaGw ® ;Dks{ gS;fÍg ug{ dfq xf]�Og, ;Defljt ;fem]�bf®x¿sf]� ;Dks{ ® ;DaGw yfxf kfpg klg k|of]�u ug{ ;Sg' x'G5 .

84

;~hfnnfO{ s;®L ;+ul7t ug{]� <s'g}� klg ;~hfndf :�ki6 e"ldsf ® lhDd]�jf®L x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . tkfO{+sf ;~hfnsf ;b:�ox¿aLr e"ldsf ® lhDd]�jf®L to ug{]�, s;n]� s]� lg0f{o s;®L ug{]� ® ;+:�yfleq ® aflx®sf]� ;~rf®sf]� s;n]� ug{]� cflb s'®f to ug{ s]�xL ;do tkfO{+n]� 5'6\ofpg' kg{]� x'G5 . ;~hfnsf]� ;+®rgf to ug{]� w]�®}� tl®sfx¿ 5g\ . w]�®}�n]� tn b]�vfPsf]� h:�tf]� ;d"xdf sfd ug]�{ tl®sf jf k4lt ®f]�Hb5g\ . tkfO{+sf]� ;~hfnsf nflu pko'Qm ;+®rgf to ubf{ lgDg rf® s'®fnfO{ ;Daf]�wg ug'{ kg{]� x'G5 -oL rf® afx]�s cGo klg yKg ;lsG5_M

• ;~hfnsf]� sfdnfO{ ;+of]�hg ug{ d"n 6f]�nLsf]� cfjZostf 5 <

• s]� ;d"xn]� ljleGg d'2f jf sfdsf nflu sfo{ ;d"x lgdf{0f ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 <

• s]� ;~hfnnfO{ ;Nnfx;'emfj, dfu{bz{g jf ;xof]�u ug{]� ®]�km®]�G;\ ;d"x rflxG5 <

• ;~hfnsf nflu Ps jf PseGbf a9L cf}�krfl®s k|jQmf rflxG5 <

tkfO{+n]� ;~hfnsf ¿kdf cfk"mx¿nfO{ hlt k|efjsf®L ¿kdf ;+ul7t ug'{ x'G5, tkfO{+n]� kl®jt{g Nofpgsf nflu ug'{x'g]� sfd Tolt g}� k|efjsf®L x'G5 . gful®s ;dfh ;+:�yfx¿sf]� k|efjnfO{ a[xQ® ¿kdf ;Dk|]�if0f ug{ ;~hfnnfO{ ;'Jojl:�yt ¿kn]� ;+ul7t ug{ Psbd}� dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . kmf]�s; gePsf]� ® ck|efjsf®L ;~hfn sfd gnfUg]� dfq x'Fb}�g To;n]� ;b:�ox¿sf]� dgf]�an klg lu®fpF5 . sdhf]�® sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ yfn]�sf]� ® cfGtl®s ljjfbdf km;]�sf]� ;~hfnnfO{ Ao"tfpg jf k|efjsf®L agfpg Psbd}� sl7g x'G5 . z'?b]�lv g}� ;a}�sf]� :�jfldTj ® ;femf lhDd]�jf®L dx;'; u®fpg ® ;femf a'emfOnfO{ Nofpgsf nflu ;a}� ;b:�ox¿sf]� ;lqmo ;xeflutfdf ;~hfnsf]� :�j¿k tof® u®L cf}�krfl®s agfpg' ;a}�eGbf pQd tl®sf xf]� .

k|To]s ;hLj ;~hfnsf] ?kfGt/0f ug{] jf cfkm}

ljgfz x'g] ;Defjgf x'G5 .

cf}krfl/s k|jQmf

/]km/]G;\ ;d"x

85

ljZjf; lgdf{0f ug{ nfdf] ;do nfU5 t/ of] Ps lgd]ifdf 6'6\g ;Sb5 .

ljZjf;, ljZj;gLotf ® k|lta4tf s;®L lgdf{0f ug{]� hjfkmb]�lxtf sfo{sf nflu dflg;nfO{ pTk|]�l®t ug{sf nflu ljZjf;, ljZj;gLotf ® k|lta4tf lgdf{0f ug'{ kg{]� x'G5 . o;n]� ;~hfndf k|efjsf®L ;~rf®sf]� cfwf® klg to ub{5 . o;n]� tkfO{+n]� nlIft ug{ vf]�Hg' ePsfx?sf]� Wofg lvRg klg ;S5 .

k/:k/df ljZjf; s;/L lgdf{0f ug{] < of]

ljZj;gLotfeGbf km/s s'/f xf] .

s] ljZjf; / ljZj;gLotfn]

k|lta4tflt/ 8f]¥ofpF5 <

ljZjf;, ljZj;gLotf ® k|lta4tf cGt®;DalGwt s'®fx¿ x'g\

• ljZjf; Tolt a]�nf lgdf{0f x'G5 hlt a]�nf ;a}� ;xdt ePsf]� Pp6}� lgod cg';f® Jojxf® ub{5g\ ® cfkm"n]� u®]�sf jfrf k'®f ub{5g\ . ljZjf;n]� ;Fu}� sfd u®]�® ;d:�ofnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ ;xof]�u ub{5 . of]� åGånfO{ ®f]�Sg ® ;dfwfg ug{ klg dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

• ljZj;gLotf klg oxL w®ftnaf6 cfpFb5 ® of]� tYo ;xL x'g';Fu klg ;DalGwt 5 . To;}�n]� of]� e®kbf{]�kgf ® ljz]�if1tf;Fu klg ;DalGwt 5 .

• k|lta4tf jkmfbf®L;Fu ldNbf]�h'Nbf]� s'®f xf]� . ha dflg;x¿ k|lta4 x'G5g\ pgLx¿n]� r'gf}�lt jf cK7\of®fx¿ ;fdgf ubf{ ;lhn}�;Fu xf® vfFb}�gg\ . cfkm\gf ;fe]�mbf®nfO{ ljZjf; ug{ ® e® kg{ ;lsg]� 7fg]�df dflg;x¿sf]� k|lta4tfn]� lg®Gt®tf kfpFb5 .

;~hfndf ljZjf; lgdf{0f ug{] bz pkfo

!= sfdsf nflu ;femf nIo ® r®0f to ug'{xf]�;\ ® sfd ;xeflutfd"ns tj®n]� ug'{xf]�;\ .

@= tkfO{+n]� h]� ug'{x'G5 ;f]�af®]� OdfGbf® ® v'nf x'g' xf]�;\ . ;"rgf ® hfgsf®L ;lqmo ¿kdf lbg'xf]�;\ .

#= c¿sf]� s'®f ;'Gg'xf]�;\ . pgLx¿sf ljrf®, wf®0ff, cfnf]�rgf ® z+sfnfO{ v'nf x[bon]� :�jLsf® ug'{ xf]�;\ jf u|x0f ug'{xf]�;\ .

$= :�jR5 ® Gofof]�lrt x'g'xf]�;\ ® o;af®]� 5nkmn ug{' xf]�;\ .

%= lgod ® lhDd]�jf®Laf®]� :�ki6 x'g ;a}�sf]� ;xeflutfdf lg0f{o ug'{xf]�;\ ® o;af®]� ;a}�nfO{ hfgsf®L lbg'xf]�;\ .

^= eg]�sf]� s'®f u®]�® b]�vfpg' xf]�;\ . tkfO{+n]� hf]� af]�Ng' x'G5 jf jfrf ug'{ x'G5, To;nfO{ k'®f ug'{xf]�;\ . k"®f ug{ ;Sg' ePg eg]� lsg ;Sg' ePg, :�kli6s®0f lbg'xf]�;\ .

&= ljZjf; b]�vfpg'xf]�;\ . clwsf® k|Tofof]�hg ug'{xf]�;\ ® ;f]� clwsf® cEof; ug{]� 7fpF lbg'xf]�;\ .

*= s'g}� klg uf]�Kotf ®fVg]� s'®fdf ;xdt gx'g'xf]�;\ .

(= uNtL jf c;kmntfnfO{ :�jLsf® ug'{xf]�;\ . ha ;d:�of cfpF5, ;xeflutfd"ns tj®n]� ;f]�sf]� ;dfwfg lgsfNg'xf]�;\ .

!)= ;sf®fTds ;Nnfx;'emfj lbg'xf]�;\ . of]�ubfg ® ;kmntfsf]� rrf{ ug'{xf]�;\ .

v08 @ df cem a9L k9\g'xf];\

ljZjfl;nf] k|df0f s;/L h'6fpg] eGg]af/] a9L

hfGgsf nflu cWofo !@ k9\g'xf];\ .

qm; /]km/]G;\

86

xfdLn] xfd|f ;a} lg0f{oaf/] v'nf x'g l;Sof}+ .

o;sf] tfTko{ s] xf] eg] Ps hgfn] dfq ;a} zlQm lnP/ a:g ldNb}g .

;~hfnnfO{ ;xeflutfd"ns tl/sfaf6 ;~rfng ug'{

eg]sf] ;a}hgf ;"lrt ePsf], ;a}sf] /fo lnOPsf] / ;a}sf s'/fnfO{ /fd|f];Fu ;'lgPsf] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug'{ xf] .

of] sfd ug{' ;'Gbf hlQsf] ;lhnf] 5}g lg

ljZjf; sd 5 egL s;/L yfxf kfpg]

lgDg ePdf ljZjf;sf]� sdL 5 egL yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 M

• s]�xL ;b:�ox¿n]� cfkm"nfO{ dxTj glbPsf]� dx;'; u®]�df,

• uNtLsf nflu Psn]� csf{nfO{ bf]�if nufPdf,

• uNtL;Fu 8®fpg]� ;+:�s[lt ePdf,

• ;a}� 5nkmndf s]�xL k|efjzfnL ;b:�ox¿ xfjL ePdf,

• kbf{ k5fl8 z+sf ® s'®f sf6\g]� sfd ePdf,

• k|efj kfg{eGbf cfGtl®s ;d:�of ;dfwfg ug{df w]�®}� phf{ vr{ ePdf,

• ljleGg wf®0ffx¿n]� l;h{gzLntf Nofpg'eGbf åGå lgDTofPdf

;~hfn ;fem]�bf®LnfO{ s;®L cf}�krfl®s agfpg]� <tkfO{+n]� sfd ug{ rfxg' x'g]� ;®f]�sf®jfnfnfO{ kl®rfng ul®;s]�kl5 ;f]� ;DaGwnfO{ -;~hfn_ ;xdltdfkm{t\ cf}�krfl®s agfpg dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . o;n]� ;a}� kIfn]� kfngf ug'{ kg{]� ;femf lgod ® k|fjwfgsf]� lnlvt clen]�v tof® ub{5 . cufl8 pNn]�v ul®P em}�+ ljZjf; Tolta]�nf a9\5 hlt a]�nf ;+:�yf jf ;~hfnsf ;a}�n]� Pp6f lgodsf]� kfngf jf Pp6}� lgod cg';f® Jojxf® ub{5g\ . cf}�krfl®s ;~hfn ;xdltn]� tL lgodx¿ s]� s]� x'g\ t egL :�ki6 kfb{5 . o:�tf]� ;xdltdf ;~hfnsf]� nIo, ck]�Iff ® ;f]� ;~hfn slxn]�;Dd cl:�tTjdf ®xG5 eGg]� pNn]�v x'g' kb{5 . cf}�hf® !! n]� ;~hfn ;xdlt tof® ug{ lgb{]�z ub{5 .

slxn]�sfxL+ ;~hfnsf nflu cf}�krfl®s tyf sfg'gL j}�wtf rflxG5 . h:�tf]� ls, ;~hfnsf ultljlw ug{sf nflu sf]�if ;+sng ug{ ;~hfn ljlwjt btf{ ePsf]� x'g' kg{]� x'g ;Sb5 . bL3{sfnLg ;~hfnsf nflu dha't ;fem]�bf®L ;xdlt sfg'gL ¿kdf afWosf®L ;xdltsf nflu cfwf® aGg ;Sb5 .

87

;/sf/sf k|lta4tf / dfkb08nfO{ cg'udg ug{] ;"rsnfO{ 5fg]/ tkfO{+ ca ;fFRr}

hjfkmb]lxtf sfo{sf nflu tof/ x'g'x'G5 .

cf}hf/ !)M hjfkmb]lxtf ;dotflnsf

;xdlt ljleGg ;®f]�sf®jfnfx¿n]� To;sf]� ljifoj:�t'sf nflu of]�ubfg lbO ®

To;dfly l6sfl6Kk0fL u®L ;+o'Qm ¿kdf tof® ug{ ;lsG5 . To;®L tof® eO;s]�kl5

;a}� ;b:�ox¿n]� pgLx¿sf]� To;k|ltsf]� k|lta4tf hgfpg ® cf}�krfl®stf lbgsf

nflu x:�tfIf® ug'{ kb{5 .

;~hfnsf]� ;xdltdf :�ki6 kfl®g' kg{]� d'Vo a"bfFx¿M

• ;~hfnsf]� p2]�ZoM ;~hfnn]� s]� s'®f xfl;n ug{ sfd ug{]� eGg]�af®]� 7f]�; p2]�Zo

• lgb{]�zs l;4fGtM cfwf®e"t l;4fGt h'g ;a}� ;b:�ox¿n]� kfngf ug{]� ® k|j4{g ug{]�5g\

• lg0f{ok|lqmofM lg0f{o s;®L ul®G5 ® lg0f{ok|lqmofsf tx ® tl®sf

• ;+of]�hgM ;~hfnnfO{ s;n]� ;+of]�hg ub{5 ® s:�tf]� lg0f{o ug{ clwsf® pgLx¿sf]� Dof08]�6leq 5 ® s'g 5}�g <

• e"ldsfM ;~hfnsf]� k|To]�s ;b:�osf]� e"ldsfaf®]� :�ki6tf

• k|Tofof]�hgM sfdsfhsf]� :�ki6 ® Gofof]�lrt k|Tofof]�hg ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu k|lqmof

• clwsf®M sf]�;Fu s]� ug{sf nflu s:�tf]� clwsf® 5 ® ;f]�sf]� ;Ldf s]� xf]� <

• hjfkmb]�lxtfM sf]� sf]�;Fu hjfkmb]�xL 5 <

• l®kf{]�l6ËM s;n]� s;nfO{ l®kf{]�l6Ë ub{5 . ;do ® ;xL tl®sfn]� l®kf{]�l6Ë ePsf]� ;'lglZrt ug{]� k|lqmof

• ljQLo kIfM ljQLo Joj:�yfkg ® hjfkmb]�lxtfsf nflu sf]� lhDd]�jf® 5 ® sf]�if vr{ ug{sf nflu s]� lgod 5 <

• åGåM ;b:�ox¿aLr ljjfb ® åGå ePsf s;®L To;sf]� ;dfwfg ug{]�

• cfr®0fM ;b:�ox¿aLr a}�7s tyf cGo cGtlqm{ofdf ug'{ kg{]� pko'Qm Jojxf® pNn]�v ePsf]� cfrf®;+lxtf

• b08;hfoFM ;xdlt tf]�l8Pdf s:�tf]� sf®afxL ug{]�

• ;dLIffM ;fem]�bf®x¿aLrsf]� ;xsfo{nfO{ slxn]� ® slt ;dosf]� cGt®fndf ;dLIff ug{]� ® cfjZos k®]� ;xdltnfO{ kl®dfh{g ug{]�

;|f]�tM ;®sf®L gLltsf] cg'udgM clk|msfsf gful®s ;dfh ;+:�yfx¿sf nflu 6'nls6, cGgf :�rg]�n ® Ol®sf sf]�6hL,

n08gM l;PPkmcf]�l8, lj|ml:�rog P8 ® 6«fOSo®

88

cWofo !!

hjfkmb]lxtf sfo{sf] tof/L

bfloTj

k|lta4

tf / d

fkb08

cg'ud

g

:jLs[lt

;]jfd

f ;'wf/

xfd|f] :yf:Yo rf}sLsf] hjfkmb]lxtf a9fpgsf nflu xfdLn] ;/sf/n] s]s:tf] ;]jf ;'ljwf lbg' kg{] xf] eGg]

af/] cem a9L yfxf kfpg' k¥of]

:jf:Yo ;]jf k|bfg ug{sf

nflu s:tf ;/sf/L sfo{qmd

klxn]b]lv g} 5g\ eGg] kQf

nufpg xfdLn] s]xL cg';Gwfg

u¥of}+ .

;a} c:ktfn / :jf:Yo

rf}sLx?n] of] dfkb08

kfng ug'{ kg{] /x]5 .

;/sf/L sfuhft a6'Ng

klg lgs} ;do nfUg]

sfd xf] . xfdLn] ;/sf/n] jiff{}+cl3

hf/L u/]sf] :jf:Yo ;]jfsf

nflu /fli6«o dfkb08 kQf

nufof}+ .

89

xfdLnfO{ rflxg] ;a} hfgsf/L

kQf nufpg xfdLn] 306f}+

vlr{of}+ .

xnf], k|aGw lgb{]zs Ho",

dnfO{ snAofs ug'{

ePsf]df wGojfb .

/ ;'rs 5fGgsf nflu

xfdLn] lgs} dhfn] ax; /

5nkmn u¥of}+ .

xfdLnfO{ yfxf lyof] ;xL

k|df0f a6'Ngsf nflu ;xL

;"rs 5fGg' dxTjk"0f{

x'G5 .

;/sf/df s;n] s'g

lg0f{o ub{5 egL lgSof}n

ug{ ;lhnf] lyPg .

:jf:Yo rf}sLdf

:jf:Yo ;]jfsf] dfkb08 k'/f eP÷

gePsf] ;'lglZrt ug{ xfdLnfO{ ;"rssf]

cfjZostf k¥of] .

90

s]�sf af®]� k|df0f rflxG5o; ;|f]�t k':�tssf]� ( ® !) cWofon]� hjfkmb]�lxtf sfo{sf nflu ul®g' kg{]� klxnf r®0fsf sfdx¿ af®]� rrf{ u¥of]� . oL cWofodf ePsf rrf{ ® cf}�hf®x¿sf]� cfwf®df tkfO{+nfO{ lgDg s'®fsf af®]� :�ki6tf cfof]� xf]�nfM

• tkfO{+n]� Nofpg rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{g

• ;f]� kl®jt{gsf]� xsdf ;®sf®sf]� bfloTj

• tkfO{+n]� sf]�;Fu ;xsfo{ ug{]� ® s;nfO{ k|efljt ug{]�

• ljleGg ;®f]�sf®jfnfnfO{ s]� ug{sf nflu cg'®f]�w ug{]�

• ljleGg ;®f]�sf®jfnfnfO{ s'g ;dodf kl®rfng ug{]�

o; cWofon]� rflx+ tkfO{+n]� rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{g Nofpgsf nflu ;®sf®L bfloTjsf]� ljifoj:�t'df rrf{nfO{ s]�lGb|t ug{]�5 . ctM d'Vo k|Zg s]� aG5 eg]� ®fHo kIfn]� jf:�tjdf s]� ug'{ kb{5 jf p;sf]� vf; bfloTj s]� xf]� ® p;n]� s'g dfkb08 k"®f ug'{ kb{5 . of]� k|Zgsf]� pQ® yfxf kfPkl5 dfq s:�tf]� k|df0f h'6fpg]� jf ;+sng ug{]� eGg]� af®]�df :�ki6 x'g ;lsG5 .

tkfO{+n]� ug{]� hjfkmb]�lxtf sfo{n]� ;xL k|df0fdf s]�lGb|t 5 egL ;'lglZrt ug{ tkfO{+n]� oy]�i6 ;do vlr{g' kg{]� x'G5 . æ;xL k|df0fÆ sf]� tfTko{ To:�tf]� ;"rgf h;n]� ;®sf®L ;]�jf k|bfosn]� pgLx¿sf]� bfloTj k"®f u®]� ls u®]�gg\ egL phfu® ub{5 . g]�tf jf sd{rf®LnfO{ hjfkmb]�xL agfpgsf nflu tkfO{+n]� a6'Ng' ePsf]� k|df0f :�jLs[t dfkb08 cg'¿ksf]� x'g' h?®L x'G5 .

xfdLn] xfd|f] :jf:Yo rf}sLdf ePsf] ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/

af/] k|Zgx?sf] ;"lr tof/ u/]/ z'?jft

u¥of}+ .

hjfkmb]lxtfnfO{ sfof{Gjog u/fpg xfdLnfO{ s:tf] k|df0f rflxG5 <

s] oxfF lbOg] cf}iflw s'g} lglZrt u'0f:t/sf] x'g'

kb{5 <

:jf:Yo ;]jf k|bfosn] la/fdL;Fu s:tf] Jojxf/

ug{' kg{] xf] <

slt hgf 8fS6/ / g;{ 8\o'6Ldf x'g' kg{] xf] <

o:tf] :jf:Yo rf}sLdf slt a]8 x'g' kg{] xf] <

s:tf k|sf/sf pkrf/ pknAw x'g' kg{] xf] <

Odh{]G;L ePsf] a]nfdf s:tf] Joj:yf x'g' kg{] xf] <

dflg;x?n] glhssf] :jf:Yo rf}sL k'Ugsf nflu slt 6f9f;Dd lx+8\g' kg{] xf] <

91

cl3Nnf]� kfgfdf ePsf h:�tf k|Zgx¿sf]� ;"lr agfpFbf s:�Tff k|sf®sf k|lta4tf ® dfkb08x¿ cg'udg ug{ dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 eGg]� s'®f klxrfg ug{ z'? ug{ ;Sg' x'G5 . tkfO{+n]� Nofpg rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{g;Fu ;fGble{s ljleGg hjfkmb]�lxtf ;DaGwnfO{ phfu® ug{ cf}�hf® !@ k|of]�u ug{ ;Sg' x'G5 . o;f]� ug'{sf]� p2]�Zo eg]�sf]� k|To]�s s]�;df ;f]� hjfkmb]�lxtf ;DaGwdf cfr®0f ® sfo{;Dkfbgsf nflu s'g dfkb08dfly ;xdlt ePsf]� lyof]� ;f]� klxrfg ug'{ xf]� .

xfdLn] s] kQf nufof}+ eg] tnsf sfuhftn] xfd|f]

lhNnfdf ePsf] lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{nodf lbOg] :jf:Yo ;]jf af/]sf] k|lta4tf / dfkb08

af/] k|sfz kfb{5 .

cf}hf/ !@M k|lta4tf / dfkb08nfO{ cf}Nofpg]

k|foMh;f]�, tkfO{+n]� rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{g Nofpg]� l;nl;nfdf PseGbf a9L

hjfkmb]�lxtf ;DaGw ;+nUg x'G5 . cWofo ( df rrf{ ul®;lsPsf]� 5 ls Nofpg rfx]�sf]�

kl®jt{gnfO{ k|efljt ug{]� bf]�xf]�l/Psf ljleGg ;®sf®L bfloTj x'G5g\ . k|To]�s bfloTj ® ;DaGw cfkm\g}�

dfkb08åf®f lgb{]�lzt jf lgolGqt x'G5g\ . tn lbOPsf]� 6]�a'nn]� tkfO{+sf]� hjfkmb]�lxtf sfo{sf nflu

;fGble{s x'g]� ;Defljt dfkb08x¿nfO{ klxrfg ug{ ;xof]�u ug{]�5 .

hjfkmb]lxtf ;DaGw

/fhgLlts k|lta4tf / dfkb08

ljQLo, Joj:yfksLo / k|zf;lgs k|lta4tf / dfkb08

sfo{;Dkfbg k|lta4tf / dfkb08

lgjf{lrt g]�tf / gful/s aLr

/fli6«o :�jf:�Yo gLltn]� lhNnf txsf]� :�jf:�Yo ;]�jfsf nflu ;/sf/sf]� lehg / jfrf pNn]�v u/]�sf]� 5

/fli6«o cf}�iflw lgodfjnLdf cf}�iflwsf]� ;'/Iff / pknAwtf af/]� lgod / k|lqmof 5

PsLs[t /fli6«o /0fgLlt kqn]� ;g\ @)@) ;Ddsf nflu ljsf; nIo lgwf{/0f u/]�sf]� 5

lgjf{lrt g]�tf / ljefusf clwsf/LaLr

/fli6«o tyf lhNnf :�jf:�Yo ah]�6n]� dWosfnLg k|fyldstf / vr{ ePsf]� /sdaf6 cfpg]� kl/0ffdnfO{ kl/eflift u/]�sf]� 5

/fli6«o ljQLo Joj:�yfkg lgodfjnLn]� lhNnf txsf nflu / af6 :�jf:�Yo ah]�6sf lglDt ljQLo l/kf]�l{6Ë ug{ dfkb08 to u/]�sf]� 5

/f]�huf/L s/f/ / sfo{ljj/0fdf :�jf:�Yo clwsf/Lsf nflu bIftf / sfo{;Dkfbgsf]� ;"rssf]� ;"lr 5

ljefusf clwsf/L / cu|k+lQmsf ;]�jf k|bfossf aLr

lhNnf :�jf:�Yo of]�hgfdf k|To]�s !,)),))) dflg;sf nflu 8fS6/, g;{ / ;'8]�gLsf]� cg'dflgt cg'kft pNn]�v 5

lhNnf :�jf:�Yo ;]�jf sfof{non]� :�jf:�Yo ;]�jf k|bfossf]� ;]�jfsf nflu zt{x? tf]�s]�sf]� 5

lhNnf :�jf:�Yo ;]�jf sfof{nodf k|To]�s :�jf:�Yo ;]�jf k|bfossf nflu sfo{;Dkfbgsf]� nIo tf]�lsPsf]� 5

cu|k+lQmsf ;]�jf k|bfos / gful/saLr

;fj{hlgs If]�q u'0f:�t/ ;]�jf gLltcGtu{t\ :�jf:�Yonufot ;a}� ;fj{hlgs ;]�jf kb{5

– ;fj{hlgs :�jf:�YosdL{x?sf nflu tof/ ul/Psf]� /fli6«o cfrf/;+lxtfn]� la/fdLnfO{ k|bfg ul/g]� ;]�jfsf]� dfkb08 to u/]�sf]� 5 .

92

k|lta4tf / dfkb08nfO{ cg'udg ug{]� ;"rs;®sf®sf]� k|lta4tf ® dfkb08 pNn]�v ePsf]� s]�xL sfuhftdf g3f]�lTnP;Dd ®fHosf]� bfloTjsf]� jf:�tljs ljifoj:�t' kQf nufpg ;lsFb}�g .

cl3Nnf]� kfgfdf lbOPsf]� 6]�a'ndf ;®sf®sf]� k|lta4tf ® dfkb08af®]� hfgsf®L kfOg]� ;®sf®L sfuhftsf]� s]�xL pbfx®0f kfOG5 . oL sfuhftx¿n]� ®fHo kIfnfO{ s]�sf nflu hjfkmb]�xL agfpg ;lsG5 eGg]�af®]� ljj®0f phfu® ub{5 . h:�tf]� ls ®fHosf]� ®fli6«o :�jf:�Yo of]�hgfn]� k|To]�s bz xhf® dflg;sf nflu ;®b® Pp6f 8fS6® ® tLg hgf g;{ x'g' kg{]� Joj:�yf u®]�sf]� x'g ;Sb5 . ;fj{hlgs :�jf:�YosdL{sf]� cfrf®;+lxtf k9\bf s]� yfxf kfpg ;lsPnf eg]� cu|k+lQmdf ePsf ;]�jf k|bfosn]� PrcfOeL ;+qmldtnfO{ e]�b\efj ug{ kfOg]�5}�g . -o; cWofodf cem a9L pbfx®0fx¿ lbOg]�5_

;"rs eg]�sf]� To:�tf]� cf}�hf® xf]� h;nfO{ k|lta4tf ® dfkb08 k"®f eP÷gePsf]� cg'udg ug{sf nflu k|of]�u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;n]� k|lta4tf ® dfkb08 k"®f ul®Pdf To;n]� oyfy{df s:�tf]� kl®0ffd NofpFb5 egL b]�vfpg]� p2]�Zo ®fv]�sf]� x'G5 . Psk|sf®n]� eGg' kbf{ ;"rsnfO{ 6«flkms nfO6;Fu t'ngf ug{ ;lsG5 M

;"rsn]� olb jf:�tjdf h]� eO®x]�sf]�5 ;f]� ;xdt ePsf k|lta4tf ® dfkb08 cg'¿k 5}�g eg]� xfdLnfO{ ;r]�t u®fpg kb{5 .

;"rsn]� ;xdt ePsf k|lta4tf ® dfkb08af6 ckrng ePdf To;nfO{ phfu® ub{5 .

®fd|f ;"rsn]� jf:�tljs 36gfx¿ ;xdt ePsf k|lta4tf ® dfkb08 cg'¿k ePdf ;f]�sf]� k'li6 ub{5 .

;"rsn]� To;}�n]� :�ki6 ® ;xdt ePsf]� s;Ldf ®fvL jf:�tljs jf ePsf]� 36gfnfO{ d"NofÍg ug{ ;Dej agfpFb5 .

To;f] eg] s] /fli6«o :jf:Yo of]hgfdf elgP hlt g} 8fS6/ / g;{ lhNnfdf 5g\ t <

s] PrcfOeL ;+qmldtx?n] lagf e]b\efj :jf:Yo ;]jf

kfO/x]sf 5g\ t <

Vofn ug'{xf];\, k|lta4tf / dfkb08n] /fHosf] bfloTjnfO{ u'0f:t/ / kl/df0fdf atfpFb5.

93

;aeGbf glhssf]� :�jf:�Yo ;]�jfdf k'Ugsf nflu la®fdLn]� ofqf

ug'{ kg{]� ;®b® b'®L

dft[lzz' :�jf:�Yo ;]�jf vf]�Hg]� dlxnf la®fdLsf]� ;+Vof

;xL jf ldNbf]� dfl;s ljQLo k|ltj]�bg a'emfpg]� :�jf:�Yo

sfof{no jf rf}�sLsf]� k|ltzt

:�jf:�Yo rf}�sLdf lbgx'F cfpg]� ;®b® la®fdLsf nflu 8\o'6Ldf vl6g]� g;{sf]� cg'kft

kfPsf]� :�jf:�Yo ;]�jfaf6 ;Gt'i6

la®fdLsf]� k|ltzt

cltcfjZos cf}�iflwsf]� cfk"lt{

ePsf]� :�jf:�Yo rf}�sLx¿sf]� k|ltzt

gofF ag]�sf :�jf:�Yo rf}�sLsf]� ;+Vof

pkrf®cl3 ;xdlt jf :�jLs[ltsf nflu ;f]�lwPsf la®fdLsf]�

;+Vof

pkrf® kfpg' cl3 la®fdLn]� nfOgdf pleg]� ;®b® ;do

-306fdf_

:�jLs[t ul®Psf]� kl®df0fsf]� slt

k|ltzt cf}�iflwdf vr{ ul®of]�

pkrf® kfPsf Od®h]�G;L s]�;sf la®fdLsf]� k|ltzt

;fIf® gePsf jf sd ;fIf® ePsf la®fdLsf ;+Vof

8fS6® ® g;{sf]� tnadf vr{ ePsf]�

®sd

s'kf]�if0fsf nflu pkrf® ul®Psf]� afnaflnsfsf]�

k|ltzt

ljQLo clgoldtf ePsf]� egL z+sf

ul®Psf]� s]�;sf]� ;+Vof

;]�jf zt{af6 c;Gt'i6 g;{sf]�

k|ltzt

;"rs;"rs ljleGg cfsf® ® k|sf®sf x'G5g\ . ltgnfO{ ljleGg ;®f]�sf®jfnfn]� ljleGg tl®sfn]� klxrfg ® th'{df ug{ ;Sb5g\ . ;"rsn]� tkfO{+nfO{ lgDg ;"rgf lbg ;Sb5g\ M

• u'0ffTds jf ;+VofTdsM h:�tf]� ls s'g}� lglZrt c:�ktfndf cfpg]� la®fdLsf]� ;+Vof u0fgf ug{]� ;"rs ;+VofTds xf]� . :�jf:�Yo ;]�jfaf®]� dflg;sf]� wf®0ff lrq0f ug{]� ;"rs u'0ffTds xf]� .

• k|ToIf jf ck|ToIfM h:�tf]� ls, afnd[To'b®nfO{ kfFr jif{ d'lgsf aRrfsf]� k|ToIf u0fgfsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ afn ul®aLsf]� ck|ToIf ;"rssf ¿kdf klg lng ;lsG5 .

• æPlu|u]�6]�8Æ -s"n_ jf æl8;Plu|u]�6]�8Æ-afFl8Psf]�_M h:�tf]� ls %)) la®fdLsf]� Ps rf]�l6sf]� u0fgf æPlu|u]�6]�8Æ c+s xf]� . o; s"n ;+VofnfO{ lbOPsf dfkb08 cg'¿k æl8;Plu|u]�6]�8Æ ug{ ;lsG5 jf 5'6\ofpg ;lsG5, h:�tf]� ls !^% k'?if, @@) dlxnf, &% hgf s]�6f ® $) hgf s]�6L .

w]/} ;"rs lnP/ /fd|f];Fu cg'udg ug{ g;Sg'eGbf s]xL ;"rs 5fg]/ To;nfO{ /fd|f];Fu k|of]u ug{ ;Sg' plrt x'G5 .

oL ;"rsnfO{ lhNnfsf :jf:Yo sfof{non] lbg] ;]jf cg'udg ug{

k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

94

tkfO{+n]� ®f]�Hg' x'g]� ;"rs cGttM tkfO{+n]� ug'{ x'g]� hjfkmb]�lxtf sfo{sf]� k|s[lt, tkfO{+n]� Nofpg rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{g ® tkfO{+n]� cfkm"nfO{ kfpg' x'g]� If]�qsf]� cfofd ® kl®k|]�Ifdf lge{® ub{5 . tnsf kfgfx¿df rf® ljleGg k|sf®sf ;"rssf pbfx®0f lbOPsf]� 5, h'g ljljw k|sf®sf]� k|lta4tf ® dfkb08af6 l;h{gf ePsf]� xf]� . !# b]�lv !^ ;Ddsf]� cf}�hf®n]� lgDg s'®faf6 s;®L ;"rs lng eGg]� b]�vfpFb5 .

• cfrf®;+lxtf

• ;®sf®L ah]�6

• vl®blaqmL jf ;]�jf s®f®

• ljQLo l®kf]�l6Ësf]� lgodfjnL

oL k|To]�s ;®sf®L sfuhftdf ;®sf®n]� sfof{Gjog ug{ jf kfng ug{ ;xdt ePsf]� k|lta4tf ® dfkb08 pNn]�v ul®Psf]� x'G5 . ;"rsx¿ k|of]�u u®L tL lglZrt k|lta4tf ® dfkb08 k'®f eP÷gePsf]� 6«ofs ug{ ;lsG5 .

:df6{ ;"rs;"rs :�df6{ x'g' kb{5 egL eGg] ul®G5 . o;df ;"rsdf x'g' kg{] dxTjk"0f{ ljz]iftfnfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5 . tL x'g\M

lglb{i6 -lglZrt kIf jf tTjdf s]lGb|t

dfkg ug{ ;lsg] -6«ofs ug{ ® k'li6 ug{ ;lsg]_

xfl;n ug{ ;lsg]M -Jojxfl®s ¿kdf ;"rgf ;+sng ug{ ;Dej x'g]

;fGble{s -pkof]uL k|Zgsf] pQ® lbg] jf cfpg]

;do;Ldfdf afFlwPsf] -lglZrt ;do ;Ldf ePsf]_

cfwf/ tYofÍ jf ;"rgf kQf nufpg] jf a];nfOg ug{]

s'g}� ;"rssf]� cfwf®df kl®jt{gnfO{ dfkg ug{ klxnf jf z'?sf]� cj:�yf yfxf kfpg h?®L x'G5 . tkfO{+nfO{ t'ngf ug{]� ljGb" cyjf cfwf® ;"rgf jf tYofÍ rflxG5, h;n]� k|df0fnfO{ ;do;Fu}� cfPsf]� kl®jt{g t'ngf ug{ ;Dej agfpFb5 . tkfO{+n]� ®f]�Hg' ePsf]� k|To]�s ;"rssf nflu cfwf® ;"rgf rflxG5 . To:�tf]� ;"rgf klxnfb]�lv g}� pknAw ® kx'Frdf x'g;Sb5 . tkfO{+n]� cfkm}�+ cg';Gwfg u®L jf s;}�nfO{ ug{ nufP® klg a]�;nfOg ug{ ;lsG5 .

:df6{ ;'Gbf ;lhnf] h:tf] nfU5 t/ o;nfO{ ;xL ?kdf k|of]u ug{ s]xL cEof; rflxG5

95

cf}hf/ !#M cfrf/;+lxtfaf6 ;"rs lgsfNg]

tkfO{+n]� rfxg' ePsf]� kl/jt{g Nofpgsf nflu s'g k|lta4tf / dfkb08 k'/f x'g' kg{]� xf]� ;f]�

yfxf kfPkl5 tkfO{+n]� cg'udgsf nflu ;"rs 5fGg ;Sg' x'G5 . h:�tf]� ls, dflglng'xf]�;\

tkfO{+sf]� nIo :�jf:�Yo rf}�sLsf sd{rf/Ln]� ug{]� Jojxf/af/]� ;/sf/nfO{ hjfkmb]�xL agfpg' xf]� . tnsf]�

pbfx/0fn]� la/fdLnfO{ ;]�jf k|bfg ug{]�af/]� dfkb08 ePsf]� cfrf/;+lxtfaf6 s;/L ;"rs lgsfNg]� eGg]�

b]�vfpFb5 .

cfrf/;+lxtfn] ;/sf/L sd{rf/Ln] hgtfk|lt s:tf] Jojxf/ ug'{kg]{ xf]

;f] s'/f pNn]v ub{5 .

;fj{hlgs :jf:YosdL{x?sf nflu /fli6«o cfrf/;+lxtf

;a}� ;fj{hlgs If]�qsf :�jf:�YosdL{sf]� lgDg s'®f ug{sf nflu JolQmut tyf ;fd'lxs

bfloTj x'G5M

!= la®fdLsf]� :�jf:�Yo ®fd|f]� xf]�;\ eGg]� s'®fnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'kg{]�5 .

@= tTsfn d]�l8sn ;]�jf rflxPsf la®fdLx¿nfO{ pko'Qm ;]�jf tTsfn}� pknAw

u®fpg' kg{]�5 .

#= s'g}� klg la®fdLnfO{ hft, lnË, a}�jflxs cj:�yf, d]�l8sn cj:�yf, pd]�®, wd{,

efiff jf ;+:�s[lt, ®fhgLlts cf:�yf, of}�lgs em'sfj jf ;fdflhs cfly{s

x}�l;otsf cfwf®df e]�b\efj ug{ kfOg]� 5}�g .

$= ;"lrt u®L ;xdlt lng]� clwsf®;lxt la®fdLsf ;a}� clwsf®sf]� ;Ddfg ug'{ kg{]�5 .

%= pgLx¿sf]� d]�l8sn ;]�jfaf®]� lg0f{o ug{sf nflu rflxg]� ;"rgf lbg' kg{]�5 ® pgLx¿n]�

;f]�w]�sf]� ;a}� k|Zgsf]� cfkm"n]� hfg]�;Dd ®fd|f]�;Fu pQ® lbg' kg{]�5 .

^= l;kmfl®; ul®Psf]� d]�l8sn ;]�jf lng]� jf glng]� eGg]� af®]�df of]�Uo la®fdLn]� lng]�

lg0f{osf]� clwsf®nfO{ ;Ddfg ug'{ kg{]�5 .

&= la®fdLsf]� kl®jf® ® glhssf gft]�bf® jf ;fyLefO{k|lt ®fd|f]� Jojxf® ug{' kg{]�5 ®

la®fdLsf]� lxtsf nflu pgLx¿;Fu ldn]�® sfd ug'{ kg{]�5 .

*= la®fdL ® ;]�jf lbOPsf c¿sf]� uf]�Kotf ® gLlhTjsf]� ;'®Iff ug'{ kg{]�5 .

(= JolQmut nfesf nflu la®fdLnfO{ zf]�if0f ug{ kfOg]� 5}�g .

!)= cf}�iflw lbg]� jf afF8\g]� sfd ubf{ lgodsf]� kfngf ug'{ kg{]�5 .

s] Od®h]G;L cj:�yfsf la®fdLn] tTsfn} ;]jf kfpFb5g\ < ;"rsM c¿eGbf cufl8 Od®h]G;L jf tTsfn} ;]jf lbOPsf la®fdLsf] k|ltzt

:�jf:�Yo ;]jf k|bfg ug{] s'®fdf ;dtf 5 < ;"rsM lje]b \ul®Psf la®fdLsf] ;+Vof

s] la®fdLnfO{ ;xdltsf nflu ;f]lwG5 < ;"rsM pkrf®cl3 ;xdltsf nflu ;f]lwPsf la®fdLsf] ;+Vof

s] la®fdLnfO{ ;"lrt ul®G5 < ;"rsM pgLx¿sf] pkrf®sf ljsNkx¿ af®] :�ki6 ® :�jR5 hfgsf®L kfPsf la®fdLsf] ;+Vof

s] la®fdLsf kl®jf®nfO{ ;]jf lbOG5 < ;"rsM ljgd| ® ®fd|f];Fu Jojxf® ul®Psf la®fdLsf] kl®jf®sf] k|ltzt

s] cf}iflw u}®sfg'gL ¿kdf laj|mL jf ljt®0f ul®G5 <;"rsM cf}iflw sIfaf6 x®fPsf cf}iflw h;af®] s'g} :�kli6s®0f 5}g jf h;sf] s;}n] lhDd]jf®L lnFb}g .

96

lhNnf :jf:Yo ah]6 @))(—@)!!sf]�8 ah]�6 sfo{qmd 5'6\6ofOPsf]� ah]�6 -bz nfvdf_

@))( @)!) @)!!! ;~rfng vr{

!=# :�jf:�Yo rf}�sLsf]� k|zf;lgs vr{ 58,942 62, 382 63,8962.32.3.32.3.42.3.62.3.9

k|fyldstfsf]� :�jf:�Yo sfo{qmd

PrcfOeL P8\;\

cf}�nf]�

dft[lzz' :�jf:�Yo

afn s'kf]�if0f

683, 954234,566389,890289,890

712,456255,677398,544312,566

743,912258,900406,844316,652

33.3.23.3.33.3.43.3.63.3.11

:�jf:�Yosf nflu dfgj ;|f]�t

tnaM 8fS6/

tnaM g;{

tnaM cGo ;]�jf

lhNnf gl;{Ë sn]�h

Joj;flos ;Lk tflnd

1, 897,9903, 122,566587,900350,900150,888

2,145,6783,699,349599,233290,400148,650

2,343, 5883,900,438620,250270,840142, 775

5.25.2.25.2.35.2.55.2.65.2.7

cf}�iflw

rd{ tyf 3fp pkrf/

;+qmd0f /f]�syfd

6]�k / Aof08]�h

PlG6afof]�l6s

lgd{lns/0f

1,1131, 8506892,3661,209

1,2501,9346902,5751,310

1,3872,2556952,7601,389

8 k"FhL nfut

8.38.3.18.3.28.3.38.3.5

:�jf:�Yo ;]�jf

@) gofF :�jf:�Yo rf}�sLsf]� :�yfkgf

ljBdfg !)) :�jf:�Yo rf}�sLsf]� ;'wf/

z}�of

OGSo"a]�6/

1, 022,320833,84723,34758,456

940, 560877,68520,66648,456

870, 560912,95519,45549,988

cf}hf/ !$M ;/sf/L ah]6af6 ;"rs s;/L lgsfNg] <

;®sf®sf]� ah]�6df ;®sf®n]� ;fj{hlgs sf]�if s;®L k|of]�u ub{5 eGg]�af®]� ;®sf®sf]� k|lta4tf emNsG5 .

pbfx®0fsf nflu :�jf:�Yo;DaGwL ah]�6df :�jf:�Yo dGqfno ® To;sf dftxftsf ljefu ® cGo lgsfon]�

:�jf:�Yo ;]�jf tyf ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{sf nflu ;fj{hlgs ;|f]�tsf]� afF8kmfF6 s;®L ul®g]�5 egL :�ki6 ul®Psf]� x'G5 . olb

tkfO{+sf]� hjfkmb]�lxtf sfo{sf]� p2]�Zo ;®sf®n]� hxfF–hxfF egL ah]�6 5'6\6ofPsf]� xf]� ;f]� 7fFpdf k'uf]�;\ eGgsf nflu

;®sf®nfO{ hjfkmb]�xL agfpg]� xf]� eg]� ;f]� sfdsf nflu cg'udg ug{sf nflu ;®sf®L ah]�6af6 ;"rs lgsfNg ;lsG5 .

s] :�jf:�Yo rf}sLdf oL sfo{qmdnfO{ jf:�tj d} k|fyldstf lbOG5 < ;"rsM k|fyldstf sfo{qmd cGtu{t pkrf® ul®Psf] la®fdLsf] lx:�;f

s] 8fS6® ® g;{sf tna jfrf ul®P em}+ a9fOPsf] 5 < ;"rsM 8fS6® ® g;{sf] tnadf vr{ ul®Psf] ®sd

:�jf:�Yo sd{rf®Lsf] tflnddf sd vr{ eO®fv]sf] t 5}g < -5 eg] lsg<_ ;"rsM lhNnf txdf :�jf:�Yo sd{rf®Lsf] tflndsf nflu vr{ ul®Psf] ®sd

s] oL cf}iflw ;a} :�jf:�Yo rf}sLdf pknAw 5 <

s] gofF @) j6f rf}sL lgdf{0f ul®P < ;"rsM lgdf{0f ul®Psf] :�jf:�Yo rf}sLsf] ;+Vof

s] !)) :�jf:�Yo rf}sLsf] ;'wf® ul®of] < ;"rsM lhNnf ;'wf® ul®Psf] :�jf:�Yo rf}sLsf] ;+Vof

s] z}of ® OgSo"a]6® vl®b ul®of] < ;"rsM k|To]s :�jf:�Yo rf}sLn] k|fKt u®]sf z}of ® OgSo"a]6®sf] ;+Vof

;/sf/L ah]6n] /fHon] s;/L / s]df vr{ ug{] egL jfrf u/]sf] 5 egL b]vfpFb5 .

97

s] s®f®df pNn]v eP cg'¿k dfu kmf®fd ;+sng ul®Psf] 5 M< ;"rsM dlxgfsf] b'O{ kN6 dfu kmf®fd ;+sng ul®Psf :�jf:�Yo rf}sLsf] k|ltzt

s®f®df pNn]v eP cg¿k s] cf}iflw :�jf:�Yo rf}sLdf ljt®0f ul®Psf] 5 < ;"rsM dfu u®]sf] #) lbg eq cf}iflw k|fKt u®]sf :�jf:�Yo rf}sLsf] k|ltzt

s] cf}iflw k|fKt ug{ lzn ul®Psf] x'G5 < ;"rsM lzn gul®Psf] cf}iflw k|fKt u®]sf :�jf:�Yo rf}sLsf] ;+Vof

cf}iflwsf] slt lx:�;f x®fPsf], lalu|Psf] jf b'lift ePsf] x'G5 < ;"rsM k'gMcfk"lt{ ug'{ kg{] s"n cf}iflwsf] k|ltzt

o:�tf] slt ;dosf] cGt®fndf x'G5 < ;"rsM :�jf:�Yo rf}sLn] ;dotflnsf cg'¿k cf}iflw k|fKt gu®]sf hgfPsf] ;+Vof

s] oL zt{x¿ nfu" ul®G5 -® ul®Fb}g eg] lsg ul®Fb}g_ ;"rsM lhNnf :�jf:�Yo sfof{non] zt{ s ® v sfof{Gjog u®]sf] ;+Vof

cf}hf/ !%M ;]jf jf vl/blaqmLsf] s/f/af6 s;/L ;"rs lgsfNg]

;®sf®L ;]�jf k|bfg ug{]� sfd ® ;fj{hlgs sfddf w]�®}� s®f® ul®Psf]� x'G5 . cfhef]�ln

;®sf®sf]� w]�®}� sfo{qmdx¿ gLlh tyf u}�®;®sf®L ;+:�yfx¿nfO{ s®f® u®L lbg]� ul®G5 . h:�tf]� ls,

:�jf:�Yo If]�qdf n'uf w'g]�, ;kmfO{, vfgf ® PDa'n]�G;\ ;]�jf cflb ljleGg ;]�jfsf nflu ljleGg

Ph]�G;Lx¿;Fu s®f® ul®G5 . cf}�iflw ® cGo ;fdu|Lsf nflu cfk"lt{stfx¿;Fu vl®blaqmLsf]� s®f®

ul®G5 . :�jf:�Yo rf}�sL jf c:�ktfn lgdf{0fsf nflu 7]�Ssfdf lbOG5 . clwsf+z s®f®df k|lta4tf

® dfkb08 x'G5 ® tL b'O{ kIfsf]� ;xdltsf cfwf® aGb5g\ . o:�tf sfuhftaf6 s;®L ;"rs lgsfNg

;lsG5 egL x]�®f}�+ .

lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{no /

;'ne cf}iflw ;Knfo;{\aLrsf]

s/f/gfdf

!= o; s®f®dfkm{t\ ;'ne cf}�iflw ;Knfo;{\ -o; pk®fGt ;]�jf k|bfos egL lrlgg]� jf

k'sfl®g]� 5_ n]� k|To]�s xKtf lgDg sfd ug{ ;xdt ePsf]� 5 M

s= dlxgfsf]� b'O{ rf]�l6 lhNnfsf !*) :�jf:�Yo rf}�sLaf6 cf}�iflw dfu kmf®fd ;+sng

ug{]�5 .

v= k|To]�s :�jf:�Yo rf}�sLnfO{ dfukq k|fKt ePsf]� #) lbgleq cf}�iflw pknAw

u®fpg]�5 .

u= cf}�iflw k7fpFbf lzn ul®Psf]� x'g' kg{]�5 .

3= k|To]�s :�jf:�Yo rf}�sLdf cf}�iflw k|fKt ubf{ cf}�iflw gfkhfFr ® ;xL cj:�yfdf 5

egL hgfpg]� k|ltj]�bgdf ;xL ul®Psf]� ;'lglZrt ug{]�5 .

@= olb :�jf:�Yo rf}�sLn]� cf}�iflw k|fKt ug{]� avtdf cf}�iflw x®fPsf]�, lalu|Psf]� jf b'lift

ePsf]� kfOPdfM

s= ;]�jf k|bfosn]� :�jf:�Yo rf}�sLsf sd{rf®LnfO{ sdL, v®fa jf b'lift ePsf]�af®]�

;r]�t u®fpg]�5 .

v= ;]�jf k|bfosn]� Ps xKtfleq tL cf}�iflw x6fP® Ps xKtfleq gofF cfk"lt{ ug{]�5 .

u= gofF cfk"lt{ ug'{ kg]�{ ;a}� cf}�iflwsf]� lnlvt clen]�v ®fVg]�5 .

#= olb ;xdt ePsf]� ;dotflnsf cg'¿k ;]�jf k|bfosn]� pNn]�v ePsf :�jf:�Yo

rf}�sLdf cf}�iflw cfk"lt{ ug{ g;s]�dfM

s= ;]�jfk|bfosnfO{ ;ts{ u®fpg kq lbOg]�5, h;kl5 s®f® vf®]�h ug{ klg ;lsg]�5 .

v= ;]�jfk|bfosn]� x®fPsf]�, lalu|Psf]� jf b'lift ePsf]� cf}�iflwsf]� ;§fegf{ jf Ifltk"lt{

ug{' kg{]�5 .

;]jf s/f/n] ;]jf k|bfosn] s:tf] ;]jf k|bfg ug{] jfrf u/]sf] 5 ;f] b]vfpFb5 .

98

cf}hf/ !^M ljQLo lgodfjnLaf6 s;/L ;"rs lgsfNg]

clwsf+z d'n'sx¿df ;fj{hlgs If]�qdf wf]�vfw8L, clgoldtf ® e|i6frf® lgoGq0f

ug{sf nflu ljQLo lgod x'G5 . tkfO{+n]� ;®sf®sf]� lglZrt If]�q jf txdf o:�tf

lgod sfof{Gjog ul®Psf]� 5 of 5}�g jf slt ®fd|f]�;Fu ul®Psf]� 5 eg]�® xg{ ;Sg' x'G5 . h:�tf]� ls

:�jf:�Yo If]�qdf ePsf]� Go"g:�t®sf]� ;]�jf :�jf:�Yo rf}�sL ® lhNnftxsf ;'kl®j]�IfsaLrsf]� l®kf]�l6{Ë

cj?4 ePsf]� x'g ;Sb5 . olb cj:�yf To:�tf]� xf]� eg]� tn b]�vfP h;®L ljQLo l®kf]�l6{Ësf nflu

ePsf]� dfkb08 k|of]�u u®L ;"rssf]� klxrfg ug{ ;Sg' x'G5 .

ljQLo lgodfjnLn] ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx?n] ;fj{hlgs /sdnfO{ s;/L k||of]u ug{] egL JofVof ub{5g\ .

lhNnf txsf] ljQLo l/kf]l6{Ësf nflu lgodfjnL != k|To]�s lhNnf sfof{non]� n]�vf clws[t lgo'Qm ug'{ kg{]�5 .

@= lhNnf sfof{nosf]� n]�vf clws[tn]� lhNnf txdf p;sf]� If]�qdf lgDg s'/f r':�tb'?:�t /fv]�sf]� x'g' kb{5 M

@=! lhNnf txsf]� cfo / Joosf]� ;xL n]�vf

@=@ lhNnfdf p;sf]� If]�q;Fu ;DalGwt ;a}� ljQLo sf/f]�af/, vl/blaqmL / ;]�jf s/f/sf]� Jo:�yfkg / cg'udgsf nflu k|efjsf/L tyf kf/bzL{ k4lt#= lhNnf n]�vf clws[tn]� ;a}� ;]�jf OsfO{ / Ph]�G;Lx?af6 dfl;s ?kdf lgDg ;"rgf k|fKt u/]�sf]� ;'lglZrt ug{' kb{5 M

#=! ;a}� cfo / Joo ;xL ?kdf emlNsg]� ljQLo k|ltj]�bg

#=@ ;fO6df ePsf ;a}� ;Dklt, pks/0f / cf}�iflwsf]� ;"lr

#=# sd{rf/L xflh/L, xflh/ ePsf]� ;do / If]�qljz]�if tYofÍ ;Íng cfjZostf cg'?k ljt/0f ul/Psf ;fdu|L / k|bfg ul/Psf]� ;]�jf

$= lhNnf n]�vf clws[tn]� lgDg s'/f ;'lglZrt ug'{ kb{5 M

$=! lhNnfdf ePsf Joo :�jLs[t ul/Psf]� kl/df0f;Fu d]�n vfPsf]�

$=@ a9L ePsf Jooaf/]� tTsfn hfgsf/L u/fPsf]� / yk x'g]� -a9L_ vr{nfO{ /f]�Sg plrt sbd rflnPsf]�

$=# yfxf kfPsf]� b'O{ lbgleq ljQLo clgoldttfsf]� z+sf ePsf]� 36gfnfO{ cy{ dGqfnosf]� lhNnf cg'udgsf]� k|d'v;dIf hfgsf/L u/fPsf]�

v08 @ df cem a9L k9\g' xf];\ljleGg ;"rsnfO{ s;/L 6«ofs ug{sf

nflu s:tf tl/sf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] hfGgsf nflu cWofo !@ k9\g'xf];\ .

qm; /]km/]G;\

lhNnfdf :�jf:�Yo;Fu ;DalGwt slt j6f ;®sf®L s®f® ;~rfngdf 5g\ < ;"rsM lhNnf n]vf clws[tn] Joj:�yfkg ® cg'udg ul®®x]sf] s®f®sf] ;+Vof

s] o:�tf] x'G5 < ;xL dfl;s ljQLo k|ltj]bg a'emfpg] :�jf:�Yo rf}sLsf] k|ltzt

s] :�jf:�Yo rf}sLn] of] lgoldt ¿kdf a'emfpFb5g\ < dfl;s ¿kdf ;Dklt, pks®0f ® cf}iflwsf] ;"lr a'emfpg] lhNnfsf :�jf:�Yo rf}sLsf] k|ltzt

s] :�jf:�Yo rf}sLaf6 ;xL tYofÍ ;+sng ul®G5 < ;"rsM sd{rf®L xflh®L ® k|bfg ul®Psf ;]jfaf®] ljZj;gLo tYofÍ k|bfg ug{] :�jf:�Yo rf}sLsf] k|ltzt

s] lhNnfsf] n]vf clws[tn] ul®Psf] vr{ :�jLs[t ah]6 cg'¿k 5 ls 5}g egL ;'lgZrt ub{5 < ;"rsM :�jLs[t ah]6sf] slt k|ltzt vr{ ePsf] xf]

s] o:�tf 36gfsf] klxrfg u/L o; pk/ sf/afxL ul/G5 < ;"rsM ljQLo clgoldttf jf v/fa cfr/0fsf] z+sf eO{ b'O{ lbgleq ;Da4 lgsfodf hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] 36gfsf] ;+Vof

s] o:�tf 36gfsf] klxrfg u®L o;pk® sf®afxL ul®G5 < ;"rsM ljQLo clgoldttf jf v®fa cfr®0fsf] z+sf eO{ b'O{ lbgleq ;Da4 lgsfodf hfgsf®L u®fOPsf] 36gfsf] ;+Vof

99

;"rgfdf kx'Frsf]� r'gf}�ltsltko cj:�yfdf tkfO{+n]� cg'udg ug{ rfxg' ePsf]� k|lta4tf ® dfkb08af®]� ;®sf®L ;"rgf kfpg ;lhnf]� x'Fb}�g . tkfO{+sf]� hjfkmb]�lxtf sfo{ :�jf:�Yo ;]�jf jf dlxnf clwsf® jf ul®aLh:�tf lglZrt If]�q jf d'2fdf s]�lGb|t x'g ;Sb5 . tyflk, s]�xL hjfkmb]�lxtfsf d'2fx¿ x'G5g\ h;n]� gful®s ;dfhn]� ug{]� o:�tf ;a}� kxnx¿nfO{ cfwf® lbO®x]�sf]� x'G5 . zf;gdf kf®blz{tf a9fpg' ®fHosf]� lhDd]�jf®L xf]� . tkfO{+n]� Nofpg rfxg' ePsf]� kl®jt{g cufj}� jf ;dfgfGt® s]�Gb|ljGb"sf ¿kdf tkfO{+n]� lgDg s'®f ljrf® ug{ ;Sg' x'G5 M

• ;®sf®L ;"rgf k|bfg ug{]� ;jfndf tkfO{+sf]� d'n'sdf -jf If]�qdf_ s:�tf]� k|lta4tf ® dfkb08 ljBdfg 5 <

• tkfO{+sf]� kl®k|]�Ifdf ;®sf®sf]� kf®blz{tfnfO{ k|ltljlDat ug{ ® cg'udg ug{ s:�tf]� ;"rs k|of]�u ug{ ;lsG5 <

kf®blz{tfn]� ;®sf®L bfloTj, sfo{;Dkfbg ® cfr®0faf®]� gful®snfO{ ;"rgfdf kx'Fr lbP® hjfkmb]�lxtf k|j4{g ub{5 . t® kf®blz{tfsf]� tfTko{ ;"rgfsf]� kl®df0fdfq xf]�Og To;sf]� u'0f:�t®, ljZj;gLotf ® pkof]�lutf klg xf]� . of]� ;"rgf s;®L k|:�t't ul®Psf]� 5 eGg]�;Fu klg ;DalGwt 5 . a|f]�l;o® 5fKg', ®]�l8of]�df af]�Ng' jf j]�a;fO6df k|sflzt ug'{dfq kof{Kt gx'g ;Sb5 . ;®sf®L ;"rgfnfO{ tadfq kf®bzL{ dfGg ;lsG5 ha Tof]� ;Da4 kIfdf k'Ub5 ® p;n]� ;f]� ;"rgfdf ePsf s'®f a'em\b5 .

kf/blz{tf• gful/sn] ;/sf/n] s] ub{]5 egL a'em\b5g\•;/sf/L sfuhft ;lhn} kfOG5• gful/s ;/sf/L sfof{no hfg / uP/ ;/sf/L sfuhftsf] k|ltlnlk dfUg ;Sb5g\•;/sf/L ;"rgf lgMz'Ns jf yf]/} z'Nsdf pknAw 5

• OG6/g]6df kx'Fr gePsf] gful/sn] xf8{ skL kfpg ;Sb5g\• dxTjk"0f{ sfuhftfsf] ;lhnf] jf nf]slk|o ;+:s/0f tof/ ug{ / To;nfO{ sd ;fIf/ ePsf gful/s sxfF ljt/0f ug{ ljz]if k|of; ul/G5 .

100

;/sf/L ;"rgfdf sd kx'Fr x'g' eg]sf] tkfO{+sf]

hjfkmb]lxtf sfo{sf nflu ultnf] r'gf}lt xf] .

t/ ;"rgfsf] kx'Frdf ePsf]

cj/f]w x6fpgsf nflu s]xL g s]xL ug{ eg] ;lsG5 .

;"rgfsf] kx'Frdf ePsf] r'gf}ltnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] /0fgLlt

;"rgfsf] r'gf}lt ;Defljt sfo{ jf sbd

olb sfuhft 5 t® kx'Fr kfpg ;lsFb}�g eg]�

• ;"rgfsf]� kx'Fr;DaGwL sfg"gsf]� s'®f p7fpg';\ .

• ;®sf®L ;'rgf clwsf®L;Fu nlaË ug'{xf]�;\ .

• ;Da4 ;®sf®L ljefunfO{ sfuhftdf kx'Fr lbgsf nflu cf}�krfl®s cg'®f]�w ug'{xf]�;\ ® ;f]� s'®fsf]� clen]�v ®fVg'xf]�;\ .

• ;"rgfsf]� kx'Frdf ePsf]� lgif]�waf®]� ldl8ofnfO{ n]�Vg cg'®f]�w ug'{xf]�;\ .

• cGo gful®s ;dfh ;+:�yf;Fu ;f]�Wg'xf]�;\M tkfO{+;Fu To;sf]� k|lt 5 jf 5}�g . 5}�g eg]� sf]�;Fu 5, tkfO{+x?nfO{ yfxf 5 egL ;f]�Wg'xf]�;\ .

• ;®sf®leq jf aflx® ePsf zlQmzfnL ;®f]�sf®jfnf;Fu s'®f u'g{xf]�;\M s]� pgLx¿;Fu k|lt 5 jf hf]�;Fu 5 p;nfO{ bafa lbg ;lsG5 <

• ;Da4 ;®sf®L ljefusf d'Vo clwsf®Lx¿;Fu glhssf]� ;DaGw sfod ug'{xf]�;\ ® tkfO{+n]� ul®®xg'ePsf]� sfdn]� pgLx¿nfO{ klg kmfObf k'U5 egL ljZj:�t t'Nofpg'xf]�;\ .

olb sfuhftdf tkfO{+sf]� kx'Fr 5 t® Tof]� ck"0f{ 5 jf ljZj;gLo 5}�g eg]�

• sfuhftdf ePsf ;"rgfnfO{ cGo ;|f]�t h:�t}� c¿ ;®sf®L ljefu, gful®s ;dfh ;+:�yf, cGt®f{li6«o lgsfo, ljZjljBfno cflbsf]� k|ltj]�bg jf tYofÍåf®f k"0f{tf lbg'xf]�;\

• cltl®Qm ;Lk ljsf; ug'{xf]�;\ jf Nofpg'xf]�;\ -h:�tf]� ls, :�yfgLo ljZjljBfnosf]� tYofÍ ljz]�if1_ h;n]� tYofÍ cWoog u®L s'g k|of]�u ug{ ;lsG5 ® s'g ;lsFb}�g egL 5'6\ofpg ;S5

• ;®sf®L clwsf®L;Fu cGtjf{tf{ lnO{ ck'u hfgsf®L lng'xf]�;\ jf gldn]�sf]� tYofÍaf®]� :�ki6tf Nofpg'xf]�;\

olb tkfO{+nfO{ rflxg]� ;"rgf 5}�g eg]� jf clen]�v ul®Psf]� 5}�g eg]�

• cfjZos ;"rgf ;+sng ug{sf nflu cfkm\g}� cf}�hf® ljsf; ug'{xf]�;\

• pknAw ;"rgfaf6 tkfO{+nfO{ rflxg]� ;"rgf lgsfNg ;lsG5 ls egL x]�g'{xf]�;\

• kl®is[t ;"rgfsf nflu jsfnt ug'{xf]�;\M dfkb08 sfof{Gjog cg'udg ug{sf nflu rflxg]� tYofÍsf]� clen]�v ®fVg ;'? ug{sf nflu ;®sf®nfO{ cfJxfg ug'{xf]�;\ .

;|f]�tM ;®sf®L gLltsf] cg'dug—clk|msL gful®s ;dfh ;+:�yfx¿sf nflu cf}hf® -@))&_, PGgf ;Rg]�n ® Ol®sf sf]�6hL, n08g l;PPkmcf]�8L, lqml:�rog P8 ®

6«f]�s]�o®af6 ;+zf]�wg u®L tof® ul®Psf]�

101

;"rssf]� 5gf]�6df k|efj kfg{]� sf/s tTjx?;"rgf ;+sng, ljZn]�if0f ® l;h{gf ug{]� x'gfn]� hjfkmb]�lxtf sfo{n]� kl®jt{g Nofpg]� ;Defjgf af]�s]�sf]� x'G5 . ;"rgf lagf hjfkmb]�lxtf sfo{ k|efjz"Go x'G5 . ;®sf®L sfuhft vf]�Hg]� k|lqmofdf k|foM;a}� gful®s ;dfh ;+:�yfx¿n]� s]�xL sl7gfO{ cg'ej ug'{ kg{]� x'G5 . ;a}�eGbf ;fGble{s k|lta4tf ® dfkb08 ePsf sfuhft klxrfg ug{ s]�xL ;do nfUg ;Sb5 . ;"rsx¿ lgdf{0f ug{ jf w]�®}�dWo]� s'g rflx+ ;"rsnfO{ 6«ofs ug{]� egL 5fGg ;lhnf]� x'Fb}�g . ;"rs 5fGgsf nflu s:�tf vfnsf ;®sf®L ;"rgf kfpg ;lsG5 ® s:�tf vfnsf kfpg ;lsFb}�g eGg]� s'®fnfO{ ljrf® k'¥ofpg' dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

lgDg cWofodf k|df0f ;+sng ug{sf nflu k|of]�u ug{ ;lsg]� ljleGg tl®sfaf®]� rrf{ ul®g]�5 . oL ;a}� tl®sfsf]� kmfObfx¿ 5g\ t® ltgnfO{ ljleGg k|sf®sf ;"rs;Fu hf]�l8Psf]� kfOG5 . h:�tf]� ls,

• ;j]�{If0fnfO{ k|foMh;f]� dflg;sf]� wf®0ff af®]�sf]� k|df0f ;+sng ug{ k|of]�u ul®G5 . To;}�n]� of]� u'0ffTds ;"rgf ;+sng ug{ pko'Qm dflgG5 ® o;df wf®0ff jf Jojxf®df cfPsf]� kl®jt{g dfkg ug{]� ;"rs cfjZos x'G5 .

• ;®sf®L JoonfO{ 6«ofs ug{ k|foMh;f]� ah]�6 ljZn]�if0f k|of]�u ul®G5 . of]� tl®sfn]� k|foMh;f]� ;+VofTds ;"rgf l;h{gf ub{5 ® ®sddf cfPsf]� 36a9sf]� k|ltzt dfkg ug{]� ;"rs cfjZos x'G5 .

To;}�n]� tkfO{+;Fu pknAw ePsf ;a}� tl®sfnfO{ dWogh® ug{ pkof]�uL x'G5 ® tkfO{+sf]� ;"rssf]� 5gf]�6nfO{ clGtd ¿k lbg'cl3 s'g rflx+ tl®sf k|of]�u ug{]� egL ljrf® ug{' kmfObfhgs x'G5 .

kf/blz{tf a9fpgsf nflu ljZjJofkL sfo{

• 6«fG;Kof®]�G;L OG6®g]�;gnsf]� skf{]�/]�;g k;{]�K;g OG8]�S;\ -e|i6frf®nfO{ x]�g{]� OG8]�S;\ l;lkcfO_ -www.

transparency.org_ . o;n]� ljZjsf !*) d'n's ® If]�qdf ;fj{hlgs If]�qdf x'g]� egL 7flgPsf]� –dflg;sf]� b[li6sf]�0f, ;f]�rfO{ jf wf®0ff_ e|i6frf®nfO{ dfkg ub{5 . of]� !# ljleGg ljz]�if1 ® Jofkfl®s ;j{]�If0fdf cfwfl®t ;j{]�If0fsf]� klg ;j{]�If0f xf]� .

• OG6/g]�;gn ah]�6 kf6{g/;Lksf]� cf]�kg ah]�6 OG8]�S;\ -www.

openbudgetindex.org_ sl®a () d'n'ssf]� ah]�6 kf®blz{tf ;j{]�If0f ub{5 . o;n]� ah]�6 k|lqmof el® hgtfnfO{ pknAw u®fpg]� ;"rgfsf cfwf®df k|To]�s d'n'snfO{ c+s k|bfg ub{5 .

xfd|f] s8f d]xgtn] sdfPsf] k};f s;/L vr{ ul/Psf] 5

xfdLnfO{ atfpm

dnfO{ ljZjf; ug'{xf];\ .

xfdLn] ;a} s'/f ljrf/

u/]/ vr{ ul//x]sf 5f}+ .

xfd|f] ;"rsn] To;f]

eGb}eGb}g

102

cWofo !@

lgodsfg'g cg'?k eP÷gePsf] / sfo{;Dkfbgaf/] k|df0f ;+sng

k|df0f ;+sng ug{]

w]/} tl/sfx? 5g\ .

tkfO{+n] of] s]

ul//xg' ePsf] <

xfdLnfO{ o; :jf:Yo

rf}sL cg'udg ug{] cg'dlt lhNnf

:jf:Yo sfof{noaf6

k|fKt 5 .

;]jfx? hxfF k|bfg ul/g'kg{] xf] ToxfF cg'udg u/L w]/} kQf nufpg ;lsG5 .

h:tf] ls, xfdLn] dflg;x?nfO{ of] nfOgdf

slt cl3b]lv pleO /xg'ePsf] xf] egL

;f]Wof}+ .

/ oxfF;Dd

cfOk'Ug slt

ofqf u'g{ k¥of]

eg]/ klg ;f]Wof}+ .

103

xfdLn] slt hgf 8fS6/ /

g;{x? 8\o"l6df lyP / pgLx?n]

slt la/fdLnfO{ ;]jf lbO/x]sf

lyP ;f] u0fgf u¥of}+ .

xfdLn] kQf nfPsf tYofÍ;Fu

;/sf/L jfrfnfO{ t'ngf u¥of}+ .

xfdLn] t'ngf u/L cfPsf

tYofÍnfO{

;d'bfosf ;a}nfO{

hfgsf/L u/fof}+ .

oL tYo / tYofÍsf cfwf/df xfdLn] ;]jf

k|bfos s:tf bafadf 5g\ egL b]vfpg ;S5f}+ .

xfdL xfd|f g]tfx?n]

pgLx?n] JoQm u/]sf

k|lta4tf k'/f gu/]sf]df

pgLx?nfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg

tof/ eof}+ .

xfdLn]

cltcfjZos

cf}iflwsf] e08f/

klg x]¥of}+ .

/ ;fO6df ePsf

d]l8sn pks/0fsf]

clen]v klg

/fVof}+ .

104

hjfkmb]�lxtfsf nflu s;®L k|df0f ;+sng ug{]� eGg]� s;®L lg0f{o ug{]�kl®jt{g Nofpgsf nflu rflxg]� k|df0f h'6fpg' gful®s ;dfh ;+:�yfsf]� pTs[i6 cEof;sf]� Pp6f lx:�;f g}� eO;Sof]� . gful®s ;dfh ;+:�yfx¿n]� c:�ki6 jf cJojxfl®s dfu ®fv]�df ;®sf®n]� ;lhn}�;Fu To:�tf dfunfO{ a]�jf:�tf ug{ ;Sb5 . ;®sf®sf]� v®fa sfo{;Dkfbg jf v®fa cfr®0fsf af®]� gful®sn]� u®]�sf]� bfaL alnof]� k|df0f ® tYofÍsf cfwf®df ul®Psf]� 5 eg]� ;®sf®n]� uDeL® ¿kdf lnG5 . ljZjsf w]�®}� d'n'sx¿df gful®s ;dfh ;+:�yfx¿n]� ;®sf®sf]� k|ult af®]�sf]� lj:�t[t ljj®0fsf cfwf®df s;®L k|efjsf®L ts{ tof® ug{]� eGg]� l;ls®x]�sf 5g\ .

s'g}� klg If]�qdf ;®sf®sf]� sfo{;Dkfbg af®]�sf]� k|df0fn]� ;+jfb z'? u®fpg]� ® hjfkmb]�lxtfsf :�yfgdf lg0fo{k|lqmofnfO{ ;'wf® ug{]� ;Defjgf x'G5 . o:�tf ;"rgfn]� gful®s ;dfh ;+:�yfsf stf{x¿nfO{ ;®sf®L stf{x¿;Fu ;+jfb ug{sf nflu :�ki6 cfwf® to ub{5 . o;n]� gful®s ® cu|efusf ;]�jf k|bfos ;xdt ePsf ;d:�ofsf]� Jojxfl®s ;dfwfg lgsfNg ;Fu}� sfd ug{ ;femf z'?jftL ljGb" klg :�yflkt ug{ ;Sb5 .

k|df0fdf cfwfl®t jsfntaf®]� ljutsf bzsx¿df ePsf]� a9\bf]� cle?lrsf sf®0f ;®sf®L sfo{;Dkfbg af®]� ;"rgf ;+sng ® ljZn]�if0f ug{sf nflu gful®s ;dfhn]� ljleGg tl®sf ljsf; u®]�sf]� 5 . tLnfO{ slxn]�sfxL+ ;fdfGo¿kdf cg'udg klg elgG5 . o; ;|f]�tk':�ssn]� gofF tl®sf k|:�t't ub{}�g g t s'g}� ljz]�if tl®sf k|of]�u ug{ l;kmfl®; ub{5 . a? o; cWofodf gful®s ;dfh ;+:�yfn]� k|foMh;f]� k|of]�u ug{]� d'Vo tl®sfx¿sf]� ;+lIfKt hfgsf®L lbOPsf]� 5 . oL ;a}� tl®sf hjfkmb]�lxtf sfo{;DaGwL gful®s ;dfhsf]� sfdnfO{ ;xof]�u ug{sf nflu yk ljsf; jf kl®dfh{g ug{, ;+zf]�wg ug{, kl®is[t ® k|of]�u ug{ ;lsG5 .

tkfO{+n] cfkm\gf] sfdsf nflu 5gf]6 ug'{ x'g] tl/sf /

5gf]6 ug'{ ePsfnfO{ tl/sf ldnfP/ s;/L k|of]u ug{] s'/f tn lbOPsf] h:tf ljleGg sf/s tTjdf lge{/ ub{5 .

ljrf/ ug'{ kg{] sf/s tTjx?

• kl®k|]�If ljrf® ug'{xf]�;\ M tkfO{+ hxfF x'g'x'G5 jf x'g'x'Gg, To; lx;fan]� s]�xL tl®sf Jojxfl®s gx'g

;Sb5 . h:�tf]� ls, s]�xL d'n'sx¿df ;®sf®L kl®;® jf sfof{no cg'udg ug{sf nflu cg'dlt kfpg

gful®s ;dfh ;+:�yfsf nflu ;Dej x'Fb}�g .

• tkfO{+sf]� ;"rsaf®]� ljrf® ug'{xf]�;\M ltgn]� s'g tl®sf ;aeGbf pko'Qm x'G5 ;f]� s'®f atfpg ;Sb5g\ .

h:�tf]� ls, olb tkfO{+sf]� ;"rs :�jf:�Yo rf}�sLdf ;]�jf lng]� ue{jtL dlxnf eP, tkfO{+nfO{ ;f]� ;+Vof

uGg ;Sg]� tl®sf rflxG5 .

• IfdtfM s]�xL k4lt jf tl®sfsf nflu a9L dfgj jf ljQLo ;|f]�t cfjZos x'G5 . s]�xL 5f]�6f]�

cjlwdf klg ug{ ;lsG5 eg]� s]�xLnfO{ k'®}� jif{ jf cem a9L ;do nfUg ;Sb5 .

• ;fe]�mbf® ® nlIft ;d"xM s]� ;'lglZrt ug'{ kb{5 eg]� tkfO{+n]� k|of]�u ug{]� tl®sf tkfO{+ hf]�;Fu sfd ug'{

x'G5 ® h;nfO{ k|efljt ug{sf nflu ul®®xg' ePsf]� 5, ltgn]� ljZjf; jf ;Ddfg ug{]� k|sf®sf]� x'g'

kb{5 . s]�xL dflg; tYo ® tYofÍaf6 k|efljt x'G5g\ . sf]�xL dflg; cg'ejsf]� jf:�tljs j0f{g dg

k®fpFb5g\ . tkfO{+n] 5fGg' / k|of]u ug'{ x'g] k4lt tn lbOPsf h:tf ljleGg sf/s tTjdf lge{/

ub{5 .

105

gful®s k|ltj]�bg sf8{ kmf]�s; u|'k l8:�s;g÷s]�lGb|s[t

;d"xut 5nkmn

ah]�6 ljZn]�if0f vl®blaqmL cg'dug

;fdu|Lsf]� ljt®0fsf]� cg'udg –h:�tf]� ls

kf7\ok':�ts ® cf}�iflw_

;fd'bflos c+s sf8{ lglZrt ;+®rgf ePsf]�, cw{;+®rgf ePsf]� ® ;+®rgf

gePsf]� cGtjf{tf{

;fj{hlgs Joo 6«ofs ug{]�

lgdf{0f kl®of]�hgfsf]� ;'kl®j]�If0f

;]�jf k|bfg ug{]� 7fpFsf]� cg'udg

;fdflhs k/LIf0f lkdf sf8{

ljQLo n]�vfsf]� :�jtGq n]�vfk®LIf0f

;xeflutfd"ns ;]�jf cfFsng

;d'bfodf cfwfl®t cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg

n]�vf krf{

k|df0f ;+sng ug{]� tl®sf jf k4ltgful®s ;dfh ;+:�yfx¿n]� ljleGg d'n'sx¿df ;®sf®L Joo, ;]�jf ® sfo{;Dkfbg af®]� ;"rgf ;+sng ug{ lgDg tl®sf ljsf; u®L k|of]�u u®]�sf 5g\ .

gful®s ;dfhåf/f cg'udgsf nflu lglZro klg c¿ w]�®}� tl®sfx¿ ljsf; u®L k|of]�u ul® ®flvPsf]� 5 .

o;sf]� k|sf/ al9®x]�sf]� 5 . lgDg s'®f ljrf® ug{' kb{5M

• k4lt jf tl®sf bf]�xf]�®f]�kgf -cf]�e/Nofk_ x'G5 . h:�tf]� ls, gful®s k|ltj]�bg sf8{, ;fd'bflos c+s sf8{, ladf sf8{ ® ;xeflutfd"ns ;]�jf k|bfg cfFsng -lkl8P;P_ df s]�xL km®s eP tfklg w]�®}� xb\;Dd ;dfg 5g\ .

• k4ltsf]� gfd ljleGg kl®k|]�Ifdf km®s cy{df a'lemG5g\ . h:�tf]� ls, s]�Gofdf æ;fdflhs n]�vfÆ n]� k|lqmofnfO{ hgfpFb5 eg]� Ujf6]�dfnfdf ;f]� zAbnfO{ km®s ¿kdf kl®eflift ul®G5 . Pp6}� lglZrt kl®efiffeGbf klg oL k4lt nlrnf]�, k|of]�ufTds ® qmlds ¿kdf ljsf; x'g]� k|s[ltsf x'G5g\ .

• k4lt ® cf}�hf® k|foMh;f]� ljleGg r®0fsf]� j|mda4tfsf ¿kdf k|:�t't ul®Psf]� x'G5 . o;f]� x'Fbf To; cGtu{t\sf ljleGg lqmofsnfknfO{ JofVof ug{ ;lhnf]� x'G5 . oBlk, Jojxf®df ;a}� r®0fx¿nfO{ ;dfj]�z ug{ jf h'g qmddf k|:�t't ul®Psf]� xf]� ToxL qmddf sfof{Gjog ug{ h?®L x'Fb}�g . tkfO{+sf]� kl®k|]�If cg'¿k s]� ;aeGbf pko'Qm x'G5 jf ;Dej x'G5 ;f]� lgSof]�{n ug'{ kg{]� x'G5 .

• æk4ltÆ ® æcf}�hf®Æ aLrsf]� km®s AofVofdf klg lge{® x'G5 . o; ;|f]�t k':�tsdf k4ltnfO{ s'g}� lglZrt kl®0ffd Nofpg]� x]�t'n]� ul®Psf ultljlwx¿ jf rflnPsf sbdx¿ egL kl®eflift ul®Psf]� 5 . cf}�hf®nfO{ lglZrt lqmofsnfk jf ultljlwsf ¿kdf lnOPsf]� 5, h:�tf]� ls ;j{]�If0f ug'{ . To;}�n]� oL ljleGg k4ltcGtu{t\ ljleGg km®s cf}�hf®x¿ cfpFb5g\ .

s]xL nf]slk|o k4ltsf] r+u'ndf

kml;Pnf lgÛ

ofb /fVg'xf];\ clwsf+z k4ltn] pxL cfwf/e"t cf}hf/ k|of]u ub{5g\. s]jn To;nfO{ km/s

tl/sfn] Kofs]lhª\u ul/Psf] x'G5.

cg'udgsf] z}nL abln/xg ;Sb5 t/ xfdLn]] s] xfl;n ug{ vf]h]sf] xf] / To;nfO{ xfl;n ug{ s:tf] k|lqmof ljsf; ug{' kb{5

eGg] s'/f a'em\g' cfjZos x'G5 .

106

;j{]�If0f;j{]�If0f dflg;sf]� ;fgf]� jf 7"nf]� ;d"xaf6 ;"rgf ;+sng ug{]� cf}�hf® xf]� . o;nfO{ k|df0f, wf®0ff jf clej[lQnfO{ ;+sng ug{sf nflu ;f]�lx cg'¿k 9fFrfdf 9fNg ;lsG5 . o:�tf]� ;"rgf k|ZgfjnLdfkm{t\ ;+sng ul®G5, h;df cufl8 g}� tof® ul®Psf]� k|Zg ® j}�slNks pQ®x¿ x'G5g\ . ;j{]�If0fdf k|Zgx¿nfO{ pQ® lbg]� JolQmx¿nfO{ pQ®bftf -c+u|hLdf ®]�:�kf]�08]�G6_ elgG5 . ;j{]�If0f ljljw kl®l:�ylt ® ljleGg p2]�Zosf nflu k|of]�u ug{ ;lsG5 . ;j{]�If0fsf]� ljleGg k|sf®sf k4ltdf e"ldsf ®xG5 . h:�tf]� ls, of]� lgDg k|of]�hgsf nflu k|of]�u ul®G5 .

• ;]�jf k|of]�ustf{x¿af6 ;®sf®L ;]�jfaf®]� ;fj{hlgs wf®0ff ;+sng ug{ -gful®s k|ltj]�bg sf8{ ® k|bfg ul®Psf]� ;]�jfsf]� ;xeflutfd"ns cfFsng_

• ;fj{hlgs ;]�jfsf]� ;fd"lxs cfFsngsf]� clen]�v -;fd'bflos c+s sf8{_

• ah]�6 k|lqmofdfkm{t ;fj{hlgs ;|f]�tnfO{ 6«ofs ug{]� -;fj{hlgs Joo 6«ofs ug{]� ;j{]�If0f_

;j{]If0fn] ;xeflutf ® kf®blz{tfdf s;®L of]ubfg k'¥ofpFb5g\ <• ;j{]�If0f tYo ;+sngsf nflu ;fd'bflos ;xeflutfnfO{ s]�lGb|s[t ug{ ® ;+ul7t ug{ 7f]�;\ dfWod

k|bfg ub{5 .

• ;j{]�If0f k|lqmofdf x'g]� ljleGg ;®f]�sf®jfnfx¿sf]� ;xeflutfn]� To;af6 cfpg]� glthfsf]� :�jfldTj a9\b5

• k|ZgfjnL tof® ubf{ ;®f]�sf®jfnfsf]� ;xeflutf x'g]� x'Fbf k|ZgfjnLsf]� ljifoj:�t', k|Zg ® ltgsf]� j}�slNks pQ®x¿sf]� ;fGble{stfsf]� tTsfn k®LIf0f x'G5 .

• ;j{]�If0f s;®L sfof{Gjog ul®G5 eGg]� s'®fdf kf®bzL{ x'g' lgs}� dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . s'g}� klg ;j{]�If0f ljZj;gLo x'gfsf nflu To;sf glthf s;®L cfof]� eGg]�af®]� ;"rgf k|bfg ul®g' kb{5 .

• olb ®fHo kIf, gful®s ® c¿aLr ;j{]�If0faf6 cfPsf glthfnfO{ v'nf ® l;h{gfTds ¿kdf ;Dk|]�if0f u®L 5nkmn ul®Pdf ;j{]�If0fn]� kf®blz{tfnfO{ a9fpg ;3fp k'¥ofpFb5 .

;j{]If0f w]/} gful/s ;dfh cg'udg k4ltsf]

cfwf/:tDe xf] .

o; aS;df gful/s ;dfh ;+:yfx?n]

hjfkmb]lxtfsf nflu tYo ;+sng ug{ ;j{]If0fnfO{ k|of]u ul/g] Pp6f tl/sfaf/] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

k|bfg ul/Psf] ;]jfsf] ;xeflutfd"ns cfFsng -lkP;l8P_ / gful/s k|ltj]bg sf8{ -l;cf/;L_

k|bfg ul®Psf]� ;]�jfsf]� ;xeflutfd"ns cfFsng -lkP;l8P_ ® gful®s k|ltj]�bg sf8{ -l;cf®;L_ Pp6}� k4ltnfO{ hgfpg]� b'O{ leGg zAbfjnLx¿ x'g\ . of]� ;j]�{If0fdf cfwfl®t k4ltn]� ;fj{hlgs ;]�jf pkef]�Qmfx¿nfO{ pgLx¿n]� lnPsf jf pkef]�u u®]�sf ;]�jfaf®]� ;®sf®L lgsfo jf clwsf®Lx¿nfO{ k|ltlqmof lbgsf nflu cfdGq0f ub{5 . lkPl8P÷l;cf®;Lsf]� Pp6f d'Vo ljz]�iftf eg]�sf]� o;n]� ;®sf®L ;]�jfaf®]� alnof]� ;fj{hlgs wf®0ff ® e®kbf{]� u'0ffTds tYofÍ ;+sng ug{]� s'®fdf hf]�8 lbG5 . k|To]�s ;j{]�If0f :�jf:�Yo jf ;kmfO{ h:�tf]� Pp6f lglZrt If]�qdf s]�lGb|t x'G5 ® cfddflg;nfO{ ;DalGwt ;]�jfdf kx'Fr eP÷gePsf]�, ;]�jf kof{Kt eP÷gePsf]�, u'0f:�t® s:�tf]� 5 h:�tf k|Zg ;f]�Wg]� ul®G5 . o;sf]� p2]�Zo o;af6 kQf nfu]�sf tYox¿nfO{ k|of]�u u®L ;]�jfnfO{ s;®L ;'wf® ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]� af®]�df ;®sf®L clwsf®L, ;]�jf k|bfos ® ;]�jf lng]� jf pkef]�Qmfx¿aLr ®rgfTds ;+jfb u®fpg' xf]� . olb o;nfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf ul®Pdf of]� ul®aL Go"lgs®0f ®0fgLltx¿ h:�tf ax'jifL{o ;®sf®L k|lta4tfnfO{ cg'udg ug{]� pko'Qm æa6dckÆ jf tnb]�lv dflyaf6 ul®g]� cf}�hf® aGg ;Sb5 . lglZrt ;doleq ;®sf®L ;]�jfaf®]� ;fj{hlgs ;Gt'li6df cfPsf]� kl®jt{gnfO{ lgSof]�{n u®]�® l;cf®;L ® lkP;l8Pn]� s'g If]�q ®

;]�jfdf ;'wf® eO®fv]�sf]� 5 ® c¿df s:�tf ;d:�ofx¿ b]�vf k®]� eGg]� s'®f k|sfzdf NofpFb5g\ .

;|f]�tM of]� ;f®fz+ 6fËf]� cflb -@))&_ s[lif, :�jf:�Yo, lnË ® PrcfOeL P8\;\af®] ul®Psf] ;]jfsf] ;xeflutfd"ns gd"gf cfFsngsf cfwf®df

tof® ul®Psf]� xf]� . k"®f hfgsf®Lsf nflu ;Gbe{;"lr x]�g'{xf]�;\ .

107

;j{]If0f k|lqmofsf] d'Vo r/0fx?

;j{]If0f k|lqmofsf] k|To]s r/0fdf cfkm}+nfO{

;f]Wg'xf];\M s] ;j{]If0fsf] of]hgf / glthf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ ;xh ?kdf yfxf lbOPsf] jf

;"lrt ul/Psf] 5 <

tkfO{+sf] ;j{]If0f k|lqmofsf] k|To]s r/0fsf] of]hgf agfpFbf

cfkm"nfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\ Mglthfsf] of]hgf / :jfldTj a9fpgsf nflu sf] ;xefuL

x'g' kb{5 <

;j{]�If0fsf]� p2]�Zoaf/]� lg0f{o ug'{xf]�;\

tkfO{+ s]� kQf nufpg rfxg' x'G5

;j{]�If0f ug{]� dflg;sf]� gd'gf 5gf]�6 ug'{xf]�;\ .

;Defljt pQ/bftfdWo]�af6 pQ/ lbgsf nflu s;nfO{ 5fGg]� <

pQ/bftf;Fu s'g k|lqmofaf6 sfd lng]� lg0f{o ug'{xf]�;\

h:�tf]� ls cfdg]�;fdg]� cGtjf{tf{ jf lnlvt lgb{]�zg

;j{]�If0f k|ZgfjnL tof/ ug'{xf]�;\

;j{]�If0fdf ;xefuL ePsfx?;Fu 1fg / ;Lksf]� ;xL ;ld>0f 5 < s]� cltl/Qm ljz]�if1tf rflxG5 <

cGtjf{tf{ lng]� JolQmx?nfO{ tflnd lbg'xf]�;\

h;n]� k|Zg ;f]�W5 / pQ/ n]�Vb5, s]� pm;Fu rflxg]� 1fg / ;Lk 5 <

ljZn]�if0f u/L ;f/f+z tof/ ug'{xf]�;\

;j{]�If0fsf]� pQ/nfO{ s;n]� ;dfj]�z ug{]�, l;nl;nf jf qmddf /fVg]� / ljZn]�if0f ug{]� / glthfnfO{ s;n]� ;xh k|sf/n]� ;+If]�lks/0f ug{]� <

;j{]�If0f ug'{xf]�;\

of]�hgf ul/P cg'?k ;j{]�If0f ug{sf nflu of]�hgf / lgb{]�lzsf tof/ 5 <

kf/bzL{?kdf ;xefuLtfd"ns ?kdf

108

;g\ @))( df ul/Psf] Pp6f ;j{]If0fn] s] b]vfPsf] 5 eg] ^@ k|ltzt PlzofnLx?n]

hf] zlQmdf 5g\ pgLx?nfO{ vfln cfb/ ug'{sf] ;6\6f pgLx?sf] sfdsf/afxLnfO{ lnP/ k|Zg

ug'{ l7s ePsf] ljZjf; ub{5g\ ===

oxfF s'/f ul/Psf] PlzofnL eg]sf] sf]

x'g\ <

of] tYofÍ !( j6f PlzofnL d'n'sx?df ul/Psf] ;fj{hlgs

clej[lQ jf wf/0ffaf6 lnOPsf] xf] .

pgLx?n] tL !( d'n'ssf ;a};Fu t kSs} ;f]w]gg\ xf]nf lg Û

;f]w]gg\ . pgLx?n] s;nfO{ ;f]Wg] egL

5gf]6 u/]

cf}hf/ !&M ;j{]If0fsf] gd"gf s;/L lng]

olb tkfO{+ ;fgf]� ufpF jf Pp6f uNnL jf ;fgf]� ;+:�yfdf ;j{]�If0f ul®®xg' ePsf]� 5 eg]� tkfO{+n]� ;j{]�If0f ug{ rfxg' ePsf]� ;d"xsf]� ;a}�;Fu k|ToIf

¿kdf s'®f ug{ ;Dej xf]�nf . t® k|foMh;f]� tkfO{+n]� ;a}� ;Defljt pQ®bftfdWo]�af6 5gf]�6 ug'{kg{]� x'G5 tfls tkfO{+n]� ;j{]�If0f ug'{kg{]� JolQmsf]�

;+Vof w]�®}� 7"nf]� gxf]�;\ . o;®L tkfO{+n]� 5gf]�6 ug'{ePsf]� dflg;sf]� ;fgf]� ;d"xnfO{ ægd"gf ;j{]�If0fÆ elgG5 .

• ælr7\7f gd'gf ljlwdf ;a}� ;Defljt pQ®bftfx¿sf]� 5gf]�6 x'g]� ;Defjgf a®fa® x'G5 . h:�tf]� ls tkfO{+n]� !))) dflg;x¿ dWo]�af6 æ6f]�kL jf s'g}� efF8fdf ®flvPsf]�Æ pgLx¿sf]� gfddWo]�af6 lr7\7f u®L @%) hgfsf]� gfd l6lkG5 .

• qmd;"lr gd'gf ljlwdf cg';Gwfgsf ;fdu|LnfO{ j0ff{g'qmd jf ;+VofTds qmddf ldnfP® ®flvG5 . j0f{ ® ;+Vofsf]� qmddf ldnfP® ;fdu|LnfO{ Jojl:�yt ul®;s]�kl5 ju{ ® ;+Vofsf]� cfwf®df slt j0f{ ® slt ;+Vofsf]� cfwf®df gd'gf 5gf]�6 ug{]� lglZrt u®L qmlds ¿kn]� cGt®fnsf]� dfWod ckgfP® ToxL cGt®sf ju{ jf ;+Vofsf ;fdu|LnfO{ gd'gf 5gf]�6df lnOG5 . ;"lrdf s'g}� k|sf®sf]� cb[Zo qmldstf geP;Dd of]� lr7\7f gd"gf ljlweGbf w]�®}� km®s 5}�g .

• qmdfut gd'gfdf ;a}� ;Defljt pQ®bftfx¿nfO{ ljleGg ljz]�iftfsf cfwf®df ;d"xdf afFl8G5 ® k|To]�s ;d"xaf6 lr7\7f ljlwaf6 gd'gf lnOG5 . klxnf]� r®0f eg]�sf]� ;d"xsf]� ljz]�iftfnfO{ kl®eflift ug'{ xf]� . bf]�;|f]� r®0f eg]�sf]� ;j{]�If0f ul®g]� hg;+VofnfO{ ;d"xdf afF8\g' xf]� . h:�tf]� ls !))) hgfsf]� ;Defljt pQ®bftfx¿nfO{ lnË, pd]�®, ofqfsf]� ;fwg, u[x lhNnf jf cfo:�t®sf]� cfwf®df ljleGg pk;d"xdf afFl8G5 . To;kl5 k|To]�s pk;d"xaf6 lr7\7f gd"gf ljlwaf6 gd"gf

5gf]�6 ul®G5 .

olb gd"gf ;j{]If0fdf s'g} q'l6 5 eg] Tof] q'l6 ;j{] glthfdf klg emlNsG5 .

109

;j{]If0fsf] k|ZgfjnL s;®L tof® ug{] jf l8hfOg ug{] <h;®L ;j{]�If0fsf]� k|Zgx¿ to ul®G5 To;n]� dflg;n]� To;nfO{ s;®L pQ® lbG5g\ eGg]� s'®fnfO{ k|efljt ub{5 . To;}�n]� k|To]�s k|Zgsf]� zAb :�ki6 ® ljleGg cy{ gnfUg]� lsl;dn]� k|of]�u ug{ dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . ;j{]�If0fsf]� 9fFrf tof® ug{]� jf l8hfOg ug{]� sfd Pp6f 6f]�nLn]� ug'{ ;a}�eGbf pko'Qm x'G5 . o:�tf]� 6f]�nLdf ;j{]�If0f s;®L ug{]� eGg]�af®]� 1fg ePsf]� ® h'g kl®k|]�Ifdf ;j{]�If0f ul®g nfu]�sf]� xf]� ;f]� kl®k|]�IfnfO{ ®fd|f]�;Fu a'em\g]� b'j}� k|sf®sf]� dflg; x'g' kb{5 . ;j{]�If0fn]� ®fd|®L sfd ug{sf nflu k|Zgx¿ kl®k|]�If ® nlIft pQ®bftfsf nflu pko'Qm x'g' kb{5 . o;sf]� tfTko{ slxn]�sfFxL dlxnf ® k'?if, s]�6f ® s]�6L, ;fIf® ® lg®If®, ckfËtf ePsf ® gePsf JolQm, ljleGg cfo:�t® ePsf JolQm cflbsf nflu km®s–km®s ;j{]�If0f tof® ul®g' kb{5 .

;f]�lwg]� k|To]�s k|Zg;Fu ljsNk;lxtsf]� pQ®x¿ x'g' kb{5 h;af6 pQ®bftfn]� 5fGg ;sf]�;\ . pQ® tof® ug{]� ljleGg tl®sfx¿ 5g\ . pbfx®0fsf nfluM

• s'g}� k|Zg cfwfcfwf k|sf®sf]� x'G5 –h:�tf]� ls xf]� jf xf]�Og, k|foMh;f]� jf lj®n}�_

• w]�®}�j6f pQ®af6 5fGg]� . o;df 5gf]�6sf]� w]�®}� ljsNkx¿ x'G5g\ -h:�tf]� ls Psbd}� ;xdt 5', ;xdt 5', yfxf 5}�g, ljdlt 5, w]�®}� ljdlt 5 cflb_

;j{]If0fdf pQ®bftf;Fu s;®L sfd ug{] <;j{]�If0fsf]� k|ZgfjnL tof® ug'{ ® gd"gf 5gf]�6 ug'{sf]� cnfjf ;j{]�If0f k|lqmofsf]� csf{]� dxTjk"0f{ kf6f]� eg]�sf]� k|ZgfjnLsf]� Joj:�yfkg xf]� . o;sf]� cy{ pQ®bftfsf]� ;d"x;dIf k|Zg ;f]�Wg]� jf k|:�t't ug{]� ® pgLx¿n]� lbPsf pQ®sf]� clen]�v ®fVg]� . o;sf nflu ;a}�eGbf ;xh tl®sf eg]�sf]� pgLx¿;Fu cfdg]�;fdg]� eP® ug'{ xf]� . t® sltko ;j{]�If0fdf pQ®bftfn]� k|ZgfjnL cfkm}�+ eb{5g\ ® of]� pgLx¿n]� cfkm\gf]� cg's"n ;dodf eb{5g\ . olb of]� tl®sf ckgfpg]� xf]� eg]� k|Zgx¿ ® pQ® s;®L lbg]� eGg]�af®]� Psbd}� :�ki6 lgb{]�zg x'g' kb{5 . o; tl®sfsf]� ;j{]�If0f lgDg lsl;dn]� ug{ ;lsG5M

• 5gf]�6 ePsf gd"gfnfO{ k|ZgfjnL O{d]�n ® x'nfsaf6 k7fP®

• c:�ktfn, ;®sf®L lgsfo, ahf® jf ljBfnoh:�tf tkfO{+n]� cg'udg ug{ vf]�Hg' ePsf]� 7fpFdf k:�g jf lg:�sg nfUbf df}�lvs ¿kdf pQ®bftfx¿;Fu cGtjf{tf{ lnP® .

• pQ®bftfx¿;Fu 6]�lnkmf]�gdfkm{t\ cGtjf{tf{ lnP®

• ;]�jf pkef]�u ug{]�x¿nfO{ ;]�jf lng]� lalQs}� ;]�jf lng]� kl®;®leq}� k|ZgfjnL eg{ cg'®f]�w u®]�®

• 3®3®df uO{ pQ®bftfx¿;Fu cGtjf{tf{ lnP®

• k|ZgfjnLnfO{ j]�a;fO6df kf]�i6 u®]�®, hxfFaf6 pQ® k7fpg ;lsG5 .

o; cWofosf] afFsL efudf ;j{]If0f / cGo cf}hf/ k|of]u

u/L tYo ;+sng ug{] cGo tl/sfx? af/] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

110

;fd'bflos c+ssf8{;fd'bflos c+ssf8{ c+ssf]� cfwf®df ;®sf®L ;]�jf;'ljwfx¿nfO{ jlu{s®0f ug{]� ;xeflutfd"ns ;d'bfodf cfwfl®t tl®sf xf]� . o; tl®sfn]� lgDg s'®f yfxf kfpg]� p2]�Zon]� ljleGg ;®f]�sf®jfnfx¿nfO{ 5nkmndf NofpFb5 M

• ;]�jf jf ;'ljwfsf nflu jfrf ul®Psf]� ;fdu|L jf:�tjdf cu|efudf k'u]�sf]�÷gk'u]�sf]�

• ;d'bfosf ;b:�ox¿n]� ;f]� ;]�jf jf ;'ljwfsf]� :�t®nfO{ s;®L d"NofÍg ub{5g\ jf slt c+s lbG5g\

• cu|efusf ;]�jfk|bfosx¿n]� cfkm\g}� sfo{;Dkfbg jf pgLx¿sf]� ;'ljwfnfO{ s;®L d"NofÍg ub{5g\ jf slt c+s lbG5g\

• ;'ljwfdf ePsf ;d:�ofx¿nfO{ s;®L ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 ® ;]�jfnfO{ s;®L ;'wf® ug{ ;lsG5

;fd'bflos c+ssf8{ k|lqmofn] kmf]s; u|'k l8:s;g–;d"xs]lGb|t 5nkmn_ / cGtlqm{of a}7ssf] k|of]u ub{5 .

o;n] ;/f]sf/jfnfx?aLr ;+jfb / ;d:ofx?nfO{ ;fd'lxs ?kdf

;dfwfg ug{] s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 .

cGtlqm{of a}7saf/] kfgf !!# df ePsf] cf}hf/ !( df cem

a9L yfxf kfpg'xf];\

;fd'bflos c+ssf8{ s'g cj:�yfdf ;a}eGbf pko'Qm x'G5 <• ljBfno, c:�ktfn jf k'ln; rf}�sL cflb h:�tf lglZrt :�yfg jf ;'ljwfx¿ af/]� tYo ;+sng ug{sf nflu of]� pko'Qm x'G5

• of]� :�jf:�Yo, kfgL jf s[lif h:�tf Pp6f If]�qdf k|of]�u ubf{ ;a}�eGbf k|efjsf®L x'G5 . olb tkfO{+ Pp6feGbf a9L ;®sf®L If]�qsf]� sfo{;Dkfbg cfFsng ug{ rfxg' x'G5 eg]� ax'c+ssf8{ k|of]�u ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 .

• cu|k+lQmsf]� ;]�jf k|bfos ;dfj]�z x'g]� ;®sf®L sfo{qmd cg'udg ug{sf nflu of]� k|efjsf®L x'G5 .

• o;n]� u|fdL0f If]�qdf a9L ;xh ¿kdf sfd ub{5 cyjf To:�tf]� 7fpFdf hxfF :�ki6 ¿kdf 5'6\ofpg ;lsg]� ;d'bfo x'G5 . of]� ;d'bfo cfkm}�+n]� agfpg]� jf tof® ug{]� x'Fbf ;d'bfosf ;b:�ox¿sf]� ;b:�otf c:�ki6 jf t®n ePsf]� 7fpF jf kl®k|]�Ifdf k|of]�u ug{ sl7g x'G5 .

• of]� k|lqmof ;kmn x'gsf nflu b'j}� cu|k+lQmsf ;]�jf k|bfos ® ;d'bfosf ;b:�ox¿ ;xefuL x'gsf nflu OR5's x'g' kb{5 .

• ;®sf®L sd{rf®Ln]� o; k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'gsf nflu ;®sf®sf]� pRr :�t®af6 ;xof]�u jf ;dy{g k|fKt ePsf]� x'g' kb{5 .

;fd'bflos c+ssf8{n] ;xeflutf ® kf®blz{tfdf s;®L of]ubfg k'¥ofpFb5 <• ;fd'bflos c+ssf8{ Psbd}� ;xeflutfd"ns x'G5 . o;sf]� k"®}� k|lqmof ;d'bfosf ;b:�o ® ;]�jf k|bfosx¿aLrsf]� ;fd'lxs 5nkmn ®

;lqmo ;xeflutfdf lge{® x'G5 .

• ;d'bfosf ;b:�ox¿ cfkm}�n]� c+ssf8{ agfpFb5g\ ® ;]�jf ® ;'ljwfsf]� cfFsng ug{ k|of]�u ub{5g\ . o; k|lqmof ® To;af6 cfPsf]� glthfdf ;d'bfosf]� pRr :�jfldTj x'G5 .

• c+ssf8{ k|lqmofsf]� Pp6f d'Vo z'?jftL r®0f eg]�sf]� k|lta4tf ® dfb08nfO{ :�ki6 kfg{' ® To;nfO{ ;d'bfo ® ;]�jf k|bfossxfF nfg' xf]� tfls b'j}� kIfn]� s:�tf clwsf® ® bfloTjaf®]� ;xdt ePsf]� xf]� yfxf kfpFb5g\ . o;n]� ;®sf®L ljefu jf ;]�jf ® p;n]� ;]�jf lbg' kg{]� hgtfaLrsf]� ;fdflhs ;xdlt af®]�sf]� kf®blz{tfnfO{ k|j4{g ub{5 .

• ;]�jf jf ;'ljwfsf]� cfFsngdf ;d'bfosf ;b:�o ® ;]�jf k|bfosx¿nfO{ ;+nUg u®]�® o;n]� ;"rgf ® ljrf®sf]� v'nf cfbfgk|bfgnfO{ a9fjf lbG5 .

c+s lbg'cl3 w]/} u[xsfo{ / tof/L ug'{ kg{] x'G5 .

qm; /]km/]G;\

111

c+ssf8{sf] of] k|lqmof ;xeflutfd"ns tl/sfaf6 JoonfO{ 6«ofs ug{] ;j{]If0f -k]6\;\_ ;Fu w]/} ldNbf]h'Nbf] 5 . o;af/] cem a9L yfxf kfpgsf nflu o; cWofosf]

csf{] v08 x]g'{xf];\

o:tf a}7sn] ;]jfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ;Sb5 / hjfkmb]lxtf ;DaGwnfO{ cem alnof]

agfpFb5 .

;fd'bflos c+ssf8{ k|lqmofsf d'Vo r/0fx?

tof/L

;"rgf ;+sng / ;xof]�usf nflu kl/rfng

Ogk'6 c+ssf8{

-;fO6df /sd / cf}�iflw h:�tf Ogk'6x? 6«ofs ug]�{_

;fd'lxs 5nkmn :�yfkgf ug{]� ;fd'lxs s]�lGb|s[t 5nkmn :�yfkgf ug{]�

sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rs to ug{]�

;d'bfosf ;b:�ox?n]� ;/sf/sf]� sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ c+s lbG5g\

;]�jfk|bfosx?n]� cfkm\g}� sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ c+s lbG5g\

kQf nfu]�sf s'/fnfO{ clen]�v u/L 5nkmn ug{]�

Ogk'6 ;"rs to ug{]�

kQf nfu]�sf s'/fnfO{ clen]�v u/L 5nkmn ug{]�

Ogk'6 af/]� k|df0f÷tYo ;+sng ug{]� pko'Qm eP ;fO6 e|d0f ug{]�

;fd'bflos c+ssf8{

-k|fKt u/]�sf ;]�jfsf]� u'0f:�t/ / kl/df0f cfFsng ug]�{_

;fd'bflos e]�nf

k|lta4tf / dfkb08af/]� hgr]�tgf hufpg]�

• ;d'bfosf ;b:�ox? s]�–s:�tf ;]�jf ;'ljwfsf]� xsbf/ 5g\ <

• ;]�jfk|bfosn]� s]�–s:�tf ;]�jf ;'ljwf k|bfg ug'{ kb{5 <

:�yflkt ug'{xf]�;M ;fdflhs ;xdlt eg]�sf]� s]� xf]� <

cGtlqm{of a}�7s

• hgtfn]� ;]�jf k|bfosnfO{ lbPsf]� k|ltlqmof

• ;+jfb / ;d:�of ;dfwfg

112

;fd'bflos c+ssf8{M dsfn' k|fylds ljBfno

;"rsc+s s}�lkmot

! Psbd v/fa @ v/fa # l7s}� $ /fd|f]� % Psbd /fd|f]�

s= lzIfssf]� ;sf/fTds clej[lQ

v= k|wfgfWofksn]� ug{]� Joj:�yfkg

u= ;kmfO{

3= lzIfssf]� kf7sf]� tof/L

ª= lzIfssf]� ljBfyL{sf]� WofgnfO{ sfod

/fVg]� Ifdtf

r= ljBfyL{sf]� cg'zf;g

c+ssf8{ s:tf] b]lvG5

eGg] pbfx/0f oxfF lbOPsf] 5 .

cf}hf/ !*M ;fd'bfols c+ssf8{ s;/L tof/ ug{] <

;d'bfosf ;b:�ox¿nfO{ !% b]�lv @) hgfsf]� ;d"xdf afFl8G5 . lnË, pd]�® cflbsf cfwf®df ;d"x agfpg ;lsG5 . oBlk,

k|foMh;f]� ;fd'bflos c+ssf8{ ldl>t ;d"xåf®f agfOG5 . o;sf]� cy{ k|To]�s s]�lGb|s[t ;d"xdf dlxnf / k'?if ljleGg pd]�®

® ;fdflhs x}�l;ot ePsf ;b:�ox¿ x'G5g\ . s]�lGb|s[t ;fd'lxs 5nkmnsf nflu cfFsng ul®g]� ;]�jf jf ;'ljwf k|of]�u ul®®x]�sf ;b:�o x'g'

h?®L x'G5 .

cg'udg ul®g]� ;]�jf jf ;'ljwf h]� eP klg ;Da4 ;a}�n]� ;fGble{s k|lta4tf ® dfkb08af®]� :�ki6 ¿kdf yfxf kfpg' kb{5 -h;sf

cfwf®df ;®sf® ® ;d'bfosfaLr ;fdflhs ;xdlt aGb5_ . s]�lGb|s[t ;d"xsf]� klxnf]� sfd eg]�sf]� tL k|lta4tf ® dfkb08 k"®f ePsf

5g\ ls 5}�gg\ eGg]� cg'dug ug{sf nflu ;Defljt ;"rsx¿ af®]� 5nkmn ug'{ xf]� .

5nkmndfkm{t\ ;d"x ;"rsx¿ af®]� ;xdt eOG5 . % b]�lv * j6f ;"rsx¿sf]� Pp6f ;d"x jf ;]�6af®]� ;xdltdf k'luG5 h'g c+ssf8{df

;dfj]�z ul®G5 . k|To]�s ;"rssf nflu ;Defljt c+ssf]� æ®]�GhÆ x'G5, h'g Go"gaf6 pRr;Dd k'Ub5 .

c+sfsf8{ tof® u®]� kl5 o;nfO{ ;d'bfosf ;b:�ox¿n]� ;]�jf jf ;'ljwfnfO{ cfFsng ug{, tTsfn}� k|of]�u ug{ ;Sb5g\ . c+s lbg]� sfd

k|foMh;f]� b'O{ tl®sfaf6 ul®G5 M

• ;d'bfosf k|To]�s ;b:�on]� 5'§f5'§}� c+s lbG5g\, h;nfO{ kl5 u0fgf u®]�® ;fd'lxs c+s lbOG5

• k|To]�s ;"rssf nflu slt c+s lbg]� eGg]� s'®f ;fd'lxs 5nkmnaf6 ;xdltsf cfwf/df to ul/G5 .

b'j}� tl®sfsf kmfObf ® a]�kmfObfx¿ 5g\ . JolQmut ¿kdf cnucnu}� lbOg]� c+sn]� ;d'bfosf ;a}� ;b:�ox¿n]� s]� ;f]�Rb5g\ eGg]� s'®fsf]�

a9L ;xL lrq lbG5 . t® ;xdltdf ul®g]� tl®sfn]� k|sfzdf cfpg g;Sg]� dxTjk"0f{ d'2fnfO{ p7fpg ;Sb5 .

;a}� s]�lGb|s[t ;d"xaf6 kQf nfu]�sf s'®fnfO{ qmda4 ¿kdf ®fv]�® ;d'bfosf]� ;®b® c+s lgsflnG5 . Pp6}� lhNnfsf ljleGg ;d'bfoaf6

cfPsf c+ssf]� lx;fa u®]�® lhNnfsf]� ;®b® lgsfNg klg ;lsG5 . ;Da4 ;]�jf jf ;'ljwfdf ePsf ;]�jf k|bfosn]� ToxL c+ssf8{ k|of]�u

u®L cfkm\gf]� sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ c+s lbG5g\ . To;df cfPsf km®s ® bf]�xf]�®f]�kgnfO{ cGtlq{mof a}�7sdf 5nkmn ul®G5 .

o; v08 Odfg'Pn P8\8fO, ODdf k]�g' ® dfl6{g 8]�®Lsf]� sfo{;Dkfbgsf nflu ;fd'bflos c+ssf8{ Pk|f]r df cfwfl®t 5 . lj:�t[t hfgsf®Lsf nflu ;Gbe{;"lr x]�g'{xf]�;\ .

113

;|f]�tM Olyof]�lkofnL ;fdflhs hjfkmb]�lxtf kl/of]�hgfsf]� cGtlqm{of a}7snfO{ s;/L ;xhLs/0f

ug{]� af6 lnOPsf]� . www.ethiosap.org x]�g'{xf]�;\ .

cGtlq{mof a}7sn] hjfkmb]lxtfsf] gofF :yfg agfpg ;3fp k'¥ofpFb5.

;fd'bflos c+ssf8{ k|of]usf] r'gf}lt• o; tl®sf jf k4ltsf]� ;kmntf lgs}� xb\;Dd plrt ;xhLs®0fdf lge{® ub{5 h;n]� ;fd'lxs 5nkmn ljifodf s]�lGb|t ePsf]� ® cflwsfl®s wf®0ff

cleJoQm ePsf]� ;'lglZrt ub{5 .

• ;fd'bflos c+ssf8{sf]� k|lqmofn]� ;d'bfodf ePsf]� zlQm c;Gt'ngnfO{ ;Daf]�wg ub{}�g .

• ;xdltn]� ;d'bfosf]� ;b:�ox¿aLr ePsf]� cGt® ® dtleGgtfnfO{ 5fofFdf kfg{ ;Sb5 .

• cu|k+lQmsf ;]�jfk|bfosx¿;Fu ;]�jf k|bfg ug{]� k4lt ® ;'ljwfdf kl®jt{g Nofpg ;Sg]� clwsf® x'Fb}�g . olb cGtlqm{of a}�7saf6 cfPsf ;dfwfgnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsFb}�g eg]� o; k|lqmof cj?4 x'g ;Sb5 .

• o;n]� ;d'bfo ® ;]�jf k|bfossf]� ck]�IffnfO{ x\jfQ}� a9fpg ;Sb5 ® olb o;n]� ck]�lIft kl®jt{g Nofpg ;s]�g eg]� hjfkmb]�lxtf k4ltdf ePsf]� ljZjf; sd x'g ;Sb5 .

;fd'bflos c+ssf8{sf kmfObfx¿• of]� tl®sf t'ngfTds ¿kdf ;lhnf]�, sd vlr{nf]� 5 ® 5f]�6f]� cjlw d}� ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . -h:�tf]� ls Pp6f ;d'bfodf # b]�lv ^ xKtfdf ug{ ;lsG5 ._

• o;nfO{ ;d'bfon]� ;®sf®L ;]�jf k|bfosnfO{ k|ltlqmof lbg]� dfWodsf ¿kdf bf]�xf]�¥ofpg ® ;+:�yfut ug{ ;Sb5 .

• ;fd'lxs 5nkmnn]� dxTjk"0f{ d'2f ® ;jfnx¿nfO{ aflx® NofpFb5 .

• o; k|lqmofn]� eljiodf ;]�jf k|bfg ug{sf nflu of]�hgf ug{ ;"rgf k|bfg ub{5 .

• olb ;kmntfk"j{s k|of]�u ul®Pdf o;n]� ;d:�ofnfO{ ®rgfTds ¿kdf ;dfwfg ug{ ® ;dfwfgsf pkfo lgsfNgsf nflu ;d'bfosf ;b:�o ® ;]�jf k|bfossf]� cfTdljZjf;nfO{ a9fpFb5 .

cf}hf/ !(M hjfkmb]lxtfsf nflu tYosf] k|of]u–cGtlqm{of a}7s

;fd'bflos c+ssf8{ k|lqmofdf hjfkmb]�lxtfnfO{ a9fjf lbg]� d'Vo dfWod eg]�sf]� cGtlqm{of a}�7s xf]� . of]� Tof]� 7fpF xf]� hxfF ;d'bfosf ;b:�o ® ;]�jf k|bfosx¿ Ps 7fpFdf cfP® c+s

t'ngf ub{5g\, ;d:�of klxrfg ub{5g\ ® ;dfwfgsf pkfoaf®]� lg0f{o ub{5g\ . ;d'bfo txsf]� cGtlqm{of a}�7s ul®;s]�kl5 lhNnf txdf ug{ ;lsG5 hxfF ;d'bfosf k|ltlglwx¿ ® ;]�jf k|bfosx¿n]� lhNnfsf clwsf®Lx¿ ® ®fhgLlt1x¿;Fu pRr txsf k4tLo ;d:�of ® ;dfwfgaf®]� 5nkmn ug{ ;Sb5g\ . cGtlqm{ofdf k|:�t't ul®Psf tYon]� clwsf®Lx¿nfO{ cK7\of®f]�df kfg{ jf nlHht agfpg ;Sb5 . o;sf]� hf]�lvd ® kl®0ffdaf®]� cufl8 g}� ljrf® k'¥ofpg' kg{]� x'G5 . clwsf®Lx¿ k|lt®IffTds jf wDsLk"0f{ ¿kdf k|:�t't eP s;®L To;sf]� ;fdgf ug{]� eGg]�af®]� ;d'bfosf ;b:�ox¿n]� cufl8 g}� of]�hgf agfpg' kb{5 . o;sf]� p2]�Zo eg]�sf]� kl5 x6\g]� xf]�Og ls ;f]� k|lqmofdfk{mt\ rflxPsf]� kl®jt{g Nofpg s]�lGb|t x'g]� xf]� .

cGtlqm{of a}7sdf k|foMh;f] k|:t't ul/g] Ph]08f

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cGtlqm{of a}�7scl3

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• a:�g]� tl®sf o;®L ldnfpg]� ls ;xefuLx¿n]� 6]�an jl®kl® jf o" cfsf®df a;L Pscsf{nfO{ b]�Vg ;s"g\

• ;a}� ;d"x;Fu cufl8 g}� e]�6]�® a}�7ssf]� p2]�Zoaf®]� a'emfpg]�

•s]�xL ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cufl8 g}� k|lzlIft ug{ cfjZos x'g ;Sb5 tfls

pgLx¿n]� a}�7sdf af]�Ng ;Sg]� xf]�pg\

• :�jtGq ® t6:�y JolQmnfO{ ;xhstf{sf ¿kdf 5fGg]�

cGtlqm{of a}�7s s;®L ;xhLs®0f ug{]�

• ;a}�nfO{ af]�Ngsf nflu k|f]�T;fxg ug{]� ® s'g}� Ps hgf a}�7sdf xfjL x'g glbg]�

• a}�7ssf]� Ph]�08f ® p2]�Zoaf®]� :�ki6 kfg{]� ® cfjZos kbf{ o;nfO{ bf]�xf]�¥ofpg]�

• sf]�7fdf cb[Zo ® cfGtl®s zlQmaf®]� ;r]�t x'g]�

• zlQmzfnL v]�dfn]� Ph]�08fnfO{ ckx®0f ug{ glbg]�

• c+sdf s]�lGb|t x'g]�, Pscsf{nfO{ bf]�iff®f]�k0f ug{af6 arfpg]�

• ;d"xx¿nfO{ ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg ug{]� ® Jojxfl®s ;dfwfg kQf nufpg ;xof]�u ug{]�

• efjL lbgsf sbdx¿nfO{ clen]�v ug{]�

114

;fj{hlgs Joo 6«ofs ug{]� ;j{]�If0f -k]�6\;\_k]�6\;\ ;®sf®sf]� ljleGg tx eP® hfg]� ;fj{hlgs ah]�6nfO{ 6«ofs ug{ k|of]�u ul®G5 . ;"rgf s]�Gb|, :�yfgLo ® ;]�jf k|bfos txaf6 ;+sng ul®G5 . o; k4ltn]� k|To]�s txnfO{ z'?df ljlgof]�hg u®]�sf]� ®sd ® ljlgof]�lht ®sdaf6 jf:�tljs ¿kdf slt ®sd k'Ug' kg{]� 7fpFdf k'Ub5 ;f]� s'®f kQf nufpFb5 . o;sf]� p2]�Zo eg]�sf]� k4ltdf ePsf]� sdLsdhf]�®Lx¿nfO{ klxrfg u®L ;'wf® ug'{ xf]� tfls :�yfgLo txsf pkef]�Qmfx¿sf nflu ;]�jfsf]� u'0f:�t® a9f]�;\ .

k]6\;\ slxn] ;aeGbf a9L pko'Qm x'G5 <• of]� ljleGg ;fj{hlgs ;]�jfx¿ af®]� ;"rgf ;+sng ug{ k|of]�u ug{ ;lsG5 . h:�tf]� ls, ljBfno, c:�ktfn ® kfgL tfGg]� d]�lzgsf nflu

lbOPsf]� ;|f]�t .

• Pp6f ;®sf®L txaf6 csf{]� txdf ;|f]�t hfgsf nflu cj®f]�w eO®x]�sf]� cj:�yfdf of]� k4ltsf]� k|of]�u ;a}�eGbf pko'Qm x'G5 . olb cu|efusf nflu elgPsf]� ;|f]�t lgoldt ¿kdf nlIft nfeu|fxL sxfF k'Ub}�g eg]� sxfF ;d:�of ePsf]� xf]� eGg]� yfxf kfpg o;sf]� k|of]�u ug{ ;lsG5 .

• s]�xL k]�6\;\n]� ;|f]�t ;DalGwt 7fpFdf gk'Ugfsf]� sf®0f klg ljZn]�if0f ub{5 eg]� s]�xLn]� c¿n]� ljZn]�if0f ug{sf nflu glthfnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ul®lbG5 .

• of]� k4lt a[xQ® gful®s ;dfh hjfkmb]�lxtf kl®of]�hgfsf]� Pp6f lx:�;f aGg ;Sb5 . o;nfO{ ;fdflhs k®LIf0f jf ;fd'bflos c+ssf8{;Fu hf]�8\g ;lsG5 . ;fd'bflos c+ssf8{;Fu hf]�8]�df o;nfO{ æOgk'6 c+ssf8{Æ elgG5 .

ef/tdf ul/Psf] ;j{]If0fn] s] b]vfPsf] 5 eg] lzIffdf ul/Psf] vr{ s"n u|fx:y pTkfbgsf] ^ k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5}g

ef/tdf o; ;j{]If0fsf] k|efj s] k¥of] t <

;/sf/n] p;n] ljBfnosf nflu k7fPsf] ah]6af/] ;"rgf k|sflzt ug{ yfNof] . tL /sdaf/] kqklqsfdf k|sflzt eP

eg] ;"rgf kf6Ldf klg 6fFl;of] .

To;kl5 dflg;x?n] slt k};f sxfF k'Ug' kg{] xf] yfxf kfP / /sd ljBfno k'Ug

yfn] .

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hjfkmb]lxtf ;Fu;Fu} hfG5g\ eg]sf] .

k]6\;\n] s;®L ;xeflutf ® kf®blz{tfdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpFb5 <• o;n]� ;fj{hlgs ;|f]�t s;®L vr{ x'G5 eGg]� s'®fdf dflg;x¿df ;"rgfsf]� kx'Fr a9fOlbG5

• ;fj{hlgs Joosf af®]� a9L hfgsf/L kfPkl5 ;fj{hlgs ;|f]�tsf]� k|of]�u af®]� x'g]� lg0f{o k|lqmofdf dflg;x¿ cem ®fd|f]�;Fu ;l®s x'g ;Sb5g\ .

• ha w]�®}� ;®f]�sf®jfnfx¿ k]�6\;\ k|lqmofdf ;l®s x'G5g\ o;n]� glthfsf]� :�jfldTjnfO{ a9fpFb5 .

• o;n]� d'n's jf lhNnfsf ljQLo Joj:�yfkg k4ltnfO{ ;'wf® ug{sf nflu ;3fp k'¥ofpFb5 . o;n]� ;|f]�t sxfFaf6 sxfF hfG5 eGg]� s'®fnfO{ kf®bzL{ agfpFb5 .

115

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ah]�6sf]� k|lta4tf ® dfkb08 ljZn]�if0f ug'{xf]�;\

ah]�6df eP cg'¿k vr{ ug{sf nflu ;®sf®sf]� s:�tf]� bfloTj 5 <

ljlgof]�hg ul®Psf]� ah]�6 ;®sf®sf]� ljleGg txaf6 s;®L :�yfgfGt®0f ul®g' kg{]� xf]� < of]� ug{]� lhDd]�jf®L s;sf]� xf]� <

jf:�tljs jf z'?sf]� ah]�6af6 ;"rgf lng'xf]�;\

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cu|efusf ;]�jf k||bfosnufot :�yfgLo, lhNnf:�t®Lo ® s]�Gb|sf ;®sf®L clwsf®Lx¿nfO{ s]� ;f]�Wg ;lsG5 <

pQ®bftfsf]� klxrfg u®L pQ® ;+sng ug'{xf]�;\

tkfO{+sf k|Zgsf]� ;Defljt pQ®bftfsf]� gd"gf 5gf]�6 ug'{xf]�;\ . ;j{]�If0f u®L pgLx¿sf]� hjfkm ;+sng ug'{xf]�;\ .

jf:�tljs ah]�6 / :�yfgfGt/0f ePsf]� /sd t'ngf ug'{xf]�;\

s]� Tof]� ;dfg 5 jf km/s 5 <

ah]�6 k|lta4tf / dfkb08 t'ngf ug'{xf]�;\

s]� tkfO{+sf]� ;j{]�If0faf6 kQf nfu]�sf s'®f ah]�6af®]� ;®sf®L k|lta4tf ® dfkb08 cg'¿k 5g\ <

leGgtfnfO{ ljZn]�if0f u/L ;+If]�lks/0f ug'{xf]�;\

dfly ul®Psf t'ngfdf s]�xL gldNg]� s'®f b]�lvG5 ls b]�lvb}�g < tkfO{+n]� kQf nufpg' ePsf]� s'®fnfO{ ;a}�n]� a'em\g ;Sg]� tl®sfn]� jf 9fFrfdf

®fv]�® ;+If]�lks®0f ug'{xf]�;\ .

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df ePsf] cf}hf/ !$ df ah]6 ;"rs s;/L 5gf]6 ug{] eGg] af/] k9\g

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116

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s"n 2,878,766 2,577,178 2,277,020 – 2,093,354 • # sfo{qmdsf nflu -@(&*&^^—@)(##%$_ t® ul®Psf]� eGbf **%$!@ sd vr{ ul®Psf]�

• oL # sfo{qmddf jf:�tljs ¿kdf ljlgof]�hg ul®PeGbf &)!&$^ sd :�yfgfGt®0f ul®Psf]�

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lgsfNg]� eGg]� rrf{ ul®of]� . o; cf}�hf®nfO{ yk JofVof ug{ oxfF lhNnf :�jf:�Yo ah]�6sf]� pbfx®0f lbOPsf]� 5 .

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cfGbf]�ng ® u}�®;®sf®L ;+:�yfn]� k|of]�u ub{5g\ . o;sf]� j]�a;fO6n]� o;af®]� cem lj:�tf®df atfpFb5 ® ljleGg

;|f]�t ;fdu|L pknAw u®fpFb5 . www.elbag.org x]�g'{xf]�nf .

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;Sb5 .

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lgs} sl7g x'G5 .

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118

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xf]� . o;n]� ;®sf®L ;"rgfsf]� ;fj{hlgs kx''FrnfO{ ;xhLs®0f u®]�® ® ;d'bfonfO{ To;;Fu cGtlqm{of ug{ ;xof]�u u®]�® kf®blz{tfnfO{ k|ToIf ¿kdf a9fpFb5 .

• ;fdflhs n]�vfn]� ;fdfGo gful®sdf kl®of]�hgf ah]�6 ® clen]�v ljZn]�if0f ug{]� Ifdtf x'G5 eGg]� b]�vfpFFb5 . o;n]� dlxnf ® k'?if gful®s lgu®fgLdf k|efjsf®L ¿kdf ;xefuL x'gsf nflu Ifdtf clej[l4 ub{5 ® pgLx¿sf]� cfTdljZjf; a9fpFb5 .

• ;fdflhs n]�vf hgtfsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ s'®f jf ;jfn s]� xf]� egL x]�g{]� em\ofn xf]� . clwsfFz d'n'sdf pTkfbg ul®Psf ;®sf®L ljQLo n]�vf k|ltj]�bgn]� ®sd ;xL ¿kdf vr{ ul®of]� ls ul®Pg eGg]� dfq atfpFb5 . ;fdflhs n]�vfn]� vr{ ul®Psf]� k}�;fn]� hgtfsf]� hLjgdf km®s kf®]�sf]� 5 ls 5}�g eGg]� cg';Gwfg ub{5 .

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cfwfl®t 5 . k|ltj]�bg n]�vs Dofg'cn uhf{ ® :�jDof sfl8DaL . lj:�t[t hfgsf®Lsf nflu ;Gbe{;"lr x]�g'{xf]�;\ .

119

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cflbsf]� k|ltlglwTj ePsf]� ;'lglZrt ug'{xf]�;\ .

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o; ;fO6df cfk'lt{ ul/Psf] em\ofnsf] ut ;fn c;f/ # ut]sf] ldlt ePsf] /l;bdf oxfF ePeGbf bf]Aa/ 7"nf] cfsf/ ePsf] egL n]lvPsf] 5 .

121

cf}hf/ @@M k|df0fnfO{ hjfkmb]lxtfsf nflu s;/L k|of]u ug{]M

;fj{hlgs ;'g"jfO{

;fj{hlgs ;'g"jfO{ k|foMh;f]� Ps lbgel® ;~rfng x'g]� sfo{qmd xf]�, h'g 7"nf]� ® ;lhn}�;Fu k'lug]� ;fj{hlgs :�yfgdf ;~rfng ul®G5 . o;df ;s]�;Dd w]�®}�eGbf w]�®}� dflg;n]� efu lnG5g\ . sfo{qmdsf]� ®f}�gs a9fpgsf nflu ljleGg k|sf®sf ®dfOnf lqmofsnfk ® emfFsLx¿ klg ug{]� ul®G5 . o;df ;+uLt, ;8s gf6s ® ¥ofnL u®L dflg;x¿ sfo{qmd :�yndf k'Ub5g\ . ;'g"jfO{sf Ph]�08f ljz]�if Wofg k'¥ofO{ klxNo}� tof® ul®Psf]� x'G5 . ;d'bfosf uGodfGon]� sfo{qmdsf]� cWoIftf ub{5 . :�yfgLo ldl8of ® n]�vf ul®Psf]� kl®of]�hgf;Fu ;Dj4 ;®sf®L clwsf®L ® ®fhgLlts bndf g]�tfnfO{ cfdGq0f ul®Psf]� x'G5 . lhDd]�jf®nfO{ cfkm\gf]� wf®0ff ® k|ltlqmof ®fVg]� cj;® k|bfg ul®G5 ® slxn]�sfxL+ sfo{qmdnfO{ pQ]�lht x'g glbg bx|f]� ;xhLs®0fsf]� klg cfjZostf kb{5 . ;a}� wf®0ff, k|ltlqmof cflbnfO{ ®fd|f]�;Fu clen]�v ul®G5 .

;fj{hlgs ;'g"jfO{ klg kmnf]�ck\ ug{ h?®L x'G5 . olb zlQmzfnL dflg;x¿n]� pgLx¿n]� u®]�sf e|i6frf® jf v®fa sfo{;Dkfbgn]� 5'6 kfPdf hgtfsf]� hjfkmb]�lxtf k|lqmofk|ltsf]� ljZjf; 36\5 . ;a}� sf®afxLnfO{ sfof{Gjog gu?Gh]�n;Dd a}�7ssf]� clen]�v cg';f® cf}�krfl®s ® cgf}�krfl®s hjfkmb]�lxtf ;+oGqnfO{ ;lqmo ul®g' kb{5 .

;fdflhs n]vf ;~rfngsf r'gf}lt• kl®of]�hgfsf cfwf®e"t sfuhft ® ;®sf®L clen]�v kfpg sl7g x'g ;Sb5 . olb lg0f{ostf{x¿n]� s]�xL n'sfpg

rfxG5g\ eg]� pgLx¿n]� v'nf x[bon]� ;xof]�u gug{ ;Sb5g\ . ;"rgfsf]� clwsf®;DaGwL sfg'g ePsf]� d'n'sdf o:�tf sfuhft ® b:�tfj]�h kfpgsf nflu cf}�krfl®s dfWodx¿ k|of]�u ug{ ;lsG5 . o:�tf]� sfg'g gePsf]� d'n'sx¿df gful®s ;dfh ;+:�yfx¿n]� pgLx¿;Fu ;DaGw ePsf]� åf/kfn]� ® cGo ;®f]�sf®jfnfdf e® kg'{ kg{]� x'G5 . ;®sf®df ePsf s]�xL zlQmzfnL ;®f]�sf®jfnfx¿n]� ;fdflhs k|lqmofaf6 kmfObf kfpg ;Sb5g\ .

• ;fdflhs n]�vf ;d'bfosf ;b:�ox¿n]� ;~rfng ® g]�t[Tj ug{ ePtf klg o; k|lqmofdf pRr txsf k|fljlws ;xof]�u ® ;xhLs®0f cfjZostf kb{5 . ;d'bfodf ;fdflhs n]�vfsf]� ;Lk ;kmntfk"j{s x:�tfGt®0f ul®Psf]� ;'lglZrt ug'{ kb{5 .

• ;fdflhs n]�vf æJolQmutÆ aGg ;Sg]� hf]�lvd ®xG5 cyf{t ;l®s ePsf dflg;x¿n]� JolQmut OaL lng ;Sg]� x'g ;Sb5, ljz]�ifu®L olb k|efjzfnL g]�tf jf clwsf®Lsf]� kbf{kmf; ePdf . To;}�n]� sfo{ ® sfo{;Dkfbgdf s]�lGb|t x'g' kb{5, ;l®s ePsfsf]� JolQmTjdf xf]�Og .

;fdflhs n]vfsf kmfObfx¿• ;fdflhs n]�vfn]� lg0f{ostf{ ® kl®of]�hgf sfof{Gjogstf{nfO{ hjfkmb]�xL agfpgsf nflu ;d'bfoleq Ifdtf ljsf;

ub{5 .

• pgLx¿sf]� bfaLnfO{ 7f]�; k|df0fn]� an k'¥ofpg]� x'Fbf ;d'bfosf ;b:�ox¿n]� pgLx¿sf cfjfh gofF cfTdljZjf;sf ;fy d'vl®t ug{ ;Sb5g\ .

• ;fdflhs n]�vfn]� ;fj{hlgs clen]�vsf]� lg®Gt® kx'Frsf nflu dfu k}�bf ub{5 . olb ;fdflhs n]�vfnfO{ lglZrt ;dfofjlwsf]� cGt®df lgoldt ¿kdf ;~rfng ul®Pdf kf®blz{tf ® ;fjh{lgs ;xeflutf :�yfgLo zf;gsf]� :�yfoL rl®q aGg ;Sb5 .

• ;fdflhs n]�vfdfkm{t\ kQf nfu]�sf s'®fx¿n]� gLltlgdf{tf ® ;®sf®L clwsf®Lx¿nfO{ kl®of]�hgf sfof{Gjogsf lglZrt ;d:�ofx¿ af®]� rgfvf]� agfpFb5 .

• olb ;®f]�sf®jfnf u|x0fzLn ePdf ;fdflhs n]�vfn]� sfof{Gjog ug{]� lgsfosf]� Joj:�yfkg ® sfo{;Dkfbgdf ;sf®fTds kl®jt{g Nofpg of]�ubfg lbG5 .

122

jsfntsf nflu k|df0fnfO{ k|of]u ug{] cGo tl/sfclxn]�;Dd o; cWofodf jsfntnfO{ alnof]� agfpgsf nflu k|df0fnfO{ k|of]�u ug{]� s]�xL tl®sfx¿ af®]� rrf{ ul®of]� . tL x'g\ cGtlq{mof a}�7s -kfgf !!#_ ® ;fj{hlgs ;'g"jfO{ -kfgf !@!_ . tn tkfO{+n]� kQf nufpg' ePsf s'®fn]� k|efj kfg{ rfxg' x'g]� dflg;÷lg0f{ostf{nfO{ k|df0f k|:�t't ug{]� s]�xL yk tl®sfx¿ af®]� rrf{ ul®Psf]� 5 .

cf}hf/ @#M ;fd'bflos ;"rgfkf6L

o;nfO{ kf/blz{tfkf6L jf ;fdflhs hjfkmb]�lxtf ;"rgfkf6L klg elgG5 . of]� gful/s ;dfh ;+:�yfsf]� hjfkmb]�lxtf sfo{af6 kfOPsf k|df0fx?nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ?kdf k|bz{g ug{sf nflu lgs}� pko'Qm x'G5 . o:�tf]� kf6L ;fj{hlgs :�yfgsf]�

s'g}� klg vfnL leQfdf agfpg ;lsG5 . t/ cufl8kl§ l;;f ePsf]� / tfnf nufpg ldNg]� ;"rgfkf6L agfpg' w]�/}� /fd|f]� x'G5 . Tof]� Tolt vlr{nf]� klg x'Fb}�g . 6fFl;Psf]� ;"rgf xfjfkfgLaf6 hf]�luG5 . ;"rgf 6fF:�g / pKsfpg ;lhnf]� klg x'G5 .

sxfF ;"rgfkf6L /fVg] egL ;d'bfon] ;fd'lxs ?kdf lg0f{o

ug'{ kb{5 .

;xeflutfn] ;a}eGbf Jojxfl/s :yfg s'g xf] egL ;'lglZrt ub{5 .

=== / w]/}eGbf w]/} dflg;x?n] ;f]af/] yfxf kfpF5g\ / ToxfF 6fFl;Psf ;"rgf k9\g pT;'s x'G5g\ .

;fd'bflos ;"rgfkf6Ldf lgDg k|sf/sf ;"rgf 6fFl;g' kb{5M

• hjfkmb]�lxtf sfo{df ;+nUg ;d'bfosf ;b:�osf gfd, h:�tf]� ls ;fdflhs n]�vf jf c+ssf8{ s]�lGb|s[t ;d"xdf ePsfx?sf]� gfd

• ;fd'bflos cg'udgstf{sf -of]�hgf ul/Psf]�, xfnsf]� / k"/f ePsf_ lqmofsnfk af/]�sf]� ;"rgf

• c+ssf8{, ;j{]�If0f / ;fdflhs n]�vfaf6 kQf nfu]�sf s'/f

• ;fj{hlgs ;'g"jfO{nufot efjL sfo{qmdx?

• sfof{Gjog ul/g' kg{]� / kmnf]�ck\ ul/g' kg{]� ;xdltx?

• ;"rgf dfUg' kg{]� JolQm

;"rgfsf]� kmDof{6 tof/ ubf{ lgDg s'/fdf ljrf/ ug'{k5{

• ;Dej eP;Dd :�yfgLo efiffsf]� k|of]�u

• ;d'bfodf ePsf sd ;fIf/x?n]� klg a'em\g ;Sg]� ;lhnf]� efiffsf]� k|of]�u

• sf6{'g, kmf]�6f]�, u|fkm, rf6{h:�tf s'/fsf]� klg k|of]�u ug'{ kb{5

• kQf nfu]�sf s'/fnfO{ eGgsf nflu ;fwf/0f vfnsf ul0ftsf]� k|of]�u . h:�tf]� ls æ$) k|ltzt eGg'eGbf % hgfdf @ hgfn]�Æ eGg' /fd|f]� x'G5 .

123

qm; /]km/]G;\

cf}hf/ @$M hjfkmb]lxtfsf c;kmntfaf/] r]tgf hufpg]

cfddflg;;Fu ;~rf® ug{]� bh{gf}� tl®sf ® cf}�hf®x¿ 5g\ . tkfO{+n]� cfkm"n]� k|of]�u ug{]� tl®sf jf cf}�hf® 5gf]�6 ug'{cl3 ;®sf®L sfd jf sfo{;Dkfbgsf af®]� dflg;x¿n]� s]� s'®f dx;'; u?g\ eGg]� rfxg' x'G5 ;f]�af®]� Psbd :�ki6 x'g' kb{5 .

cfkm\gf]� ;Gb]�znfO{ :�ki6 kfg{ ® kl®isf® ug{ ;do lng' xf]�;\ . tkfO{+sf]� ;Gb]�z ;Dk|]�if0f ug{sf nflu k|of]�u ug{ ;lsg]� ldl8of ® sfo{;Dkfbg cf}�hf® tnsf]� aS;\df lbOPsf]� 5 .

cf}hf/ @%M sf/afxLsf nflu jsfnt

hjfkmb]�lxtf Tolt a]�nfdfq k|fKt x'G5 hlt a]�nf v®fa cfr®0f jf sdhf]�® sfo{;Dkfbgsf nflu pko'Qm sf®afxL ul®G5 .

cWofo % df ®fHo kIfn]� pgLx¿sf]� k|lta4tf ® dfkb08 k"®f gu®]�df pgLx¿ lj?4 nfu" ug{ ;lsg]� cf}�krfl®s tyf

cgf}�krfl®s sf®afxLaf®]� rrf{ ul®Psf]� 5 . slxn]�sfFxL cg'udg k|lqmofdf klxrfg ePsf ;d:�ofnfO{ lg®fs®0f ug{ gful®s ;dfh

;+:�yfx¿n]� ;®sf®L clwsf®Lx¿;Fu ldn]�® sfd ug{ ;Sb5g\ . t® ha ®fHosf]� t]�;f{]� hjfkmb]�lxtf ;+oGq

sdhf]�® jf s;}�åf®f ;~rflnt x'G5, v®fa cfr®0f ® sdhf]�® ;]�jfnfO{ j]�jf:�tf ug{]� jf n'sfpg]� ul®G5 .

o:�tf]� cj:�yfdf ;f]� b]�zsf]� hgtf ® gful®s ;dfh ;+:�yfx?n]� cu'jfO{ u®]�® sf®afxLsf nflu cfjfh p7fpg'

kb{5 . o;f]� ug{sf nflu ;a}�eGbf Jojxfl®s af6fx¿ lgDg x'g\M

• cf}�krfl®s d'2f bfo® u®]�®,

• e08fkmf]�/ u®]�®,

• cg'zf;g sf®jfxLsf nflu ul®g]� ;]�;g h:�tf cf}�krfl®s hjfkmb]�lxtfsf :�yfgdf k|df0f lbP®,

• cbfntdfkm{t\ sf®afxL u®fP®,

• jsfntL cleofg ;~rfng u®]�®

ldl8of / sfo{;Dkfbg cf}hf/

• kqklqsf, Dofu]�lhg jf hg{nh:�tf 5fkf dfWod ® cgnfOg ;fO6x¿df n]�v jf ;DkfbsLo k|sflzt ug{ nufpg]�

• ldl8ofsf nflu k|]�; lj1lKt hf®L ug{]� jf k|]�; sGkm\®]�G;\ ug{]�

• a|f]�l;o®, krf{, k|ltj]�bg, sldS; jf va®klqsf 5fKg]�

• :�yfgLo ®]�l8of]� jf 6]�lnlehgdf k|;f®0f ul®lbg cg'®f]�w ug{]� jf ltgsf]� ;do lsg]�® lgoldt ¿kdf k|;f®0f ug{]�

• ;fd'bflos ®]�l8of]� jf lel8of]� pTkfbs;Fu ldn]�® sfo{qmd ®]�s8{ ug{]�

• kQf nfu]�sf s'®fnfO{ km}�nfpg ;8s gf6s jf ækk]�6 zf]�Æ ug{]�

• Od]�n, P;PdP; jf ;fdflhs ;~hfnh:�tf l8lh6n ldl8ofdfkm{t\ kQf nfu]�sf]� s'®fnfO{ ;Dk|]�if0f ug{]�

• zx®ahf®df km\Nof; da, gf6s, ;fj{hlgs :�yfgdf cfs{ifs lj1fkg cflb uf]�l®Nnf k|s[ltsf tl®sfx¿n]� yf]�®}� vr{df w]�®}� dflg;nfO{ cfslif{t ug{ ;Sb5 .

v08 ! df cem a9L hfGg'xf];\

ljleGg k|sf/sf b08;hfo af/] cWofo %

df lj:t[tdf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5.

124

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jsfnt eg]�sf]� rfx]�sf]� kl®jt{g Nofpgsf nflu lg0f{ostf{nfO{ bafa lbg' xf]� . hjfkmb]�lxtf sfo{sf]�

kl®k|]�Ifdf hjfkmb]�lxtfsf]� c;kmntfsf nflu lhDd]�jf®x¿nfO{ Gofosf]� s73®fdf pEofpgsf nflu

®fd|f]�;Fu of]�hgf ul®Psf]� cleofg cfjZos kg{ ;Sb5 . tkfO{+n]� lgDg s'®fx¿ ljrf® ug{ ;Sg' x'G5 M

• naL ug{]�M lg0f{ostf{ jf zlQmzfnL ;®f]�sf®jfnf;Fu 6]�lnkmf]�g, Od]�n, lr7L jf cf}�krfl®s a}�7sdfkm{t\ naL ug{]�

• x:�tfIf® cleofg rnfP® x:�tfIf® ;+sng u®L ;Da4 ;®f]�sf®jfnfnfO{ x:�tfGt®0f ug{]�

• tkfO{+n]� kQf nufpg' ePsf]� s'®fnfO{ Wofg jf k|fyldstf glbP;Dd s'g}� ;]�jf jf ;'ljwf jlxisf® u®]�®

• tkfO{+n]� p7fpg' ePsf]� ;d:�ofnfO{ ;Daf]�wg ug{ dfu ub{}� Aofg®, uLt ® gf®f;lxt zflGtk"0f{ lj®f]�w ¥ofnL jf cfd;ef u/]�/

• lg0f{ostf{sf]� sfof{no cufl8 jf hjfkmb]�lxtf rflxPsf]� ;]�jf jf ;'ljwfsf]� cufl8 zflGtk"0f{ 3]�®fp u®]�®

• ;®sf®L sfof{no jf ;'ljwf cufl8 dflg;x¿n]� Kn]�sf8{ af]�s® wgf{ lbP®

• k|ltsfTds sfo{M ;of}�+ dflg;n]� sfnf]� sk8f nufP® jf ;fj{hlgs :�yfgdf km"n ®fv]�® jf s'g}� k|ltsfTds rLh ®fv]�®

kQf nfu]�sf s'®fx¿nfO{ ;Dk|]�if0f ug{sf nflu of]�hgf agfpFbf ljleGg ®0fgLltsf]� kmfObf ® a]�kmfObfaf®]� ljrf® k'¥ofpg' kb{5 . h:�Tff]� ls, zlQmzfnL ;®f]�sf®jfnfsf]� e08fkmf]�® ug'{ ® e|i6frf® ® sdhf]�® sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ aflx® Nofpg' hf]�lvdk"0f{ sfd xf]� . s'g}� kl®k|]�Ifdf o;f]� ug'{ cfjZos x'g ;Sb5 . cGo kl®k|]�Ifdf of]� a'l4dtfk"0f{ sfd gx'g ;Sb5 ® To:�tf]� sfo{df ;+nUgx¿ hf]�lvddf kg{ ;Sb5 .

of]� tkfO{+n]� ug'{ ePsf]� ;®f]�sf®jfnfsf]� ljZn]�if0f ;dLIff u®L tkfO{+n]� kQf nufpg' ePsf]� s'®fn]� sf]� k|ToIf ® ck|ToIf ¿kdf hf]�lvdf kb{5g\ ljZn]�if0f ug{]� pko'Qm ;do xf]� . o;f]� elgg'sf]� tfTko{ zlQmzfnLsf]� :�jfy{sf]� cufl8 em'Sg' jf 8®fpg' xf]�Og t® ®0fgLlts ¿kdf sbd rfnL cufl8 a9\g' xf]� . aflx® yfxf gePsf]� ei6frf® jf To:�t}� v®fa s'®f aflx® Nofpg]� æl;7\7L km's'jfÆ ® cGo hf]�lvddf kg{]� ;xefuLsf]� ;+®If0fnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'xf]�;\ . tkfO{+sf]� k|df0fn]� ®rgfTds k|efj kfg{sf nflu ;xof]�u ug{]� ldqzlQm ® åf/kfn]�sf]� klxrfg ug'{xf]�;\ .

Gofof]lrt / nf]stflGqs zf;gsf nflu hgtfsf] kxn

hgtfk|lt hjfkmb]xL

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zlQm xf]

hjfkmb]lxtf eg]sf]

xfd|f k|ZgnfO{ clxNo}

pQ/ lbg' xf] .

k|df0f k|of]u ubf{ /0fgLlts / :jR5 x'g' kb{5 / g}ltstfnfO{ klg Wofg lbg'

kb{5 . hf]lvddf /x]sfnfO{ ;+/If0f lbg'xf];\ / e|i6nfO{ Ps sbd kl5 kfg'{xf];\ .

;/f]sf/jfnsf] klxrfg / pgLx?aLrsf] ;DaGwsf]

ljZn]if0faf/] yk hfGgsf nflu cWofo ( x]g'{xf];\

qm; /]km/]G;\

125

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126

Walter. Quoted in Ribot, Jesse C (2002) Local actors, Power and Accountability. Democracy, Governance & Human Rights Paper No.8. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD)/International Development Research

Center (IDRC).

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